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I.'T ~morilimalmosf ··always in­ l/olvesYiolence. ~ .' But the urban gu~rdlfa can .ti~e almost any ac:tiv­ ity ... thaUS' desIgned to disrupt __...... :fheJunctioningof government or By he I~stablishmeht/o'" . THOMAS J.DEAKIN Spaded Agent .. F~derl\ll BUl'ea~.· of InvestigCltfon .' .' Washington, Pi.C. .

T he influence of urban guerrilla of this genre of activity day's political world, urban guerrilla theories developed in other countries as it is practiced here and illuminates warfare can be defined as criminal during the past several decades on some of the dilemmas encountered by conduct for revolutionary purposes. would-be terrorists in the United the urban guerrilla in the United , on the other hand, is usu­ States is consiclelclble. To understand States. ally violent criminal activity designed to intimidate for political purposeiJ. the development of urban guerrilla Such an examination requires, first, The distinction is in goals sought, and activity in this country, it is neces­ a definition of terms, although the only sometimes in methods used. The sary to examine its historical and media uses "terrorist," "urban guer- guerrilla is working toward revolu­ geographic antecedents. This examina­ rilla," and "revolutionary" almost tion. The terrorist acts to focus att.en­ tion helps focus on the peculiar nature interchangeably. In the context of to- tion on a particular grievance. r-~~~~~~"~~""~"~"" ____ iL-. October 1974 MICROFICHE A word on the distinction between urban and rural guerrillas: While the difference would appear to be simply geographic, there exists an argument /THE URBAN GUERRILLA between proponents of the two types of . Part of this dispute THEORY OF REVOLUTION lies rooted in interpretations oJ Marx­ ist theory and it has not affected ad­ vocates of guerrilla warfare in this country nearly so much as have the praetical considerations that (1) power of all types-governmental, political, economic-lies primarily in ';:URBAN America's urban centers, and (2) most of those who have become guer­ '(;UERRILLA rillas in the are indi­ viduals with urban backgrounds. They FOCO' would be "fish out of the sea" operat­ ing in a rural area. Rural communes have been usp-d as guerrilla hideouts in this country, particularly by -type , but these rural commune dwellers Itave not guerrilla has a strategy for revolu· enous assistance, for funds. The politi· mounted their guerrilla operations in tion ...." 1 The matter of violence is cal terrorist is often involved in third rural areas. sometimes of assistance in delineating country operations, is not physically While the primary difference be­ terrorism and . present in his ultimate target country, tween the terrorist and the guerrilla is Terrorism almost always involves and often receives support from still in the accomplishment sought-over­ violence; bombings, assassinations, other countries or individuals sym· throw of the government in the case kidnapings, and airplane hijackings pathetic to his aims. of the guerrilla or a more limited poli­ all involve force or the threat of force. Dr. Stefan T. Possony, however, tical goal, such as discouraging sup­ But the urban guerrilla can use almost would include urban guerrilla warfare port for Israel by aLtacking targets be­ any activity, violent or not, that is as defined here within an overall con· lieved supportive of Israel on the part designed to disrupt the functioning of cept of "strategic terrorism" on the of the Arab terrorist-the distinction government or the "establi1"hment." part of revolutionaries aiming to de­ is sometimes confuscd when urban The tactic of supporting revolutionary feat a hostile state. Private terrorism guerrillas use indiscriminate terror as activity through expropriation has is then differentiated as criminality.2 a tactic. Bombings are historically the heen used as justification by some Dr. Possony later notes that there are most instrument of the ter­ Weatherman types in this country for distinct forms of strategic terrorism­ rorist, as the unsuspected bomb, various frauds involving traveler's described in this article as urban guer­ especially when used agdnst civilians, checks and stolen credit cards. With­ rilla warfare and political terrorism­ is well calculated to instiil fear. Wit. out violence, the "establishment" is and that the planner needs a typology ness the worldwide letter bomh still disrupted-through "ripoffs." of the distinct forms in order to coun­ campaign against Israeli olIicials and The expropriation tactic itself may ter them. sympathizers that followed the XX serve to indicate whether terrorism or Olympiad, and then the letler homb urban guerrilla activity is involved. Urban Guerrilla Activity in the campaign directed against British The urban guerrilla must be indig­ United States establishments, part of the Northern enous to create a revolution. But his Ireland situation. tactics are not those of the orthodox While this country has not seen Rohert Moss, who has written ex­ Marxist revolutionary, thus he does sustained or unified urban guerrilla tensively on the topin of urban guer· not receive financial support from activity on the scale of the Tupamaros rilla warfare, put it succi nctly: "The Marxist countries and must rely on of Uruguay, nonetheless there have terrorist has a political tool; the urban expropriation, or other usually in dig- been a significant number of attacks

20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin on , bombings, and expropria­ claimed bombings directed against guish itself from the Cleaver fol­ tions by revolutionaries of this type in the "establishment." In 1974, the lowers, emphasized political activity the past 3 years. Two primary ­ Weatherman group claimed bombings rather than revolution now, while, in ments have been involved in these in San Francisco and Los Angeles. the Panther publication Babylon (No­ .... activities-the Weatherman-type rev­ But this half of the guerrilla move- vember 1-l'1, 1971), olutionary of the New Left and the ment in this country remained: asserted: Panther-type black extremist. "structurally fragmented, decen­ "the absolute right of the Afro­ The Weatherman group grew out of tralized, loosely organized, with American people to take up arms the Students for a Democratic Society little direct leadership. Among and wage war against their op­ (SDS) , itself reorganized in 1962 at its components (were) the orig­ pressor . . . by taking the ini· the heighto£ student civil rights ac­ in i! Weatherman elements, bol­ tiative and actually attacking the tivity in the South. Involved in the stered by occasional recruits. pigs (police) with guns, and early stages of the antiwar movement, Then there (were) Weather­ killing them." the organization began moving to­ man-type individuals and groups ward a violent revolutionary posture The primary vehicle for Panther not organically linked with the urban guerrilla activity has been the in 1967. An SDS member was con-: Weatherman but allied in mood vic-ted of attempting to bomb ROTC Mro-American Liberation Army, bet­ and motivation." 4 fae ilities and another was charged ter known as the Black Liberation with sabotage in dynamiting power New Left-type guerrilla warfan. in Army. The public activities of this transmission lines. An SDS faction, the United States is seen as part of a group began on May 19, 1971, when calling itself the Weatherman ("You "clearly discernible trend" in the two New York City police offi<:ers, don't need a weatherman to know world. Edmund Demaitre described pursuing an apparent traffic violator, which way the wind blows" was a line the phenomenon of: were wounded in a hail of machine­ in a then-popular song), split {rom gun bullets. Two days later, another "highly educated, occasionally I the parent group in 1969 over the two New Yor , policemen were shot highly gifted, middle class and and killed by black assailants. Letters advocacy of revolutionary violence. upper-middle.c1ass intellectuals In February 1970, the Weatherman to the news media, signed "Black slowly succumbing to a revo­ Liberation Army," claimed credit for group closed its national office in Chi­ lutionary mystique that indtes cago, discontinued its newspaper, and these attacks. them not only to condone vio­ Since then, the Black Liberation went underground into collectives and lence as a means of political communes. The group's strategy was Army has been linked to a continuing struggle but also to participate series of attacks on police-2 officers proclaimed in a letter to the press, personally in terrorist ac­ received on May 21, 1970: were killed and. 17 were wounded in tions ...." 5 1973 shoot-outs alone-in addition "Now we are adapting the classic Indeed, the first Tupamaro manifesto, to other urban guerrilla actions, par­ guerrilla strategy of the Vietcong issued in 1965, justified a Montevideo ticularly armed expropriations. Scores and the urban guerrilla strategy bombing as a protest against U.S. of weapons, including machineguns of the Tupamaros to our own involvement in Vietnam. and hand grenades, have been seized situation. " 3 The other half of the urban guer­ from arsenals. A series of bombings followed, rilla movement in this country is the The organization was described in claimed by the Weatherman group Panther-type black l'evolutionary­ the February 29, 1972, issue of the in letters or calls to the news media, also a fragmented and loosely orga­ newspaper Right On! : including the March 1, 1971, bombing nized movement. In February 1971, "The purpose of the Black of the U.S. Capitol Building and the the split into two Liberation Army is the same as May 19, 1972, bombing of the Penta­ factions, one headed by Minister of that of the Tupamaros in Uru­ gon. Other groups with revolutionary Defense Huey P. Newton and the other guay, Frelimo in Mozambique, goals, and outlandish lahels such as by Minister of Information Eldridge and all the other liberation the Purple Sunshine Clan, the Proud Cleaver, a fugitive then residing in forces. The Black Liberatjon Eagle Tribe, the New Year's Gang, Algiers. The Cleaver faction quickly Army is simply brothers and The Perfect Park Heme Grown Gar· took the lead in advocating violence, sisters who have gone under­ den Society, the Quarter Moon Tribe, especially violence against police offi· ground to put an the revolu­ and the Smiling Fox Tribe, also cers. The Newton faction, to distin- tionary rhetoric and theory into

October 1974 21 practice. The difference bf;'hveen Marighella's Influence Marighella was a longtime Marxist. the Black Liberation Army and He held office in Brazil as a member the aboveground politico-appara­ Carlos MarigheIIa's "Minimanual of the Communist Party after World tus, the Black Panther Party is of the Urban Guerrilla," called the War II. By the 1960's, r:v1arighella was that the Black Panther Party (is) "Holy Writ" of modern guerrillas a top leader of the orthodox Commu­ organizing and politicizing in the by one writer, has had as much influ­ nist Party of Brazil, but his theories open by whatever means neces~ ence on the theories and tactics of of urban guerrilla warfare finally led sary and advantageous and the urban guerrillas in this country as to a break with the Party. His view Black Liberation Army moves in any writing in the field. An early in­ of the class struggle holds to the neces­ a military manner to carry the dication of this is seen by comparing sity of armed struggle by the urban politicizing to its logical exten­ MarighelIa's statement that "[t]he guerrilla, with two primary objectives: sion-action." principal object of the ambush tactic "a) the physical liquidation of One of the newest urban guerrilla is to capture enemy arms and punish the chiefs and assistants of the groups, the Symbionese Liberation him with death" G with Stokely Car­ armed forces and of the polIce; Army (SLA), has claimed credit for michael's writing. Carmichael, who b) the expropriation of govern­ the November 6,1973, murder of Oak· lectured to American college audiences ment resources and those belong­ land, Calif., school superintendent Dr. on urban guerrilla warfare in 1970 ing to the big capitalists . . . Marcus Foster and for the February 4., before he traveled to Africa as the with small expropriations used 1974, kidnaping of Patricia Hearst. late Kwame Nkrumah's protege, cited for the maintenance of individual The group demanded ransom in the MarighelIa's tactic on capturing urban guerrillas and large ones form of a multimillion doUar fooC! weapons in his talks and included it for the sustenance of the revolu­ giveaway program in California. in his book in this form: tion itself." S Leaders of the Symbionese Libera· ". . . when the guerrilla kills a And these primary objectives-a tion Army were identified in all member of the occupying army, "disposition" to kill police as Mari­ April 15, 1974, California bank raJ:,­ he not only takes the gun that's ghella calls it, and financing guerrilla bery; some of these leaders died it! around his waist, he opens up activities (especially for the mainte­ the subsequent shoot-out with authod­ the door and he takes a 12-gauge nance of individual guerrillas) ties in Los Angeles. shotgun." 7 through expropriation-have been The apparent catalyst in forming This tactic was adopted by the Cleaver adopted in toto by the Panthers and this "army" was visits to black prison faction of. the Panthers. Right On! their Black Liberation Army. On Feb­ inmates in California by revolution airy (February 15, 1972, p. 10) called for ruary 15, 1972, the Panther news­ white youths. The group's stratep;y is urban guerrilla units to act as "Revo­ paper Right On! (page 10) called set out in its "Declaration of Revolu­ lutionary Executioners of the gestapo for " ... armed revolutionary vio­ tionary War" which calls on "all reyo­ pigs (police) mainly to capture lence. . . . [1'] ipping off money from lutionary black and other oppressed weapons from the enemy ...." banks.... " and executing police. people within the Fascist United But there are no immutable laws Members of the Black Liberation States to ... fight in the forces of in urban guerrilla warfare tactical Army have ambushed and killed po­ The Symhionese United Liberation manuals. When Panthers in the Black lice officers and have robbed banks­ Army." Specific goals of the group, and messages from these guerrillas Liberation Army took weapons from taken ftom this declaration, include: have boasted of these activities. "Com· officers they killed, they found these Destruction of the capitalist state; munique No.1," published in Right weapons a deadly link in a chain of control of industry by the "people"; On!, April 5, 1971, page 17, signed formation of (!ommunes; children to evidence tying them to the slayings. by the Attica Brigade of the Afro­ l)e the "responsibility of the com· Soon, guerrilla notes were found that American Liberation Army, claimed munity"; destruction of the prison advised: those who threw a hand grenade system; seizure of state and capitalist­ "We do not need to take weapons under a New York City police car on owned land, to be given to the from iced (killed) pigs, specially December 20, 1971, were on a mission "people"; total dcstruction of the rent those that have been righteously to "rip off funds for the Afro-Ameri­ system; and "destruction of racism, baconized. There are better places can liberation struggle." MarighelIa's , ageism, capitalism, fasc·.ism, to rip-off weapons-not where primary objectives were most suc­ individualism, possessiveness, com­ they can be linked to butchered ci11ctly expressed in a "Message from petitiveness." hogs." the Black Liberation Army," pub-

22 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin lished by Right On!, April 5, 1972, ghella ir. his "little red book" on guer­ group has posted its message ("Com­ page C: "The police have the guns and rilla tactics and weapons. munique No.1" in a different format) the banks have the money." The Symbionese Liberation Army on telephone poles and has sent it to The act of e:\.-propriation is, of may have followed three of the "action a variety of community organizatioml, course, not a new technique. The models" set out ill the "Minimanual both techniques recommended in Bolsheviks used robberies of Czarist of the Urban Guerrilla": Execution, the "Minimanual." A copy of Mari­ banks to finance their activities; kidnaping, and expropriation-tac­ ghella's book was among the urban Joseph Stalin gained an early reputa­ tics common to Latin American and guerrilla documents found in a Sym­ tion in Russia as a bank robber for the other guerrilla groups. Marighella de­ bionese Liberation Army pad. communists. But Marighella's overall fined execution as the "killing . . . As an organizational outline and a theory of revolution differed from of a fascist personality in the govern­ tactical handbook, Mal'ighella's book that of orthodox Marxists. Instead of ment involved in crimes and persecu­ has gained him a measure of im­ an uprising by politically indoctri­ tions against patriots." 9 "Communi­ mortality in guerrilla circles. He was nated masses led by an indigenous que No.1" from the Symbionese killed in a gun battle with police in communist party the urban guer­ Liberation Army, in which the group November 1969, just a few months rilla's theory of revolution is to dem­ claimed the murder of Dr. Foster, after the appearance of the "Mini­ onstrate that the government is inca­ was in the form of a "warrant" from manua1." The biographic note in the pable of fulfilling its prirrhl"V purpose, the "Court of the People" which ac­ 1970 New World Liberation Front that of providing a stable ,d ordered cused Dr. Foster of "taking part in edition (copied from the Tricontinen­ society. If this basic functiol' ~.f gov­ crimes committed against... the tal translation, January-February, ernment is eroded in practice, then people." (These "crimes" were the 1970), notes that the "Minimanual" the masses will reject the government proposrl . troduction of guards and will become "one of the principal in power. Rejection will come about identifieat! cards into Oakland books of every man who ... takes the through revolution, which will come schools. ) road of armed rebellion." It has. to fruition when the most visible sym­ According to the "Minimanual," bol of government, law enforcement, the kidnaping of well.known, but Differences in New Left Strategy is shown to be impotent in battling the apolitical, persons "can be a useful guerrilla. Hence, the primary objec­ form of propaganda for the revolu­ The Weatherman type of New Left tive of attacking police officer:;: If tionary. . . ." 10 The ransom in this urban guerrillas has not opted for the police cannot protect themselves, case included a demand for the pub­ MarighelIa's theories to the degree that how can they protect the citizenry­ lication of several Symbionese Libera­ black extremists have. Expropriations, their basic function? tion Army propaganda tracts, and the yes, even bank robberies, but these The "Minimanual of the Urban media was warned that "attempts to primarily white revolutionaries es­ Guerrilla" has been extensively circu­ confuse the public by withholding or chew the "macho" masculinity syn­ lated in this country, by the Panthers omitting sections of the tape or drome evident in Panther gunfights and by other guerrilla groups. It has S.L.A. documents jeopardizes the with police. The anarchist's bomb is been included in most of the collec­ prisoner." But this type of kidnaping their weapon, and the ('establishment" tions of revolutionary literature found differs from that of a political per­ in general (and law enforcement only in the possession of Black Liberation sonality or a police agent, according as a part of the establishment) their Army members and other revolu­ to Marighella. It must be "handled so target. While Weatherman members tionaries. It has served as a textbook (later called Weatherpeople, or collec­ that the public sympathizes with it for formal "political education" tively, the , in and accepts it." 11 Hence, the ransom classes. Excerpts have been serialized response to male chauvinism charges demand of food for others rather than in the Panther newspaper Right On! from the mnks) advocate revolution and portions of the "Minimanual" cash for the kidnapers. through urban guerrilla warfare, in have appeared in the so-called under­ Following the example set by common with other such revolution­ ground press. Field Marshal Donald Algerian rebels, the Weatherman aries around theworId they have not Cox, a Panther fugitive who joined group, the Black Liberation Army, prellented specific ideologies to replace Eldridge Cleaver in Algerian exile, and the Symbionese Liberation Army the structures of government they dedicated his pamphlet "On Orga­ in this country, have used the now would topple. nizing Urban Guerrilla Units" to classic guerrilla term "communique" Robert Moss highlighted this lack Marighella. Cox freely quotes Mari- for their message: The Symbionese 'at a "single coherent statement of

October 1974 23 ideology" on the part of any urban rection can create them." 15 Despair­ Who Trained Castro." A detailed guerrilla group: ing of recruiling masses of U.S. manual on sabotage and explosives, "along with an indifference to the "workers," or even a significantly "150 Questions" was circulated by normal forms of political agita­ large number of U.S. students, as re­ New Left groups in this country as tion and a virtual silence about quired by Marxist doctrine then ex­ early as 1968. General Bayo was a social conditions, that makes tant, this "foco" theory was the Marxist veteran of the Spanish Civil most urban guerrillas 'Blan­ denouement sought by the elitists of War, who, like Abraham Guillien, set· quists' in the sense that Lenin the New Left. Instead of organizing tIed in South America and drew on defined the term: military con­ the masses as a whole, per Marxist his experience ill Spain to ,nite on spirators with a tactic rather dictates, they decided that "a small guerrilla warfare. Guillien, author of than a political philosophy." 12 group of armed insurgents . . . can "Philosophy of the Urban Guerrilla" Mr. Moss notes that MarighelIa's act as a focus for the various dis­ and other works, may have had con­ "Minimanual" comes closest to for­ contented elements ... ," in the words siderable influence on Carlos Mari­ mulating a strategy, yet it "offers more of Brigadier Kitson, the British Army ghella. instruction about simple weaponry counterguerriIIa expert.16 "Armed propaganda" is another than about the kind of society he "Foco" is used in a seGond sense concept adopted from abroa d by urban wanted to create." 13 as the first, and leadership, unit of guerrillas in this country. As Regis Kwame Nkrumah dop.s present a the "liberation army." In the "classic" Debray explains it: strategy and specific objectives­ guerrilla mode, as explained by Regis "The destruction of a troop trans­ "Nationalism, Pan Africanism, and Debray, the military pyramid of the port truck or the public execu­ " H-along with basic tech­ liberation forces in Latin America tion of a police torturer is more niques of guerrilla warfare. But, al­ "tends to he built from the apex effective propaganda for the though has re­ down-the permanent forces first (the local population than a hundred cently propagated Nkrumah's objec­ foco) , thcn the semiregular forces in speeches." 18 tives in lectures at various U.S. col­ the vicinity of the foco •..." 17 This Debray claimed that during at least leges, Nkrumah was not an urban dualistic use of "foco," both as a olle 2.year period of warfare, Castro guerrilla, nor have Panther-type urban theory of revolution and as the name did not have any political rallies in his guerrillas in this country yet adopted of an initial guerrilla group, ha ~ not zone of operations. This tactic, added his philosophy. In this respect, one facilitated the grasp of the concept to the "foco" theory, was ideally suited could say none of the urban guerrillas and in this country "foco" has become to U.S. revolutionaries whose in this country have any strategy a glib catch phrase for the intellectual speeches, after some initial successes much beyond revolution for its own fringe rather than a working guerrilla on the campuses, took on some of the sake. Still, there are theoretical concept. irrelevance of other periodic campr,s antecedents for New Left-tyPe urban This Cuban, or Guevara, influence fads. Action, or propaganda of the ~uel'l'i1las. These are nrimarily the also extends from the theoretical deed, would l'eplace the sterility of military writings of Che Guevara, down to the tactical level. A diagram revolutionary oratory. Regi8 Debray, Stalin. and Lenin. showing how to launch a Molotov And "Propaganda of the Deed" Guevara, for a time a folk hero to cocktail from a rifle or shotgun, on was even the subtitle of "Under­ many members of America's com­ page 55 of the Vintage Books edition ground Manual Number 3," one oithe mune society, was a rural guerrilla. of "Guerrilla Warfare," was copied first handbooks of guerrilla military He wrote that the countryside is the on page 99 of "The Anarchist Cook­ techniques to circulate in the United battleground ill underdeveloped (La­ book," by William Powell (New York, States. (There were no manuals num­ 1971). "The Anarchist Cookbook" tin and South) America and that a bered one and two.) This booklet was (the title stems from the chapter on first circulated by the New Left and "suburban guerrilla band," if one recipes incorporating marihuana or was then picked up by the under­ developed, would be subordinate to hashish) covers guerrilla Olganization ground press. The material on home­ direction from rural guerrilla chiefs. and technique, and has become quite made explosives, booby traps, and Glossing over this element of Guev­ popular among student revolution­ incendiaries, such as thermit and ara's philosophy, the New Left seized aries here. Another "how to" book napalm, was also irresistible to the upon his thesis that H [i] t is not neces­ for guerrillas, emanating from , Panthers. They circulated the pam­ sary to wait until all conditions for is "ISO Questions for a Guerrilla" by phlet, too, but in an unusual gesture making revolution exist; the insur- General Alberto Bayo, "The Man of circumspection, cloaked it in an

24 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin innocuous cover, that of a Department cially induced .... To attempt to communist uprisings in recent history, of Agricul~lre bulletin. But the induce it prematurely . . . is adven· as opposed to "revolutions" with the Panthers, as popularizers of the slogan turism ...." 20 Soviet military as surety, coupled "pig" for police officers, picked a bul­ The V enceremos paper uses certain with the Cuban experience, would letin on processing pork for their of Lenin's writings--"The Black seem to weigh to''iard the judgment cover. Hundreds and the Organization of an that perhaps tHe~.J "wars of the flea" Part of armed propaganda, accord­ Uprising," "From the Defensive to in urban settings are, indeed, the wars ing to Debray, includes the tactic of the Offensive," "To the Combat Com­ of the future. demonstrating the vincibility of law mittee of the St. Petersburg Com· In the United States, of course, we enforcement, similar to MarigheIla's mittee," and "Tasks of Revolutionary have just the embryo of ouch a war, "disposition" to shoot police: Army Contingents"-written during and an unorganized embryo at that, "In order to destroy the idea of the 1905 Revolution as evidence of the though deadly to Marighella's first unassailability-that aged-old need to "begin military action as soon target, the policeman. While recent accumulation of fear and hu­ as possible." Even Stalin's "Political history has shown that not all urban mility vis-a·vis the . . . police. Report of the Central Committee to guerrilla campaigns succeed, it could man . . .-there is nothing bet­ the 16th Congress of the CPSU" is be argued that the disruptions of even ter than combat." 19 used to support the thesis that the time embryonic urban guerrilla warfare This element of armed propaganda is right for organized urban guerrilla may be a self· generating catalyst, lead­ was an obvious early success of the warfare. Parenthetically, the primarily ing to further serious revolutionary Panthers, who gained much stature white Venceremos group recognizes activity. One interpretation of Marx­ iIll some circles with their armed in­ the divergent courses taken by white ism takes just such a view. However, vasion of the California legislature. and black guerrillas here, and calls the the irregular pulsation of urban guer­ Indeed, the initial armed Panther problem "white chauvinism." Ven· rilla activity in America during the confrontations with police were de­ ceremos notes: «Somehow, white past half decade almost defies any­ signed to show their ability to stand skins are assumed to be too valuable thing better than an "if, then" prog· up to, and face down, law enforcemc'lt to sacrifice to a pig's bullet, while nosis, tempered by a multitude of officers. Black and Brown minds are seen as economic and sociological factors. Certain writings of Lenin and Sta. unable to cope with the theory of lin were used extensively, if selec· Marxism·Lcninism. " FOOTNOTES 1 Urban Guetrilla War/are (The Intern.tional In. tively, in a thesis advocating urhan .tituto ror Strategic Studies, London. 1971), p a. guerrilla warfare on the part of the 2: "Terrorism, A Globnl Concel'n," Dejense/Foreign Conclusion Affairs Digest (January 1973), p. 4. recently disbanded Venceremos group, 3 "Outll1W's of Amcdcn, Communiques com the­ itself a splinter of the Revolutionary Without question, Carlos Marighel­ Weather Underground," The Lib.rated Guardian (Ne,. York. 1971). p. 3. Union, a national Maoist organizl'l' la, Che Guevara, and Regis Debray 4 J. Edgar Hoover, "E%trcmist New Lett Violence,;' tion. This "military strategy" paper are among the primary lin.eal pro· The UniueT!ity 0/ Maryland Law Fomm, Spring 1972. t "Terrorism and the Intellectuals." W'a.thington presents the dilemma of "dual errors genitors of the urhan guerrilla theo· Star and Daily News, April 15, 1973. of adventurism" (premature action) ries and tactics practiced in the United q Carlo. Marighelln, Minima"ual o/I"e Urban Guer. rilla (New World Liberation Front, 1970), p. 26. and "social pacifism" (agreeing to States today. Their influence on ('au sa­ 7 Stokely Carmithncl, Siokely Speak. (New York. armed struggle, but only at some dis· tion of this phenomenon in this coun­ 1971). p. 213. 8 Mnrighclla, Mini",anual, p. 6. tant time in the future). A sophisti. try is rather more within the purview o Ibid .. 1'. 30. cated political document, the Ven· of the sociologist/historian', however. 10 Ibid., p. 31. 11 Ibid. ceremos statement recognizes the split Behind MarigheUa and company is 12 Robert Moss, "Urban Guerrillas In Uruguay/' aborning among Marxists ove:r the more than a century's development of Problems 0/ Communism, September-October 1971, p.15. "foco" theory, revolution from the Marxist doctrine, for these theorists of 131bld. apex of a sociological pyramid, with urban guerrilla warfare were first "Nkfllmab. IIandbook 0/ lleoolutioAary War/are (New York, 1969). p. 24. its emphasis on the gun, or prop­ Marxists. The non·Marxist observer In Ch. Guevara, Guerrilla War/are (New York, aganda of the deed. It is interesting may delineate them as the first of a 1969). p. 1. lJl Frank Kitson. La .. [Mensity Operat;ons (London, to note that a sociologist author of a new hreed, their philosophy a climac­ 1971), p. 33. fictional scenario of urban guerrilla teric in the development of Marxist 17 Res-is Dcbrny, RcuoluLton in the Revolution? (Ne\\' York. 1967). p. 51. revolution in America (who describes revolutionary thought. The orthodox l' Ibid., p. 53. himseI£ as a democratic radical) feels Marxi.st sees them as "adventurists," ID Ibid., P. 52. '0 Martin Oppenheimer. The Urban Gu.rrill. (Chi. that "[a] revolution cannot be artifi. and repudiates them. The lack of true eago, 1968), p. 173. @il

October 1974 25