Tana, a Venetian and Genoese Black Sea Trading Station In

CEU eTD Collection TANA, A VENETIAN ANDGENOESETANA, AVENETIAN BLACKSEA TRADING A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY A SOCIALANDECONOMIC Ievgen Alexandrovitch Khvalkov STATION INTHE1430s: MA MA Studies Thesis in Medieval Central European University Central European May 2011 Budapest CEU eTD Collection Budapest Tana, a VenetianTana, a andGenoese Black Sea Tradingin the1430s: Station A Social Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Ievgen Alexandrovitch Khvalkov Chair, Examination Committee Examination Chair, and Economic History Thesis Supervisor May 2011 (Ukraine) Examiner Examiner by i CEU eTD Collection Budapest Tana, a VenetianTana, a andGenoese Black Sea Tradingin the1430s: Station A Social Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Ievgen Alexandrovitch Khvalkov and Economic History External Examiner May 2011 (Ukraine) by ii CEU eTD Collection Budapest Tana, a VenetianTana, a andGenoese Black Sea Tradingin the1430s: Station A Social Central Central University,European in Budapest, partial fulfillmentof requirementsthe Thesis totheDepartment submitted of MedievalStudies, Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ______of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Ievgen Alexandrovitch Khvalkov ______and Economic History External Supervisor Supervisor May 2011 (Ukraine) by iii CEU eTD Collection Budapest, 17 May Budapest, 2011 for an academichigher education degree. in any form institutiondeclarehas been no partof submitted thesisthe other of that this to others, and of work the madeof usewas illegitimate no unidentified and that bibliography. and Ideclare in notes no credited part asproperly information external such only of and myresearch on the thesis based my work, own thesis isexclusively present the that herewith declare Medieval Studies infringes on any person’s or institution’s copyright. I also I, the undersigned, I, the Ievgen Alexandrovitch Khvalkov iv ______, candidate for the MA degree in for theMAdegree , candidate Signature CEU eTD Collection year. andmind-provokingme encouraged support kind discussions during whole the academic my whosewarm Branislav Bodnarukand Vismek, to my friends Mariana deep thankfulness who gave work mean opportunity withto Last,butnot manuscripts. the the least, Iexpress valuable comments. I am documents,grateful to the teams and of thankwouldProfessor B.A.Makeevfor checking of the like Assistant to the transcriptions the toState Associate Archives of Veniceme, as wellProfessor as for guidanceand of Genoa,my research and studies during A.the years forin photocopies he the of documents the indicated Venetianarchives andprovidedthe I to spentA. in Moscow.Talyzina I andmadehisin available support a numberof ways, andother honoris for it an me tothank him Dr. A. L. Ponomarevthe world of the Italianfor documentarytheir sources on the history Iusedhere.that literature and sources relevant tothe many references for aswell as research, of the Black Sea region. He hasAlexandersupported Osipianme whohas WritingProfessor, ofAcademic and Judith Rasson,Assistanttechniques taught thefor process manyDr.my Ioweto gratitude valuable onmywork. fordeepest Dr. Niels their Gaul comments ideas of writing invaluablefor this I alsoproject. wish to thankAssociate Professors Dr.Katalin whichSzende and been have suggestions and recommendations Their guidance. of and have assistance, direction, this helped thesis meat toeach broaden stage. theI am scopealso indebtedof my to Dr. This thesis would not haveThis not would methesis P. Karpov possibleintroduced been hadnotProf. S. to It is my pleasure to thank my supervisors Prof. B. Nagy and Prof. G. Jaritz for their ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v CEU eTD Collection APPENDIX (THE TRANSCRIPTIONS OF THE 122 NOTARIAL ...... DOCUMENTS) 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY:...... CONCLUSION...... 97 CHAPTER 3. THE SOCIETY OF THE TRADING 79 STATION...... CHAPTER 2. ETHNICITY AND RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION...... 56 CHAPTER 1. TRADE DYNAMICS 32 IN TANA ...... IN THE 1430S INTRODUCTION...... 1 TABLE OF ...... IX MEASURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...... VIII LIST VII OF FIGURES...... TABLE ...... VI OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... V 3.4. 3.3. 3.2 3.1. 2.9. 2.8. 2.7. 2.6. 2.5. 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. III. II. I. R f. Other sources...... e. Classification of notarial documents and the problem of the representativenessd. The of legalthe sources...... form ...... of the documents c. The language of the ...... documents b. The external characteristics of the ...... documents a. A general description of the major archival sources...... H “D EVIEW THE OF M G P S T Z G R A J G G I T G G ISTORIOGRAPHY TALIANS EWS OCIAL STRATIFICATION OCIAL ARISH LIFE ATARS IKHS AND HE DYNAMICS OF THE SLAVE TRADE THE HE DYNAMICS OF USSIANS RMENIANS ENDER OTHS REEKS ERMANS OODS EXPORTED TO EXPORTEDOODS OODS IMPORTED FROM ETHODOLOGYRESEARCH THE OF OMICILED IN OMICILED ...... 69 ...... 73 ...... , ...... 75 ...... 64 ...... MARRIAGE ...... 71 ...... 59 ...... 62 ...... C ...... 89 ...... 70 ...... IRCASSIANS S T OURCES ANA ...... 23 ...... , ” “ E ...... 83 ...... PARENTS AND CHILDREN PARENTS UROPE AND GOODS LOCALUROPE DESTINEDFOR CONSUMPTION ...... 3 E ...... 79 ...... 74 ...... UROPE TABLE OFCONTENTS TABLE ...... 34 ...... 27 ...... : MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE OF MOVEMENTS vi ,” INHERITANCE , SLAVES ...... 93 ...... , GOODS , AND MONEY ...... 36 ...... 43 ...... 17 15 12 10 6 5 CEU eTD Collection Fig. 2.Image of anotary Fig. 1.Mapof the Black Sea region LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF vii 4 2 CEU eTD Collection History and Antiquities of Odessa] ZOOID VV VID VI SV SA RIS RH PSV PSRL NAV USSR) of the archaeology the MIA History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of Tauria] MAIET Commission] Archival Scholarly ITUAK Russianthe Archaeological in Institute Constantinople] DOP BZ IRAIK BS BBulg NT ASV. CI ASV. ASV. AvCom ASLSP ASG. AS ADSV – – – – – – – – – – – – – Nuovo Archivio –Nuovo Veneto ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ – ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟɜɟɤɚ Byzantinoslavica ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Byzantinische ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɢɣȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ – Revue Historique Rerum ItalicarumScriptores – – ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟɜɋɪɟɞɧɢɟɜɟɤɚ – Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria Storia di Ligure Società della Atti – ɆɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɢɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɩɨɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢɋɋɋɊ – – – Dumbarton Oaks Papers – Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Cancelleria Inferior ɉɨɥɧɨɟɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɣ – Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Notarili Testamenti – Archivio di Stato di Genova, Archivio Secreto Ⱥɧɬɢɱɧɚɹɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶɢɫɪɟɞɧɢɟɜɟɤɚ Byzantino-Bulgarica ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹɊɭɫɫɤɨɝɨȺɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɜɄɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɢɤɈɟɫɨɨ ɛɟɬɚ ɫɨɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɡɟɬɹ ɚɪɱɫɨɭɟɨɚɯɜɨɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ Ɍɚɜɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ – Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Avogaria di Comun [The Middle Ages] Middle [The [The Problems of History] Archaeology][Soviet LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [Byzantine Chronicle] , ɚ ɪ ɯ ɟ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɝ ɢ ɢ  ɢ ɷ ɬ ɧ ɨ ɝ ɪ ɚ ɮ ɢ ɢ Ɍ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɤ ɢ [The Black Sea region in the Middle Ages] viii [Antiquity [Antiquity Ages] Middle and the [Full Collection of the Russian Chronicles] [Auxiliary Historical Disciplines] [Auxiliary Historical (The Materials and researches on [Notes of the Society of Society of the [Notes [Reports [Reports of Tauric the [Materials on the [Reports of [Reports CEU eTD Collection 1 botta (Genoese) = 482 litr. =circa1 botta litr. 751 (a minimum 600 kgweight)of 1 modium of grain Caffa)(Genoese, =281.51kg 1 balla (Genoese) =250libre =79.25kg =47.55kg (Genoese) 1 cantaro =circa1 libra (Genoese) 317g 1 libra sottile=316.75g 1 cantaro sottile =150libre sottile =47.513/45.158 kg 1 libra =348.5g grossa 1 cantaro grosso =150 libre =52.286 grosse kg specified inI providehereVenetianmeasures,ifnot bracketsotherwise. TABLE OFMEASURES TABLE ix CEU eTD Collection linguistic analysis), analysis of the form of documents, examining the possibility of using these documents as a including a descriptionof theirappearance, palaeographic and some linguistic features (without adetailed 4 group within a given society. 3 tradition in historiography, established the Iusefollowing the nameHowever, “Tana” to arbitrary. refer quite is to the Italianwriters) settlement. European Western by “Tana” called (broadly In addition, one should mention that the division of the Italian Tana and the nomadic Golden Horde city of Azak 2 1 following objectives: the specific edition, critical trading forthe Basedonacritical station. a andpreparing of them notarial reading the deeds data with other sources I will reconstruct practices social andthe atTana notaries Venetian century some important aspects of the the social history of aswell andEast, asof tradingthe theethnic structure social stations. Black Sea with Russia, Western reconstructionEurope, of the historythe of political,Byzantine economic, and cultural Empire, relations of the region andand social ofits the Golden commercemake structure customs inhabitants, possible the of the Horde, and Middle life the in ofthehistory Venetian andGenoese stations trading variousTana, the of aspects Sea of Azov, Tana was one of the major stations on the northern BlackSeacoast. northern on majorthe the stations wasone of Tana Sea of Azov, into the flows River where Don the Located routes. Asiabytrade Middle andEastern Europe, Eastern with Mediterranean Eastern Sea,and the Aegean the Europe, Western connecting well, Azov Seaas of coast the andon coast, Sea Black the all around situated were colonies trade. international its commercial expansion. Venice and Genoa became the most important centers of Iset the following objectives: complete transcription of the texts, a general description of the sources, Here belowand I mean by this term all the variety of forms of activity of each particular individual orsocial Hereafter, in saying “Northern Black Sea coast” or “Black Sea region,” I imply the coast of Azov Sea as well. Fernand Braudel, In the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries the economy of Europe made a breakthrough in breakthrough a made Europe of economy the centuries fifteenth to thirteenth the In In this study, I will analyze, as a starting point, the notarial deeds of two fifteenth- 4 The Dynamics of Capitalism I will analyze the available factual and prosopographic datawith regard to 1 Their long-distance trade relied on a network of trading stations. These stations. trading of anetwork on relied trade long-distance Their INTRODUCTION . [ Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ 1 3 of their clients. Comparing these Comparing clients. their of ]. (Smolensk: Polygrams, 1993), 46. 2 Studies of CEU eTD Collection 5 sources.” ofthe “Review section See the databases. and tables, regestae, ofthe drafting Tana, in stations trading Venetian the for history social and economic of source Including the question of whether there was some regionalization of trade in the Black Sea or not. - - - - within and outside of them. including relationships thesegroups, according characteristics the of groups to Reconstructing the socialExamining the ethnic andstructure the confessional structure of the society of Tana; of Tana, the aggregation of different social study on the slave trade and slavery in the region; Revealing the data on the background of region’s politicalthe history and international in relations region;the economy and Tana’sthe in against Tana activities andtheir of notaries fate the Reconstructing role in it, including a 2 5 CEU eTD Collection published andpreviously havebeen never the subject of intensive study. been havenot sources Smeritis. These Benedetto and de Varsis Nicolo notaries Venetian which be research. usedinfurther can database a prosopographical creation of involves the it that cansay one significance its practical About sources. these basedon life economic introducing unpublished sources to scholarshipand builds up apicture of the social and as a certain unit. as acertain is regarded 1440 namely, 1430to period the bemore precise, frameseemsto chronological events farand thatwentbeyond processes being Tana, though with associated it. The Rialto, and on ships going to Alexandria. IamresearchingThus, three setswhole, ofdeeds a including documents as drawnConstantinople,up in in Sea coast. Black onthe people ofthe life ofthe details some reflect they but Alexandria, and Constantinople Tana, anddocumentsof these all Almost 1430s. the in Tana from inorigin ofVenetian documents notarial Rialto,extant only werethe apparently are drawn up indeeds byAngelo Nigro (1441 –1444) Pietro and butPellakan(1446Tana. –1452). Thus,the acts of and SmeritisVarsis Varsisthey1427); I have atmy disposal now only deedsthe of Leonardo onlyVolpe. periodthe In following 1430s,the there are also drew 1420s,the inup namely, Leonardo Volpe (1424), Lorenzoare Mikel (1424),several and notaries Ambroggio diSanother Vitale (1426- of deeds by the preceded were Varsis and ofSmeritis relevant documents the documents Chronologically, 1440. and 1428 between interval the for known are Tana from originating documents inVenetian other no hand, Constantinople, one the On for theperhaps though composed outby different people. that Itturns these here two principles coincide to some extent. even history oftime, period onlimited a over place certain a thein produced of deeds publication the is way second The notaries. to of Tana.documents notarial forpreparing publication. in The first is principles the two publication are there that of note all of the should deedsI from thecollections thesis, of this Smeritis of one or completion more the after possible details of notarial actsdrew with a narrative source. Moreover, since I intend to publishthis material as soonas up“A Voyageseveral to Tana,”1428 (late tointegrity certain a late form actually question in adds1439).deeds sources the Moreover, aunity. as be regarded The cannot interestit that fact that thisin periodto the coincides study7 with of the thisstaygions_-_Geographicus_-_PontusEuxinus-spruner-1865.jpg of period.Josaphat Barbaro Hence, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/1865_Spruner_Map_of_the_Black_Sea_and_Adjacent_Rein Tana, theI authorhave of a unique6 ability to compare the Figure 1.Amapof the Black Searegion ofthe (Sprunger, Map Black Adjacent Sea and On the one hand, a decade is long enough to come to some generalizations. On the other hand, it is not so long from Taken The mainmy sourcefor isstudy asetnotarial of in deeds produced by Tana the The territorial boundaries of my research are blurred; in some cases I will focus on insome Iwillfocus cases are blurred; ofmy research boundaries The territorial 7 The scholarly novelty of my work is justified by the fact that it includes it that fact the by justified is work my of novelty scholarly The I. Review of the Sources Regions, 1865). 3 6 CEU eTD Collection 9 8 material. producedplenty of were intensivedocumentary of and this East andthe states the Horde, Golden the principalities, Russian Empire, Byzantine the with relations political and and regionEurope, the edgeof Caucasus.the at the Italian republics, Eastern fields, different from scholars coast Sea Black the on and Mediterranean, Eastern of the stations trading in the Levant, in the notaries Italian the by up drawn documents The stations. trading Italian the of history legal and ethnic, political, social, economic, the of sources See the chapter on secondary literature. on secondary chapter Seethe Seas. Azov and Black the to to refer used is coast” Sea “Black term the henceforth, and Here Researchers have long regarded Venetian notarial acts as important most acts of one the notarial Venetian long have regarded Researchers Italian notarial documents are quite numerous because the trading stations’ commerce stations’ trading the because numerous arequite documents notarial Italian Figure 2.An image of anotary (ASV.NT.733; Guglielmi de Veneciis, capellanus ecclesie Sancti Simeoni ecclesiede Veneciis,capellanus Sancti Guglielmi 9 being a relevant source for reconstructing the history of the of history the reconstructing for source a relevant being 4 8 have attracted the attention of the notaio Iacobus quondam ). CEU eTD Collection Cristoforo Rizzo,drafted in Tana (1411-1413)], Ɍɚɥɵɡɢɧɚ 917. The practice of allocating wills in a separate cartulary was common in Venice (see [A. A. Talyzina] Talyzina] A. [A. (see Venice in common was cartulary separate a in wills ofallocating practice The 917. 14 13 PSV XIV imbreviaturae Constantinople and Alexandria). and Constantinople drawn inAprilup Tana from 6,1436,followedJuly 22,1432to bywills in up drawn 12 are divided intoare divided sets: three ɝɝ Archives in Venice deeds in between Tana 1430 and1440(with exceptions).some They inare stored State the the notaries). 11 10 by some notaries.indrawn thirty-four well-known Tana up his successor to According to the legislation of the republic of Venice, notarial officers. of deeds passedreports the from to one notaryattached and metropolis the to sent they which accounts, of andmany documents of books conquest. retained Nevertheless,original republics copies the large Ottoman the of archivesof during Undoubtedly,the tradingperished a the stations part survived, as a rule, not as not survived, asarule, Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Notarili Testamenti, Cart. 917 (Benedictus Smeritis). Hereafter: ASV. NT. Archivio Cart. di Stato di Venezia, hereafter: ASV. [S. P. Karpov] Karpov] P. [S. [S.P. Karpov] question. in deeds the in be seen can This .)” [Venetian Tana in the acts of the Chancellor Benedetto Bianco (1359-60)]. Bianco Benedetto Chancellor of the acts the in Tana [Venetian .)” 1(1991): 192. ɜ .,” [Documents on the history of Venetian trading stations inTana in the second half of the 14th century], 2) 1) The notaries Nicolo de Varsis and Benedetto de Smeritis drew up , “ Busta Busta ɚɟɚɢɧɬɪɹ ɪɫɨɨɨ Ɋɢɰɰɨ Ʉɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɹ Ɂɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ 12 of various documents written by him in Tana (May 2, 1436 to October 9, October byhimin (May2,1436to Tana variouswritten documents of ɋ ɋ 10 . a. Ageneral description of the majorarchivalsources 917, comprising one cartulary of Benedetto Smeritis 917,comprising ( onecartulary Benedetto of 231, comprising one mixed cartulary of de Varsiscontaining Nicolomixed of cartulary one 231,comprising . ɉ and then archives. tothe Currently,came deeds areextant, 1194Venetian ɉ . 13 . Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ ( Notarili Testamenti , “ instrumentae , “ ȾɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɢɌɚɧɚɜɨɜɬɨɪɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɟɟɢɧɤɹɌɧɨ ɤɚɤɧɥɪȻɧɞɬɨ Ȼɶɹɧɤɨ Ȼɟɧɟɞɟɬɬɨ ɤɚɧɰɥɟɪɚ ɚɤɬɚɦ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɌɚɧɚɩɨ 14 (original papers), but as PSV and 5 (2001):27. 5 Cancelleria Inferior, Notai Cancelleria Inferior, , ɨɬɜɟɧɟ Ɍɚɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ 11 Later acts, in contrast to earlier, to in contrast acts, Later imbreviaturae PSV (1411 – 1413),” [Wills by 5 (2001): 10. imbreviaturae collections). They collections). imbreviaturae (copies left by (1359–1360 , wills Ⱥ . of Ⱥ . CEU eTD Collection Notarili Testamenti rather withrather hishandwriting. documents Inthe Varsis,lines gohorizontally, fieldsof are the de muchSmeritis problemsof better; the of areconnected werepreserved Benedetto reading ʋ At b.ideal. endfarfrom the of but de Varsisof deeds issatisfactory, the Nicolo The state 231; ASV. parchment different August (from October times 19,1428 to 7,1439). the chronological boundaries, I shall consider this setasaunit. Ishall chronological this boundaries, the consider coincide with not do cartularies of boundaries and the number underone archives Venetian chronological nominally order), includes four cartularies, butsince they are united in the and(March 25,1435) also aparchment imbreviaturae cartulary fifthto 31v;fromcartulary 26r – the to 45r.– from Inaddition,750 44r inCart. are some there covers sheetscartulary from first oneThe with no cartularies. number actual to 9v ofthe and 18r up boundaries the to out 21v;point the secondwill I cartulary conclude, To 45. 1 to – from from 22rnumbers to 26r, the third consecutive have folder the in sheets the Thirdly, notary. by the combined perhaps were and folder, single form a qualitative unit –this complex comprises testaments only. Secondly, they are stored compactly a in 17 750. 16 231. 15 1436), aswell as an 297, 9r). Ido not divide them here and consider these documents as a single unit forthe following reasons: Firstly, they Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Notarili Testamenti, Cart. 750 (Nicolaus de Varsis). Hereafter: ASV. NT. Cart. Cart. CI. ASV. Hereafter: Varsis). de (Nicolaus 231 Cart. Inferior, Cancelleria Venezia, di Stato di Archivio 750, there is considerable damage from moisture, which 750,theremakesreading ismoisture, acts The difficult. from damage considerable The documents by Nicolo de Varsis are 3) Busta instrumentum made as early as August19,1428, before Varsis first arrivedTana (ASV.NT. in Cart. 750. Notarili Testamenti 750, b. The of externaldocuments characteristics the , busta 16 imbreviatura comprising testaments drawn up by Nicolo de Varsis (not in in b. 231, arrangedin two folders (ASV. 917), six sheets with wills; some of the pages may have been lost. havebeen may pages some of withthe wills; sheets 917),six , busta of one document drawn up earlier in Constantinople 750). Another belongs cartulary Smeritis 750). to (ASV. instrumentum 6 imbreviaturae (dated August (dated 17,1445). 17 , all on paper except for one Thedocuments dateback to Cancelleria Inferior 15 , busta ʋ CEU eTD Collection used the services of only clerk. one of only services the used Varsis apparently usedtheirservices rarely,or(if one assumes that all actshis are not writtenby his hand) he ( several othercapitals. Other usages are a double “t” in the word clearly, a closed Gothic19 paper the in than larger is rows “C”the between distance the and wider at are fields –the theparchment beginning of the formula 20 affricates. same the signified they vowel a before e.g., indistinguishable; phonetically were cases some “z” in and “i” considerations; calligraphic only by not guided were “i”notaries Gothic ofthe case the in that remembered the word, and in the middle (sometimes itbecomes almost indistinguishable from the “z”). It should be 18 notary. of the that than worse is much handwriting and the more elongated are letters cases, the rules of Latin spelling). Varsis invested two acts, written by another hand, intob. 750.the In to both (contrary two into split is word one sometimes but word, the of letter first the isolate handwriting. Italian Gothic ofLate features handhassome de Varsis’ Nicolo Nevertheless, centuries. Smeritis the distance is about one line width or less. is line; and for one of ahalf the rows width about the the between distance the average, others. The superscript parts of parts superscript The of others. “b”, “l”, “v” long. are usually quite (like deed of the letter first writing. The in the words fused notaries both rarely, though Sometimes, names. in personal not often andquite not sometimes traditional. Both notaries usedcapital quiteletters spontaneously and than uses more contractions significantly areless inaddition,Varsis; hiscontractions regular Smeritis However, features. other and endings, case “r”, the “n”and with syllables cut the Imbreviaturae The person. same by the made annotations later with text main is the this that means much worse, sloppy, and difficult toread, but not very individualized. ad presens These features include well-drawn initial characters (E” in “Ego”, “P” in “Preterea”, “I” in “In” and, most and, “In” in “I” “Preterea”, in “P” in “Ego”, (E” characters initial well-drawn include features These On the boats, clerks ( the parchment In 20 The deeds are written in the cursive notarial italics of the fourteenth andfifteenth of fourteenth italics the in notarial cursive The deeds the are written Both notaries used different spellings of words on the same sheets in adeed,which sheets spellings onthesame of Both notaries useddifferent words The cartulary of Benedetto de Smeritis is written by one hand; his handwriting is handwriting his hand; one by written is Smeritis de Benedetto of cartulary The –the contraction is 19 are full of contractions. Both notaries use standard contractions; they always they contractions; standard use notaries Both contractions. of full are His handwriting is neat and regular; in some words there is a tendency to instrumentum, scribae ad pns ) often served as assistant notaries and sometimes had a notary education, but education, anotary had sometimes and notaries assistant as served often ) Varsis, contrary to expectations, does not follow the basic trend of saving the , ut supra – the contraction is contraction –the In in the initial invocation) is apart and larger than larger and apart is invocation) initial the in 7 18 Cum vite sueterminum… testes uts , the Gothic “s” at the end of certainwords ), the gothic wavy “i” at the beginning of ) and the appearance of appearance the and ) imbreviaturae . CEU eTD Collection months. June autumn andthe into May was wills notaries indrafting peakactivity of the that indicate uniform and broad a relatively for only calculated be array can months and years the over composed of typical large timeand variation the second virtue of by its Thenumberof heterogeneity. deeds documents and material the of scarcity the of because first the analysis, allows 231 b. nor 917 b. neither (namely, wills), thatabsence of chronological in b.order 750is because the notary left forroom future deeds. is, for the inferyear Onecan that evenmore). a or them between equals (the distance temporal order b. 750.chronological in fully even and another, after one arranged are they 917 b. In chronology. respected (seeabove). respected not is sequence chronological the 750 b. In clear). very not are them of some on dates the (2) October(1). July 1438: September(1) August (1). (1) October (1) December (1). 1439:January May (1) October(1). 1454: 1435: January 1436:(1). April (2), May (4 +1),June (7 +2), July (2) September(1). 1437: January (1) March (1) 1431: January (4) February (1) July (1) April (1) August (1) September(2) OctoberOctober (2); 1432: (1). several testaments from same the period. 1428: August (1);1430: August (3) September(2) November (3); of wills for a month givenin b. 750 and the second value equals the same month in b. 231, which also comprises 23 used. partially only are others and sheets of blank anumber are there 22 44v.May 15, 1454; f. 44v - f. 45r.January 4, 1436 (= 1437); f.45r. October 14, 1454. 1431; f. 31r. October7, 1432; f. 31v. February 4, 1434 Rialto; f. 44r(not. n n). May 7, 1454; f.September1431; 44r17, f. (not. - f.30r30v. September 9, 1431; n n) f. 30v.- f.October 1431;2, f. 30v - f.31r. October 19, f.February 29r. April1431); f.12, 29r. 4, 1430(= 1431;f. 29v.July f.8, 1431; 1431; 29v.August 4, f. 30r. f.(= 1431); 28v.Postscriptf. July 15, 1443; 1431); 28v.January 16, 1430(= f.1431); 28v.January 23, 1430(= 1430; f. 27r-f.27v. November2, 1430;f.January 27v-28r. 1431);11, 1430(= f. 28r-f.28v. January 3, 1430 1, August 3 cartularium). 1430; f.(incipit 26r(incipit26r 3cartularium)f. - 26v. September 1439; 7, 1430; f. 26v.September 19,1430; October 26r. f. 27r.Novemberf. 5, 1438; 1, January 26r. f. 1437; 17, December Septemberf.- f. 21, 1436;f. 24r. September 24v.July 1437; f. f. 24r August20, 25r. 28, 1437; 24v. 1438; f. 25r. 22r. June 14, 1436; f. 22r. July 1, 1436; f. 22r. July 17, 1436; f. 22v. May 29, 1436; f. 23r. June20r. May f. 1,22, 1436; 20r-f. 20v.May 1436;Junef. 1,1436;28, 1436; 21r. f.21r- f. f. 21v.May f. 23v4, 1436; 21v-f. - 1428; October28, 1438; January 1436;April 24, 29, (3) -f.23, 1435; f. 1436;f. 19v(4).April 19r 19v(4)-f. June 10, 1436;November9, 1430;June 8, 1436;August 14, 1430;August 8, 1430;March6, 1437;August 19, 21 by of each deed. On documents of lesser importance (commissions, etc.) Varsis replaced the date In the cases where the number of wills is presented in parentheses as “x + y”, the first value equals the number the equals value first the y”, + “x as parentheses in presented is wills of number the where cases the In Varsis was probably guided by the principle of keeping the documents in chronological order. That is why Heresequence the is the ASV.b.sheets of NT, in the 750:June14,1436 (in the vernacular); June 19, 1436; eodem die Since one can only analyze the intensity of composing the deeds quantitatively, deeds the composing of intensity the analyze only can one Since The date and place are present in all documents and they are written at the beginning atthe arewritten and they in documents all andplacearepresent The date . In b. 231the . In 21 Cartularies 231 and 917 are more integrated and one can trace the imbreviaturae are inscribed in chronological order (except that (except order in chronological inscribed are 8 23 Thus, sources Thus, 22 CEU eTD Collection items in the content of the often duplicated the signatures of witnesses as well as adding their own names. connected by four laps on its sides, stands on all his deeds. At the end of a documentnotaries a triangle of shape in the halberd the of reminiscent Smeritis, of sign notarial individual topped with a cross. It is affixed to the whole the respectively, sections, and “d” right left “n” inthe and with letters the four parts, habit of such work. along-term attests of handwriting, the character shorthand andthe carelessness acertain with along them, which correct to necessary it consider not does least or at formal errors, admits confident notary, who reserves his right to write carelessly.At the same time, he almost never and senior bemore experienced, a to seems Smeritis fix them. to andthen return errors and many mistakes make to tends Varsis of than Smeritis. better that is slightly of Varsis acts the in differencesin handwriting or seniority. and experience The of difference characters their the to either may testify notaries individual of features way. Specific illegible in same the more carefully designed than the brief notes. The wills of Smeritis are all long and are written Cart. 750. f. 24v, f. 29r, down the names of three witnesses althoughotherwise, scribe; onehis orwould notary have the the to to claim that Giacomo’sdocument belong they that handwriting changed inference the to bears everyleads year.which Sometimes hand, theone notarieswith signatureswrote inscribed clearly of only two of them (ASV. NT. by the same hand inwhich heput his signatures inother places. Moreover,both signatures onthis testament are (ASV. NT. b. 750. 30v-31r). In the second one the signature of a witness (Giacomo Tome) was clearly not made 25 24 afford negligencenotaries in such not could an phrasesinserts in between linesandcomplete fields; the strikethroughs, the corrections, Theexceptions are testaments dated November2, 1430(ASV. NT. b.750. 27r-27v) andOctober19, 1431 The only The individual notarial sign of Varsis is a vertically elongated diamond divided into divided diamond elongated vertically is a Varsis of sign notarial individual The The entries of Varsis are not well edited; there are numerous examples of negligence, of examples numerous are there well edited; not Varsisare of The entries instrumentum et passim et available is an example of far more diligent work. imbreviaturae ). instrumentum inb. 231,and appearsinmany inb.places 750.The 9 instrumentum , to the four largest and most important . 24 As a rule, the long are the As acts arule, 25 CEU eTD Collection Latin. 28 “o” from “u.” from “o” (e.g., 27 Venetian notary in Tana, Cristoforo Rizzo (1411 – 1413)], Marzi ( ” is by “-nt-” asin replaced thethird notariesLatin Both declension. mix“ci” often “ti” and equivalent to the letter “h” in the Italian dialects is apparent. is dialects Italian in the “h” letter the to equivalent letter The emergenceof combination “ch” instead of the “c” dueto loss the of phonetic the made predictable. standard and rather notariesboth andmistakes are Latin that some errors mismanagement of spelling.prepositions, and poor instead of forms, inthe inconsistencies usingone case case frequentanothererrors: Latin. Thereofficial are the on vernacular the of influence the – (ofteninterference language about speak can one why notariesinfluence mixof the vernacular. the Nevertheless, accusative the Latin of Varsis is far from perfect,with and that is the ablative in the singular), 26 century. fourteenth the of middle the after notaries Italian of writing the of feature a common became Latin on vernaculars influence of Italian The strong vernacular). in Venetian the entirely written for afew (except some vernacular words inLatin with language bureaucratic detailed linguistic similaranalysis, documents: repetition and constant reference to “above” or“below”.Without giving a I can note that the deeds of Varsis and Smeritis are written in probacionem Inmy transcriptionI solved thisproblem by restoring them artificially according to the rules of Classical In the same word (a proper noun or a common noun), a notary can use either the classical and distorted variant distorted and classical the either use can a notary noun), common a or noun proper (a word same the In [A. A. Talyzina] [A.A.Talyzina] diaconus ) and dentals ( Although sometimes there are some completely atypical errors, one can still say that say still can one errors, atypical completely some are there sometimes Although The language of the documents has the characteristic stylistic features common common to features stylistic has characteristic the documents the of The language and 28 and diachonus Ⱥ . probationem 26 Ⱥ quitquid The language of Varsis and Smeritis does not seem to show a strong . Ɍɚɥɵɡɢɧɚ , Constantinus c. The language of documentsthe insteadof , “ , ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣɜɌɚɧɟɄɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨɊɢɰɰɨ sententias and quidquid Chonstantinus and 10 sentencias PSV 4 ). In some positions one cannot distinguish , Caterina (2000): 22. ), as well as “c” and “z” ( “c” and as well ), 27 and In gerundthe sometimes “-nd- Katerina , Chaterina (1411-1413),”[A imbreviaturae ). Marci – CEU eTD Collection declension paradigm instead of declension paradigm undeviginti “19”, he uses the vernacular word he vernacular “19”, uses the is that whenstriking of languageinterference example specify needsto numberVarsis the The names nicknames have or can diminutive suffixes ( descent). Italian of those of names individual the to contrast (in form uninflected an in given changes the stems of some words irregularly ( uses infinitives as objects ( asobjects uses infinitives participial ( participial existens (usually the case( the 2nd with the 4th). Case forms are often discrepant (see above, the numeral the useof the or hypercorrection either like mistakes found other common Ihavenot However, intervocalic position ( position intervocalic instead of instead letters ( extra of appearance the namely, notaries, both of in texts the occurs recipiendi their abuse (wrong geminates: their (wrong abuse consonants (simplification of the geminates: of the (simplification consonants 30 29 ( in Latin not but exception.the Thenotaries strived tofind for graphic expression sounds existedthat in Italian ASV. NT. Cart. 750. 23v - 24r. stange. quite really seems “a” vowel open an with case particular this Though Both notaries constantly confuse conjugations ( notariesBoth constantly conjugations confuse Different spellings of the same name in the same document are rather the norm than norm the rather are document same the in name same the of spellings Different ; also ad presens , sollemnitas . trigessimo presentibus testibus 30 unus Nevertheless, he writes it according to the rules of rules the he itaccording Nevertheless, Latin of spelling to Latin writes the and dare ...per suum maritare as the indefinite article. Sometimes the prepositions are incompatible with incompatible are theprepositions Sometimes article. indefinite the as nautilicare insteadof insteadof , Baxilius legiptimus – pro suo maritare ad presentem nautilizare; ) and infinitives ( infinitives and ) instead instead of reddigendum diciannove trigesimo instead instead of decemnovem ). ) does not fit the rules of Latin spelling. Epenthesis 29 , as it would have been in Italian. In general, one general, In Italian. in been have would it as , ). Sometimes a mixture of declensions were used were declensions of mixture a Sometimes ). cancelarius instead instead of 11 tollendi abere Basilius legitimus ). The influence of the Venetian vernacular of Venetian the The influence ). fuit contentus fuit habuisse etrecepisse in a Latin document instead of the Latin the of instead document Latin a in , avere – , destringare ); sometimes “s” replaces “x” in the “x” replaces “s” sometimes ); tolendi Trivixanus – redigendum , Nicoloxius havere chanzelarius , appellandi ). The family name is often ). Varsis uses the absolute the uses Varsis ). instead instead of , , reccipiendi Agnexina ). Theloss of double – appelandi ). The most The ). Trivisanus solempnitas ad presens instead instead of ); healso ); ) and ) ). CEU eTD Collection and the subjects of the transactions. the of subjects the and events and their relations to the types of transactions, analysis of the legal formulas that identify the originator Analysis of period. the formula includesa particular in defining law of the the components development of the notarial ofthe form, nature the identificationand level of the of recorded areflection as 2. document; the of 34 33 the “galleys of the line” in Venice]. in line” the of “galleys the ©ɝɚɥɟɣɥɢɧɢɢ 32 31 language they used in wassometimes blurred. activities professional the and tongue mother their between distinction the vernacular, in the or in Latin either century fifteenth inthe theirdeeds notaries composed Venetian the although that can infer authority. entities bynotaries,is that or between persons with mediated thepersonsvested public with the notarial acts is to describe them formally. them describe to is acts notarial the with notarial for studiesdocuments inlaw. history of Therefore, of one in firstthe steps working use itto makes possible law; from this the arose that certain rules to according transaction place people. between which took economic life –itA notarialreflected and social shows an transaction. document agreement fixedbyactof notary; itvaries circumstances on of independentdepending particular the the constant, not is content the of expression the and element a self-standing not is formula the because somerelative is extent to content and formula the of juxtaposition The transaction. imposeswhich document, the of structure overall the is deed a notarial a of form certain The rules. certain set of more or less standard formulas that reveal the contents of the The The form of the notarial deed is important intwo respects:1. as an element that determines the classification Talyzina, “ Talyzina, [A. A. Talyzina] A. Talyzina] [A. [ ɇ . Ⱦ . Notarial deeds were private documents, the content of wasatransaction of which thecontent documents, private deedswere Notarial ɉɪɨɤɨɮɶɟɜɚ 32 Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹɢɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɚ To give legal force to a notarial document it had to be composed according to beithad composed to a notarial document to give legal force To » ɜȼɟɧɟɰɢɢ Ⱥ . ] Ⱥ H. D. Prokofieva, “ . Ɍɚɥɵɡɢɧɚ ,” [Typology and evolution of the form of documents on the history of navigation of navigation of history the on of documents form of the evolution and [Typology ,” d. The legalformof the documents , “ , PSV Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɢɹɢɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹɮɨɪɦɭɥɹɪɚɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ 3 (1998): 165. 33 Ⱥɤɬɵ In addition, it was a product of legal life, fixing life,was oflegal In it the a product addition, ” [Acts]. ,” [Typology and evolution of the form]: 165. form]: of the evolution and [Typology ,” 12 PSV 34 4 (2000): 41. 31 CEU eTD Collection 39 moderncalendar. “14 February title1439” in the of a deed that indicates the document was drawnup 14 February 1440 inthe 38 37 practice. “standardized” diverse form.in This means that Smeritis (apparently a more experienced notary) somehow a had moreof uniformity degree high a (except have for the first testament)of Smeritis and wills wereThe composedof them. following one asingle sample. The preferred acts of a notary Varsis are muchmore reason some for and schemes specific several are there but vary, documents other and wills of forms – the document of the shape the their degree of or proficiency experienceand (discussed above). personalities notaries of The two undoubtedly the notaries ofthe affected characters the either between difference the is document of the form the in variations 36 incontent. change asignificant and formula legal a of use the between links clear any however, reveal, not does commissions) and wills the (especially here studied documents the at glance A cursory situation. overall the in changes serious content, and the slightest modification of the form of documents could reflectboth procedural innovations and Venetian document was quite formalized, so sometimes subtle changes in the wording may be a reflectionof the slaves, however, many of the formulas of wills can alsoused be viewed as ritual). It tradition, is to a common belieftribute a are that the and to meaning strengthen much the significancecarry not do of the document (there formulas are Ritual many ritual formulas in acts oftransformation. the emancipation for of flexible more 35 emancipations, etc. emancipations, isdocument mainly byitsdetermined wills importance; e.g., more extensiveare than but there why hypothesis notarieswasof someabout clients the were muchmoreloquacious others, than no socialtransferred.have I alsoattempted toidentify a typology formulasof and a construct typology being powers the of restriction or extension any mean not does it commission the in of the formulaexpandeda more or compressed if anotary e.g., Likewise, assignificant. uses, acts) formulas.that oneThe should nottalkativeness take the variability of different forms of wills or(as well reticenceas other notarial of a sometimes in Roman or Arabic numerals, which reveal no system of preferences in use. given inyearformatcompletely the –month – day in – indiction, sometimes only words, Domini reason) is most fully represented in the will and always precedes the precedes always in and will the fully represented ismost reason) mentioned. is usually issue of place of a documents et mors ... ego, Iacobus ... et mors ego, ... In most cases it is Tana, see above. see Tana, it is cases most In Restoring the words the chronologywith begin which of commissions, brief the for deeds, Except one should remember that a year in Venice began on March 1, so that The only substantive conclusion which I have inferred from the are they therefore and act analysisof type the and transaction ofthe of content type the reflect formulas Meaningful of the exterior of the acts and Formulas are traditionally meaningful intodivided and ritual. ; ( invocation The beginstandard the with deeds In nomineDomininostriChtisti Yhesu 36 ). In the In ). intitulatio 13 of the wills, an indication of sanity (in an (in sanity of indication an wills, the of ; In Eiusdem In Eiusdem nomine committens committo 39 The In nomineDeiEterni prologus . intitulatio 35 ; Yhesus My analysis suggests (explanation of the of (explanation ). (e.g., 37 ; The date is The date In nomine cum vita 38 The CEU eTD Collection signatures of the witnesses and notaries and the individual sign of the notary. These notary. the of sign individual the and notaries and witnesses the of signatures 45 education, testator’s legal the of literacy,source a as and interesting knowledge are They of vernacular. the the form.or in Latin in cartularies their into documents these copy could Notaries authenticated. then and ofwitnesses presence the in testator by but the notaries, of such anumber are There documentsbe authenticated. not could and force legal no had order in established b.of the 750,violation in which consists entirely of wills.44 Some of workshops warehousesand the (ASV.NT. Cart. 917, 1). wills in b. 750 were of the deceasedcomposed Musculus from Naples, kept innot pledge fromby Saracen Kasim Safir 4,080 livres worth of land with 43 28r). Bartolomeoand Rosso, and reiterated therefusalhis at notary’sonly (ASV.4 days NT.Cart. later 750. f. 27v - of duties the perform to refused Pisani, Hermolao nobleman, presence of witnesses afterwards two and notarize hisrefusal E.g.,(3) -f. a Cart.(ASV. 750.f. 19v(4)). NT. 19r 42 and notaries. stations and notarized theissue of a waiver. fideicomissari by a mention of the witnesses again at the very end of the document. followed part, main the follows immediately notary) the of sign individual the and witnesses imbreviaturae 231, butwas writtenin in the presenceother of two witnesses. real estate. with associated transactions and various transactions their presence was optional. As a rule, the Venetian names. 41 40 Residuum etc. formula (e.g., reducedthe andSmeritis Varsis sometimes they although are expanded, deeds ( a differentsignificantand to degree of point mainpsychological adequacy. of the The part expanded or condensed formula) usually appears in a different form, which is unlikely to be The practice of signing under each under signing of practice The extreme In cases, anotary could make a will without them, but thedocuments drawnup insuch a manner and ASV. NT. Cart. 917, 1; ASV. NT. Cart. 750. f. 30r. E.g., the documents mention that Antonio Crescono, son a allowed: was exception an wills, the of case the in as here, However, ASV. CI. Cart. 231. 2r, 2v, 3r ASV. CI. Cart. 231. 6r. 40 completio A number of in because and sometimes wills b.750containadditions postscripts, Insome placesinb.231, 45 differ from the refused to carry out their duties. They told the authorities of the trading , At the same time, many documents I have researched have both the original the both have researched have I documents many time, same the At Preterea etc. ) uses legal formulas specific for a particular type of Most a particular type) useslegalformulas specificoften of document. for et passim , Si igitur imbreviatura instrumenta . 41 there is there etc.); several times they even abbreviate their own was more typical for notaries in Tuscany. in notaries for typical more was , lacking the original signatures of the witnesses the of signatures original the lacking , 42 Sometimes wills also indirectly reflect litigation reflect indirectly also wills Sometimes 14 44 Witnesses are everywhere in the deeds in b. in deeds in the everywhere are Witnesses sanctio fideicomissar 43 A testament only had legal force if it . The . in the presence of Benedetto Nigro Benedetto of presence the in Corroboratio fideicomissar could demur in could the demur (signatures of CEU eTD Collection (Leningrad: Nauka Publishers, 1979), 123. ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ [Problems of Classifying the Western EuropeanPrivate Act],in many of the common the of many is essentially a copy of willthe this pre-compiledsince by indicative, the testator’s completely isnot case this Perhaps of Barbaro. expedition in the participated 48 as to referred is Rosso Bartolomeo of the word writingthe However, 45r). quondam f. - f. 44v 44v, - f. f. 44r 44r, f. 31v, f. f. 27v, - 27r f. f. 25r, 24v, f. 24r, downf. - 23v of thewills refer to the testatornumberof wills drafted as in great alreadydanger and oftenaccompanied bydead; the deathof the testator. Consequently,i.e., the numberof In b. 750, 9 out of 18%50 of the total beennumbercompleted, whichmeans that, roughly speaking,of the testatorwills hadsome time to leave world. this (ASV. NT. Cart. 750. f. 22r, f. death? It seems simple. Notaries apparently brought apparently Notaries simple. seems It death? 47 diminutive suffixes (Nicolaus, andNicoloxo, expressive Nicoloxio). the The of same person could because appear under differentchallenge names. anadditional is there above, mentioned As nickname. characteristic 46 were made by the notary and the testator is referred to in the third person. testators) deceased of speaking often (most wills some Nevertheless, testator. the e.g., client, authorities to which the for and worked hisnotary a which clients within society the for sufficient and would understandable been refer. standardized way.was much It moreimportant use an identificationto which would have ina each identify person necessarily did not although notaries the from Y, etc.,” parish name, “son family name, by identified personal a standard expression of X (deceased) the same legal force. imbreviaturae abstract situations (which must fit the legal formula) and real transactions. In cartularies the In transactions. andreal formula) fit legal mustthe (which situations abstract are recorded by theseacts. are recorded e. Classification of e. Classification notarial documentsand the problemof the representativeness [A. M. Kononenko] Kononenko] M. [A. E.g., ASV. CI. Cart. 231. f. 2r or “nationality” verger), (consul, station trading given any in unique or be rare could identification This The subjects of the transactions and other persons mentioned in the deeds are in deeds the mentioned persons andother of transactions the The subjects Classifications of notarial acts are traditionally based on the types of transactions that transactions of types on the based traditionally are acts notarial of Classifications standing before the name of the testatoris deceptive. Sometimes itmeans only that he died atthe time were similar in form and substance to the imbreviaturae Ⱥ . Ɇ . imbreviatura imbreviaturae Ʉɨɧɨɧɟɧɤɨ 48 The task of the researcher is often to make connections between make connections to is often theresearcher of Thetask et passim were made after the death of the notaries’ clients. notaries’ of the death the after made were quondam [The Problems of Sources of the Western European Middle Ages] Middle European Western the of Sources of Problems [The , “ , the cartularyinto willthe drawnIn uponJan. 4, 1436 (= 1437), which refer to the testator as a dead man is less than or equal to the ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨɚɤɬɚ . Can one determine how many people drafted wills when close to close when wills drafted people many how determine one Can . (ASV. NT.Cart.f. 750. years1437to 24v)butthe 1438 he in of the sources 46 imbreviaturae 15 Typically, documents are made on behalf of a scheda to their cartularies after the document had document the after cartularies their to in the vernacular. However, it seems that seems it However, vernacular. the in instrumenta ɪɛɟɵ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ and had, in fact, the in fact, had, and 47 imbreviatura ” CEU eTD Collection objective reasons: fire, water, and rodents were always the enemies of any documents. In addition, the notaries the In addition, documents. ofany enemies the always were rodents and water, fire, reasons: objective 54 restricting their value company, the to civil within cases: accounts the private compilation internal ofby wills, commerce making of field donations, the from dowries, ousted were deeds etc. notarial century fifteenth the in that fact by the as of Tana, role economic the and trade in by decline a so much not explained 53 use. internal for documents by drafting be replaced could services 52 types. of variety agreat demonstrate Prokofieva 51 trying to shift this responsibility to the commissions to receive salary ( of dwellings, ships, and servants, arbitrationagreements, inventories of property, etc.will I speak below about receipts for dowries, wills, employment contracts for service, promises, agreements to provide services, renting testimonies, bonds, receipts of debt, sales of ships, loans, trade agreements and contracts ( contracts and agreements trade remain domestic servants for a certain period), the sale of shares, trading commissions ( commissions trading ofshares, sale the period), certain a for servants domestic remain of rights, the sale and liberationof slaves (this is often hidden redemption; inaddition, slaves were obliged to 50 49 like themixed one (b. 231), documents. receive a salary. The absence of other types of documents ( documents of types other of absence salary. The receive a of the sale of a slave, toreceiveofslaves,anact salary,liberations 9commissions general 3wills, 2 commissions, and a document that contains a proof of debt with a commission to everyday commercial life. everyday commercial within and letters a company accounts typology of these documents leads me severalto conclusions. These data confirm that private and Smeritis, but rather alimitedand(willsrather but refutations –bb.917,750). Smeritis, part and Varsis of documents of the sets complete not is this is that clear It not? they are what ways in and representative, sources arethe ways in what Finally, set? real with former the correlate items remaining the do How in Tana? notaries the of activities the fully reflect they do valuable for social history.source a being time same the at while history economic on generalizations broad for insufficient be to here seem studied acts notarial the this reason, For etc.). dowries, donations, cases (wills, What kind of factors contributed to the loss of some documents? First, some deeds could be lost due to be can This transactions. of notarized lack the on based trade ofthe decline the infer cannot one that seems It whose of notaries, participation the required longer no century fifteenth the in of transactions Anumber Sets of the documents of the previous notaries in Tana investigated earlier by A. A. Talyzina and N. D. Namely, trade documents, buying and selling goods, other contracts of sale, sale of real estate with atransfer These consist entirely of wills. However, how representative are these sources? How typical are these documents and documents arethese typical How sources? these are representative how However, 50 Oddly enough, even in b.231 setthe of types of instruments is limited:quite 6 53 societas ballistarii However, notarial documents retained their value, mainly in civil 49 bailo , there is a considerable number of different types of types of different number is aconsiderable there commenda received itirregularly;addition, in the Venetiangovernment was ofTrebizond). 52 gradually notarial replaced linkeddocuments to ), gifts of real estate withcertain conditions, 16 cambium , the repayment of debt, marriage contracts, marriage of debt, repayment , the cambium , etc.) is surprising. comissiones 54 This raises a procurationes , missio 51 The ), , CEU eTD Collection addition, notarial acts cannot cover some important aspects of the social life; e.g., there are there e.g., life; social of the aspects important somecover cannot acts notarial addition, community. inany In individuals the networks of a of social the create “thickto description” social history long agobegan buildtrying to acomprehensive of analysis a variety sources of itbe) may in but cannotimportant to causeobjections bias.Researchers of potential appear the society of Tana without additional sources. Reliance on one source (however rich sociallife the of society. the and of somereconstruct aspects enough butto approach, based onaquantitative generalization build aretoopoorto is thatthesesources up abroad Whatcanbeinferred exceptions). 750 set of wills probably contains almost all of the b. the notaries, for Venetian willswas common cartulary inaseparate wills allocating of practice composed by Varsis (with the three percentage of different types of documents (see above). In addition, one can say that since the hypothetical the least at then in general, acts his of number hypothetical the not if judge can one that means This sets. other the than representative more slightly is it why is that Sambuceto, 1289–1290 Balard, Michele See: acts. more many 55 impact, so only thosean documents had also thatconquest were Ottoman The sent to space. the occupied metropolis which aburden as survived.documents perceived scribes their and the put he documents of a notary in tens and hundreds of units per year. is numberdisputeit buttotal of the hardtooneshould factthat acts, hypothetical measure the calculatepossible to theratioof survivingnotarial material the hypothetical to numberof question: What was the possible number of the acts that a notary could make? It is hardly E.g., the acts of the notary Lamberto de Sambucetto, who worked at Caffa for a relatively short period and left and period short a relatively for Caffa at worked who Sambucetto, de Lamberto notary of the acts the E.g., Although this material is quite extensive, one cannot make material is cannot reconstruction Although one this quite extensive, of aproper Whatcan be saidfor sureis thatVarsis perceivedcartulary b. 231asmixed; therefore imbreviaturae (Paris: Mouton, 1973). there randomly, not as in the case of the cartulary with wills, and Gênes etl'Outre-Mer. Lesactes deCaffa dunotaire Lamberto di f. Othersources 17 55 CEU eTD Collection Archive of Genoa, relating to the history of the Black Sea) in Sea) Black the of history the to relating ofGenoa, Archive ɬɨɹɢɫɤ ɫɨɢɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ 62 concernant laRomanie.T. 3,1431–1463 in: published are Senate ofthe resolutions the of Regesta Secreta, reg. 20. Digital copies of these collections are available online: http://www.archiviodistatovenezia.it. 61 the documents was available to me directly. fourteenth– mid-fifteenth century)], ɟɟɢɧɤɣ Ɍɚɧɟ ɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣ 60 of etc. dynamics prices, the slaves, affecting etc.) age, (ethnicity, parameters various the particular, in and, general in Tana compare them to the main data to determine horizontal and vertical social dynamics, the ratio of residents in 59 Manoand (1413-1419)]. ɜɌɚɧɟȾɨɧɚɬɨɚɆɚɧɨ ɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɧɨɬɚɪɢɹ 58 1413)], ɨɚɢɜ ɚɟ ɪɫɨɨɨ Ɋɢɰɰɨ Ʉɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨ Ɍɚɧɟ ɜ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɣ Tana. the Genovese trading stations, among them them among Tana. stations, Genovesetrading the sample analyzed here. I have also used documents of some Genoese of useddocuments have also I here. analyzed sample political on the insituation Tanaregion the of and fate trace the personsin mentioned the the archives. arein Venetian the whose records 56 Senato, Misti 1452, areknown. notary Pellakan, formerPietro chancellorshortly beforein fall, Tana itsin theyears 1446 to Bon (1403–1408), Moretto notaries: of Venetian of acts sets three are there century, fifteenth the For published. aswell. sources documentary include non- base andexpand to thesource isaneedto Hence,there etc. commerce, of dynamics statistics and the trade on region, inthe situation on political the scarce data 57 1950). Venezia, di storia alla relative fonti delle publicazione [S. P. Karpov] ASV. Senato, Mar, reg. 4, 6, 7. ASV. Senato, Misti, reg. 58, 59, 60 (1430 – 1440). Also partly ASV. Senato, Karpov published these documents In this case, I have a numberonly of reasons to use the sourcespartly, of different periods. They are necessarysee for me to [S. P. Karpov] ASV. CI. b. 121. Donato a Mano, cart. 2. Publication: [H. D. Prokofieva] ASV. CI. b. 174. Cristoforo Rizzo, cart. l. Publication: [A. A. Talyzina] Moretto Bon,notaio inVenezia,Trebisonda Tanae (1403 - 1408) 62 The deeds of the Venetian notaries in Tana for an earlier period have been partly been have period earlier an for in Tana notaries Venetian the of deeds The PSV Moreover, the Statute Caffa Statute (1449) of the Moreover, 4 (2000): 19-35. , and , ɋ . ( 60 ɉ Senato, Mar. ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ . Other collections in the Venetian archive are relevant sources, namely, 56 Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ PSV Cristoforo Rizzo(1411 –1413), 4 (2000): 36-174. , “ XIV – XIV Ɋɟɝɟɫɬɵɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɮɨɧɞɚ PSV 61 (1411–1413),” [AVenetian notary Cristoforoin Tana, Rizzo (1411- These resolutions of the Senate in different years shed light shed years in different Senate the of resolutions These , ed. F. Thiriet (Paris-The Hague, Mouton &Co, 1961). 7(2009):164-173. Some dataispresented in thearticle; only one of ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ ” (Regests of documentsthe of (1413 – 1419),” [Acts of Venetian notaries in Tana Donato Tana in notaries ofVenetian [Acts – 1419),” (1413 XV 59 For the subsequent period, the documents of theperiod, subsequentdocuments Forthe of the 18 63 contains data relating tothe administration of ɜɜ 64 .),” [Greeks and Latins in Venetian Tana (mid- Tana Venetian in Latins and [Greeks .),” PSV Régestes des délibérations du Sénat deVenise 57 Diversorum, Filze Diversorum, 3: 9-81. and aMano Donato (1413 –1417), , ed. S. de’Colli (Venice: Comitato per la ɋ . ɉ Ⱥ . Diversorum, Filze . Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ Ⱥ . ɇ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨɚɪɯɢɜɚȽɟɧɭɢ Ɍɚɥɵɡɢɧɚ . Ⱦ officiones , “ . Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟɜ ɉɪɨɤɨɮɶɟɜɚ , “ ȼ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɰ ɢ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ of the Secret of the related to related , “ Ⱥɤɬɵ 58 , CEU eTD Collection cases one may use the trading manuals of the fourteenth century fourteenth of the manuals trading the use may one cases fourteenth and fifteenth Urgench], to centuries. Surely there was a continuity in the functioning of the economy, so in some “Pegolotti: An Honest Merchant?” Honest An “Pegolotti: Bischoff, J. (see forgery of accusations to then and of data misrepresentation the to century twentieth the Academy, 1936).One should rememberPegolottithat givessomeoutdated information. This has ledscholars of addressed tohis nephew,Andriolo Malipiero ([S. P.Karpov] Bragad Giacomo merchant of the Tana” to trip the on “Instructions the researching while Karpov by S. found reality some parts are correct, but for anearlier period. Pegolotti is still reliable evenin the subsequent period, as 72 71 Venetian]: 48 - 49. 70 355. I take versionthe here of Schreiner, 69 Biblioteca Vaticana fifteenthcentury according to the book of accounts of Giacomo Badoer], of Giacomo 68 accounts of book the to according fifteenthcentury ɜ 67 1956). 66 Urgench – these hard routes of the Middle Ages”], Middle ofthe routes hard – these Urgench 65 64 1449. Latin textwith translation and notes] ed. V. N.Yurgevich, ɟɟɨɨɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ them is the book of accounts of a Venetian merchant, Giacomo Badoer, Giacomo merchant, of a Venetian is of accounts them book the 63 Constantinople1439. from Itreflects1436 to more transactions for than 450,000 trade. of Venetian-Byzantine circles, rangeof the aswell products as a merchantin a givenperiod, providing variousand detailed informationbusiness about century, in themid-fourteenth of Paphlagonia cities the in composed of one accounts of them a book years. 3.5 over ducats 140,000 sources. other from known of persons fate andthe society the of dynamics the trace can one accounts quarter of Constantinople. in the Venetian lived and traded who national Greek origin of aVenetian was probably guidance. . Francesco Balducci Pegolotti, activities. trading intheir to merchants advice provided which guide a reference is a manual Such [M. M. Shitikov] M. M. David Jacoby,“Caviar Trading in Byzantium,” in Peter Schreiner, “ [ IlLibro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer [S. P. source. relevant a Karpov]as be viewed can charter so the periods, earlier even and 1430s the for relevant is data This “ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɦɤɧɢɝɢɫɱɟɬɨɜȾɠɚɤɨɦɨȻɚɞɨɷɪɚ Ɇ ɍɫɬɚɜɞɥɹɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɨɧɢɣɜɑɟɪɧɨɦɦɨɪɟ . M. Shitikov], The books of accounts are another important source; they record the daily activities of activities daily the record they source; important another are accounts of books The 68 70 71 but also butinformationa later containing relevant period. to The author of book the Another group Another group of is of andtrade manuals sources the commercial activity The main one to mention here is the work of Francesco Balducci Pegolotti. Balducci Francesco of work the is here mention to one main The SV 61(2000): 223).This demonstrates the relevance of Pegolotti’s throughout dataatleast the ɋ . ” (Vatican: Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 1991). Ɇ ɉ Texte zur spätbyzantinischen Finanz-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte in Handschriften der . . Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ Ɇ . ɒɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɒɢɬɢɤɨɜ ,” [The Statute for the Genoa colonies in the Black Sea, published in Genoa in Genoa in published Sea, Black the in colonies Genoa the for Statute [The ,” , “ 69 What is most urgent for my work is that by using books of ɈɬɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ La Pratica della mercatura della La Pratica Journalof European Economic History , “ 67 , “ In addition, there are some Greek trading books, among books, trading Greek some are there addition, In Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɜɩɟɪɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ pace , ed. U. Dorini, T. Bartele (Rome: Istituto Poligraphico dello Stato, Ʉ ɨ ɧ ɫ ɬ ɚ ɧ ɬ ɢ ɧ ɨ ɩ ɨ ɥ ɶ ɢ ɜ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɰ ɢ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ ɬ ɨ ɪ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɥ ɹ S. P. Karpov. ,” [Constantinople and Venetian trade in the first half of the SV Mare elittora 61(2000): 218. – 19 , ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɣɜȽɟɧɭɟɜ ɷɬɢɬɪɭɞɧɵɟɞɨɪɨɝɢɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɋ . , ed. A. Evans (Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval MA: (Cambridge, Evans A. ed. , ZOOID mutatis mutandis ɉ , ed.R.Shukurov M. (Moscow: 2009), Indrik, . Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ VV 5(1863): 629-837. 30(1969): 50. , “ , 6 (1977):103-108, 6 although in ɂɡɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ 1449 as a source for the history of 65 The most famous of ɝ . / ” [Constantinople and 66 Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɣɬɟɤɫɬɫ who traded in ” [From Tana to yperpera ” [From” Tana XV or 72 CEU eTD Collection written thisessay about December1487. Barbaro died in extreme old age in 1494. described1487, he two –inTana the and Persia.trips Skrzhinskaya E.Ch. believes Barbaro that could have Persia), in whose court Barbaro remainedoutcarried for then and 9 homeland years. to his returned somehe In 1450s, early 1479,In afterwards. he described returnedhe which customs, and life diplomaticto Venice and here, 8 years later, in BarbaroSea. traveled for inthe sixteenregion years (1436 – 1452)and observed nomads living the there, the missionsit is not surprising that whenArsenio was appointed theconsul of forTana, Barbaro went with him to the Black hisBarbaro was son-in-law the of Arsenio Duodo.Duodowere The traditionally inengaged trade with the East, and government.Kritisch-literärische Uebersicht Reisenden der Russland in Adelung, bis1700 (Fr. Sea Black the on stations and trading Turks Italian of of existence ofthe policy years the of later the In in especially reflection a Tartars, provide 1471, observations ethnographic and geographic as he well as Tatars wasthe inhabitants, their and steppes of the an description This Sea. Black and Sea Azov ambassador ofthe areas local the visited who Tana in trade in engaged man a of reminiscences contains toTana” “Journey Venice. of Republic the of to Uzun Hasan M.F.and Tiepolo (Rome:dello Libreria Stato, 1973).Barbaro began journey his into Tana 1436as ambassador (shah of 78 2006). 77 Organizer of the world” by Ghaffari. Ibid., 210 – 212. 76 210 Ibid., Ghaffari. by world” of the Organizer stars, ofand confluence the of seas” byAbdtwo al-Razzak Samarkandi Ibid.,190 – 201;from List “The of the writings collectedby V. G.Tizengauzen]. Moscow, 213 –215;from“Places 1941. the of ofthe rise two lucky Razi; Collectionof materials relating to the history of theGoldenHorde, volume 2. Excerpts from Persian ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɢɡɩɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɢɯɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ 75 1962). 74 (Moscow: 2007). Indrik, XVII the data of my main source documents. notarial on based reconstruction the enriches in turn, narrative, corpus. The of the data andthe Barbaro, of data the verifies sometimes notarial acts of data Here the lapidary monuments of Latin epigraphy of the 73 etc. measures, and weights the fifteenthcentury, providing exceptionally useful informationabout the prices, comparative tables of coins, Barbaro, me for 1438. Themain is the source in book group this portalani and Maps Schiltberger, of those (like travelers of and diaries descriptions the comprises sources narrative of Another group apolitical important including conductof trade. create context, the slave the Pero Tafur, IohannSchiltberger, ɂɡ  ɨɧɟɫɛɚɢɪɭɫɫɤɢɯɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɉɨɥɧɨɟɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ  [I. K. Fomenko] I viaggi in Persia in degliambasciatoriI viaggi venetiBarbaroeContarini « ɜ . ” [The image of the world on ancient portolani. Black Sea region thirteenth to seventeenth century] seventeenth to thirteenth region Sea Black portolani. ancient on world ofthe image [The ” ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ There are also some sources of minor importance that I rather used to contextualize usedto I rather that importance minor of sources some also There are I will also use some narrative sources of of Russian sources narrative I will use some also 78 have become available thanks to Igor Fomenko. Igor to thanks available become have which is foruseful reconstructing prosopography, ethnic, and religioushistory. portalani Wanderings and travels 76 » etc.). The most relevant is that of Pero Tafur, ɚɞɪɊɚɡɢ ɏɚɣɞɟɪɚ ɂ . Ʉ Traveling through Europe, Asia and Africa since 1394 to 1427 areclosely linked to manuals.the Summary from tables medieval various . Ɏɨɦɟɧɤɨ . , “ ɛɪɢɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɉɛɪɚɡɦɢɪɚɧɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɯɩɨɪɬɨɥɚɧɚɯ , Translation and comments by L. C. Maciel Sanchez. (Moscow: Indrik, (Moscow: Sanchez. Maciel C. by L. comments and , Translation , ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟȼ [Complete Collectionof RussianChronicles], Vol.1-43 (Moscow: 20 . Ƚ , . ɬɨɹɢɫɤ ɫɨɢɁɥɬɣ Ɉɪɞɵ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ Ɍɢɡɟɧɝɚɭɡɟɧɨɦ , ed. L. Lockhart, R. Morozzo della Rocca, della Morozzo R. Lockhart, L. ed. , 73 74 [St.Petersburg: Eggers, 1846], 139). and Eastern A JourneytoTana 77 . [From the “History” of the Haider of the “History” the [From . who Tanain visited January . ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ (Baku: Elm., 1984). 75 origin toin order byJosaphat . Ʉɨɧɟɰ . Ɍɨɦ XIII – II. CEU eTD Collection (1872): 147 – 166. Yurgevich, “ Fomichev, “ Ʉɚɮɮɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɟ overstriking of Kaffa on Mongol coins] Mongol on of Kaffa overstriking ɪɦɧɩɹɥɧɹ ɚɮɧɤɯ ɚɱɤɧɤ ɚ ɠɱɞɤɯ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ ɞɠɭɱɢɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɱɟɤɚɧɨɤ ɤɚɮɮɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɦɚɪɤɚɦɢ (1844): 301 – 314, 654;G. A.Kozubovsky,“ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟɈɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ 81 National Numismatic Conference (Yaroslavl, 19 Seventh – The 23 April 1999) (Moscow,century]. 1999),97-100. seventeenth the to twelfth coins, Genoese on of gates symbolism the On genovesi.” dei genovesi.” Soldaya and SoldayaCembalo, and fourteenthand fifteenth centuries)]. [Genealogy and heraldry of the Genoese officials of the Crimea (materials of the lapidary heritage of Kaffa, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɨɜɄɪɵɦɚPetersburg: State University History Department, 2000): 79-80; eadem, “ fifteenthcenturies], in ɢɡɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ monuments Atti della società Ligure di storia patria 80 from antiquity). almost no been attempts have there to falsify reasons, the Europeanthese for epigraphic precisely monumentsperhaps from theNevertheless, Middle Agesmonuments. (as contrastedarchitectural on to those inscriptions inscriptions; medieval inscriptions no almost are (apart there Ages, from Middle thosethe of in individuals,Therefore, which sources. include written tombs) with filled a world in created were they Crimea possible source] possible ɷɩɢɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ economic history of monetary circulation here. Although cross-researching the written the here. cross-researching Although monetary history circulation of economic 79 fruitfully, and long important still is circumstantial, although data, their and Crimea, in the located are in question monuments of lapidary the Most excavation. systematic Azov,modern precludes city which of the material traces of its past are known. afew only in medieval Tana in Crimea, the trading posts Genoese from the Inepigraphy) addition, the Italian Tana (the and monuments Tatars’as well (as material archaeological abundant the unlike Tana, because, about Azak) is now history. social and political of reconstruction for the aswell as centuries fifteenth and fourteenth inthe of Sea Black the development of forthe thehistory source area in Crimea the settlements Genoese medieval See V. Grigoriev, “ Grigoriev, SeeV. E. Ch. Skrzhinskaya, “Inscriptiones latines des colonies génoises en Crimée: Theodosie, Soudak, Balaklava.” Soudak, Theodosie, Crimée: en génoises colonies des latines “Inscriptiones Skrzhinskaya, Ch. E. [L. G. Klimanov] Klimanov] G. [L. , ” Numismatics of the Golden Horde and the Italian trading stations has been studied ZOOID ), : ɠɱɞɤɟ ɨɟɵ ɡ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ Ⱦɠɭɱɢɞɫɤɢɟ ɈɦɨɧɟɬɚɯȽɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯ Sugdea Collection ɨɦɠɨɬɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɟɜɪɚɬɧɚɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ , 80 ” [On Genoese-Tatar coins with Lithuanian marks], Lithuanian with coins Genoese-Tatar [On ” Sugdea Collection 5(1863): 157 -177. The importance of these medievalinscriptions is reduced by factthe that . ( ɩɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɥɚɩɢɞɚɪɧɨɝɨɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹɄɚɮɮɵ Ʌ 81 ɨɟɵ Ⱦɠɭɱɢɞɨɜ Ɇɨɧɟɬɵ Problems of the History andCulture of Medieval Society XIV – XV . but I do not aim to collect data for the study of numismatics and Ƚ ,” [Juchidic, Genoese and Giray coins struck on the Taurida peninsula], ZOOID 1 ZOOID peninsula], Taurida the on struck coins Giray and Genoese [Juchidic, ,” . Ʉɥɢɦɚɧɨɜ 2 (2005): 456. See also: E. A. Yarovaya, “ 79 However, these sources can provide only indirect information indirect canprovide sources However,these only 2(2005): 454. [V. Yurgevich] ” [Genoese-Tatarcoins of Kaffa],ITUAK 27 (1897): 49–104;N. M. , ɜɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɵɯɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ .” [Heraldry of the plates of the Genoese colony in the fourteenth and ” [Crimean monuments of medieval Genoese lapidary epigraphy: a , “ , 56 (1926). See: L. G. Klimanov, “ Sugdea Collection ɪɦɤɟ ɚɹɧɤɫɟɧɜɤɜɣ ɟɭɡɤɣ ɥɚɩɢɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɢɟ , ” [Mongol coins from the Azov], SA1(1981):225, 239;V. ɟɭɡɟɢ Ƚɢɪɟɟɜ ɢ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɰɟɜ ɜɩɨɭ ɝɧɷɫɨɬɬɪɤɯ ɨɟɚɫ ɥɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɫ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɨɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ Ʉ 21 ” [ PSV XII – XVII A 2(2005): 156; O.Retovsky, F. “ bout Genoese coins found in Russia], ZOOID 8 ZOOID Russia], in found coins Genoese bout 6(2005):139-170. Eadem, “ , ȼ ɢɵɧɌɜɢɟɤɦ ɨɭɫɪɜɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ Ɍɚɜɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɢɬɵɟ . , ɘɪɝɟɜɢɱ Sugdea Collection ɋɨɥɞɚɣɢɢɑɟɦɛɚɥɨ Ƚɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹɢɝɟɪɚɥɶɞɢɤɚɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯ ɜɜ Ƚɟɪɚɥɶɞɢɤɚɧɚɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯɩɥɢɬɚɯ ” (On the time of occurrence of ofoccurrence time the (On ” Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɢɟɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ . , ” [The enigma of “portalo dei of “portalo enigma [The ” , “Genoese inscriptions in the in inscriptions “Genoese , , ed. G. E. Lebedev (St. par excellence 1(2004); “ Idem, XIV – XV Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ Ƚɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɨ ” ( “portalo Crimean are the ɜɜ .)” Ɉ - CEU eTD Collection and Antiquities],and archaeological discoveries in southern Russia that preceded the establishment of the Odessa Society of History Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ the History of Azov] 2(1994):13;V. Yurgevich, “ in centuries], fifteenth and fourteenth in Azak-Tana city medieval the of ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚȺɡɚɤɚɌɚɧɵɜɏȱ Fomichev] ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɤɭɟ Ⱥɡɚɤɚ ɨɤɪɭɝɟ attribution)], in and context (archaeological Crimea eastern the from century fourteenth of the third first the to thirteenth ɨɬɱɨɨ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ M. G. Kramarovskiy,ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɨɱɟɪɤ V. D. Gookin, “ Fourteenth Centuries]. (Rostov-na-Donu: 1989); E. E.Ivanov,to “ Twelfth the in West and East between Relationship the in Region Volga the and Coast Sea Black Northern ɟɟɧɟ ɪɱɪɨɨɶɢ ɨɨɠɟ ɨ ɡɢɨɬɨɟɢɯȼɫɨɚɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯȼɨɫɬɨɤɚɢ ɜɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɢ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ Fomichev, “ Fomichev, fourteenththe toeighteenthcenturies. (Classificationand dating)]. (Moscow:M. B. 1992); N. Gorelik, 83 Black Sea and Balkansthe in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries].Doctoral diss. (Moscow:2010). , ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹɢȻɚɥɤɚɧɜ century], fifteenth to thirteenth the from Trebizond of Empire relying generalize to impossible be would it for sources, complementary the of help the with them andcontextualize mymainsources Iwill in research the1430s. history Tana on of the haveimportancesources that my for minor bibliography). (see topic archaeological in finds in period archaeological the over region the question. 82 reporting abstracts, dissertation and articles, monographs, summary on based is sources andwritten data archaeological of comparison The region. Don in theAzov and finds archaeological of publications latest the with familiar am I neither data, archaeological in directly Iam at of study stage, the engaged However, this not lacking). are ones written the (since sources archaeological the on exclusively almost based Horde Golden the research theregion. of economy the reconstructing for been used hasactively also material numismatic years, the of region.In recent the history political the of realities the of some illustrate data numismatic the difficulties, certain presents for theGolden Horde) urgent material numismatic and(especially sources the See: I. Volkov, “ A.L. Ponomarev, “ , These sources seem to be enough to provide some reconstruction generalization and reconstruction provide some be to enough to seem These sources ɪɞɟɬɨɚɲɯ ɱɟɞɧɸ ɞɫɤɝɈɳɫɜɢɬɪɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɇ Ɋɵɰɚɪɫɤɢɟɞɨɫɩɟɯɢ . ” [The Rural District of Aza]). In of Aza]). District Rural [The ” [Dialogue ofCity the the Steppe and Cultures of Space]Eurasian Maree littora Ɇ ZOOID . Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ( Ɏɨɦɢɱɟɜ ȾɟɧɟɠɧɵɣɪɵɧɨɤɌɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɫɤɨɣɢɦɩɟɪɢɢɜ ɪɟɥɝɱɫɢɤɧɟɫɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ” [Tauric Chersonese.” [Tauric Historical andArchaeological Sketch], ITUAK 46 (1911):149; 14 (1888): 27-51. , ed.R.Shukurov M. (Moscow:575-594; 2009), A.Maslowski, N. “ , “ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ XIV XIV ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɚɧɧɵɟɨɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯɢɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣɠɢɡɧɢ XIV – XVIII ɟɚ ɢɡȺɡɨɜɚ ɜɟɤɚ ȼ ɟ ɧ ɟ ɰ ɢ ɚ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɟ ɜ ɢ ɧ ɧ ɵ ɟ ɤ ɭ ɛ ɤ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɧ ɰ ɚ V – ɏ V XIII–XV Ɉɛɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɚɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɯɢɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɯɜɘɠɧɨɣ ɜɜ ɜɜ ɢɥɝ ɨɨɫɨɢ ɬɩɨɤɥɬɪ ɚ ɟɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɫɬɟɩɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝ 82 .,” [Some data on the places of worship and religious life religious and worship of places onthe data [Some .,” . ( 22 ” [Armor of the of” [Armorfourteenth the century fromAzov]. the In The same is true for archeology. Scholars Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɢɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɜ . ”[The evolution of the monetary systems of the of systems monetary of the evolution ”[The )” [Venetian wine goblets from the end of the end the from goblets wine [Venetian )” PSV XIII – XV 3 (1998): 201 – 239; idem, 3(1998):201–239; “ ɟɫɧɫ Ɍɚɜɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫ ɈɱɟɪɤɢɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢȺɡɨɜɚ 83 I have also used some other some Ihaveused also XIII – 1- ɜɜ .” [The money market of the , (Azov:336; 2009), [N.M. )” [Pottery of Azov from XII – XIV ɣɬɪɟɬɢ ” [On finds and finds [On ” inter alia . XIV Ɉɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ [Essays on ɜɟɤɚɯ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ [The ɜ on . ɢɡ - CEU eTD Collection sometimes through entire chapters one writes based solely on sources not researched before. researched not sources on solely based writes one chapters entire through sometimes and disappear, literature secondary to references the then but nature, general a of of studies number considerable to fifteenth centuries thirteenth the still in Seas often Black beginsand withan investigation Mediterranean the in of oftrade new original history the sources.into Often research the an author far so refersthat say to a authors whom hementions and thanks in work his were engaged chiefly publicationin the of sources. the Imust Heyd did not try totime, Heydwas presentthe first to feature the Black Sea factories. Publishing his history himselfof medieval Levantine trade, as an absolute pioneer, although he had almost no one to refer to. All the forbreadth andquality of factualmaterial. Having used sources inhis writings served as the basis for91 further research1868). on this subject and are recognized up to this day as unmatched 90 89 88 87 – 1475) History History and Antiquities, establishedin 1839 (e.g., studies of materialsthe onmanagement of East, waspublishedbook another Heyd work produced onthetrading of posts in Italians the Venetian the of publication the with began It century. twentieth early and nineteenth branch ofhistoricalbeginning in scholarship criticalthe the and sources of study the of for scholarly research arose only with the emergence of economic and social history as a 86 Deputazione veneta di storia patria, 1899). venetas atque levantis illustrantia K. Hof- Staatsdruckerei, und 1856-57); undByzanz dieLevante om9.biszum Ausgang des 15. Jahrh 85 84 Genoese butI believe that this material can addressmany myof research questions. broad, very be to seem not does material of range The acts. notarial of material the on only History of medieval Levantine Trade medieval Levantine History of monograph by Blackthe SeawasaDaru. Heydwasone of offounders the scholarly the study of Mediterraneantrade in the Middle Ages, his and Idem, Idem, Wilhelm Heyd, P. Daru, A. Vigna, century. sixteenth the as early as be traced can beginnings Its Urkundenzur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichteder Republik Venedigmit besonderer Beziehung auf 90 In Russia research into the sources began due to the activity of the Odessa Society of Society Odessa the of activity the due to began sources the into research In Russia Interest in the history of the Italian trading stations has a long tradition, which was highly appreciated byhis Italian colleagues. ASLSP Histoiredu commerce duLevant au moyen âge Le colonie commerciali degli Italiani inOriente nel medio evo 86 Histoire de la Republique de Venise sources. One of the first studies that examined the issues of the Venetian trade in trade issues of Venetian the the examined studiesfirst that Oneof the sources. Codice diplomatico delle colonietauro-liguri durante lasignoria dell’Ufficio diSanGiorgio 5, 6,7 (Genoa, 1868 –1879). Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter . Pars I, ed. G. M. Thomas (Venice, 1880); Pars II, ed. R. Predelli (Venice: , published in , published German Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum,Diplomata sive Actaet res II. Historiography . 2nded. Vol. 1-8 (Paris: Didot, 1821). 87 A major achievement was the work by W. Heyd, 23 (Leipzig:Harrassowitz, 1885). ., ed. G. L. Fr. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, (Vienna: (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1879). (Venice: Antonelli e 1866Basadonna, – 88 History and French. and 91 available and published atthat 89 Longbefore this 84 but the basis 85 (1453 and CEU eTD Collection commerce inWestern Europe),Vol. 1 (St. Petersburg, 1906). Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣȿɜɪɨɩɟ 101 (Moscow: Knizhnaya nakhodka, 2002). 100 99 PSV 98 97 96 of Gothia], toparch the of Notes the 95 Mavrokastron; of whereabouts of the problem the commerce. works of K.A. Dzhivelegov came into Spain through Europe from coast. from Sea Black Europe the Spain through into came Spain Capitalist Economy for his three-volume major work Maxim Kovalevsky essays Tana, publishedtwo material about which served aspreparatory newsources. of editions the on work anintensive of atime was century of twentieth the of economic and monetary inof andmonetary circulation theregion economic during theMiddle Ages. of information the on from history,political and, subsequently, standpointthe of history the researchers. Russian among attention 94 93 George Bank’s archives]. also investigated. been thoroughly factories, which may not always be restored on the basis of written sources. Numismaticsparticularly importanthas for dating the consulates and the time of construction of facilities in the 92 cartography of studies longof tradition Kovalevsky, V. N. Yurgevich, in M. Sea byF. M. Black K.Brun,M.Volkov, the colonization and politics Italian L. P. Kolley.the Crimean realms by the Bank of St. George Maxim Kovalevsky – see bibliography. see – Kovalevsky Maxim G. Fedorov-Davydov bibliography. the see – Grigoriev Retovsky, For bibliography. the see – Opimakh – see Yurgevich, Murzakevich, For the bibliography. bibliography. the see – Retovsky Kochubinsky, Yurgevich, For A. L. Ponomarev, “ A.Berthier-Delagarde, “ bibliography. See N. Murzakevich, “ Murzakevich, N. I. N. Kulisher, I.N. A. K. Dzhivelegov, K. A. 3(1998): 201 - 239. Idem, “ . Based on a large number of sources, he convincingly showed that Orthodox servants Orthodox showedthat hesources, convincingly . Basednumber alarge of on [The evolution of the profit on capital in connection with the development of industry and of industry development the with connection in capital on profit of the evolution [The ɜɥɰɹ ɪɛɥɫ ɚɢɚɚ ɫɹɢ ɪɡɢɢɦ ɪɦɲɟɧɫɢ ɬɪɨɥɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɨɟɟɢɨɨɦɬɟ ɪɢɚ ɚɤɋɜ Ȼɚɧɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɨɛ Ⱦɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ . He was also the author of author He wasalsothe . ɪɞɟɟɨɵɝɪɞɜ ɚɚɧɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ ZOOID ɄɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢɆɚɜɪɨɤɚɫɬɪɨɧɚ ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ 5 (1863): 982 – 985. 100 andJ. H.Kulisher Economic Growth in Europe before the Emergence of the Emergence of inEuropebeforethe Economic Growth 96 ” [Evolution] Coins from Coinsfrom andGolden Caffa attractedspecialHorde 97 Numismatic material has been analyzed both interms both analyzed been has material Numismatic 94 and epigraphy 24 93 In the Russian scholarly literature there is a there literature scholarly Russian the In On the Russianandother On Orthodox Slaves in 92 doctoral dissertation(Moscow: 2010). ). Much has been written on the history of history the on written been has Much ). 101 wereaffected by medieval of problems . Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɹ Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɣɪɵɧɨɤ 95 [Medieval cities in Western Europe]. Western in cities [Medieval of the Black Sea; the latter is latter the Sea; Black the of 99 In addition, the generalizing ” [Report on the inspection of St inspection the on [Report ” ; ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɬɨɩɚɪɯɚ ZOOID ,” [The money market] 98 33 (1916): 1 -20. (1916): 33 The beginning .” [On CEU eTD Collection médiévale, XVe siècle,” in 110 Hopkins Press, 1997); Lane and Mueller, 109 Idem, Press, 1985), Vol.1; Lane, Vol.1; 1985), Press, 108 Forschungen Dumbarton OaksPapers 1978). Vol.1-2; Idem, “The Greeks of Crimea underGenoese Rule inthe XIVth and XVth Centuries,” 107 106 105 (Moscow: NaukaPublishers, 1954). 104 (Bucharest: publisher, 1939). Idem, VénitiensNoire danslaMer au XIVe ladeuxièmesiècle après de guerre Détroits,” 174(1934): EO 148-162; La MerNoire.Des origines àlaconquête ottomane 103 Verlinden. 1899) ; Idem, “Unviaggio daVenezia alla Tana,” 102 byF.covered Lane issues and monetary marketextensively inthe were theMiddleAges,navigation, circulation, materials the by of N. Iorga. Venetian archives influence of of Venice. influence many new fields in the study of political and economic history of the areas under the French scholars F. Thiriet countries. different from specialists other with studying in implies commerce Levant the and work collective anespecially closerelationship fora scholar A necessity particular problems. addressedeconomic have mainly students Genoa in 1963 andled until by recently Italianthe GeoPistarini.scholar Pistarini and his should alsonote the work of the Institute of Medieval Studies established at the University of byF. Melis. trade of Italian sources into the as well research economy, as Italian Charles Verlinden, “La colonie venetienne de Tana, centre de la traite des esclaves au XIVe et au début du début au et XIVe au esclaves des traite la de centre Tana, de venetienne colonie “La Verlinden, Charles R. Mueller, F. Lane, R. Mueller, R. Lane, F. Michele Balard, Michele Freddy Thiriet, Federigo Melis, G.Luzzatto, George Br George Nicolas Iorga, Nicolas Venice: A Maritime Republic Les Vénitiens danslaMer Noire siècle. auXIVe Lapolitique 1332-33 duSénat en laet notiondeLatinité The first steps in studying the Black Sea expansion of Venice were made on the basis of Major programs of research on the Italian colonization have been carried out by been haveout the colonization carried Italian the of Majorresearch programs on Vol. 2: Italie, 110 11 (1987): 223-238. ă tianu, The Venetian Money Market; Banks, Panics and thePublic Debt,1200–1500 There have been several works on the history of Venetian trading posts in ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɹɂɬɚɥɢɢ Studi onore in Gino Luzzatto di Notes et extraitspourservir àl'histoire desCroisadesiècle au XVe La Romanie Vénitienne aumoyen âge Documenti per la storia economica dei secoli XIII – XVI La Romanie Génoise (XIIe –début du XVe siècle) Recherches sur le commerce Génois dans la Mer Noire au XIIIe siècle 103 108 Money and Banking in Medieval and Renaissance Venice Colonie italiennes duLevant latin. Empire Byzantin 49(1995):23-32; Idem,“Les àCaffa Orientaux auXVe siècle,” In the postwar period G.Luzzatto’s work appeared and R. Müller, R. and Le Navi di Venezia 106 and M. Balard. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). Money and Banking 109 . (Torino: 1983); Idem, (Milan, 1950), vol.Idem, 2, 1-25; and issues of slavery and the slave trade by Ch. by trade slave the and slavery of issues and NAV [An Economic [AnEconomic History of Italy. Antiquity Middle Ages]and (Munich: Societatea academic Societatea (Munich: 107 25 11(1896) : 5-13. The fields of the economy and trade of Venice 102 (Paris:Boccard, 1959). His successor, G. Bratianu, also discovered also G. Bratianu, successor, His . . (Rome, Genoa: École française de Rome, de française École Genoa: (Rome, . Venice andHistory (Florence:Olschki, 1972). (Gent, 1977); Idem, “Esclaves et ă (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins rom . Series I. (Paris: publisher, L'esclavage dans l'Europe 104 ăQă (Paris: 1929); Idem, . (Baltimore: 1966). on on the history of , 1969); Idem, “Les Idem, 1969); , (Baltimore: Johns Byzantinische 105 One CEU eTD Collection approaches. 1990). Press, 119 University State Moscow (Moscow: oftrade] problems The ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ 118 117 Middle Ages. processes, but itis highly informative paysand careful attention to the history of international relations inthe University Press, Inthis 1988). book isoften there no in-depth analysis of socio-economic causes of certain 116 115 114 (1970): 15 – 51. 113 Early Ottoman State: the Merchants of Genova and Turkey Fifteenth Centuries,” Fifteenth 112 Renaissance 94, No.(1988): 3-4 363-379;Idem,“La Tana XVe au siècle, ”in siècle),” XVIe milieu 111 sciences historiques der Essen in siècles),” XIVe et (XIIIe Noire Mer la de bords les sur etnographie summary work. Coast centuries: intheThirteenth toFifteenth TheProblemsTrade of monograph by Karpov, S. P. editions of the anthology of S. P. Karpov, A. L. Ponomarev, A. A. Talyzina, N. D. Prokofieva, published in several covered various aspects of the history of the Black Sea region. One should mention the works andarticles University. Some monographs Lomonosov Blackthe Seaweredeveloped at Donald Nichol gave adetailed description of Venetian-Byzantine relations. Sea. Black the into Venetians of the penetration aboutthe wrote M. Martin system. administrative Venetian the of much understanding the to contributed of navigation.Venetian region. Tana. The author’s theoretical conclusions greatly contributed into the development of the methodological of the development the into contributed greatly conclusions theoretical author’s The S. P. Karpov, bibliography. See Donald Nicol, C. Martin, “Venetian Tana,” in Tana,” “Venetian Martin, C. Christou Maltezou. See also: Maria Nystazopoulou-Pelekides, “Venise et la Mer Noire du XIe au XVe siècle,” XVe au XIe du Noire Mer la et “Venise Nystazopoulou-Pelekides, Maria Seealso: Angeliki Laiou-Thomadakis, “The Byzantine Economy in the Mediterranean Trade System, Thirteenth – Thirteenth System, Trade Mediterranean the in Economy Byzantine “The Laiou-Thomadakis, Angeliki – XIIIe (fin ottomane l’emprise à italienne présence la de Tana-Azaq “La Veinstein, G. and Berindei M. In Russian historiography, studiesof the Venetianthe andtrading Genoese in stations 111 112 A number of researchers developed the problems of economic history Anumber problemsof the history developed of economic the of researchers [The Italian maritime republics and the Southern Black Sea coast in thirteenth to fifteenth centuries: fifteenth to thirteenth in coast Sea Black Southern the and republics maritime Italian [The (Brussels – Paris, 1947); Idem, “Le commerce en Mer Noire,” in Noire,” Mer en “Le commerce Idem, 1947); Paris, – (Brussels M. Nistazopulu-Pelikidis wrote a brief summary, mainly dealing with the problems the with dealing mainly summary, abrief wrote Nistazopulu-Pelikidis M. (Lyon: 1989): 251-266. Byzantium and Venice: AStudy Diplomatic in andCultural Relations ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢɢɘɠɧɨɟɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟɜ 119 (Moscow, 1970),17 - 21. The issues of Ventian navigation on the Black Sea are covered in another arecovered on Black the navigation Sea Theissues of Ventian DOP Turcica ȅșİıȝyȢIJȠȣİȞȀȦȞıIJĮȞIJȚȞȠȣʌyȜİȚǺİȞİIJȠȪȕĮȧȜȠȣ 34,35(1980–1981):177 –222; Kate Fleet, 113 8(1976): 110-201; BernardDoumerc, “Les à Tana,”la Venetiens The publication of a set of new sources by H. Maltesou The Black Sea in the Middle Ages Middle the Seain Black The Byzantinische Forschungen The Italian Maritime Republics and the Southern Black Sea the SouthernBlack Republics and Italian Maritime 26 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 11 (1980): 375-379. Etat etcolonisation auMoyen Ageà la et Miscellanea historica honorem in L.van (1268–1453) European andIslamic Tradein the and other periodicals. XIII Congrès International des 115 In his synthetic work synthetic his In XIII–XV ,” (Cambridge: Cambridge 118 . (Athens, 1970). 116 is a fundamental Thesaurismata ɜɜ Le Moyen Age .: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ 117 A 114 7 CEU eTD Collection differences among them. among differences 124 123 122 121 region. inthe relations of trade indicator accurate an are which navigation ofthe parameters basic the all with graphs and tables has monograph The crews. following problems: the types of ships and navigationconditions, Black Sea piracy, navigation routes, and 120 Empire by book Karpov. Prokofieva been published.Whathasbeen partially published Karpov,de’Colli,(by Talyzina and never has part of which asignificant sources, of types exactly these into research requires preciseof whole data the is setof amatter possible sources still future, andof the this the on based Tana on work A general accounts. of books and deeds notarial of materials the all to at noattention or little and paid (often semi-legendary), Barbaro of narratives Senate, of the resolution have the most studied researchers In addition, fifteenth centuries). early very and few coversmostly contrary, whatexists Tanainparticular (and cover fourteenth the works both on the economic history of the period and on the history of the region. On the picture of picture lifeof in factory the duringtown this period. comprehensive study of unpublishedsources are needed documentary tobuild aholistic and analysis and research, current for left room is enough there Thus, researched. one the I am dealing with largely– because for thesources 1430swere neither edited nor comprehensively. emphasis the existingisthe preceding In works, onthe placed still period genetic, The The comparisonof the different historical phenomena and the identificationof thesimilarities and bibliography. see – The investigation Rizzo of Christoforo historicaland phenomenaMano, a inDonato the Bon, process ofMoretto their development notaries of the and continuity. documents The Idem, S. P. Karpov As is evident from the state of historiography, now there is no lack thereisnonow of from As is of state historiography,the generalizing evident As for the methodology of my work, I am going to use the following methods: , 123 ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɌɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɫɤɨɣɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ 121 comparative, is dedicated to the political and economic relations in the eastern Mediterranean. in eastern relations the is tothepolitical economic and dedicated 122 ) is, first, related to the early fifteenth century, and, second, is not yet analyzed yet not is second, and, century, fifteenth early the to related first, is, ) La Navigazione Veneziana nelMar Nero XIII sec- XV 120 Another monograph by Karpov,S. P. 124 typological, III. of Methodology the research [The history of the Trebizond Empire] (St.Petersburg: 2007). 125 systematic, 27 126 and retrospective. and . (Ravenna,2000). The author raisedthe The History oftheTrebizond 127 Itwouldbe an CEU eTD Collection some generalizations run through this uniqueness. this through run generalizations However, some acts. other all of context the in only be understood can features individual Moreover, personality. work of a 133 client132 and of131 a notary.130 information). prosopographic – (primarily system The subjectshad to put the data from the period ofyears 10 even or more into one table consider and asasingle coordinate rather than with the full collection of coulddocuments, and this will keep me from broad generalizations. In addition, I 129 expressByzantium?] In someɛɵɥɨɡɧɚɬɢɢɤɭɩɰɨɜ intimate and unique features of their data to the society as a whole. See: A. L. Ponomarev, “ analysisuseserial quantitative mass and and butonalimitedsources, scale. 128 127 126 125 individuality each person of and of each individualincident. the retain but content, serial typical contain they sense; in this sources are perfect acts), notarial other as well (as Wills research. the of focus the in be will behavior people's but than a system itself as a whole.important more be even I to will happen can issues build particular these charts system; available and the within graphs to display certain quantities, situations specific and onevents willbe focused mywork degree ingreater Therefore, a somewhat life,etc. andsocial legal of peculiarities the procedure information about the differentlayers of culture, about the “possible andimpossible,” about someand features. typical revealing focusedattention incidents on particular orcases, building rather than quantitativeto patterns must me for This diachronic belessimportant implies aspect than synchronic aspect. the the Hence, deformation. or is, crisis that conditions, “extreme” under react components model) canbeconfirmed quantitatively. a particularwhatmodel so important to extent thenot social it(including my is research methods; say I widelyexaggeration to that quantitative use The subjects of the transaction (or testators) were personal. Making the act was, at least, two-way creative two-way least, at was, act the Making personal. were testators) (or transaction the of subjects The Though keeping in that mind my sample is not absolutely representative. acts. of individuals or group person a particular which in situation aspecific is here event The Statistics, for the most part, will be anyway incomplete because of the fragmentation of data. The notarial material available to me is not as massive as I would like it to be; Iam still working witha part Itis noteworthy that The gradual penetrationfunctioning. oftheir mechanisms into internal of the the past the revealing and systems in social order the of analysis tophenomena. The findand events the reasonof historical forgroups in some features event common orof the phenomenon. identification The A case oraparticularmay incident be atypical,itcompletely but rich can provide The Statistical Models of Historical Processes .” [Can we count those who are absent? How many merchants and noblemenwere there in Ⱥ . L. Ponomarev successfully applied his method forthe extrapolationof the notarial 130 The more important issue is how this model or its or model this how is issue important more The 28 Ʉɨɝɨɧɟɬ (Moscow, 1996):236–244. , ɬɨɝɨɧɟɫɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ 133 128 still, my study will include will study my still, 131 or small portions of data ? ɂɥɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨɜȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɢ 129 Ultimately, for Ultimately, 132 CEU eTD Collection would deplete It thison is subject)? silent year thesource for thefirst (although maybe not and there, trade the samplefideicommissar too much asa inthewill mentioned viceversa, or Constantinople, to from Trebizond say,ship, if I excludeshouldincluded be in However, list. the what for about, example, sailing amerchant, ona this witnesses and merchant client the that and womb, in the even sometimes and Italy, in residing client, and the it isones clear that one mustlike eliminate fromhim; belongingone’s to the society of Tana with agreater or lesserfield degree of probability. In other words,of view a son or a daughter there ismay in as of who alargenumber people be considered mentioned documents ofthe a notary’s number of a small Thus, between to Tana). went whom probably (who in sources the mentioned persons the all the analysis in the include to impossible is it hand, other source the On in Tana. residents permanent been have says to known are who individuals other few a and witnesses clients, his plainlynotary, thatTana atthey any one time.resided Inincludebeingwould personswhoarementioned list in in as beunwise to those this only this case,it inhabitants, in permanent I of number would small the and Tanastation trading the of have population the of to andlimit theall range the be with associated Tana with a high degree of ofprobability. Naturally, changeability the given personalities names by will themainly deal with firstthe two groups,i.e., theentire population, whichis can known or individuals of all three groups in a table. Since I am interested in the social history of Tana, I in Tana (e.g., as located referred to 2. Those witnesses), (e.g., document the of implementing drafting and 134 clients, notaries’ 1. The were: personalities amongshould that the be understood It methodological problem. specific particular and For example, the testator or counterparties of the transaction. ofthe counterparties or testator the example, For Compiling a list of personalities for the reconstruction of society of Tana is a more ? Does not this suggest a high high in? and this Tana he would not aprobability appear that suggest Does fideicommissari ), 3. Those referred to as individuals in to 3. Those referred general.Iput ), 29 134 as well as those directly involved in the involved directly those as well as CEU eTD Collection notary was forced to do it by the very logic of the document, which required the identification (Moscow: 2004). deeds] on notarial based reconstruction at historical attempt An century: sixteenth the in society [French 135 sameperiod. the notarialmoreonly in documentary Pisaoffice produced onein sources than wholethe Russia thing is important thatthe However, transaction. the to these parties the and notary the of intentions acts subjective are abundant. For of independentthe an picture, giving a objective questions, many answeringresearch period of the fourteenth parameters, various on canbe themselves among compared acts These notarial deeds. and fifteenth centuries with Tana directly, person is this notincluded in figures andthe calculations. a personhas been associated that for confidence is reason If credible no there my database. him into with Iput wayassociated isTana, insome he probability of that substantial degree say, the source mentions casewhen, In the community. tothetrading directly related not in andare residing Naples) the merchant or official permanentlyof whom it is possible to exclude Tana.in Idecidedto listonly persons the from mentioned aslivingpresumewhothose are other with a cities with associated were they that is Ipresume why arbitrary. That betoo would that moreover, (say, a mother or a sister of a Venetian mercenary in Tana, more social names, calling someone give tothe definitions reality, specific the individuals to assigning some nouns, common to time, At same with hestrived the data. work the facilitates which greatly cases, individual of diversity the formalize to sought notary the hand, other the On author. sources’ narrative the of way the from different profoundly is realities the describing of way notary’s a hand, sources. inexhaustible from truly facets these new discovers researchers of neweach generation See: P. Uvarov, P. See: Thus, the main sources on the basis of which I will explore the society of Tana are The advantages of notarial data for writing social history are well known. On the one the On known. well are history social writing for data notarial of advantages The 135 ɪɧɭɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟ In the twentieth century, historians appreciate this type of and of type this document appreciate Inthe historians twentieth century, XVI nobilis ɜɟɤɚ 30 , someone : ɩɬɪɤɧɬɭɰɢ ɨ ɨɚɢɥɧɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ɉɩɵɬɵ mercator , someone vir prudens . A CEU eTD Collection 136 of structure the of population Tana andthesocial trading station. ofthe structure andtheconfessional ethnic the slave trade), (including economy the the the political situation in the region and the administration of the trading stations, the trade and reflect sources) relevant theother with deeds(along these how will trace I following chapters understandingman andhis In ever position histestament. social agreater give the than of questions. these asks probably history social of researcher Each for eachof them? be reconstructed can of infeatures ita personality beyond form the reflected of act?Whatkindthe biography of Canoneseesome unity? acertain stylistic show actions individuals or these of documents in widelyusedmethodssuch studies. a whole, isoneof most the andthis and biographies learnmore maketheir the society theof possible reconstruction about it to as documents of on different based people identification The as awhole. society of description andlife theexperiences of individuals. Incidents can thebasisprovide for aspecific asdatathatmay deeds areimportant usuallyhidden both of the sides social clarify practice, social in socialthe individuals. values, structure, incidents the reflected of the and rights The of the individuals and, therefore, indicates their social status. In other words, the deeds reflect Ibid. I am toworkmainly I am hardlynotarialfortunate the wills.Anykinddeeds can of with the 31 136 Dodifferent CEU eTD Collection annually commerceinto equaled 10 mil. ducats and gave 40%profit. 140 in: ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 23r. 139 sphere. banking of the development the involvement of the countryside inexchange, and the intensification of contacts. Another important factor was 138 centuries: The problems of trade], (Moscow: Moscow State University Press,1990), 210. ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ the various regions. various the in expenses production of difference the from resulted Profit East. the and Europe between 137 space from andEgypt BlackSeatoFlanders its with galleys. spices luxury hadand In this before. reachedits period,Venetian peak,connecting trade the consumption (e.g., grain from the Black Sea region) began toplay morea important role than dynamics. trade of growth the and crisis the from recovery the with and regional Black Sea trade items (grain, wax,fish, caviar, etc.). The fifteenth century began oflocal paralleledbyanincreaseinthe importance this decrease Nevertheless, was goods of routes becauseincreasingthe long-distance on trade. danger of trade the safety of the damaged seriously Death Black the following crisis The century. fourteenth the as early administrations. their by controlled strictly was stations Italian atthe Alltrade fortaxation andtheir subjects. of terms trade favorable most providing the time, the mainbecause of the awareness of the khans about the possibility of profiting from concerntolls; at the same of the policy of the Italian maritime republics in the East was first place by in Europe 1423. income countries. most European Its fourteenth other those of century than capitalismin becamedominant Italy; inaddition, budgetthe of Venice sufferedin less the Braudel, mentioned is Flanders to expedition The of 1430s. deeds the in reflected is Flanders with trade Venetian The the markets, of local growth the itself, Europe in crisis from recovery the to due largely happened This Karpov, The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were the epoch of increasing trade connections increasingtrade of epoch werethe fifteenth centuries and The fourteenth Tana was a terminal of Italian commerce and a crossroads of the routes of trade as [The Italian maritime republics and the southern Black Sea coast in the thirteenth to fifteenth to thirteenth the in coast Sea Black southern the and republics maritime Italian [The Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɥɹɫɢɦɪɤɟ ɟɩɛɢɢ ɘɧɟ ɪɱɪɨɨɶɜ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɘɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ CHAPTER 1. TRADE DYNAMICS INTANA CHAPTER THE1430s 1.TRADE DYNAMICS 137 The Italian merchants felt comfortable in the Black Sea region largely felt in comfortable BlackSearegion TheItalianthe merchants 140 [Materialcivilization], (Moscow: 2007); the funds Progress, invested 32 139 – XIII XV 138 The mechanisms of mechanisms The The goods for mass per annum per ɜɜ . ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ wasin CEU eTD Collection (1981): 229-238. sollection] 2 (2005): 156. N. Fomichev, “ Fomichev, N. 156. (2005): 2 sollection] Oikonomides, 147 estimate. to hard is vessels “round” private onthe transported fish) silk, jewels, textiles); the amount of cheaper and heavier goods prevailing in that period (grain, salt, wine, oil, 146 atauction. one each forr rates inthe increase an with along to Bookof the of Accounts Giacomo Badoer,” 145 144 d'Etudes Médiévales, 1979). 143 142 (Livorno, 1970), 21 - 53. inXVII),” 141 Azov Sea region. Crimea andthe the be of overstriking between can exchanges intensiveCaffa regardedasevidenceof the trade the coinswith importance. Tatar least of the wasnot trade regional trade, long-distance from 1439, it1436 to equaled 38%, 24%; all was over expeditions Levantine Tana in of of galleys rates of the percentage the caretosend toTanaany tension, took expeditions at Venice cost. 284 days. destination in Tana, while the continental route from TanaChina to through Middle Asia took in period. this contain valuable data on economic history, which I will present in this chapter. Here Iwill chapter. in this present I will which history, on economic data valuable contain Searegion. Black in Constantinople 1million –roughly perpers circulation of commodity the examination the through can be estimated It immense. them was for region the of importance the but Trebizond), and (Tana points two only had Venetians See Kozubovski, “ the with concerned were ofgalleys expeditions these that account into take should One according Century Fifteenth ofthe Half First the in Trade Venetian the and “Constantinople Shitikov, M. M. Freddy Thiriet, Wilhelm Heyd, Karpov, “ X – (secoli Maremma alla Versilia dalla explicazioni sue nelle economica civiltà “La Melis, Federigo F. Melis claims that Tana was one of the seven main points of the international trade One can trace the increase of trade based on the rates of auctions. From 1405 to 1450, of to From 1405 auctions. rates tradebasedonthe the increase trace of One can None of the acts I examined represents a bargain in itself. However, the deedsoften the in a bargain I However, itself. of examined acts None the represents 142 Atti del60ºCongresso internazionaledella Dante Alighieri ɈɬɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ While Genoa had a strong network of stations in the Black Sea region, the Hommes d’affaires grecsetlatinsàConstantinople(XIIIe –XVesiècles) 141 La Romanie vénitienne aumoyen âge Histoire du commerce duLevantau Moyen Âge Both final formed Venice Both with andGenoa guardednaval expeditions a Ɉɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ” [From Tana to Urgench] 145 ɠɱɞɤɟ ɨɟɵ ɡ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɦɨɧɟɬɵ Ⱦɠɭɱɢɞɫɤɢɟ 147 .” [About.” time the of occurrence]. which means favorable marketconditions. The 1430s were the peak of the Venetian trade in the trade Venetian the of peak the were 1430s The VV 30(1969):51.Theincrease the quantity in of wentgalleys 33 (Paris: Boccard, 1959), 421-422. per annum per SV 61 (2000): 219 - 220. , (Leipzig: 1885),Vol. 2,258-259. Nicolas . 143 Evenduringwarsandpolitical 21,Livorno 13-17 settembre 1970 ,” [Mongol coins of Azov] coins [Mongol ,” ɋɭɝɞɟɣɫɤɢɣɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ sottili (Montreal: Institut goods (spices, 146 [Sougdea Beside SA 144 1 CEU eTD Collection 155 154 153 152 151 ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ sources: A glance at the political relations with the Caffa Tatars in the fifteenth century), 150 fifteenth inthe Tatars Caffa the with relations political the at A glance sources: [Acts of the Genoese notaries as sources for the study of medieval trade], trade], medieval of study the for sources as notaries Genoese the of [Acts 1431 Francesco Contarini offered to sell to 1431 FrancescoContarini offered linen of sentin19 slaves1430 he Bartolomeo toVenice Rosso andgot 32piecesof and exchange ɫɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɄɚɮɮɵɫɬɚɬɚɪɚɦɢɜ149 University Press, 1990), 156. 148 givehadBiagio to Alberegno him10 currency. region, and the East inasmuch as the complex analysis of relevant sources allows it. examine the position of Tana in the commodity circulation among Europe, the Black Sea England andclothing. of textiles types different can often encounter one deeds, the economy. In theEuropean of recovery general the with connected which was materials for theirindustry growing dyes,(cotton, alum). used bytheTatars. demandfor European textiles marketson the of the Black Sea, and these textiles were widely a in was particular. There industrial production textile of Ages asawhole andtheemergence ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 28r –f. 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. (1) – (2) f. 18v. Though they actually could be produced inother regions. Braudel, A. Chursina, “ L. P. Kolley, “ Kolley, P. L. Karpov, Textiles were the main category main imported werethe from Textiles andof West the category goods often as served Textiles After 1400, the prices of the products of European industry increased of rapidly, industry European products the of prices After 1400,the 152 loesti 148 Material Civilization ) was the most popular. most ) wasthe ɬɥɹɫɢɦɪɤɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ This trade reflected the changes in the European economy of Middle High the of economy intheEuropean changes the reflected Thistrade , and also that he got 10 pieces of linen of ɏɚɞɠɢȽɢɪɟɣɯɚɧɢɟɝɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ Ⱥɤɬɵɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɨɜɤɚɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢɞɥɹɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ : 149 At the same time, Westerners were attracted by the Eastern raw by Eastern the wereattracted Westerners At sametime, the [ The Works of the Yaroslavl Pedagogical Institute , 91–92. XV 1.1. Goodsimported from Europe ɜɟɤɟ 153 .” [Hajji Giray Khan and his policies according to the Genovese Baldassare, son of the deceased Marco, mentions that mentions Marco, deceased of son the Baldassare, sommo [The Italian maritime republics] (Moscow: Moscow State loesti ( 34 for 1 piece of linen of ɩɨɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɦɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ at 10 at sommo 150 loesti Loesti perpiece. for Andrea for Contarini. ] 76 (1970): 56-57. (cloth from Lowestoff, ). loesti ȼɡɝɥɹɞɧɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ITUAK ɪɞəɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɍɪɭɞɵ 155 ; and also that in that also ; and Apparently, 10 50 (1913): 108. 154 In 151 .” CEU eTD Collection 1400, by became important trade Thein quite Crimea. glass hasbeen glass Eastern discovered Once, antependia hats andcaps, typesof andother blackberets mention (Moscow: 2009): Indrik, 588. Flanders. from textiles with galleys of arrival the after only left Tana of galleys the so galleys of the arrival the time scheduled and of departure Flanders. The Venetians Romagna and Scotland –“ above-mentioned (the in deeds the are reflected Isles British the 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 from London mentionedare also –“ Besides for adecade. astable price was sommoper piece or not. The clothes mentioned are mentioned not.Theclothes or besides the ones made of fur); often the deeds specify the color and whether they had lininga Negroponte. the deceased Dirck, mentionstextiles. that he had to give Andrea Nigro 5 cubits of textiles in Kramarovskii, Gookin, “ Gookin, Kramarovskii, Régestes… doc.2500, a.1439, Iun. 30. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 22r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 1. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 30v – f. 31r. ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 5-6, 7. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 2. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3 – 3v, 20r– 20v, 21r, 22r, 27r – 27v, 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19v (4) – f. 20r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 44r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. (1) – (2) f. 18v, f. 19v (4) – f. 20r, 27r – 27v, 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 1. 165 Other goods were mostlyOther products of European industry imported to be used by the Italians themselves. Venetian Latin Romagna was deeply involved in this trade. A German, Albert deCrunut, son of 156 and presumably Tana was involved. In 1439, Badoer registered a batch of batch a Venetian registered of Badoer 1439, involved. In was Tana andpresumably 164 Sometimes one even encounters slaves (Stefan) who bought and sold textiles. sold and bought who (Stefan) slaves encounters even one Sometimes 158 robe echosse Clothes are often mentioned (clearly they were mainly of European origin European of mainly were they (clearly mentioned often are Clothes 161 are mentioned. Besides the Italian textile production, that of Flanders and ɟɟɢɧɤɟ ɢɧɟ ɤɭɛɤɢ ɜɢɧɧɵɟ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ ” 163 ). Venice actively exploited the tandem routes of the galleys of due birete nigre novedeLondres due biretenigre diplois , clamyda 35 ” [Venetian wine goblets], In goblets], wine [Venetian ” , toga 160 textiles for sacerdotal etc. robes, sacerdotal for textiles , roba loesti , loesti , the deeds mention other mention deeds the , vestes ,” 162 ; two new ; black caps two ; and two robes from robes two and 159 often deeds the often Mare elittora, 157 CEU eTD Collection respectively. Earlier deeds also mention sturgeons, deeds also respectively. Earlier Thus,,one canjudgebezants theprices:10ducats,125bezants, and per 142.8 500 bezants for500 bezants 4 from 25 deposit of 2 condition that had he wished to transfer to he wished had that condition interesting asitems life. more andeveryday of material culture the of trade; in structure significant overall the werenotthat goods these However, 13 ounces. of left asilverbelt his brother deSuazio Mattheo Michelede specified; crossbows, and arrows of individual ownership, 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 19. 166 jewels, various with rings beValencia (presumably sold otherwiseto for equipping or traded garrison), the weapons, Europe: from originating clearly some utensils gifts. and trade retail for destined was it in Constantinople; glass ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 26v; 1430. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3 – 3v. A commercial tool formoney transactions. home. from Venetians by the brought were but dynamics, trade to related not are ofthem some Moreover, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19v (4) – f. 20r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8, 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8, 24r – 24v, 25r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3 – 3v, 21v – 22r, 23r. One had to own arms to be admitted to a galea, nonwithstanding status.his Luzzato, Gino Giovanni Liardo received through Fish botte 1.2. Goodsexported toEurope andgoodsdestined for local consumption botte of sold.sturgeons of Storia economicaVeneziadi of sturgeons. of botte ofsturgeons for 1000bezantsand another 7 170 a silver belt, 176 177 In his will Michele de Mattheo de Suaziomentions the gain Baldassare of deceased Marco mentions that hementions that charged Marco Baldassare of deceased (Venice: Centro internazionale delle arti e del costume, 1961), costume, e del arti delle internazionale Centro (Venice: cambium cambium 171 36 and a tin vessel. 168 as well 200(orperhapsas 12) shields from to Venice he should have done it with a 175 179 as well as 20 ducats from Giovanni Basilio with a 167 including swords, longbows, 172 peschiere 166 Sometimes the weight is weight the Sometimes The deeds also mention botte with a number of of sturgeons. 174 169 they are golden botta 178 173 CEU eTD Collection Pero Tafur also mentionsPero Tafur also thecaviar from of sturgeons the Tana. Giovanni da Valle 181 180 equals in47.6 kilo), total, 24 wascontrolled1427 thefish-trade by a special office Venetian from Tana were the basis of the diet of fish of species Lessexpensive trade. the oflong-distance weretheobjects as caviar,sturgeons lower classes in Constantinople. of my deeds implies selling them on spot or in Constantinople – only in Venice. Thus, as well andSmirna; Constantinople, Simisso, Caffa, to it Trebizond, was exported peschiere threat. Tatar by the endangered were they andsometimes Barbaro) to according workmen, Venetian Azaq... 183 182 78. four measuring caviar with sixvessels de Segna received de Giorgio through Tana. Constantinople andEurope main in fish issue the of that claimed was Tana. even trade have scholars 191 190 MediaevalAcademy of America, 1936), 380; Jacoby,“Caviar Trading,” 352-353. 185 Tafur, Pero leader in fish export, and according Lo toon Copathe Kubanriver was (Balard, important Pero Tafur it was exported to Europeseasonal as (July farto August), as andCastille the Genoese Matrega wasand often atransitFlanders, point for the Italian ships.see Besides Tana, 184 Biblioteca Vaticana 189 188 187 186 ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 20r– 20v. Archives duMusée888, deTopkapi, K. v., f.305 r, 305 see M. and G.Veinstein, Berindei Ibid., 77-78. Peter Schreiner, Peter ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 29r. Balard, Balard, Michele Ibid., 351. Pegolotti Francesco Balducci, Ibid., 348. Ibid., 357. David Jacoby, “Caviar Trading in Byzantium,” in I viaggi ” 11. Byzantium had a long-lasting tradition hadByzantium long-lastingof a tradition caviar trade Caviar , ed. L. Lockhart, R. Morozzo della Rocca, and M. F. Tiepolo (Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 1973), 77- La Romanie Génoise retained their importance into the sixteenth century Turks. the under century sixteenth into the importance their retained Wanderings and Travels, : (Vatican: 1991),129,132. The Greek books ofpublishedaccounts by witnessesSchreiner La RomanieGénoise Texte zurspätbyzantinischen Finanz- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte inHandschriften der 181 180 ); they were situated far from the trading station (around 40miles, (around station from trading farthe situated were ); they often owned by officers, nobles, and merchants (Giosafato Barbaro, (Giosafato merchants and nobles, officers, by owned often , Vol. 2, 625. cantars ed. L. C. Maciel Sanchez (Moscow: Indrik, 2006), 53 -54. (Rome: École française de Rome, 1978),Vol.2, 706.Fishing was of caviar, La Pratica della mercatura 189 It retained its importance in its importance Itretained 1430s.Giovanni the Marelittora e 37 La Romanie Génoise 190 which shows the large scale of the trade. , ed. R. Shukurov (Moscow: 2009):355. Ternaria Nuova 192 , 706-707);, however,Tana was a ed. A. Evans (Cambridge: The (Cambridge: Evans A. ed. 188 from Don River to cantar 184 185 Balard wrote that wrote Balard 186 each (1 however, none however, . 187 At least At after 182 183 “ La Tana- These Some cantar 191 CEU eTD Collection originated from from Golden the originated Horde. elsewhere, and the finds of the ceramics from Volga region in Soldaja are finally region inSoldajapersuasive from are elsewhere, ceramics the Volga finds of and the marked shoreof as the BlackandAzovSeasare the (Gieviza), salt from Sivash. from salt introduced the taste for the caviar into for Europe. the caviar thetaste introduced andGenoese Venetians the Eventually, was constant. interest commercial whilethe episodic, from caviar hiding the ofhis place Giovanni fellow, de Valle. perpers kilos) at 6 “Crimean” group is represented by vessels from Caffa, Soldaja, Solkhat, and southwestern Crimea. southwestern and Solkhat, Soldaja, Caffa, from by vessels represented is group “Crimean” The China. and Spain presumably and Crimea, Choresme, Saraj, Madjar, Crete, Trillia, from originated it of some group, “Trebizond” ofthe was ofit Some use. in ceramics of all 30% around equaled Tana in ceramics 201 America, 1936), 154, 224. 200 199 Vol.2, 708. 198 197 196 1973), 77-78. cantar 195 price of largelycaviar depended on itsquality; Jacoby, “Caviar Trading,” 361. 194 193 192 that the caviar was in barrels (Latin barrels in was caviar the that and allegedly wasit from Lo Copa (Ibid.,62; Jacoby,“Caviar Trading…” 355),but most likely simply it meant that once 9.5 cantars of caviar from Tana were sold (Ibid., 62, 117). Caviar is called I.Volkov, Pegolotti Francesco Balducci, Francesco Pegolotti Michele Balard, Michele Ibid., 359. 364. Trading…” “Caviar Jacoby, Luigi Belgrano, “Prima serie di documenti riguardanti la colonia di Pera,” Pero Tafur, I viaggi in Persia Il Libro dei conti di GiacomoLibro deicontidi Il Badoer I viaggi in Persia (47.65 kilo). (47.65 Excavations in Tana show that the ceramics in use were either of local production or Ceramics The Italians (mainly the Genoese (mainly The Italians Salt In 1433, the price of the caviar in Pera was fixed at 6.5 to7 fixedat 6.5 inPera was of In caviar the price 1433, the , respectively. 199 perpers : ɄɟɪɚɦɢɤɚȺɡɨɜɚ one of one main of ofsaltplaces miningthe inEurope. Wanderings and Travels, La Romanie Génoise (XIIe –début du XVe siècle) , 78. : , ed. L. Lockhart, R. Morozzo della Rocca and M. F. Tiepolo (Rome: Libreria dello Stato, 198 per 193 Barbaro wrote that this salt was as largegrained as that from Ibiza 194 In 1438, GiacomoBadoer bought caviarfrom Tana (8 cantar Barbaro reports a reports Barbaro story plunderedhow Tatars the of thirty barrels of XIV–XVIII cupa , and later, 7and , and 11 La Pratica della mercatura 166. (Rome: Istituto poligrafico Stato,416della 1956), (l-2), 417(1-5). The ), pace 201 At the same time, ceramics from Tana can be found ɜɜ Peter Schreiner. Peter 197 [The pottery][The (Moscow,amount5-6. The 1992), of imported ) supplied Constantinople and Trebizond with ) supplied Constantinopleand Trebizondwith the 38 196 cantars saline . (Cambridge: The Mediaeval Academy of Academy Mediaeval The (Cambridge: . on old Italian maps. Italian old on (333 and 523 kilo) forr 6.8 andforr 6.8 5 523 kilo) (333and (Rome: École française de Rome, 1978), 200 195 The places of salt mining on ASLSP However, such losses were such losses However, 13(1877–1884):202. koupatikon perpers cantars for a Genoese (Ibid.,42. 118), =380.8 CEU eTD Collection both Italians and Tatars, who soon became addicted to wine (just to recall the episode from restof the winefrom the The possibleGothia? was they only itin solution sold that to Tana re-export theGenoese Where did region. Aegean from the rest the imported and from Gothia 2600 barrels. Caffa supplied 50%(whichshould beless 2600 barrels) ofitsthan wine needs the only importer of wine to Tana. to of wine importer only the trade. income of income25000 aspres of Caffawineto 10 aspres from Gothia wasbrought barrel. at perand taxed of Crimea,Gothia. awine-producing region andSouthern from Eastern Tana wasthat at found ceramics main of groups one the that Tana from Trebizond, 209 210 208 204 203 547-555. quarterof fourteenththe century the Sudak fortress],in sold, he wine for the 74ducats he chargedaround mentions that late Marco, of the son Baldassare, milieu XVIe siècle), ” siècle), XVIe milieu 207 206 205 Publishers, 1990), 127. and the region of Azov of andthe region Sea. the in Crimea the produced group; they were “Latino-Paleologian” regardedasthe are commonly 202 Tanawasintensive. through ceramicstrade the that I. Volkov, I. Luigi Belgrano,“Cinque documenti genovesi-orientali, ” ASV, Senato, Misti, LX, f. 236r. Régestes… Karpov, Ibid., 547. See: M. Berindei, G. Veinstein, “La Tana-Azaq de la presence italienne à l’emprise ottomane (fin XIIIe – XIIIe (fin ottomane l’emprise à italienne lapresence de Tana-Azaq “La Veinstein, G. Berindei, M. See: ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. I. Baranov, “ Baranov, I. 205 208 and another 80 bezants for another for bezants 80 another and Researching of thedata financial inspection a Genoese finds thatthe 1351, one of Wine was permanently lacking in Tana; Wine Based on the analysis of the ceramic containers, Volkov claimed that Trebizond was Trebizond that claimed Volkov containers, ceramic the of analysis the on Based ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɄɟɪɚɦɢɤɚȺɡɨɜɚ ɨɩɟɫ ɪɬɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Turcica 207 where the merchants had a privilege of where a privilege had wine merchants the duty-free of wholesale 8 (1976): 110-201. per annum XIV– XVIII 203 209 , hence the amount of wine can be calculated at around at of be winecalculated can amount the , hence ɜɜ However, thisbold. claim is himself too Volkov says . [The Pottery of Azov] (Moscow, 1992), 8. XIV XIV [The Italian maritime republics] (Moscow: Moscow University ʋ 2532. botta ɟɚ ɋɞɤɤɣ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɞɚɤɫɤɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɤɚ 39 ofwine. ɋɭɝɞɟɣɫɤɢɣɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ 204 ASLSP hence, it was one of the main imports. 202 The vessels depicted with the with depicted vessels The 17(1885): 249. 206 The wine was mainly imported to imported mainly was wine The [Sougdea Collection] 1(2004): ,” [The complex of the third the of complex [The ,” 210 This tax gave an graffito CEU eTD Collection 218 217 merchant and his trade and banking activities in the thirteenth - fifteenth centuries]. fifteenth - thirteenth the in activities banking and trade his and merchant 216 215 Biblioteca Vaticana of:] P.Schreiner, Trebizond to Crimea important. andTanawasnot Trebizond to 214 (1874): 46-49. Black Sea and the traces of their long stay in Southern Russia] industry in Italy, lowof rates. Relatively freight cheapfrom timber wasneededfor growingRussia the its aswell widespreadconsumption. wine trade as of small settlementwhich not a center of was wine is production evidenceof well-developed the wine vessels imported ina abundance of from The import Crimea. wasan Trebizond there ( factories of the churches of Tana. Wax was 28.4% of Badoer’s exports from Constantinople churchthe of Mikel inSt. Murano. in his will. his in large. 213 212 211 Presumably, the Russianbeen wordfound in the regionstrade from Crimea toRussia through Tana and the Don River; the Crimean wine vesselshave of the Volga Barbaro, when his Edelmughhis guest itgot fill andof Don as well as northwards up to Moscow. Wingart ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19v (4) – f. 20r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. (1) – (2) f. 18v. A. Rolova, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. (1) – (2) f. 18v. Michele Balard, Michele F. K. Brun, “ A. Veksler, A. Melnikova, I viaggi in Persia Timbermentioned is in deedsonly the once. Timber Tana was a transit point of the wax trade. Giovanni Petri mentions 12 cantars of wax Wax ). 213 217 : Apparently wasmistakenBalard inclaiming thethat import of wine from In his testament Antonio de Papia, son of the late Chinacsius, gave candles to ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣɤɭɩɟɰɢɟɝɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɚɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɜ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɝɨɬɵɢɫɥɟɞɵɞɨɥɝɨɝɨɢɯɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹɜɘɠɧɨɣɊɨɫɫɢɢ : (The (The Vatican: 1991), Texte zur spätbyzantinischen Finanz- undWirtschaftsgeschichte inHandschriften der La GénoiseRomanie 216 , 78-79. and this promoted the raw-materials trade, the scale of wasquite which scaleof the trade, raw-materials the andpromoted this Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɟɤɥɚɞɵ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ (Rome: École française de Rome1978) Vol.2, 884.Karpov, [Review VV 56(1996): 217. 218 The candles could also be produced in the small [Moscow treasures] (Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1973), 56. (grapes) couldhave German(i.e., Gothic) origins 40 214 Iwould add that besides the import from 211 215 ). Moreover, there was a transitwine This issue of Thisissue had advantage an of trade Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences XIII – XV SV 57 (1994): 62 - 74. ” [The Goths of the ɜɜ .,” [The Italian 212 CEU eTD Collection 228 - fifteenthcenturies] (Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1992),78. XV 229 227 226 225 on his way to Byzantium. and relative safety can be testified by to the fact that it was chosen by the Metropolitan Pimen Constantinople. Trebizondand via to Astrakhan, theCaucasus viaTana; to then theVolga via6) Donto the 4)through Saraj,Smolensk Caffa; toMoncastro; Volga5) via upto andSlutzck then the and linking Russia century.fourteenth the to date stations atItalian trading fur trade, with the Black Sea: 1) the Dnepr; 2) the Don (through Tana); 3) from borrowings. Anotherborrowing from Russian is a name for a sleigh used by Barbaro ( popular. was especially clothing made from various clothing madefrom fur from modest sable andfox the sheepskin.of kinds to 224 223 222 borrowing One canfind numerous references clothesto made offurin deedsthe – fur coats (Russian 221 220 30 (1969): 50. 219 (wax was among the regarded Tana from north, coming via the River Don. The Venetians determinedVenice. to special freight rates for the wax Karpov, “Trebizond Empire and the Russian lands,” Russian the and Empire “Trebizond Karpov, M. Tikhomirov, M. M. Tikhomirov, M. Karpov, “ ASV,NT. Cart. 750.8, 20r –20v,22r, 27r – 27v,28v, 31r. Interestingly, the words Ibid., 152. for fur coat or homespun coat ( Karpov, ASV, Senato, Misti, XLVII, f. 85r. Régestes… ASV, Senato, Misti, XXXIII, f. 15v-16r. M.Shitikov, “ ɜɜ . [Ancient Moscow of the twelfth- fifteenth centuries. Medieval Russia oninternational routes, fourteenth Leather Tana and Caffa were the main suppliers of the European markets mainwith Russianfur.Tana Caffa suppliers and werethe of European the Fur ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ 219 220 ɂɡɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ : subbum Part of it probably came from Asia Minor, but most of it was clearly from the and in some years it was one of the main objects to be loaded on the galleys Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ 228 ȾɪɟɜɧɹɹɆɨɫɤɜɚ ȾɪɟɜɧɹɹɆɨɫɤɜɚ The second route took around40days, Thesecond route from 226 The first mentions of Russian merchants, perhaps linked with the with linked perhaps merchants, Russian of mentions first The ɲɭɛɚ ” [From Tana to Urgench] sottili . [Ancient Moscow] (Moscow: Moscow Worker, 1992), 77-79. XII–XV ), caftans ), caftans (again aborrowed word) issues [The Italian maritime republics], 117. republics], maritime Italian [The ɜɜ .; ʋ 222 ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɚɹɊɨɫɫɢɹɧɚɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯɩɭɬɹɯ 1237. ). 41 VV 38 (1977): 40. SV subbum 61 (2000): 219. ,” [Constantinople,” and the Venetiantrade], ), and caftan ( caftan and ), 229 and its increasing importance 227 cofanus 224 There were six routes six Therewere zena and other types of ) used in the deeds are ). 225 Sable . XIV – . XIV 223 221 VV CEU eTD Collection 238 237 236 siècle),” XVIe 235 234 233 232 231 230 of it – only once do they mention a mule tobe given to the consul. camels (the Tatars sold them to Persia),Germany items were to other and Italy); Walachia (through and Transylvania this trade and sheep. of items main the bulls and were Horses huge. was itsurely but scale, the estimate hard to Trebizond, aswell wasespeciallyConstantinople, on dependant this supply. least andthe NearEastatand Empire from demand washigh. The of 1268, Europe, the son of the late Chinacsius, mentioned one botta of oil beto given to Baldassare Marzi. from Peter deCastello. St. late Marco Trebizond. Tatars’ farming was close to Tana has been argued, 100, thoughhe50, 1to harvests milletimmense to of exaggerates). apparently (1 theirreported Barbaro inagriculture; involved were Tatars nomadic even the that for certain ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. –milieu XIIIe (fin ottomane à l’emprise italienne presence la de “La Tana-Azaq Veinstein, G. Berindei, M. Karpov, “The grain trade in the Southern Black Sea, thirteenth- fifteenthcenturies,” ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19v (4) – f. 20r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 23v – f. 24r. I viaggi in Persia I viaggi in Persia I viaggi in Persia Il Libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer Leatherhigh-quality (including was Tana cordobans) exported through to Silk exhaustively.of occupation the Tatars, animal describedtrade, Barbaro the Animals Western to Byzantium, Italy, were exported BlackSeacoast from northern the Crops Cereals Antonio de Papia, from toTana(presumably Romagna). Like oil imported wine, was Oil : 230 : Turcica Cordobans (clearly meant tobe sold) are mentioned in the will of Baldassare of : , 84–86. , 85. , 86. 8 (1976): 137. (Rome: Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, 1956), 307, 334. 231 42 235 237 but no evidence is known. evidence no but Thedonotgive deeds much evidence 238 VV 50(1989): 26-35. 233 It is known 234 Whether 236 232 It is It CEU eTD Collection as well. piracy,add local can wars,one penalties, supply; slave of andsources slavery main the because among were of Tatars debt; often Crimean the the and heads ofnobility Local the poor954-955. families sold their children l'Europe médiévale.T. 2:Italie. Colonie italiennes duLevantEmpire latin. Byzantin in siècle,” XVe 247 siècle),” XVIe 246 début du XVe siècle 245 1935), 14. 244 VV 243 242 241 240 239 and the Caucasus) Syria! in even unavailable were goods while those spices, etc., sakeof Eastern for the Tana to came large galleys 7 6or some earlier that describes Barbaro less important. bit spices werea century fifteenth spicethe on trade. point transit important Tanaasan mentions also with trade the the was stopped, Italy pricesspices andsilk of doubled inItaly. Venice. to Constantinople although I didnot find any of evidence prices.the it be be it of sale; for can pieces cloth, that often specified libra Trebizond. Charles Verlinden, “La colonie vénitienne de Tana, centre de la traite des esclaves au XIVe et au début du début au et XIVe au esclaves des traite la de centre Tana, de vénitienne colonie “La Verlinden, Charles –milieu XIIIe (fin ottomane à l’emprise italienne presence la de “La Tana-Azaq Veinstein, G. Berindei, M. Pegolotti Francesco Balducci, Francesco Pegolotti Syroechkovsky, V. M. Shitikov, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8, f. 20r – f. 20v, f. 30v – f. 31r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19r (3) – f. 19v (4), 23r, 25r. Karpov, 30(1969): 50. Il Libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer 1.3. Thedynamics of theslave trade: movementsof people, slaves, goods,and money . 240 The silk soldTana through was lower of quality and sold quantity than that through It was due to the proximity to the main sources of slaves (Russia, the Golden Horde, ofslaves (Russia,the Golden themainsources was theproximity to due to It from Badoer’s export herbs 21.4%of equaled medicines, Eastern and other Spices, Spices However, silk is often mentioned in the deeds, sometimes in large amounts, and it is it and amounts, large in sometimes deeds, in the mentioned often is silk However, ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ 239 Turcica Badoer boughtsilk Badoer inat 153 Constantinople to 165aspresof Trebizond per : Studi inonore di Gino Luzzato ). Vol. 2, 720. ). Vol. 247 Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ 8 (1976): 127-128. Ƚɨɫɬɢɫɭɪɨɠɚɧɟ that Tana became one of the main centers of the slave trade in whole the trade slave of the main centers the of one Tana became that 246 243 La Pratica della mercatura, Itisafter significant Djanibeck that plunderedin Tana 1343 and ., 15, 42, 166, 308, 309. [The Merchants of Surozh] (Moscow: (State socio-economic Press, socio-economic (State (Moscow: ofSurozh] Merchants [The [The Italian maritime republics], 116. republics], maritime Italian [The (Milan: S.I., 1950), Vol. 2,1-25; Idem, 43 24; Michele Balard, .” [Constantinople.” and Venetianthe trade], 241 silk shirts, silk La Romanie Génoise(XIIe – (Gent:De 1977),Tempel, 245 However, in the However, 242 L’esclavage dans shawls, etc., shawls, 244 Pegolotti CEU eTD Collection mentioned that his – Barbaro disposal their at always were Tatars notary. of a services the use not did they therefore and parents), of mediators (Tatars, Russians, people from the Caucasus – inthe last case especially childrensold by their not commonly domiciled inTana. The masters of galleys andotherItalians oftenbought slaves from the hands century, mainly according to the Massarias of Caffa], 253 Massarias the to according mainly century, ɞɚɧɧɵɦɦɚɫɫɚɪɢɣɄɚɮɮɵ 252 culture. a such of were individuals both when cases in made and of documents form the in wastransactions familiar with the the notariate. I would suggest (thoughit could seem formulate bold) too to the that deeds were mostly intended who culture) legal “written” to belonging 251 Nauka Publishers, 1971), 53-54. Russia. Onthe history of Italo-Russian in relations thefifteenthcentury], Ch.Skrzhinskajaed. E. (Leningrad: 250 142). (Ibid., trade slave Caffa the of monopoly “ see Karpov, vessels, were legal limits to the slave trade, the to limits legal were andAfrica, North There Spain. NearEast, the Minor, Asia of Italy, Constantinople, markets merchant was allowed. The patrons of patrons The allowed. was merchant the export of du XVesiècle)(XIIe– début slavessee Balard, Sinop: to directly Tana from slaves on exported often galleys. themselves they although The rulesmotivations – the Genoese pious to due made simply not were intended to monopolizepertained restrictions the the slave Finally, trade,warriors). having better it concentrated were they (for inCaffa,origin Tatar ofnomadic were to the exportthis was largely ignored and anyway ofit did not cover Venetians.slaves Moreover, most of the slaves exported to Egyptonly comewest from could they Caffa, onlySea region; Black on the of Genoeseout slaves vessels,totransporting on and underrestrictions theChios; control special were of there slaves a bishop andChristian clergy. However, only in Tana one slave 249 per 248 some setof the IstudiedNevertheless, valuable documents provide data. manumissions indirectmentions and of slaves prevail over the deedsarranging asale. 3 5% isonly fixedof to about total the slave trade innotarial acts. trade. Tana. consuls. Some scholars have even argued that the slave trade was the basis of the economy of Italian authorities of Caffa and Tana, since the tolls brought incomethis instation 1366. in to officially slaves buy the to citizens their treasury permitted finally authorities Venetian the after Levant of the l'Europe médiévale,Vol.2, dans 1-25; Prokofieva,L'esclavage “ See Verlinden, well. as Tana for high been have must figures The Pera. in 4000 than more Mameluck Egypt was high. By the late fourteenth century, more than 500 slaves lived permanently in Caffa and source areas for slaves in Europe were Caffa and Tana at that time. Moreover, the demand for slaves in Why are the transactions of slaves so scarce in my sets of deeds? Most likely, the likely, Most deeds? of my sets in soscarce ofslaves transactions the are Why Karpov, “ The deeds mention, in fact, only the cases when either avendor or apurchaser was Italian (or another person Responding tothe papal accusations, Genoese the government answered in1434thatin order to not sell Freddy Thiriet, ɚɛɪɢ ɨɬɪɧɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨ Ʉɨɧɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢ Ȼɚɪɛɚɪɨ 251 250 A comparison of the material from deeds with that in taxation documents shows that shows documents in taxation that with deeds from material the of Acomparison Surely the deeds cannot fully reflect the scale and main directions of the slave Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɜɘɠɧɨɦɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟɜɩɟɪɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ kunack Deliberations des Assamblees venetiennes concernant la Romanie Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ 248 Edelmugh brought him eight Russian slaves as a gift, see: Some of the slaves were kept in Tana, but most were exported to the to exported were most but in Tana, kept were slaves the of Some )” [The slave trade in the Southern Black Sea coast in the first half of the fifteenth of the half first the in coast Sea Black Southern the in trade slave [The )” . Vol. 1, 132. As late as 1441, the Office of Gazaria enforced stronger restrictions on restrictions stronger enforced of Gazaria the Office 1441, as As late 132. 1, Vol. . ” [The slave trade], 142. These restrictions strengthened the Genoese the strengthened restrictions These 142. trade], slave [The ” . ɫɨɢɢɚɨɪɫɤɯɫɹɟɜ ɢɬɚɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɯɫɜɹɡɟɣ Ʉɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ naves 249 but most likelymost but by merchantswere the encouraged the and Ⱥɤɬɵ coccae ” [The ” [The Acts], 42-43. VV 44 46 (1986): 139. could transport 30 to 60slaves, depending on their XV XV ɜ . [Barbaro and Contarini on I viaggi inPersia ɜ Italian . ( , Vol. 2, 38. The main ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɩɨ 252 La GénoiseRomanie Moreover, the Moreover, slave traders were traders slave , 82. The 253 CEU eTD Collection 264 publicazione delle fonti relative allastoria diVenezia, 1950), 33 – 48. Prot. 2,doc.21, 23,24, 30-34, 36,38-40. 263 262 of Tana. most via not and Caucasus of the addition, In shores the from slaves. exported were female them of Mingrel mentions four only 1456 to 1422 for and of Abkhaz, transactions 261 260 increased from 20%(1400 – 1424) to 41.6% (1425 – 1449), and kept growing. 63% (1394 –1398) to20% (1425 – 1450), and forCircassians from 28%to 20%. The figures forRussianslaves According otheraccounts, from1425to figure1449 this 91%. equaled figures The for decreasedTatars from début du XVe siècle) Balard, somewhat: decreased Sea region Black the from slaves of Tatar export Circassians 40%,Zikhs 10%,and Russians 10%. males and werefemales. quarters three The ethnic 40%, distribution was roughly: Tatars slaves was 12 to22years, the average price was 289 bezants each, one quarter of slaves were 258 traders. slave or Greek Russian of activity ofthe evidence is this Perhaps baptism. Orthodox an in Nastasija name the received Karaza, Tatar, 257 1420, 141deedsforfor 1406to 1420 to1455 known), 1450 1456 are (136 deeds years1401to for 1400to prevailed inaround the Venice half of the slaves are Russians (mainly women) and Circassians are also numerous. 256 decreased, Karpov, Tatars comprised 79.3%, Circassians – 8.9, Abkhaz – 1.5, Alans –0.3, Mingrels – 0.2, and Russians –6.7%, see 259 on the history of Venetian factories Tana in the second half of fourteenth century]. offourteenth half second inthe Tana factories Venetian of the history on years years,30 malesthe (mostly aged 11to presence italienne à l’emprise ottomane :” 140. The source data of Barbaro and Badoer report the same. the report Badoer 255 and ofBarbaro data source The 140. :” ottomane àl’emprise italienne presence la de “ Tana-Azaq La Veinstein, G. Berindei, see M. sphere, this in active quite were Genoese the that show see Balard, Genoeseof mentioned Tana by Benedettonotary Bianco are vendors of slaves, none and of apurchaser,them likely) thesupply onthe markets of Constantinople was so highthat itkept prices low. Interestingly, all 25 differmuch from those in Constantinople; therefore,either the expenses of transportation were not high(most or aspresSee: p.).p.), and500 of (32.5 Tana 254 participation of a notary. scale unregulatedof this undocumented and trade was huge, butmostwas oftenit conducted without the Prokofieva, Ibid., 603 – 642. Forthe period 1375 to 1469, Verlinden discovered 89 transactions of Circassianslaves, for1423 to 1445, 13 Charles Verlinden, Karpov,“ a century), fourteenth the (in ofthem One servants. household as popular especially were slaves female Tatar Idem, “ Ibid., 193,by around1400, 80.7% of slavesGenoaall in originated from the Black Sea region; inthis group Karpov, “ Karpov, 500aspres (32.5 of perpers), 10ducatsTana (17.5p.), 400(26.25p.),620 (41.25p.), 600(39p.), 400(26.25 Moretto Bon, Venezia, notaio in Trebisonda e Tana (1403 –1408) 256 The Italian MaritimeThe Italian Republics In 1362,slaves were32.5 for sold 17.5 to ). Their origin was mainly Tatar, Slav, or Caucasian. or Slav, Tatar, mainly was origin Their ). 260 ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɌɚɧɚ La Romanie Génoise (XIIe –début du XVe siècle) 258 especially those from Caucasus. from the those especially ȾɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɢɌɚɧɚɜɨɜɬɨɪɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɤɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ⱥɤɬɵ but after but changed. 1400the situation [The Acts] 43. . Vol. 2, 790 – 801, and table. Vol.2, 790–801,and 54.However, Ihave usedonly Genoesethe sources. L'esclavage dans l'Europe médiévale, ” [Venetian Tana] ” [Documents on the history] 193. , 167. Slaves became more expensive in early fifteenth century after the after century fifteenth early in expensive more became Slaves 167. , Les ItaliensàByzance 255 PSV with a special preference for those aged 11 to 16 5(2001): 22. 45 262 261 ). In ). Tana in 1408 averagethe 1407 to ageof 263 perpers Vol. 2, 566 – 603. Russian slaves are also present (36 deeds . Vol. 1, 300. The deliberations of the Senate also Senate ofthe deliberations The 300. 1, Vol. . In deeds the Tana from of 1419,1413 to 259 Slaves from the Black Sea region (Paris: 1987), 94,101. These prices donot 254 andfemale slaves over prevailed , ed. de’Colli (Venice: Comitato perla 257 Inthe export 1370s, the La Romanie Génoise– (XIIe PSV 1(1991): 193. XIV XIV ɜ .” [Documents .” 264 CEU eTD Collection Circassians) does not change not anything, does Circassians) fifteenth by (killingnarrated story century. The Barbaro 40 aboutof andcapturing available and easier to get compared get inhabitants of the Caucasus. available andeasierto the to more from were by their Tatars raids the brought from Russia slaves Technically, slaves. decreased. Russian slavesand increased, Tatar while numberof the from slaves the Caucasus the infer number the with can that of decades, one data of the previouscomparedthe data this for sure.39%(7persons) weremales;stated (11persons) werefemales.61% having names of 6(33%)with origin (11%), Eastern Christian names, butnothing elsecanbe 270 conference (12 - 16 September 2004). Part II centuries] freedmen manumission. their with in connection not and inheritance female slaves brought higher prices; at least, only these girls are mentioned in wills objects of 16 years. buy preferredslaves Tatar 12to agedaround to the fortraders known surethat Ʉɚɜɤɚɡɚɜ participated inthe slave see trade, Y. Uzlov, “ 269 Egyptian). and (European markets the in and bought were slaves the where spot the on ofgenders correlations the between difference the explains This purposes. military for Egypt for female slaves was higher – they were used as servants268 and freed. concubines,were they when a dowry received often slaves Female while the males were the received mostlyfreedman a when case soldsingle a traced to not I have citizenship. of Venetian gaining equaled often Manumission buyout. a hidden was there sometimes and without special267 conditions.266 Commonly,265 a slave had to serve for some years more (2 to 6 in my deeds); soldhis female Russian slave, Maria, aged 22, to The Genoese oftenbought slaves from the Caucasus directly from their parents; local nobility also demand the Italy in and consumption) internal (for Tana in both that fact the from derives correlation a Such Commonly, only the baptized slaves could be manumitted. Manumissionwas rarely done Besides some cases, like the one of a Russian female slave. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. ASV,CI.Cart. 231.f.f. 3v. 28r – f. 28v. I viaggi in Persia Based on the deeds of the 1430s, the ethnic distribution of slaves (including 18 of ethnicdistribution Based 1430s,the the deedsof onthe The data about the prices of the 1430s is scarce. One can mention that Giovanni Nigro XIII – XV BlackSea, Crimea, Russia in History and Culture.Sudak Materials ofthe 2ndinternational 267 269 ) was:4Russians4 (22%),Tatars (22%), 1Zikh 1Circassian (5%), 2 (5%), I daresay that it Idaresayandmaybeof was a whole of the 1430s general the tendency that , 82. ɜɜ ..” [On the Italian colonization of northwest Caucasus in the thirteenth to fifteenth (Kiev - Sudak: Academperiodika, 2004): 214. 270 ɜɩɨɭ ɛɢɚɶɧɤɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ Ʉ and one is not sure that those captives were sold as cognomen 46 ser of his master in the deeds of Varsis and Smeritis. Lucianofor 450 bezants of Tana. 266 pro remedioanime 268 Having 265 Itis CEU eTD Collection PSRL 278 1452. year the to of1445 events the ascribed and a mistake made clearly chronicler Wielkiego xi 277 Barbaro. to slaves eight brought Edelmugh chronicler asserts that the Tatars left with many captives; itmay have beenright after this invasion that 276 PSRL ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ Aidar did not reachKiev, because thedistance was not 15 miles, but rather 80Russian 102, “ L’vov] ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ 275 city. the burnt and but plundered citadel, ofthe siege in their failed Tatars The 274 6928 to 6963 (1420 to 1455). 273 one finds several mentions of raidss. many were smaller-scale there meansthat This large-scale raids. only means berdi, which areasfollows: Thereasons Russia. southwestern Nicolaus butarius ruthenus 272 ofprocurement. source his was which Russia, in operated he however, name); Italian an have could Russian born someone that nor traders, slave Rossia Nevertheless, I am convinced that the am that I convinced Nevertheless, to FifteenthCenturies. Problems of the History of the Byzantine city] Eastern chronicles Eastern and theRussian research to Tana.I have tried to close Russia, from southern they originated southern southern mentioned (1429, inthe sources Russia into raids large-scale few were there sametime, the At raids. from moreTatar suffered However, what kind Anna). of Maria, RussiansStefan, Martin, (Ivan, slaves were Russian several mention they? 1430s the of deeds They are always marked as 271 rutheni “ “ “ “ “ Istudied Russian chronicles and availablethe Easternsources fora bit broader period, namely, years the The notaries distinguished these two ethnonyms; thus, adeed drafted by Pietro Pellacan4.09.1450 mentions N. Bogdanova, “ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɚɹɜɬɨɪɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɍɜɚɪɨɜɫɤɢɣɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɏɪɨɧɢɤɚɅɢɬɨɜɫɤɚɹɢɀɦɨɣɬɫɤɚɹ ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɚɹ ɥɰɚɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɋɥɭɰɤɚɹ 17 ( 1907): 401. 37 (1982): 41. ɟɨɢɧɣ ɫɜɨɞ Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɧɵɣ had aslave bazaar in Tana. Hewas probably an Italian (which does neither deny that there were Russian PSRL or 1) Russian slaves were sold in the market of Tana from of century. fourteenth Tana from market the Russian slaves were sold inthe ” [Ermolinskaja Chronicle],” ” [Chronicle ” [Chronicle of Vologda and Perm’] Ċ 20,No. 1)(1910):234; “ rubei stwa Litewskiego i The chronicles mention andKerim-only Mazovsha, Edigej, Borack-khan, , . ɥɇɤɧɜɤɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɇɢɤɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɏɟɪɫɨɧɜ 272 273 Is this connected with their ethnic or geographical origin? Most likelygeographical or Isthisorigin? Most their connectedwith ethnic ”[Chronicle of”[Chronicle Slutzck], ( 1497 to make up the data lacking; this showed that northeastern Russia Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɰɜɟɥ and X – XV russius uxor Romani rutheni ɝ .” [Chronicle of 1497], ” [Second “Sophian” Chronicle] “Sophian” [Second ” Ĩ modskiego kronika” [Chronicle of Olscha], . PSRL ɜɜ ” [Chronicle of Lithuania and Zhemoitia], and of Lithuania [Chronicle ” ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪɨɜɫɤɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ . . ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɤɧɹɡɟɣɅɢɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ 23 (1910): 147; “ PSRL russii ” [Patriarchal Chronicle], [Patriarchal ” PSRL (ASV, NT. b. 826, 47 26 (1959) 186; “ of of deeds the from originated andsouthern 35(1980):78.See “ also: PSRL 274 1430, )” [Chronicle of the Grand Dukes ofLithuania], Dukes Grand of the [Chronicle )” 28(1963): 98.According to otherchronicles, ɫɸɫɚɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɍɫɬɸɠɫɤɚɹ PSRL ” [Chronicle ” [Chronicle of Nikanor], 275 6(1853):144;“ PSV ʋ 1438, ɶɨɫɚɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ Ʌɶɜɨɜɫɤɚɹ 12); however,inthe same document 1(1991): 61. A certain PSRL PSRL 276 12 (1901): 25– 26. The PSRL 1445, 17(1907): 466-467. The ” [Chronicle of Ustjugh] ,” [Cherson in the Tenth ȼɨɥɨɝɨɞɫɤɨɉɟɪɦɫɤɚɹ russii ɥɲɜɤɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ Ɉɥɶɲɟɜɫɤɢɣ versts 32 (1975),125 -127. 277 PSRL and 1452 and (“ andnever as ” [Chronicle of ȿɪɦɨɥɢɧɫɤɚɹ 27 (1962): Ugolin de 271 The 278 ). . CEU eTD Collection 1901), 8; Lukh” ( No.20, 1 (1910): 233. “ The permanently exploited the northeastern lands; devastating their tribute territories (including territories tribute their devastating lands; northeastern the exploited permanently inconsiderable justpreferred mentioning or toomit them. especially slaves. The chroniclers booty, eitherthe brought were that not informed countryside the of their plundering raids permanently or regardedbands small these them mainly as itwas Clearly, steppe. the on operating troops Tatar banditminor hugenumber of a also ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ Volga, liberate ortoransom alongaway theyweretaken to failed either ships the on captives, Sea region (which would havebeeninconvenient). In one of fewthe cases when Muscovites sell in not Black the them did they probably Muscovites, if captured even Moreover, Tatars Lithuanians. ransom. nearby, get then northeasternexpectingstopped number and lands intheto of people a captured troop a Tatar that several times evidence founddirect I of racketeering. a sort captive ones) does not seem to havebeen really a means of capture people for sale, but rather 281 Russia. northeastern to expeditions their of half in failed they 280 279 Lithuanians. the than often more far captives the retook and raids the resisted They effectively. “ “ Even thoughsome chroniclers tend to thereport victories of Russians rather than their defeats. ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɚɹ ɨɢɫɚɜɨɚɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɋɨɮɢɣɫɤɚɹ 281 ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɚɹ 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) ” [Ermolinskaja Chronicle], 280 ɍɫɬɸɠɫɤɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ and not along Don or across the steppe. However, there is no evidence that the Tatars behaved in this way with the with way this in behaved Tatars the that evidence no is there However, 279 , As for the large-scale Tatar raids, they not only plundered but also but plundered only not they raids, Tatar large-scale the for As was there raids; only large-scale reflect chronicles Western Russian Surely Transporting the captives from the northeastern lands was not an wasnot lands easy task. northeastern from the captives the Transporting The while Russia, southwestern to mentioned raids in allthe succeeded TheTatars There isThere Muscovites evidence thatthe organized theirdefensemore ɢɥɢɇɢɤɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ , ɥɇɤɧɜɤɹ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ ɇɢɤɨɧɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢɥɢ polon ɉɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ of of northeastern Russian chronicles (lit.:“captivity,”meaning the . [Chronicle of. Ustjugh], ” [Second “Sophian” Chronicle], PSRL 23(1910): 146; “ ” [Patriarchal Chronicle], [Patriarchal ” . [Patriarchal Chronicle],. [Patriarchal ” adds to others:” adds the “They Kostroma,invaded Plesno, and 48 PSRL Ʌɶɜɨɜɫɤɚɹɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɶ , Vol.37 (Leningrad: 1982), 41. PSRL PSRL 6(1853): 143; “ 12(1901): 61. PSRL ” [Chronicle of” [Chronicle L’vov], , Vol. 12. (St. Petersburg: (St. 12. Vol. , ȿɪɦɨɥɢɧɫɤɚɹ PSRL CEU eTD Collection testator mentioned in his testament (though this manumission was almost never unconditional never almost was manumission this (though testament his in mentioned testator a of will mere the was basis legal the often most however, manumission; of acts special are market. availability the on their again stresses testator, the to closest notthe were people who to bequeathed often were Slaves them to Venice, one tothe one Venice, to them 287 Tana. and Romagna, Italy, of factories the in artisans or servants house became often but fighters, Mameluck future as markets Egyptian the 286 285 284 283 benefitted theireconomy. 282 slaves. of levy a extracting Horde,werethemost subordinate tothe not andmorefor obvious populated choice lands, southwestern the sametime, Atthe khans. in the incomes of a decrease the led to have andhandicraft Population numbers paidtribute. low,products weresodevastation would with make theHorde Russia supplied muchsense.Northeastern Muscovites)the didnot Marcuola (a modest (a Marcuola Slaves were markets, Italian send to the slaves to preferred Venetians a break-even spot. the slave on debts, sold a items,beinto redeem soldpledged had to order manpower,one should say that the demandavailable was high. A slave of Antonina, wifeRussian slaves were broughtfrom southwestern Russian lands. of Domenicoeven Balotto, to most whileinthesameperiod slaves century, lateasthe aimed sixteenth atcapturing as only craftsmen. becameMuscovite principality a (which inhistoriography) havebeen could commonplace Thus, Antonio de ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. for destined always not were slaves male Tatar the that case this from infer can One 27r. 750. Cart. NT. ASV, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 2. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 28r –f. 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8. Provided thatones assumethat those couldregions have had demographic pressure, the levy could even have The manumission of slaves was a large-scale “pious” practice. In practice. “pious” wasalarge-scale slaves of The manumission Coming back to the question of the intensity of the slave trade in back question Coming the trade Tana in of slave to the intensity 1430s, of the ballistarius 282 caulker To conclude, most likely the large-scale Tatar invasions ofthe Tatar likely large-scale mostthe conclude, To ) asked tobuy two Tatar boys aged 10 years each and send to 284 Hence, slaves were a liquid asset. At the same time, the Christoforo Stronzuolo, another to the 49 283 and Fabiano Desdiegna, asked to pay andFabiano Desdiegna,his askedto 285 where the prices were higher. CI barber , Cart. 231,there , Simone. 287 which 286 CEU eTD Collection liberated and given ducats. andliberated given 8 then Andrea,in was serve and Venice, hisbrother, send his Catherina, to to slave, instructed 297 296 295 owner. the 294 to of any interest longer no and enough old were they when liberated were slaves commonly, 293 292 291 290 289 288 freedom. her of condition Martin. slave, Russian more. 4years his masters serve to more. for 3years masters serve her to she had that condition underthe manumitted was Achmelicha, slave, Tatar Agnetta. slave, another and Gregorio, son, her Anna, slave his manumit to instructed and the slaves had to serve some years to the heir of the testator). Thus, Antonio Crescono and had to pay her itProbably notin casehowever,herabout wasin was this personal Margarita safety; pledge master’s debts upon manumittedhaving been she shouldVeniceinstead of goto stayingTana. indangerous [ insisted that for he interest, is particular of Margarita, his slave, for care Desdiegna’s Fabiano condition. A hisliberated yearsRussian, Mikhail, Russian slave,Ivan,(30 old) the under same years Russian Stefan (20 slave, he condition old!) under the servedthat him2years more. liberate hisKaimet,liberate provided slave,she debts [ his paid survive and enjoy her services in a different respect for alonger time. hoped to apparently master butthe years, after seven be liberated wasto slave Circassian ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 28r –f. 28v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 30r –f. 30v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 21v – f. 22r. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 5r– f. 5v. ASV, CI. Cart. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 2r, 2v, 3r. 231. f. ASV, NT. Cart.3r 917, 1. – f. 3v. ASV, NT.This Cart. 750. 8. must ASV,have NT. Cart. 750. 8. been a ASV, NT. veryCart. 917, 1. particular case of a master’s benevolence; There could be other conditions of manumission. Giorgio de Damiano instructed to 294 Thus,theduration 3 of wasaround this service to 5years; in young casea one 292 A German, Genrikh Stangelin, son of the late Conrad, liberated his liberated Conrad, late the of son Stangelin, Genrikh AGerman, 289 297 A slave, Tanigbird, was freed under the condition that he hadhe to that condition freed the was under A Tanigbird, slave, 291 The deeds often mention freedmen and former slaves. former and freedmen mention often deeds The A Genoese, Barnabo de Boiasco, instructed to liberate hisliberate instructed to de Boiasco, A Barnabo Genoese, sic 290 Francesco of late Unuano, ] if his own funds did not suffice and this was a 50 sic ] and converted to Christianity. to converted ] and 295 ballistarius of of Tana, 288 A 296 298 293 CEU eTD Collection children. see below) her (future, liberated his Magdalena,with slave, of Zikh quarters Tana, Christoforo de Colombo, son of the late Giorgio, a Genoese domiciled in the Genoese humanely. The slaves were allowed to work for themselves, sometimes owned relatively sometimes work forthemselves, to allowed were Theslaves humanely. andrelatively slavesmoderate, weretreated priceslarge,the were Tana inthe1430swas her freedom. besides clothes and his to Russian slave Marina he gave a dowry of the same 100 ducats and license retainto Bartolomeo liberated his Rosso, slave,and Giovanni, gavehim 100 ducats, clothes, abed, house atMaria Sarazena’s money stored and tohishis slave bequeathed all Spertus, slave,Sirina,to and liberated liberated 25 ducats gave ducats lateMarco 200 Baldassare of money. sumsof Thus, considerable slaves received Basani, 12bezants and some land as a dowry in addition freedom.to transmitted to the be legitimate herwas to heirs, and property her she gave adowry. In without died case 305 304 303 302 Christoforo evendemanded that a notary gave him an a special deed for that[ 301 300 299 298 the her otherwise, well; treated he that condition the under Petenario, Andrea nephew, his to slave Tatar his bequeathed de Suazio Michele deMattheo cruelly. treated not slaves were often them.towards Most testators for the wet-nurses been hadoften of members Female slaves family.the become almost could slaves Occasionally, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 44v – f. 45r. servant. ahouse was apparently, and, Venice in lived Who ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23v – 24r. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 8v, 9r, 9v. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 5v – f. 6r. What is more interesting, a possible relative of ASV,the American NT. Cart.pioneer 750. f. drafted23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 26r –26v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –20v. As said above, the liberated ones often received a dowry or a gift. Thus, a noble a Thus, agift. or adowry received often ones liberated the above, As said Summarizing what was said above, one can say that the scale of the slave trade in 301 In the next deed (his will) he bequeathed to her the clothes and all her belongings her all and clothes the her to bequeathed he will) (his deed next the In fideicommissari sic ], while others found itsuitable just to mentionthe case of manumission intheir wills. 305 fideicommissai 299 . Antonello Crescono gave his slave, Magdalena of late of Magdalena slave, his gave Crescono Antonello . and thismay explain some friendlinessgoodwill and 303 to his adolescent slave Pietro. instrumentum 51 would her take awayfrom him. (original deed)! 302 In some cases, the 304 His companion, His 300 ser CEU eTD Collection that the slave would attain it only after the master’s death plus aconditional term of posthumous service.or absence of danger to will; it theiris widely knownthat Venetians cared lives. about testaments from ayoung age and regardless Therefore, of the presence when 306 a young person promised freedom to his slave, this meant alien to patriarchal patterns and entirely subject to the theories of classical economy. almost, entirely or manpower, useof capitalistic in was amarket-oriented society slavery this that means This cases. in most is present buyout hidden the Finally, family. the of servants society was already too modernmaster. burden became beforeinterest on the they a inthem and would lost have to be paternalisticmasters before their shortly freedom their they received that shows also slaves liberated in an old-style way, to maintain of funds).most the hisageof The had own (especially in hewith problems master case the old likelywould be mostworker). Slaves abetter could property owning for a beprofitable he life, his of whole the for slave a deemed not is one (when productivity labor increasing at were aimed of slavery all conditions these that shows evidence clearly source the freedom, dowry othergift, andVenetian modestly However, liberation. or citizenship,early of perspective the property, own to license elsewhere, themselves work for license to above: of the slave owners was profit. The benefits that the slaves enjoyed were explicitly mentioned motivation. a different had They piety. and humanity of issues of because slaves manumit not did masters often the because most structure social to dedicated one the andnot economics individual Ihavedealtotherwise. with thesocialstanding slaves in on chapter of this and the rights of a full-fledged member of the Italian society, often unavailable toa foreign modernregions high mobility absenceof in citizenship Venetian social and wasaway the to otherwise. The compensated slave trade for animbalance in labordistributionthe in different adowry money theyoften or getfreedom. some as liberated, received beingorder Upon to considerable property, and often gathered enoughmoneypay even to masters’ theirdebts in Not to forget the fact that in most cases slaves were only liberated afterthe testator’s death according to his The societies of Venice, Genoa, and Tana were money-oriented, and main the concern money-oriented, andTanawere Genoa, of Venice, The societies 52 *** 306 Venetian CEU eTD Collection condition than those ofFlanders. those than condition the deeds. Thus, Giovanni de Segnorio had to pay pay 500 to had deSegnorio Giovanni deeds.Thus, the to according of Tana stable commercial mostpartners werethe cities three use aswell.These among themain ones; of routes the long-distance. mainly the Volga region and Middle Asia were still strong. Last, but not the least, the slave trade was textiles, for and dyes silk, wax, spices, mentions well. Thus, the deliberation as wasconsiderable Western textiles import of the certainly in silk was decline; the that trade of the Senateseem notMoreover,does it toEurope). and exported (the were caviar samesturgeons trade (March 28, 1434) about long-distance meanthe declineof necessarily not increased –butthis does fish and caviar) the galleys of Romania inHowever, 1430s,the mostly in the period betweenApril and July, while the winter was a “dead season” for navigation.of galleys, aswell as on the statistical distributionof the notarial deeds within the year. They are concentrated 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 encounters one (rather than Easterngoods).In galleys, usedfor which costly deeds the were of 1430s, the role of the “round” vessels and other ships transporting the heavy goods of regional origin underloading of the 308 307 commerce Sea Black of the andregionalization trade One can trace a seasonal character in the trade based on the documents of the Venetian Senate on the sending the on Senate Venetian ofthe documents the on based trade the in character seasonal a trace can One ASV, Senato, Misti, reg. 59, ff. 52r-53v. Karpov, ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 2r, 2v, 3r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 5. Karpov, 143. ottomane“: àl’emprise italienne delapresence “LaTana-Azaq G. Veinstein, M.Berindei, I do not have at my disposal precise data on the main directions of trade. Definitely, It was often claimed that the fifteenth century was a period of decline in long-distance ɉɭɬɹɦɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯɦɨɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɉɭɬɹɦɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯɦɨɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ mudae navis (Venice –Romagna,including – Negroponte Trebizond –Tana) were sottili , 315 309 routes from Tana to Constantinople, Trebizond, and Caffa were in were andCaffa Constantinople, Trebizond, from Tana to routes another mudae goods in Tana. of galleys of Romagna and the Black Sea were in better in Sea were Black the and Romagna of galleys of 313 My sources show clearly thethat role localof goods (like navis . , [Medieval naval routes] ,58. [Medieval naval routes], 61. routes], naval [Medieval 310 308 gripparion The evidence for this could betheparamount 53 314 so one can infer that the connections with connections the that infer can one so , 311 and some other private ship. private other some and aspres 307 because of thepermanent becauseof to Antonio de Benedetto 312 CEU eTD Collection 320 ɝɨɪɨɞɚ 319 318 G. LitavrinG. (St.Petersburg, 1999), 238. 321 Venetian- the notwithstanding Hence, increase. to tendency stronger even an had have respectively, foron materials,these 56,000ducats yearsthe equaled20,853and 1463, 1423and based calculated in Tana, circulation commodity Genoese The taxation. of materials with the dynamicstrade in 1430s.the Thispersuasive initself,data, can be verified by comparingit entirely, it from statement of Balard aboutthemonopolization tradeby of the Italians,the whodeprivedlocals sametime,the the At Italians. the partnersof subordinate as beregarded only anyway can were, wealthy they however merchants, Local Jews, and Greeks. Armenians, local rise of underestimated turn?), in turn?), underestimated 322 317 316 with (see ethnic cooperated about chapter rather them the collaborators as junior structure). so is clear. not communities of land increased, communications with significancelands.with inthefifteenth century Although trade China to that closer mentioned in the sources arerarely Urgench and Astrakhan, Samarqand, visitedTana. deCremona also Caffa Battista of the 1430s, which Office the in(residingin Caffa), of and 800aspresto Provisioning Caffa. means a shift of the trade interests from the 323 widelywas not until used 1453. Balard, “ Idem, Karpov, “ Karpov, [Review of] Michele Balard. Michele of] [Review Karpov, Idem, “ Idem, Rolova, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 5. Idem, “ ,” [Italian Trade in Trebizon and its impact on the economy of the Late Byzantine city] Byzantine Late ofthe economy onthe impact its and Trebizon in Trade [Italian ,” In general, the data of of the data the In general, of local the structure social and economy influenced the Italian How the trade ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɜɌɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɟ La Romanie Génoise Ʉɪɢɡɢɫɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɬɥɹɫɚɬɪɨɥɜ ɪɩɡɧɟ ɟɜɡɟɫɜɟ ɚ ɤɧɦɤɩɨɡɞɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɟ ɢ Ɍɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɟ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣɤɭɩɟɰ ɂɡɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ 323 whichmeans commodity growth; considerable circulation Venetian the must 320 was long ago. argued ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɹɦɟɠɞɭȼɨɫɬɨɤɨɦɢɁɚɩɚɞɨɦ XIV ,Vol. 2, 338. ,” [From Tana to Urgench]: 219. ,” [The Italian merchant]: 64. 319 ɜ .: Apparently, the increasing local Apparently,lead local not increasing did rapid the the trade to 318 ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɟɧɧɵɣɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ incanti La Romanie Génoise 317 the land the Hungary to Tanathrough route and steppe the 321 ” [Italian Trade inTrebizon], Trade [Italian ” auctions of the galleys of Tana show the increase of The Italians did not eradicate local enterprise, but 54 VV ?” [The crisis of the mid-fourteenth century: An 44(1983): 215. [Byzantium between East and West], ed. G. ed. West], and East between [Byzantium VV 44 (1983): 86. 316 A massarius of VV 44 (1983): 81. 322 CEU eTD Collection favorable. conditions made economic therecovery the events, crisis previous and Genoese struggle 55 CEU eTD Collection amount of people coming from a certain area can be counted, rather than an exact percentage. exact an than rather be counted, can area certain a from coming ofpeople amount theirfatherland identify cannot unlessone a Venice; notary, but cities who only did itoccasionally, other from coming explicitly Venetians, the mentions for true it. is Therefore, same the only such; as a minimal specified 325 327 past. recent the in a freedman was he that possibility the exclude 326 324 the deed, who was the client. in toinform was hecould) order readerof acertainthe describing as task (inasmuch person his mainbecause population, local of the ethnic categories orother todifferentiate motivated specifically almost exclusively for slaves or recentfreedmen. indicated is origin Ethnic not. Probably it? indicate to intend he did and origin ethnic or racial person’s the distinguish always notary the Did specified. not plainly is often origin ethnic of Venice. of other residents ofmajority mean vastthe that not does it origins, Venetian indicated five outof persons if two Venetian settlements, Ethnicgroup. in noted identity as ismisleading deeds the in First, respects. two for instance, for whom it is not specified, do not comeThus, this chapter is dedicatedfrom to a study of the ethnic trading stations in Tana. ofnotarial deeds. onthematerial composed based tables ontheprosopographic each group of characteristic features the literature) and secondary the knownfrom sources data other the of context the (in clarify to as well as groups ethnic different of percentages the and numbers here. each metother cultures and ethnicities different of representatives the and coexisted traditions Different Zikhs. and Tatars nomadic of town Genoese trading stations, Greek, Slavic, and Jewish settlements existed next to the “tent” fromgroups variousof immigrants European and Asian andcountries regions. and Venetian Itis difficult to build up any precise stastics based on citizenship. The obvious Genoese citizens are often not Karpov, Apossible exceptionis the RussianMikhail; however, although he himself is aslave ownerit does not Karpov, “ The population of Tana was diverse in terms of ethnicity and religion and comprised It is often problematic to aggregate persons known from byethnic notarial persons knowndeeds from aggregate is to It often problematic 325 ɅɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹɊɨɦɚɧɢɹ Secondly, the term ethnic often equals a religious identifier. Moreover, the option the Moreover, identifier. areligious equals often ethnic term the Secondly, ɂɡɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ CHAPTER 2. ETHNICITY ANDRELIGIOUSCHAPTER AFFILIATION 2.ETHNICITY ” [From Tana to Urgench] [ Latin Romania 327 Thus, was usingall possiblenot arequirement indicators – ] (St. Petersburg:Aletheia, 2000), 187. 56 SV 61 (2000): 219. 324 My objective is to calculate the 326 The notary Thenotwas highly CEU eTD Collection there was a difference between the Latin and the vernacular form (mostly, the first one was used in deeds). in used was 329 one first the (mostly, form vernacular the and Latin the between difference wasa there 328 in signature his put man this how showed that research this for importance minor of source was a is It Greek. (seebelow) de laChustizza Constantinus have that never learned would Greeks orArmenians. HadIbased only my work on deeds the Varsis and Smeritis,of I contingent(attributed by to this group virtue of Latinthe spelling of names)their arein fact complete quantitativefirst version, though a definite answerinpicture. this case is not obvious. IohannesWho Grechusknows, – as an Italian, shouldinstance, namedavoid person how the For alwaysmistakes. oneconsider to possible maybe Giovanni Greco, 10% or as a Greekor takingintoaccount individual experience and atradition writing.of by evenorigin, Janis? more I use the it, heard as they thename notariestranscribed often fact that negate the not of does however, the This, “Latin” Manuel. Greek the is Manoli and Emanuele theItalian is Manuelis Nicola; Greek and the is Nicolla Nicholas Italian the Nicolaus Mikael; istheGreekMichael or and Michalli Michele, Italian the is Michael (Janis); John theGreek means Iane name the Giovanni, Italian origin, givingeach itsnames inof their national form. thename Thus, equalsthe Iohannes addition, notaries and clerksAchmelicha always helpfully(Ak-Melek), delimitedexample, Theodoreeven is unlikelyifpeople she to be an isItalianwith a andCatholic, theBenedict For of has thenamegroup. ethnic logicFirst, use within acertain particular andfrequency names to be a Greek. of A iswomanthe Russian. namedor most Greek, same Armenian, an from Italian likely an distinguish can one but Naples, of resident to be of Tatar origin.Of In course, it is almost impossible to society). in was known person that under whichacertain distinguish by thethe namenotary useda residentonly the ones sufficient of Parma for such a descriptionfrom a (it could be even a nickname, I use the terms “Latin” and “Western” as mutually interchangeable. mutually as “Western” and “Latin” terms the use I Surely, this does not pertain to most of the Western names familiar to a notary; however, even in such cases In addition, one should take into account that in any case one does not yethave not in any a does case one intoaccount that should take one In addition, researcher. the help can data anthroponomy identity, ethnic an find to hard is it When 57 328 Moreover, it is not 329 CEU eTD Collection 332 331 (1969): 53. 330 scale of the limited the despite various ethnicgroups, of among representatives the contacts frequency trace is the possible to also tradingof andgeographicalIt stations mobility. distribution slaves, solvingof estimating thepopulation problems the of permanent the of as them appoint than non-Italians with deals trade into frequently more enter to tended Italians is the that clear It inadequately. only society of composition ethnic the reflected notary Italian willsdrawn up byan and itmakes thatclear the my his book of comparison deeds superficial table based on this source ethnicthe composition of businessthe community in 1439 and in Constantinople 1436 to the – of account book muchby nature the Badoer thisinclusive more asource datawith whencomparing evident This isespecially Greeks. say,the and, equally reflect Latins, the used are wills. In this case, it is clear that the specificityGoths, see below). Am I eligible todo the same? of the source birth,does not allowbelong? it to In by Tartar butherself Orthodox aGreek, does wife of the which group the ethnic to example, categories of For show). deeds notarial farleastas the as (at frequent that were marriages Mixed origin. time, she may be listed as a Greek “Domenico.” of equivalent female the Dominichina, case this (as well as all Menechina) be mayin(e.g., seems non-European name, reality reducedfrom in a European that a name hand, other the On numerous. more much are names, Latin having origin, Latin Greek, and in the Greek form of his name. This is just one example. Perhaps people of non- Executors of the will. Shitikov,“ Il Libro dei conti di Giacomo Badoer fideikomissari Calculations concerning non-Italians canbe concerning non-Italians Calculations useful in ethnic the establishing I documents the of most documents; the of specificity the in lies difficulty Another One addinterethnic should marriage otherdifficulties tothe in ethnic establishing Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ 332 or call them aswitnesses. callthem or 331 ). Although the book was compiled in Constantinople, even a even Constantinople, in compiled was book the Although ). . 58 ,” [Constantinople the Venetianand trade], 330 VV (see 30 CEU eTD Collection changing its form. its changing 231-8v),who was obviously recent convert,a more and evenretained hisoriginally Muslim givenwithout name most probablyfamily name of the Greeka origin;descendant however, he was an Italian, and evena Catholic priest. This meansCatholicism, that he was into theof “Latin” group. Thus,the presbyter Lorenzo converts.Chatapan (ASV. NT. Ch. 750. f. 26r) clearly had a 334 AnotherSpaniard. example is a fisherman333 Ussufi Chatolizi (ASV, CI, Ch. name family patrician A Venice). Venetian of be than a citizen other cannot of consul Tana Venetian the (e.g., identifiers social Venetian bearspecific or parishes from Venetian the Venetians, and several other people with Italian names are Venetians as well, since they come of Venetians among the Latins based formal on indicators. Only six of them are labeled as however, Idecided to follow aformal criterion and identified them as Latins. my “presumed” bearing namesmight Latins in Latin factbe Greeks,JewsorArmenians; itpersons isdetermine(9.9%) difficult to aparticular group. ethnic 1 (0,33%), Zikh 1 (0,33%), undoubted Armenian Jews (0.33%). were not found.30 For from 5Russians1 CircassianCandia), 11Tatars (3.63%), 1from and Thessalonica (1.65%), Germans, includingonefromNuremberg),including 15Greeks(4.95%, 2from 1 Trebizond, residents of Crete,Genoese, 2 natives1 resident of Naples, including 13 total, 2 (78.87%of Latins the are 239presumed Amongpeople. them, there natives of ofModon, Parma, 1 native 1 ofresident Milan,bb.mention appendix).(ASV.the 303 917; CI,b.231) In general, 750, sources NT, the 1 native of Verona,of Corona, 2 in diagram (see isfollows interrelation as de Smeritis. The Benedetto de Varsis and Nicolo 1 resident of Samastro, 2 for oneoranotherethnic of preferences group. reflect the Italians fact, In such evidence. which is impliesa thing trust, asa whywills considerable testament Moreover, I put the persons Moreover,putthe I of Armenian,Greek, Tatar, orCaucasianorigin, who converted intoRoman I omit in my calculations a certain Gonsalnus de Sybillia (ASV. NT. 917. 5-6), who could possibly be a I have tried to classify about three hundred persons found in the notarial deeds of deeds notarial the in found persons hundred three about classify to tried have I First, one should say that it is a hopeless and ungrateful matter to calculate the number 2.1. Italians 59 333 In addition, some of 334 CEU eTD Collection 336 the Golden Horde; the Gravestone of Jacopo Cornaro, 1362] ³ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɩɨɫɨɥɜɁɨɥɨɬɨɣɈɪɞɟ 335 in threat external against assistance mutual show solidarity and to forced were Venetians drawn upin quarter. Genoese the regularly used the services of Venetian notaries. Moreover, documents (e.g., wills) were often Tana. more identifiers. suitable were there since origin of by place designated their are not that cities other or same Florence from the notmean Florence”)“from could does there belarge not that numbers of whocame people his(e.g., origin place of identifiedthe a person that fact Secondly, the livebut elsewhere). citizenship, Florentine have or permanently, there live or city, this in born been have could man (the meanings of range wide a have could firstly, that, Florence,” of “Giacomo himself calling is someone If such. indeed were Neapolitans or Florentines say, themselves, call who and worked in the Venetian trading stations lived often Italian cities from other At same people the time, Modon). Trebizon, Coron, (e.g., as well. I do notmoment that at ventureresidence permanent their of to place the by assert example, for but, that parish, Venetian all those It is notsurprising many that of Venetiansthe define themselves by not belonging a to places in an where various deeds average Italian reflected visitcould or reside hislife.during list the of a being from is complete far – this Terraferma Europe, Gasaria,Western Levant, consider itnecessary specify to their Venetian citizenship, consideringit for taken granted. among the clients of the notaries, witnesses and majority werethe Venetians the Undoubtedly, theareVenetians. 303 30, oreven50of 20 to or 6, only that impossible is it time, same the At origin. Venetian of evidence the be also can Especially in the house of the testator, see ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 5. Although Genoese retained their quarters acquired as early as fourteenth century; E. Ch. Skrzhinskaja, Ch. E. century; fourteenth as early as acquired quarters their retained Genoese Although 335 Geographical mobility in Venice (as well as in Genoa) was exceptionally high. Rialto, By the fifteenth century, the Venetians numerically prevailed over the Genoese in Genoese the over prevailed numerically Venetians the century, fifteenth the By In the 1430s, the Genoese often came into contact with the Venetians, and even and Venetians, the with contact into came often Genoese the 1430s, the In 336 ( ɩɨɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɢɸəɤɨɩɨɄɨɪɧɚɪɨ Apparently, in the fifteenth century the Genoese and the and Genoese the century fifteenth in the Apparently, 60 VV fideikomissari 35(1973): 103. , 1362 ; but they did not always not did they but ; ɝ .)” [Venetian Ambassador[Venetian .)” to CEU eTD Collection 341 PSV (14). See: Karpov, “Venetian Tanaaccording tothe acts of Chancellorthe Benedetto Bianco (1359 -1360),” Abruzzi (1), Lombardy Marce(4), (2),Piedmont (2), Tuscany (29), Trentino (1), Umbria (1), Emilia-Romagna and the distribution does not vary much, while inthe deeds of Bianco the distributionis much more diverse: 340 339 fifteenth century], fifteenth ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 338 on the history of Venetian factories Tana in the second half of fourteenth century], offourteenth half second inthe Tana factories Venetian of the history on different cities in Italy were more numerous than reflected in the deeds, and at least no less least no at and in deeds, the reflected than numerous more were in Italy cities different 337 a Varsis in of Onecan deeds see the trade. of rise years unquestioned the the of hardly in have weakened century,half could hardthe second of the fourteenth the of period during strong rather mobility Italians, of geographical is documents Secondly,the concerned. of of as farleasttypes variety asthe at Smeritis, of and Varsis that than representative numerous than century. reduced by fifteenth the in the yearsBianco1360) (in in1359to Tana of residentsBianco.some are ofThere cities. Naples,Italian other the from origin by Tana of inhabitants Parma, the of distribution Milan,First, and Verona. A comparison the with Venetians. the with therelations their of materialintensity deeds increasing the demonstrates of Benedetto This thirteen. least at are there de Smeritis Benedetto and de Varsis Nicolo deeds of of Biancodemonstrate it, in theis deeds of Donatomuchto Just with Genoese. the contact into came a increasingly Venetians The Manoin thedeeds. seven people are markedmoreCaffa to references by numerous the in asevidenced Tana, in contact close were and Genoese Venetians the isit that clear Caffa.Therefore, on seasconverged Azov and of Black the trade shaky. competition. of economic spite Only several persons are specified in the deeds of Varsis and Smeritis as the natives of other Italian cities, Italian other of natives the as Smeritis and ofVarsis deeds the in specified are persons several Only N.D. Prokofieva,Acts 162. See for instance: S. V. Bliznyuk, “ Karpov, “ Karpov, 5(2001): 19. 338 Based on notarial isitdeeds, possibletoidentify acertain only (though to the extent) XV In addition, these rivals were also related to each other because the ways of transit ȾɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵɩɨɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɢɌɚɧɚɜɨɜɬɨɪɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɜ .” [The purse and the life of the Genoese in Constantinople and Adrianople in the middle ofthe middle the in Adrianople and Constantinople in Genoese ofthe life the and purse [The .” PSV 3 (1998): 130. 341 337 ɄɨɲɟɥɟɤɢɠɢɡɧɶɝɟɧɭɷɡɰɟɜɜɄɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟɢȺɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟɜ 340 Nevertheless, certainly, in the 1430s visitors toTanafrom visitors in certainly, 1430s the Nevertheless, The line between partnership and hostility was often was hostility and partnership between line The give an impression that the number of such Italians was Italians such of number the that impression an give 61 PSV 1(1991): 192. ianuensis XIV XIV ɜ .” [Documents .” ballistarius ; 339 in the in CEU eTD Collection 345 2007), 266, 280, 286,292. Indrik, (Moscow: century]. seventeenth – thirteenth Late Sea region. Black portolans. ancient the in world the 344 in in portolans medieval the appears repeatedly Chersonese Tauric ancient andmedieval the Konrad Kretschmer, Periplus. on theAn Essay Early HistoryCharts andSailing of Directions 343 342 Venetian merchantinBartolomeo Rosso – 1437 (and1436 probably before). liberatedfrom his commerce slave and Russian with in1436, conducted Nuremberg the there. merchants Venetian preclude presenceof the not did Crimea, this the in masters were Genoese the though and Tana, to confined not were merchants Venetian of the routes the that shows factalso Latins.This for the importance commercial some had leastincentury first fifteenth and has at the half been century (which of the often and denied) fourteenth whole the during existed settlementthe deceive. show that They deeds cannot notarial the However, were conservative. cartographers drawn; maps were whenthe period Gerezonda spellings: different name in such cases, cf. ( Chersonese” “from find in 750 a Venetian,Cart. from Antonio parishthe of Severus,identifiedSt. who himself and the different Greek settlements on the northern Black Sea coast away from Tana. One can the Venetian nobility, the same must have been true for merchants and modest sailors. Christoforo from Milan. If foreigners could be appointed to a position normally reserved for ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 44v – f. 45r. I.Fomenko, Inan anonymous atlas, the so-called ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 28v. Interestingly, deeds the frequencyshow ahigh trade relationsof among the Venetians Another matter of interest is the presence of the Germans in Tana. Henry Stangelin Henry Tana. in Germans the of presence is the interest of matter Another , Cherson Ɉɛɪɚɡɦɢɪɚɧɚɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɯɩɨɪɬɨɥɚɧɚɯ Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters , Crexona de Chersso Jaburt flu Antonius deLunardoZerdo[ne]Antonius , 343 . should be read be should 344 Tammar Luxoro Tammar Zurzona However, maps can show towns that did not exist at the at exist not did that towns show can maps However, 2.2. Germans , Zerzona 62 (early fourteenth century), see: Adolf E. Nordenskjöld, . de Cherssone de ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ , (Berlin: Mittler, 1909). Cressona ). 342 The settlement on the territory of , for Varsis often contracts the . (Stockholm: P.A.Norstedt, 1897); , Ʉɨɧɟɰ Girisonda XIII – XIII XVII , again , ɜ . [The image of image [The 345 Zurzona Henry , CEU eTD Collection 354 353 352 Nürnberg 351 350 349 15. Jahrhundert 348 347 Renaissance, In ou colonie?” comptoir siècle: XVe au Tana “La Doumerc, B. Zeitschrift Kunst für und Kultur im Bergbau FrühenNeuzeitund der Montanwirtschaft Mitteleuropas vombis 12. 17.Jahrhundert,” Historische Forschung 346 life Europe of of economic the centers of was one the Nuremberg centuries, sixteenth early and fifteenth the During footing. equal an on even perhaps Apparently,Tedeschi the Venetiansin Venetian the andregulated supervised strictly Germans were Braudel that allowed and brothers. Soranzo of his partners Donato the Germansjunior the than rather senior the Nurembergwere of people the expectations, contrary to that, to conductbelieves Stromer von W. Moreover, Sorranzo. of office in the trust special theirenjoyed Stangelin own tradeTrebizond; by were numerousandhighlythey merchants;Venetian respected itis surethat in the East,such; Benedetto Tomaso origin -Alemania; his -S.Apostoli; mentionedfu) parish by notary Bartolameo (de his Doratea; - wife his Robertus; - father his 1; number under (application, Stangelin Iohanes Sea. in Black the affairsconduct trade to acommission of Conrad Stangelin brother gavethe expeditions. commercial two of member Stangelin was son the Conrad Stangelin,of mentioned in Italianthe in documents 1413 as a Ibid., 113. Braudel, Wolfgang vonStromer, “Landmacht gegenSeemacht,” 176. Jacob Meyer, “Die Entstehung des Patriziats in Nürnberg,” NT. ASV, b. 1149, test. 175;24.05.1457. ASV,NT. b. 1003; 7.05.1400. Cecilie Hollberg, ASV, CI. busta 132, N 6, f. IV, doc. 4. ASV, CI. Notai, Cart. 231. f. 3; Wolfgang von Stromer, “Landmacht gegen Seemacht,” 347 351 In the lists of German testators in Venetian wills in Venetian testators German of lists the In most likely they were middling merchants. The merchants from Nuremberg lived in lived Nuremberg from merchants The merchants. middling were they likely most 349 27 (1928): 1-96. in order to guard the long-distance trade, Venice’s main source of of wealth. mainsource Venice’s trade, long-distance guard the to inorder 350 Material Civilization ) and Stangelin (number 128; his father - Zuan, his origin - Vienna, notary - Paolo ed. M. Balard (Lyon: La Manufacture,1989): 257. ). The surname Stangelin was not patrician; at least it has not been recognized as (Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2005), 287 – 293. Deutsche inVenedig im späten Mittelalter:Untersuchung eine vonTestamenten ausdem 22, No.176; 2(1995): Idem,“Wassernot Wasserkünste und imBergbau des Mittelalters … Vol. 3 (Moscow: 2007), 113. , Beiheft 2(Bochum: von W.Kroker E. Westermann, 1984): 58, 71; 346 Constantine Soranzo (Constantinus Superantius) (Constantinus Soranzo Constantine 63 352 This fact makes doubtful the thesis of F. thethesis of makes doubtful This fact Mitteilungen des Vereins für Geschichte der Stadt Etat etcolonisation au Moyen Age etàla 348 one finds other two Stangelins: two one finds other 354 and enjoyed strong trade and enjoyed strong Der Anschnitt, Zeitschrift für Casa dei Casa 353 CEU eTD Collection 360 century] mid-fifteenth to mid-fourteenth Tana, Venetian 359 358 357 356 Vierteljahrschrift fürSozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 355 to only belong always not do names family Latin that noted be should it addition, In groups. ethnic non-Latin and Italians the andsimilarly reflect equally do not wills)of mysets than morein numerous type(even diverse whenthey sincethan notarial all are Italians the deeds centuries, fifteenth the Italians. the after ethnic group second largest was in the 1359 –1360).It settlementwere Greeks(27people residents of Venetian the in Tana. matters commercial livedthere. many of them Apollinarius. St. of parish in the Venice of citizen, a even possibly or resident, permanent a was German, also a Albert, while that labeledas“from shouldNuremberg,” noted Stangelin was be ( deceasedDirkh the oneof the was appointed Stangelin Henry anyone else. to with their compatriots contacts close preferred apparently East inthe Nurembergaswell.The Germans through wasconducted and trade Antwerp, between replaceitVenice and overlandtrade LevantFlanders), the and not did – Venice Warsaw. and Cracow, Antwerp, Lisbon, Campo, del Medina Lyon, Venice, with connections Ibid., 166. Idem, “ Karpov, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 21r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21v. J. Müller, “DerUmfang und die Hauptroutendes nürnbergischenHandelsgebietes im Mittelalter,” The sources confirm the presupposition that the Greeks not only visited but Tana, only Greeksnot the that confirm The sources presupposition the 355 ȽɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟɜɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɌɚɧɟ ɂɡɌɚɧɵɜɍɪɝɟɧɱ Thus, although the Venetians made the route of their galleys circular (Venice – (Venice circular galleys their of route the made Venetians the although Thus, 357 testamentum Albertiteutonici but onlyonpaper fideikomissari ” [From Tana to Urgench], 358 359 The Greeks had long worked closely with the Latins in Latins the with closely worked long had Greeks The In the documents of Benedetto Bianco, at least 5.5% of the in the will of the German Albert de Crunut, son of 2.3. Greeks . In reality, perhaps, the Greeks were even more ( ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ 360 64 (1908): 1 -38. (1908): PSV It was the same in both the fourteenth and in and fourteenth the both in same the was It SV 7(2009): 167. 61 (2000): 221. , drawnupin June 1,1436). Tana, XIV – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɜ .)” [Greeks and Latins in 356 It CEU eTD Collection 364 1990), 277. coast inthirteenth to fifteenthcenturies: The problems of trade (Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 363 179. notary notary Tana, Cristoforoin Rizzo (1411 –1413),” century], mid-fifteenth to mid-fourteenth Tana, Venetian the in 362 ofAzov History centuries], fifteenth and fourteenth in Azak-Tana city medieval the of life religious and worship ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣɠɢɡɧɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚȺɡɚɤɚɌɚɧɵɜɏȱHistoriqueRome Belge de 361 Byzantium. Venice and Horde, Golden Venice andthe Genoa, Venice and between confrontation and unrest during yearsof the West and East between relations lackfortrade the of territory in the fifteenth in inand Romagnacities Latin thecentury. sufficiently large persistedof group Greek traders grow andcontinued to Byzantineon routes as a whole was significant. trade the in and particular Black Searegion inthe merchants Greek number of apparent: the This is an additional be will conclusion following the is, documents of selection argument available the limited how in favor of the fact that a Tenedos. Coron, 5 of Modon, 2 of Negroponte, 1 of Kephalonia, 2 of Patras, 4 of Constantinople, 1 of 3of 8 of Crete, inhabitants1 of on Candia, 4of of RethymnoCaffa, Greek Tana appear, the Venetian trading station. In the documents of Cristoforo Rizzo and Donato a Mano seven of evidence of factthe individual the that belonged to Greekethnicthe and group wasOrthodox. is always, almost always or apparently name, family Greek the sametime, Atthe appendix). in and below (see wasaGreek in who reality delaChustizza, striking is Constantinus A example manumission). after masters former their of cognomens the took who slaves, of mention emancipation the to not place, took marriages (mixed evenLatins or Italians the Idem, “ Idem, Karpov, Karpov, “ Charles Verlinden, “Le recrutement des esclaves à Venise aux XIVe et XVe siècles,” XVe XIVe et aux Venise à esclaves des “Lerecrutement Verlinden, Charles Bianco refers to a separate refers to Bianco Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ 362 ɬɥɹɫɢɦɪɤɟ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɟ ȽɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟɜɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɌɚɧɟ 364 In my sources the Greek group is relatively small, but if one takes into account 2 (1994):13. Greeks never appear as slaves in Tana, one of the main centers of the slave 39, No. 33 (1968). N. Fomichev, “ ” [Greeks and Latins], and [Greeks ” contrata Grecorum (The Italian (The maritime republics and Southernthe Black Sea PSV PSV ( 4(2000):19–35;Prokofieva,“ 65 ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ 7 (2009): 164. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟɞɚɧɧɵɟɨɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯɢ PSV XIV – V – 7(2009):169. A. Talyzina, “Venetian , 361 ɏ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ V a Greek settlement near the ɜɜ .” [Some data on the places of XV 363 The Greeks made The up Greeks ɜɜ Ⱥɤɬɵ .)” [Greeks and Latins Bulletin de l'Institut ” [The Acts]:” [The 36– Essays onthe CEU eTD Collection Nauka, 1990), 68. 368 Part II(Kiev – Sudak: Academperiodika, 2004), 86. Russia inHistory andCulture. SudakMaterials of the2 367 Nov. 1998 and Repression in theMiddle InAges, Memory of Lenos Mavrommatis International Symposium 10, Athens, 366 365 Crimea, and it was hardly significant on the Sea of Azov if it did take place,. in population the Orthodox of local wasnoLatinization the there it intensive,seems that were exception does notchange the rule; although the contacts between the Italians and the Greeks ( Katsiveli aplacename e.g., questionable; is idea This left). Italians the after history of part become not did and community mere absence of the Latin names, but the fact that they did notbecome entrenched in the local toponymy Crimean in reflected not is in general Latins the of presence findmonuments, and epigraphicTheodosia the that anyLatin cannot Sudak),one and Greeks. L. V. Firsov even argues that local of onlikely, noLatinization was there most and, interms religion, of conscious separation the entire south coast of the Crimea (innumerically). contrast to finds besideinThus, theLatin Soldaya, prevailed one Greek graffiti graffiti (which Latinization. of absence the in influence cultural and contact of intensity the of evidence new obtain can one whole, a as region the to Tana in Latins the and Greeks the of relations Romagna. inLatin phenomenon aspecific contract,” “under with maidsmarriage Greek women with temporary and of Greek so-called theircases of Venetians the of concubinage manycases identify Onecanalso weresignificant. contacts trade. L. Firsov, A. Emanov, “ Ʉɚɝɪɨ Ibid., 170. 365 v, “Mixed Marriages in aPolyethnic Society; CaseStudy of Tana, 14 The connections between the Greeks and the Italians and the frequency of their of frequency the and Italians the and Greeks the between connections The (Athens: 2002):207-214. Isar: Essays ontheHistory ofMedieval Castles of the SouthernCoast of the Crimea 367 Ƚɪɚɮɢɬɬɢɫɨɥɞɚɣɫɤɨɝɨɯɪɚɦɚ This means that close contacts took place and that there was no complete ” [Graffiti in the church of Soldaya], In chastello vecchio chastello 66 nd international conference (12September -16 2004) 366 Trying to project the inter-ethnic ) is Italian in origin, but this but origin, in is Italian ) th –15 th Centuries,” in 368 (meaning not the not (meaning Black Sea, Crimea, (Novosibirsk: Tolerance . CEU eTD Collection 378 377 376 375 374 373 cemetery. Tana andaGreek 372 2007), 218-221. 371 370 ZOOID Miclosicz.Vol.I. Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani. 1315- 1372. Vol. II. 1379– 1402. Vienna, 1862,” 369 insignificant quite Latins was,apparently, the between Greeks and barrier the denominational in Italy). Romagna, (in churchesTana outside donations to frequent are Latins there prayers. for his 2ducats deVarsis Nicholas priest andthe 1/2 andnone toreceiveinmentionedthem 1/2ducats of Tana) were 1/2,20, connection with Greek Manoli di Tana. Candia of churches Latin the to belongings their of (Novembersome donating 9, 1430) 4 Latin from Greeks the restrict it neither did parish; Greek the money to churchesgiving from Latins the (probably locatedNicholas. on Crete, Tatuli. quarter Genoese the in John St. of church Greek another mention 1340s. to the metropolitan Alaniaof (residing from 1400sin the latestTrebizond) since atthe the in Tanawassubject law, Greekparish the canon that,inrespectof indicate Constantinople) contrata Caffa to contrast missionary activity. However, after the fourteenth century the sources mention mention a Greek sources century the fourteenth the after However, activity. missionary E.g., to the monastery of St. Michael in Murano, see: ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19v ASV, (4) NT. – Cart.f. 20r. 750. 4. And this happened before the Florentine union! Karpov, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21r-21v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21r-21v. Idem, “ Idem, Karpov, ASV, CI.Notai, busta19, I reg. 92, 153. Archimandrite Antonin, [Review of]:“Acta et diplomata Graeca medii aevi; sacra et profana. Ed. F. 374 371 5 (1863): 965. The data relating to the Zikh Orthodox Diocese in the Azov is scarce. In Tana(in is Azov in scarce. Diocese the Zikh relatingOrthodox tothe The data – a community and a church. Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ In 1451, PapaTatuli was againmentioned asapriest whoservedinthe of parish St. in Nicholas St. of church Greek a was there century fifteenth the of half first the In 375 ɅɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹɊɨɦɚɧɢɹ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɌɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɫɤɨɣɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ It should be noted that the schism between the East and the West did not prevent not did West the and East the between schism the that noted be should It 369 ), there were no Orthodox monasteries, nor are there any traces of any of any there are traces nor monasteries, noOrthodox were ), there ” [Greeks and Latins], and [Greeks ” [LatinRomania] (St.Petersburg:Aletheia, 2000), 194. 372 The deeds of the 1430s do not mention this church, but they but church, this mention not do 1430s the of deeds The [The history of the Trebizond Empire] (St. Petersburg: Aletheia, Petersburg: (St. Empire] Trebizond ofthe history [The 370 The Greek sources (Acts of the Patriarchate of Patriarchate (Acts of the sources Greek The PSV 67 7 (2009): 170-171. 377 In the wills of both Greeks and 373 376 and a Greek priest Papa priest andaGreek Thus, in the will of the of will in the Thus, 378 The CEU eTD Collection 381 380 379 also languages. merchant,know of widow) herself, Tatar It the European a Greek did not Taiapetra, while drawing herup will.isIt not surprising that the wife (or, rather, in the 1430s Boran of curiaof Tana, the an interpreter of use services andhadthe andGreek) to Tatar both spoke likely most she (although Italian nor Latin neither knew Yolmelikh that interesting Yolmelikh, can one find the example andof Marnahaton Giovanni, and Mitrioti Michali above-mentioned the Besides did. others than frequently more Latins with mixedenter marriages to Greekstended in the wills. Apparently, the poorly reflected looks more like an exception than the rule. Even if this was a frequent phenomenon, then itis became Edelmug, say,a Tartar, factthat, the background, with theLatins contactAgainstamong Greeks.the ethnic preferred this all other groups of St. John and Papa Tatuli. mentionsincidentally, theGreekparish and, thedrawingher testamentof up ordered widow, Mihali Mitrioti land. – purchasing and –Yolmelikh couple married an Orthodox reported a Mano deedsof Donato the example, over a sample short inasynchronous percentage their than higher much was decades for permanently period. inlivedof inresidentin In Tana. Theirpercentage population the Tana structure which addition, the probably were Tatars) Orthodox the perhaps they were (and Greeks the stations, thetrading of population Italian renewing constantly the to contrast active,in that, show will I Below misleading. likely is figure this Nevertheless, Smeritis. and Varsis affluent, and involvedArmenians. in trade.for bothFor parties. However, as I will show below, this was also true with respect to the ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 25r. Prokofieva, “ I viaggi in Persia Thus, formally the Greeks made up less than 4 per cent of those in the documents of in cent thethose documents of less formallyThus, 4 per Greeksmadeup than the The significance of the Greek community in Tana can be confirmed by the fact that, by fact the in canbeconfirmed Tana community Greek the of The significance Ⱥɤɬɵ , 78-79. ” [The Acts], 54 – 55. 379 More than 10 years later the same Yolmelikh, by then a then by Yolmelikh, same the later years 10 than More 68 majority of the population permanently population the of kunak of Josaphat Barbaro, 381 and others. It is also 380 CEU eTD Collection 1899), Pars 2, 262. Veneto-Levantinum,sive ActaetDiplomata res venetas atque levantis illustrantia Giudecca 384 383 382 xenophobia. However, moderate it areconcerned. Iwould call groups non-Christian other Europeans preferredin affairs ispersonal Why? that frequently.It apparent Jews occur fifteenth century early not to deal with the infidels.identify any of the people mentioned in the deeds as a Jew, whilein the acts of notaries in the One can facefailed to I in Constantinople, of total) evenmorethe (6%or merchants Jewish 29 registered this phenomenon as farand as Smeritis and in “Journey to Tana” by Barbaro, as well as despite the fact that Badoer andattacks. other of Tatar threat constant the before allies their and Italians the of partners important, but wealthy, less maybe in felt asyounger, Greeks Tana themselves the in Latin Romagna, Likeelsewhere and stable. strong were stations trading the of population Latin the and Tana of authorities the between relations and always significant was stations trading Italian the of Greekpopulation the that permanent and mutually beneficial. preferred areas the of one was Tana century. offifteenth in the trademerchants Byzantine the of passivity forthe Byzantine merchants; their cooperation with the Venetians was includingTana, Italians. the itseems not prevent that from didfully being her into socialintegrated the environment of Italian the Italian This, however, most likely means the respective Karpov, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 21r –f. 21v. All said abovethis provides reasonfor another revising theold of point view about Despite repeated references to Giudecca quarter) to (aJewish references repeated Despite , whichwas situated next to the Venetian quarters but separated from it by a ditch, lingua franca Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ of the inhabitants of Tana? ” [Greeks and Latins], 382 One can raise the following question: Was Greek rather than rather Was Greek question: following the Onecan raise 383 The notarial data confirms the thesis of S. P. Karpov 2.4. Jews Giudecca PSV 69 7(2009): 171. in Venice. At the same time, Tana had its own its had Tana time, same the At Venice. in 384 in notarial acts of Varsis of acts notarial in , ed. R. Predelli(Venice: R. ed. , Diplomatarium CEU eTD Collection 389 388 387 386 Ch. 917, 4. 385 most Armenians lived in Caffa and the eastern Crimea, Yet, despite the situation beidentifiedasArmenian “Khachatur.” Chazadori,that can which of course, they were also involved in not Iohanes,and Ivanixius, been have etc. would Giovanni, Italian Asthe to contrast saidin Hovhannes, so, names, above, in the deeds I researched, period. earlier of the notarial deeds only one person Armenian the purpose. bears forchurches this the name to turn to began any embarrassment, without local Greeks, excommunicated Eventually, the itinterdict on church the from of funerals Tana andholding andbaptisms. prohibited an imposed metropolitan the so, do to failed he When money. extra get to trying apparently havingclaimed that, akhan’s received about the infringement apetition submitted andTheodore, presbyters, Nicholas two Michael, and Protopresbyter of their rightsmetropolitan. of their Tana with priests Greek three of lasting wasa conflict there to the patriarch mentionsBianco Armenian judicial an in in curia 1359. Tana of Constantinople. Benedetto areavailable. earlier period in the Armenians of Greeksand the relations interfaith The Tana clericssomepresumably interethnic However, Armenians). about data on and interesting Italianized occupied thisniche? hehad forroom no Jewssince activity in of was type this Perhapsthere usurer. successful Salono, Giacomo AVenetian, reason. beanother could there ASV, CI. Notai, busta19, I reg. 209. Karpov, “ ASV, CI. 19, 1 cart., after f. 12v. ASV, NT, Ch. 750-24v. Probably his wife was a Tatar. ASV,CI, Ch. 231-4r,4v, 7v,8r,10r; 11v; ASV, NT,Ch. 750-2, testis 4r; 6, 20r, 21v,22v; testis ASV,NT, Only Armenianone isundoubted mentioned inthe deeds Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ ” [Greeks and Latins], 389 Usually the Armenians can be easily identified by by their identified easily be can Armenians the Usually 2.5. Armenians 388 Mention of the Armenian paydza PSV 70 7(2009): 170-171. , Metropolitan , Metropolitan Simeon pursued them, 385 387 as I will show further, was a From 1347/49 up to 1356 From 1347/49 upto 386 (see the next chapter next (seethe contrata occurs inthe occurs CEU eTD Collection ( Russia in History and Culture. Sudak Materials of the 2nd international conference(12 - 16 September 2004) Italiancolonization of the northwest Caucasus from the thirteenth to fifteenthcentury], In Y. Uzlov, “ 395 394 to Sixteenth Century],(Rostov-na-Donu: 1989), 122-128.Twelfth in West and East between Relationship the in Region Volga Northern the and Coast Sea Black Northern ɪɱɪɨɨɶɋɜɪɨɉɜɥɶɜɜɚɦɨɧɲɧɹɨɬɤɁɚɩɚɞɚɜ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯȼɨɫɬɨɤɚɢ ɜɨ ɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɟ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟɢ problem of the Slavo-Russianpopulation onthe Donthe in thirteenth to sixteenthcenturies], in 393 Cherson], 392 391 ofAzov History centuries], fifteenth and fourteenth in Azak-Tana city medieval the of life religious and worship ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɣɠɢɡɧɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚȺɡɚɤɚɌɚɧɵɜɏȱ 390 Fryazin Andrew acertain Donskoy of Dmitry thetimes as As early permanently. there centuries. andfifteenth fourteenth ( Sea Black northern the of stations trading the from merchants Italian The lands. Russian the in trade conducted and goods. other involved in (silk trade the and spices from in East) the Soldaya, sellingin exchange theirfurs commonplace inhistoriography. becamea century thirteenth since the inregion Don the population a Slavic of The presence there, fleeing from the cities near the Dnepr, probably under the threat of Tatar devastation. region. inSea Black the weretraditional lands Russian with the Connections sources. notarial the incase Armenians of nextsupposed chapter. the trade in Tana in the first half of the fifteenth century. Kiev -Sudak: Academperiodika, 2004): Part 2: 217. V. Syroechkovsky, V. F. K. Brun, For instance: V. Korolev, “ A. Jacobson, “ Jacobson, A. Prokofieva, ” Balard, 391 The Russian population of Tana, of which little was known before, is well reflected in ɏɟɪɫɨɧɟɫɫɤɢɣɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ In the middle permanent InRussian thirteenth century,appeared population the of the a La Romanie Génoise ɨɪɫɨɬɥɹɫɨɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨɄɚɜɤɚɡɚɜ ɨɛɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣ Ʉɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɤɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɋɭɝɞɟɢ 2 (1994):13. Ⱥɤɬɵ ɢɭɟɢɩɡɧɫɟɧɜɤɜɝɏɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ Ʉ 394 ” [The Acts], 55 – 56. Ƚɨɫɬɢɫɭɪɨɠɚɧɟ At the same time, the chronicles report that the Italian merchants Italian the that report chronicles the time, same the At fryagi ɄɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɢɧɚȾɨɧɭɜ , , 284-285. N. Fomichev, “ surozhane [Chersonese Collection] 5 (1959): 244. 395 393 [Merchants of Surozh] (Moscow: State Socio-economic Press, 1935); Press, Socio-economic State (Moscow: of Surozh] [Merchants Italian merchants and artisans often settled and remained According Rubruk,Russian moneychangers were to ) lived and operated aslived in in operated ) and a corporation Moscow the [Materials for theHistory of Sugdea] 2.6. Russians 71 ɟɨɨɵɞɧɵɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɯɢ ɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ 390 V – ,” [On the research into late mediaeval late into research the [On ,” I will speak about one interesting one about speak will I ɏ V ɜɜ .” [Some data on the places of . (Odessa:1871), 18. XIII – XVI XIII – XV XII– XVI Black Sea,Crimea, Essays onthe ɜɜ ɜɜ ɜɟɤɚɯ .,” [On the .” (Onthe ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ [The 392 CEU eTD Collection Russians been converted into inRussians been captivity, Islam converted Tatar 402 401 khansthe triedbanbest their to whileselling theircompatriots, for Tatarslaves the demand since camouflaged these that Tatars, alleged Russians were suggest Turkicorigin? Iwould 400 399 2007), 421. 398 397 fourteenth tofifteenth centuries) (Moscow: Moscow 1992),Worker, 82 – 116. XV “Russian” female slave female “Russian” a Manomention Donato The deedsof with reality. always correlate not vague did and 396 Pellakan. Pietro Tana, of andnotary chancellor (though for alaterperiod, mid-fifteenth the century) in in detail the material of Venetian the marriages mixed these has studied P. Karpov S. Latins. the with intermarried often freedmen) traveled to Constantinople (Metropolitan Pimen, and others). from but lands,number hierarchsTana, visited also northern the ofRussian Tana. a Through regions, southern the from only not Russians freedman). a probably he was (however himself of them slaves). translator of OneCuria Boran Taiapetra knew Russian. In the deeds, there ofare four Russians (three these Russians Blackthe itwidely and Russian merchantsused selling furs).Sea, Surely,(mostly the (Michael) was a freeman,motives. economic by only caused was in Russia andItalians even owned slavesin Moscow appeared factory Italian long-lived a sametime the Venice; at and papal contacted the court III (they Ivan only when were established states and Italian between Moscow contacts political considerable no in in were there since period question the resided in Moscow permanently; he was granted a part of the Pechora region. Note that nomadic Tatars virtually remained pagan, see below. see pagan, remained virtually Tatars nomadic that Note Ibid., 69. Prokofieva, “ Idem, Karpov, Ibid., 116. M. Tikhomirov, M. ɜɜ . (Ancient Moscow of the twelfthto fifteenthcenturies. Medieval Russia oninternational routes, Naturally, there was also a reverse process. The Don connected the Moscow Ruswith Moscow the connected TheDon a reverseprocess. wasalso Naturally, there One can add that the terminology ( terminology the add that One can ɅɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹɊɨɦɚɧɢɹ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹɌɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɫɤɨɣɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ Ⱥɤɬɵ ȾɪɟɜɧɹɹɆɨɫɤɜɚ ” [The Acts]: 173. Tovalat ( Latin Romania) XII–XV [ sic ] 400 [The [The history of the Trebizond Empire] (St.Petersburg: Aletheia, (St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2000), 191-193. ɜɜ and a “Russian” slave, Khotulub slave, “Russian” a and .; russius ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɚɹɊɨɫɫɢɹɧɚɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯɩɭɬɹɯ 72 399 , zichus 402 would they have received names of names received have they would , tartarus 398 Russians (both merchants and merchants (both Russians ) in was documents ) quite 401 396 397 [ I believe that believe I ), the stay of sic ]. Had the Had ]. . XIV – . XIV CEU eTD Collection the the history of medievalcastles of Southern the coast of Crimea] (Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1990), 54. 410 409 1837). Petersburg: (St. 408 mountains] Tauride the and Crimea of the coast southern 5-56); P. Keppen, settlements—the “Isars” of the Crimean southern coast] in 407 406 405 404 403 presumedfisingauthors that main became their occupation. bishop. seen from bull in papal the 1333appointing a monk,Dominican Richard the as Englishman, example, Greekcities.For Chersonese devastated completely then and settledfirst partially and butalso expanded sometimes identity, their thesame situation. noted also andothers W.Heyd but the castles on the southern coast of the Crimea and the plateau inhabited by the Goths; with vineyards).(connected language,identity, theirandeconomy time (uptotheseventeenth andretained century) dialect. Florentine todesco German ( whospoke Goths describes meeting in lived Barbaro Tana. part probably of constituted populationthe Black Sea northern the haveof andregion could loopholes when aredemandthere and supply. find always Traders military theirabilities. high because of wasvery market on Egyptian the L. Firsov, L. F. K. Brun, Chersonese. Tauric Ancient Oleg Dombrowski, “ F. K. Brun, A. Vasiliev, Ibid., I viaggi in Persia 409 In the deeds I have researched, no persons were designated as Goths. However, they However, asGoths. weredesignated persons no Ihaveresearched, deeds In the ); 403 This can mean that the Goths also inhabited the coast atinhabited time, andsome that coast the also Goths Thiscanmeanthat the his German servant understood them, just as if a resident of Friuli heardthe of if aresident justthem, as servantunderstood his German ɂɫɚɪɵ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɤɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɋɭɝɞɟɢ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɤɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɋɭɝɞɟɢ The Goths in the Crimea ɞɟɧɫɹɘɧɝɛɪɝɄɵɚ ɝɪ Ɍɚɜɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪ ɢ Ʉɪɵɦɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ ɘɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɹɯ Ɉ , 96. : 404 ɈɱɟɪɤɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣɘɠɧɨɝɨɛɟɪɟɝɚɄɪɵɦɚ Other sources say that the Goths remained in the Black Sea for a long ɪɞɟɟɨɵɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ 405 Rubruck, speaking about “forty Rubruck,speaking Kirk-Or, about not meantcastles,” (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1936). [ [Materials for theHistory of Sugdea], 16. Materials for the History of Sugdea 2.7. Goths 73 -« ɎɟɨɞɚɥɶɧɚɹɌɚɜɪɢɤɚ ɢɫɚɪɵ 407 408 Moreover, the Goths not only preserved only not Goths the Moreover, became part of Gothia, which can be » ɪɦɤɝɘɠɧɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɝɨ 410 [Feudal Tavrica] (Kiev: 1974, ] (Odessa, 1871), 15. [On the antiquities of the gothi parlanoin [Isar: Essays on Essays [Isar: ” [Medieval 406 CEU eTD Collection 413 2004 - September 16 (12 conference international 416 415 414 16 Ʉɪɵɦ Italiancolonization of the northwest Caucasus from the thirteenth to fifteenthcenturies], In 412 Black Sea], ( ofGenoa Archive Secret the from documents the of [Regests ɨɭɟɬɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ 411 Circassian, Indzhibey, of a daughter to the bezant bequeathed 54 from Skurano, deChostula Simone Parma, son of of Antonello asChristians. often most and above) as parents, their from bought probably they were part most the (for freedmen or slaves as only appear deeds,Circassians the Tatars), forty-five against one hundredequestrians and and Italians Tatars Italiansthe (about these raids wereTana. raided Circassians sometimes role; a kind of petty this Armenians played and robbery: and Greeks the merchants lacked The Circassians here. relations Circassians, market of underdevelopment the due to bartering based on on carried was Circassians although twicewere unsuccessful. as numerous as the Zikhs robbed a Genoese, Oberoto Garrono, in Tana. and Tatars the Thus, bandits. and asminor burglars They operated beoften traced. cannot Zikhs strata, social higher the In negligible. was opinion, my in raiding, of role the families; and Islam was not knownresidents professed Orthodoxy that noted Zikhia visited fifteenth in who travelers century the yet at all; attempts Italian diocese. Zikhian of the metropolitan Greek the of andaresidence Zikhia of center of the Catholic Church to convert the Zikhs ASG. AS 3024 Diversorum, Filze 4. Mentioned by Donato a Mano as Clara Zanelli ( Ibid., 82. Y.Uzlov, “ ASG. AS 3024 Diversorum, Filze 4. I viaggi in Persia ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ , Ɋɭɫɶɜɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɢɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ Slaves from the Caucasus (Zikhs and Circassians) were probably bought from poor 414 PSV were easily defeated in that “battle” ( in “battle” that defeated wereeasily 2004 ɄɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɛɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨɄɚɜɤɚɡɚɜ 3(1998): 17. Diversorum Filze Filze Diversorum , 81-82. ɝ .) 412 [BlackCrimea, Russia Sea, History in Culture. SudakMaterialsand of 2nd the The Circassians were in a similar position. Italian trade with the 416 and Christos (or Kostas) Catolizi. . Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɟɪɬɨɨ ɚɪɯɢɜɚȽɟɧɭɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ʋ ʋ 2.8. Zikhs andCircassians 342 (old), 163 (new). 342 (old), 163 (new). Publication of the sources: Karpov, “ ) 413 ] (Kiev - Sudak: Academperiodika, 2004): Part 2: 215 - 216. II alio nomine Enzibei Barbaro tells the story of one such occasion, but such occasion, one of story tells the Barbaro ɋɭɞɚɤɫɤɨɣɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣɧɚɭɱɧɨɣɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ 74 cercassi nonsonnohominima femine 411 Diversorum, Filze Diversorum, Matrega was the cultural and religious , ɬɨɹɢɫɤ ɫɨɢɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ 417 ), N. D. Prokofieva, [The Acts]: 134. ), relating to the history of the XIII – XV ɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɟ ɜɜ .” [On the Ɋɟɝɟɫɬɵ 415 (12 – ). In ” , CEU eTD Collection of Sugdea(Sudak), attributed to Greekthe Synaxarion],” ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟɧɚɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɋɢɧɚɤɫɚɪɟ 420 419 418 417 Mitrioti. Mihali aGreek, of wife the Candelis, a Yolmelikh of case is the Tatars the among Christianity Orthodox of spread initial the of example best the Probably well. as Christian likelymost hehadbecome a anomad, longer he since wasno that suggest Karauzuh), Ican or Culmelicha example, with(for name ethnic an aTartar seeing while, a Christian, Tartar with a Christian name (e.g., Theodore and Michele) in the deeds I am sure that he wastime, the number of Orthodox Tatarsdo not know of cases when a Tartar named Benedetto withor Manoli professed Islam.At the same ethnic names was huge.names. I bearing Christian and/or asChristians designated numberTatars of the than greater In other words, seeing a names were both in use). name by and Turkic (Christian of notnecessarily accompanied a change Sugdea, anditwas of Synaxarion in the is evidenced This arrived. Islam before long century, thirteenth the from befree. she would Christianity de Damiano said inhis will if that his slave, Khaymet, paid his anddebts convertedto got Latin names (often the adoption of Christianity was a condition of manumission). Giorgio Latin Christianity to converted slave who since aTatar more, significantly were there reality walls of Tana. At leastGobi. eight Tatars the of borders the to up Asia northern arethroughout in use was it that mentioned steppe inthe prevalent so in the deeds of the 1430s; no doubt in Archimandrite ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 30r –f. 30v. Antonin, “ Wilhelm Heyd, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. 418 Tatars were the third largest group based TheCumanlanguagewas onnotarial thirddeeds. group werethe largestTatars Tatars who settled in the Black Sea region actively converted to Greek Orthodoxy to converted actively whosettledSearegion inTatars Black the Most of the Tatars followed a nomadic lifestyle, sometimes pitching camp under the under camp pitching sometimes lifestyle, a nomadic followed Tatars the of Most Histoire du commerce duLevant au Moyen âge Ɂɚɦɟɬɤɢ 420 This means that the number of Christian Tatars was at least was at Tatars Christian of number the means that This 419 XII – XV ” [Notes on the twelfth to fifteenth century relating to the Crimean city Crimean the to relating century fifteenth to twelfth the on [Notes ” 2.9. Tatars ɜɟɤɚ 75 ZOOID , ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹɤɄɪɵɦɫɤɨɦɭɝ 5 (1863): 595 - 628. (Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1885), 241-242. . ɋɭɝɞɟɟ ( ɋɭɞɚɤɭ ), CEU eTD Collection either Greek Orthodox or Roman Catholic. Roman or Orthodox Greek either 426 425 424 423 422 books – Massarias of the Treasury for the years 1381 to 1382]. to 1381 years the for Treasury ofthe Massarias – books ɦɚɫɫɚɪɢɢɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɣɫɬɜɚɡɚ 421 ( more than a decade for Muslim hadbeenlargely Tatars the that wrote Barbaro Goldenthe bloody the after of Horde probablycoup Nowruz in(1360), fact remained pagans. default that most likely this person was rather a Christian than a Muslim. person with a Turkicbutnotmarked name, as a across and comes deeds the researches one If (seeabove). wereconsiderable with Greeks marriages interethnic and their cooperation and have been Christians, to seem craftsmen) Christians, although werecertainly Tatars of the in deeds mentioned the SixTatars converts. of generation nothing else is known not first of nickname,was apparently the or himasaChristian, and explicitly defines which about them. Most of MicheledeMateo, of slave the settled Tatars (traders,Venetian Domenico Balloto; Lucia, andCulmelicha herselfwas the daughter of Antonina,adopted wife the of the husband Karauzukh: her and Marnatchaton or Natchaton sister (her Christians Orthodox also were relatives her of all John. Clearly, St. of in theparish Tatuli, Papa a Greekpriest, to bezants fifty and Greeks ( nameindicates either a long tradition infamily of engagement isor trade, rootedin toponymy family Her century. a half least at for Tana in lived she hence, Pellakana; Pietro and Smeritis This woman is known from the deeds of Donato a Mano, Nicolas de Varsis, Benedetto de scandelium At least, most of the Tatars withethnic names directly orindirectly demonstrate indicators of Christianity, ASV, CI. Cart. 231.8v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21rv. A. L. Ponomarev, “ On the other hand, the nomadic Tartars, despite the superficial adoption of Islam in Islam of adoption superficial the despite Tartars, nomadic the hand, other the On The sameis true for the majority of Tatars. A Tatar named Culmelicha had a daughter – urban forheavyscales loads ɌɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɢɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɨɣɄɚɮɮɵɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɦɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɣɤɧɢɝɢ in quibus manibus commendo animam meam in quibusmanibuscommendo 1381–1382 424 423 cannot but be a Christian. Yusuf Chatolizi Yusuf Christian. be a but cannot this family is likely to have been Catholic. A Tatar, Antonio, A Tatar, Catholic. been have to likely is family this ɝɝ .” [The [The area and .” ofpopulation Genoese to Caffa according account 421 76 ). In her will, she bequeathed money to several to money bequeathed she will, her In ). sarazenus PSV 4 (2000): 427. or turcus ). 422 , it should be taken as a 426 425 had a cognomen la fede de la fede – CEU eTD Collection century according to the book of accounts of Giacomo Badoer], 432 of Giacomo accounts of book the to according century Ȼɚɞɨɷɪɚ Ⱦɠɚɤɨɦɨ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ 431 430 429 428 427 Barbaro, akunackof became Edelmugh, who where personal 1420s. This can beexplainedfact by deedsofmainly the that the testaments, 1430sare the trust is in 1410sto from the situation the different others, the intensively with Greeks morethan required (reflected in morethe wills). than in personal hostility nor the commercial neither relations between republicsdestroyed the commercialGenoese, and Venetians the for As Tatars). Orthodox Greeks, compatriots, (their Christians affairs other with frequently more contact in be to tended Latins the that out turned It (althoughgroups. the case of andEurope Persia, magnitude the of Barbaro,which, according to wasenormous. rich. Safir; the word sources. that it was not active. No signs of Muslim Tatars’ religious activity can be traced based on the Kichik Mehmedandhisentourage since it where Khan was Nevertheless, Barbaro. of book in the is mosque,” old “the of mention only the but churches, (translationwooden bowl unknown).a with covered millet (boiled gods the to offerings ritual and paganism latent their notes The deedsMachometo principio neiTartari ordinariamente, mo'sonnoanni circa 110 are full of references to Latin, Greek, and Armenian Thisperson conducted his business with aformidable sum of 4080; thoughfact in it was under apledge. Ibid., 74-75. Ibid., 80-81. I viaggi in Persia I viaggi in Persia Pace 430 The nomadic Tatars on the coast of the Azov Sea controlled the cattle trade with cattletrade Seacontrolled the Azov the of coast onthe Tatars The nomadic M. Shitikov, “ Shitikov, M. I have tried to calculate the degree of intensity of personal contacts among ethnic intensity the contacts personal of degreeof the calculate to I havetried Moving slightly away from the topic of religion, the only certain Muslim was Kassym 428 sarazenus ). Pagan Tatars ( Pagan Tatars ). , 78-79. , 73. ɨɫɚɬɧɩɥɢ ɟɟɢɧɤɹ ɨɝɜɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ 431 designating him may be an indication of social status. He was very was He status. social of indication an be may him designating TheWesterners tended tobewith incontact or their compatriots ,” [Constantinople and the Venetian trade in the first half of the fifteenth of the half first the in trade theVenetian and [Constantinople ,” idolatri ), and they were numerous, called it called ), andwerenumerous, they 77 432 seems to be an exception). Thus, there was there Thus, exception). be an to seems VV 30(1969): 62. 429 was housed, one can assume can one housed, was XV 427 ), but he also hibuth peres ɜ . ɩɨɞɚɧɧɵɦ CEU eTD Collection terms of ethnicity and tolerant in terms of religion. in society was diverse that amoney-oriented, prosperous constituted stations Tanathe trading some cultural distance. Summarizing, one can state that the Italian and the Greek diasporas to 78 CEU eTD Collection the curiathe (like merchant couldauthorities, himself identify as the to related not but A rich, deeds. in marktheir it to felta need citizens Venetian could hold“noble” family names.Asit foris citizenship, that apparent only a fewof the Freedmen position. social reflect always not does identifier a formal therefore, identifiers; resident,habitator Tane but many nobilis permanentperson residents may or may not have egregius, trucimanus, honestus, magister, dragomanus applied omitted them and this was not mandatory.it as Forwell. instance, a The same is true for other identifiers ( identifiers social First, always relevant. arenot identifiers formal problem: the another here faces one However, themselves. people about data relevant contain may they although testators, the inheritance and of and areconcerned. relations the order children” individuals within social andstructures the legal framework as far as relationsthe of“parents population of station, trading the regional andsympathies,attachments andthe behaviour of problemsother history,social of namely: geographical mobility, permanent and renewed several on concentrate will I Finally, property. and wealth of distribution the with correlated of the society of Tana. Then I will try to answer the question whether the social stratification stratification and differentiation social the parameters, relevant the on based I willestimate, Unfortunately, the deeds are not very informative in respect of the overall property in of of veryproperty overall the informative respect arenot deeds Unfortunately, the more modest itMy chapterare in than from seem First, this heading. objectives can the did not always feel a necessity to mark his social standing. Maybe only term the mark standing.only Maybe his social feel to notalways dida necessity vir nobilis CHAPTER 3. THE SOCIETY OF THE TRADING STATION bastonier could some be aperson use, meaningthat of using itwas apermanent , ) could omit this identifier and specify only the office he held. civis , burgensis 3.1. Social stratification , habitator 79 civis or , ) are used in the deeds occasionally –a occasionally in used deeds the ) are ser burgensis , magister , while amodest officer of , mercator, discretus, vir CEU eTD Collection century according to the book of accounts of Giacomo Badoer”], 437 of Giacomo accounts of book the to according century Ȼɚɞɨɷɪɚ Ⱦɠɚɤɨɦɨ ɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ 436 politics, and symbols”], pope families often began their careers as crossbow-archers ( crossbow-archers as careers their began often families participated in Barbaro’s venture on treasure hunting. venture on treasure inBarbaro’s participated in Constantinopleby mentioned Badoer werenobles, is,commerce. that main engagement, of “feudalisation” Venetian the elitein intheLevant late Middlethe Agesdid change not its The allegedbe aconsul,nobility requirement. appointed was combination both.To of some by tieselite. kind andconstituted connected of some quasi-corporate marker of socialhigh standing fellinto thisgroup. everyone identified asapatrician because his nobleof family name and everyone a bearing they seem and witnesses as times several tomentioned those of true especially is This have been others. than prominent and active socially more were they showsthat material comparatively source the but wealthy and reliable people. To say even more, 435 434 433 “known” these of practice social the into research for basis the be can This once. mentioned just are who others about than persons some about is more data andthere others, than informative more are some wills However, year. a certain in in Tana wills drafted and names, family and names had existed, they that except testators the about is known else nothing Almost once). than more least (at mentions informationthe valuementioninginof a particularperson frequency deedsand of such the Not to mention that those people were very rich – see above about their expenses for this venture. M. M. Shitikov, “ Shitikov, M. M. L. G. Klimanov, “ Klimanov, G. L. No consuls, nobles, priests or merchants are mentionedothers. than extent only to a larger once. aresearcher to known Meaning ) on the galleys of Romagna and Tana, often later reaching the position of They captain. of position reachingthe later often and Tana, galleysthe ) on Romagna of Nobles mostcan be identified often based a on marker,social anoblefamily name ora Since one cannot rely on formal identifiers, the main parameters to be considered toare parameters main the formal rely identifiers, on cannot Since one Ɉɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟȼɟɧɟɰɢɟɣɦɨɪɹ ɨɫɚɬɧɩɥɢ ɟɟɢɧɤɹ ɨɝɜɹ ɩɪɨɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɶ PSV 3 (1998): 158. ” [Constantinople and the Venetian trade in the first half of the fifteenth of the half first the in trade theVenetian and [Constantinople ” 433 435 people. The group of such people is not so numerous, Seventy-four out of eighty-three Venetian merchants Venetian eighty-three of out Seventy-four : ɩɪɚɜɨ 80 , ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ 437 VV 436 Besides, young siblings of the noble the of siblings young Besides, 434 , 30 (1969): 52. ballistarii ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ and most of the merchants who Most likely these people were ” [Venice acquiring the Sea: Law, Sea: the acquiring ” [Venice , also known as fideicommissari XV ɜ . ɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ nobili da – CEU eTD Collection 444 443 some soldiers could be recruited from among the commoners. for fundingthe garrison, the tofindnewsources permanentattempts procedure, recruitment deeds 442 441 440 439 salary. a good been tohave seems ducats 48 so lower, much been have must whetherit could be real (the sum seemed too big to him). Considering the social stratification, the real income per capite 438 either speak about not acreditor; as effective was especially Salono it of because (Giacomo hidden profit men madeakind of some and delayed, above,were often the salaries As noted received. ballistarii otherwise augmentation the would of expenses havebeensenseless.additional 1431, thirty In evidence ofincreasing danger,but itis besides evidence indirect increasing for of incomes, skills had be to demonstrated. of appointments the for candidates choosing butstill had wereoften many process of suffer often delayed, salaries inconveniences, to the 917 either newexpenses. all forbade say senate the and therefore that they salary the period In was raised. 1435, twenty-five are multiplebetween rangethe 4 and6there wasno forsum; during therefore, this value this inis, total. 86 that (56 ducats), Pisani Lando Ermolao andVice-consul Pietro ducats), Ballistarius it permonth. in five was inducats already that deeds reality the 1430 show Varsis of ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 20r– 20v, 22v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 21v – f. 22r. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. 4r, 4v, 5r, 7v, 8r, 10r, 11v etc. Though ASV, Senato, Misti, reg. 59, f. 112. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 30r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 27r. ASV, Senato, Misti, reg. 58, f. 65. 4ducats per month meant 48 ducats per year. Braudel estimated anannual The anxiety of the senate, the increasing salaries of the soldiers, the highly highly competitive the soldiers, of the salaries increasing the senate, of the The anxiety This sawin increase numberperiod of the an 444 ). Venetianthe in as50–100ducats(F.Braudel, republic were sent to Tana and the salary was officially raised to four ducats; four to raised wasofficially Tana and salary the sent to were salariatus Fabiano Desdiegna receiveed his salary consuls his Pisani the (30 under Matinosalary FabianoDesdiegna receiveed or stipendiarius usura or stipendiarii lucrum does not always mean that a person was a , although others even found it suitable to mention it in it mention to suitable it found even others although , 442 or mention their salary as received or to be 81 ballistarii 441 ballistarii ballistarii Almost half of the testators in Cart. 750, was highly highly good was competitive, and Material Civilization had to be sent to Tana urgently, Tana to sent be to had on the Venetian ships, which is which ships, Venetian the on ballistarius , 107)and doubted or a nobleman; a or 438 however, 443 he did he 440 In 439 CEU eTD Collection (26.76%), 48have(26.76%), theprefix names family noble have Nineteen officers. Venetian or merchants as mostly (9%), senate the of documents in the mentioned are seven (8%), merchants as Badoer by mentioned are 23.5%. is outof 303, that it). are77persons was there people within“known” The differentiation trust). The circlesuch people of appearedtoberelatively (andnarrow beyond any doubt, more or income average hadan (and therefore asatestator he acted whether a person, more than once, presuming that the frequency of mentions correlated the social importance of certain personsarementionedin hierarchy.stability in those social the who deeds Ichose the a demonstrated and entity an constituted Tana of society the of elite the that conclusion led the me parameters to other information to notarial this comparing and terms of practice) new expenses. increasing danger, but the revenues of the trade also increased and therefore they could afford felt Venetians the that conclusion the to me lead healthy) and young were they (although 22v), two carpenters (ASV, CI. Cart. 231.12r. ASV, NT.Cart. 750. f.f. 27r– 27v), and three coopers ( 446 445 merchants clerics or of the curia, officers assaid either were, above, this group had a prestigious social identifier. As for professional differentiation, most of the members of introduce an identifiera deed. into not Outside onebarely of finds anyone whothis group, merchator, patronus ( identifier a witness or a anxiety of the in one will (ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 29r). The profession is specified as well for a herald of the curia, Giovanni To say just abit about other professions – the deeds mention a tailor (ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3 – 3v, The 20r figures –20v, of the price of drawing up a deed varied from 1 to 5 ducats. Ten of thesemen are mentioned by Barbaro, mainly as merchants or officers (14%), six Returning to the question of the elite, the analysis of “known” people (that is, active in is, active “known” (that people of analysis the elite, the question of the to Returning consul, vizeconsul, virdiscretus,prudens,spectabilis,magister, consul, virnobilis, fideicommissar ballistarii ); besides that it is clear that a noble or other person of high standing did standing high of person other or a noble that is clear it that besides ); and (andtherefore hadcertain a reputationgood and enjoyed social stipendiarii ser (62%), twenty-three (32 %) have a prestigious social , who tended to draft wills more than other group 82 446 ( ballistarii 445 butarii ), as ), ) CEU eTD Collection 450 that of the 448 447 nobles. were some senate raised their salaries to 8 ducats (Ibid.). Thus, barbers were a group of well-paid professionals, and at least 449 notwas standing barbers’ as the case low Venetian the In galleys. on crew asof the part elsewhere.necessary a were and men medical Out of 10 19v 2, (4) –20r,23v - 24r,44r).750. In fact, almost Cart. allof were them within “privileged”NT. the group(ASV, –they acted especially as barbers mention should One Taiapetra. Borano interpreter, an and Greco, land, factories. buildings, in – of money and estate (which onebarely finds real theiragain group) wills outside this identified of“known”less fell thisgroup within more menandmention or considerable sums whom I main proprietors the wealth – all activity and with commercial somewhat correlates Social activity alwayswealthiest). the not although of group, the part are aconsiderable employedon the ships as common number to one (ASV, Senato, Misti, XLIV, f. 90v – 91r), and since the Venetian barbers did not want to be in treasure-hunting. venture permonth for paid ducats at three their and source gathered120workers his companions of this author the that strange more than seems it Barbaro, by related treasure Gulbeddin’s standing. social their with correlated more intensive which social practice, demonstrated group and membersof this the as other groupmorethe often than outsiders tobe witnesses, (inviting each other appointing each members of contact other to tended members The internal cohesion. by astrong characterized are rare;most of them inappear deeds the 5 or 6 times. Tosay even more, this was group and permonth 360ducats is alarge expense, at one time even in a modern town; such a salary for diggers’ work seems to be too high, Pluswhat was paid to another 150diggers during secondthe attempt attreasure hunting. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8, 25r, 29v, 30v – 31r. This equaled the salary of a I viaggi in Persia, in I viaggi The deeds mention 300persons.around Therefore, if one recalls thestory about fideicommissari ballistarii , was not delayed (see below). 70. ). Thus, there was a certain border between this group and the others, 447 ballistarius 448 Moreover, within this group those who are mentioned two times ballistarii Such a number of workers would not have been easy to gather to easy been have not would workers of anumber Such ballistarii 3.2 “Domiciled inTana” [ sic [ 2 had to be barbers. The Venetian senate refused to reduce this reduce to refused senate Venetian The barbers. be to 2had ] with a slight difference that the salary of the diggers, contrary to sic ], with a salary of 6 ducats per month by that time [ 450 83 which means that either they which sure either means they that were really sic ], the 449 CEU eTD Collection 461 460 459 458 457 456 455 454 Tana Cristoforo Rizzo (1411 – 1413)]. 453 case. this in same the technically is which visitor, frequent ora resident permanent a either been have must he scale time a long on Tana to related as times several mentioned is person a if rather than the period he spent there; although these two issues correlate to some extent Iassume by default that 452 objectives of my work. 451 when he drafted his will. a resident. MichelinoisZeno mentioned in 1413 as owning ahouse in Tana, Fagni Pelieta (Clara in 1430s the parameter. a particular of in respect previous and The second the nextperiod. question implies analyzing data thisprosopographic answered by from provisionally of thecomparing data 1430s with the sources the the mentioned in deeds the and howdid vary itin terms of ethnicity? firstThe question can be people. been havethousand must several believes Barbaro, 1438. If one digseason;in to who ventured frozen people soilfirst in 1437,andthen December March 150)people(later were availableinbe detached to Tana from their everyday induties lowthe main data concernhere.of The(provided source believesBarbaro one it) showsthat120 the not is this However, exaggerated. simply Barbaro or treasure the find would they that list a ship list ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 4. Talyzina, “ Talyzina, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 18v-1. Talyzina, “ Talyzina, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 2, 3, 19v-4, 20v. Talyzina, “ Talyzina, ASV, CI. Cart. 231. 1v; NT. Cart. 750. 8. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 24r. A. A. Talyzina, “ A.Talyzina, station trading the at person ofa residence and ties permanent the mean to rather used is term this Hereafter, It is possible, however, that Barbaro did not describe real events, but this questionis well beyond the One finds a family Fagni of in domiciled 1410s inthe Tana (Fagnus de Fagnis What was the percentage of the people permanently domiciled permanently people of the percentage was the What 459 patronus ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣ Manolifrom de Mudazzo Candia ismentioned in 1413 ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣɜɌɚɧɟɄɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨɊɢɰɰɨ , Giacomo de Girardino, , Giacomo 461 Although he seems to have been of Greek origin and called a called and origin Greek of been have to he seems Although 451 ” [Venetian notary] 26 –27. 26 notary] [Venetian ” ” [Venetian notary] 29 –30. 29 notary] [Venetian ” ” [Venetian notary] 28 –29. 28 notary] [Venetian ” PSV one should presume that the permanent population of Tana of population permanent the that presume should one 454 4 (2000): 27 – 28. andMatheus deFagnio 456 84 whois mentioned as ina barber 1430s. the 455 (1411 – 1413)” [Venetian (1411–1413)” notary in ). Possibly one can add to the 458 and againinthe 1430s as 452 in Tana among those among in Tana 460 and in the 1430s, andin the 453 ) and ) 457 CEU eTD Collection 480 479 478 477 476 475 474 473 472 471 470 469 468 467 466 465 464 463 462 a Manoin deedsof the Donato Tana, appears and(1451 Marco man Greek as a then hethen a in in sold cellar Tana 1414; applies toBartolomeo whoappears Lombardo, in in1417 Tana, Tana). his to way on (presumably appears againin1436Constantinople Tana in 1436. Caterina, of Giorgio in wife 1410s, the herwill Giustiniani, the drafted mentioned in 1414, is Tana, formerof consul a Loredan, Pietro nobility). for Venetian reserved (apost Romagna in 1436 –1438. Bedolotto, Barbaro. Giosafato notary, and his Tana, of consul the with Constantinople Tana, a was Mitrioti Michalli husband her estate, real owned Candelis a Iolmelich Ibid., 67 – 68. Prokofieva, ” ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3v, 9v, 22r. Ibid., 112– 113; 131 – 132, 150– 151. Ibid., 58 – 59. Prokofieva, ” ASV, CI. Cart. 231. 1v; NT. Cart. 750. 3. Prokofieva, ” ASV, CI.Cart. 231.1r;NT. Cart. 750.18v-1. Ibid., 51 – 52. Prokofieva, ” ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 20v. Prokofieva, ” ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 23v. Prokofieva, ” ASV, CI. Cart. 231.11v. Prokofieva, ” ASV. AvCom, Prove (2) 178, f. 259r. ASV. AvCom, Prove (2) 178, f. 250r. 479 The married 1410s the deeds of 1430s mention andan several Orthodox times. couple and there was litigation between them. between litigation was there and drugomanus Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ Ⱥɤɬɵ 469 478 Giovanni Pietro, who acted in Tana in September fideicomissar ” [The Acts], 54 – 55, 68 – 69, 92 – 93. ” [The Acts], 54 – 55. ” [The Acts], 112 – 113. ” [The Acts], 45. ” [The Acts], 137. ” [The Acts], 45 – 46, 55 and further. ” [The Acts], 57 – 58. 463 464 ), sons of the late Pietro, were crossbow-archers on the galleys of and againin 1430s. the , was a witness to the purchase of a house by Iolmelich a Candelis, Iolmelich by house a of purchase the to witness a was , , he was , Venetian of origin, his and Nicolo brothers (1449 476 he in appearstwice 1417, 85 465 480 466 Andrea Contarini, also aformer consul of Iolmelich drafted her will as late as1436, late Iolmelich as herwill drafted and againin deeds the 1430s.the of 477 and hestill lived in Tana 470 and October 1413, October and 473 468 and in 1435 in but still lived in lived still but 474 472 habitator Domenico The same 462 of 475 471 467 ) CEU eTD Collection suburbs of Lvov. of suburbs in interpreter”) April time of 19,1405.Atthat entries the in resided Baranczuk Galich the taxpayers of Lvov mention a certain “Baranczuk Tolmacz” ( Tolmacz” “Baranczuk acertain mention Lvov of taxpayers the out of four wholethe blind company of in were eye. one to the Tatars’ camp with gifts and caused the Tatar prince tolaugh, because he and two others also appears in Barbaro’s narrative in appearsinBarbaro’s also 1438, [The [The Memorials on the History of Lvov from theArchive of the City], ed.A.Czo to the purchase of a slave. of purchase to the in1423 of litigation, respect languages among (Russian them). an interpreter; –wasalso Taiapetra family the – Nicolo case. in Tana in 1415. parish – St. John). 493 492 491 490 -10 I 1424. 489 485 484 483 482 standing. social own her about 481 Tatuli, metropolitan, a Greek Tatars, Orthodox Greeks, mainly there mentioning 488 487 486 22. 34. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. 8v; ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 4, 5-6. ASV, CI.Cart. 231.5r 5v; NT. Cart. 750. 21r. ASV. AvCom,Raspe, 3647, an. 1417-1428, f. 38v-43v – 10.1.1424; also see: ASV.SM, LIV, f. f.174 [173]r ASV, CI,Ch. 231-5r/5v;ASV, NT, Ch.750-21r, 25r,28v; ASV, NT, Ch. 917, 4. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21r-21v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 21r. much say can official Church a high with ofIolmelikh connections direct the Alania; af one the Clearly, Prokofieva,” Karpov, ASV, CI. 121, Notaio Donato a Mano, f. 4, doc. 20. I viaggi in Persia Moretto Bon, notaio in Venezia, Trebisonda eTana (1403 – 1408) Pomnikidziejów Lwowaz archiwum2: Ksi Vol. miasta. 484 However, more can be said about Borano and this dynasty of interpreters. The lists of lists The interpreters. of dynasty this and Borano about be said can more However, Borano Taiapetra, an interpreter ( an interpreter Taiapetra, Borano 482 His family lived in Tana as early as the early fifteenth century, fifteenth early the as early as in Tana lived family His who had also resided in Tana in the 1430s, when he served in a different Orthodox ɅɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹɊɨɦɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɤɬɵ , 75. 488 493 483 ” [The Acts], 92, 132 – 133, 140 – 141, 148 –149, doc.83. BoranoTaiapetramentioned is in Tana first around1421 torelation to The diminutive “-czuk” The diminutive 490 [ 489 Latin Romania] Hehadlived Menechina, adaughter, him. who with and later in 1436, as an interpreter for andawitness curia inthe aninterpreter andlater 1436, as 487 Another one, Francesco Taiapetra, is mentioned as being turzimanus (St.Petersburg: Aletheia, 2000), 188. 492 494 86 when he went with Giosafato and could be added to foreign could names, be added can soone to Ċ ) of the consul’s curia, is an interesting an is curia, consul’s the of ) ga przychodów i rozhodów miasta. 1404 –1414 486 both of the Taiapetra knew several , ed.de’Colli (Venice, 1950), prot.2, doc. á owski (Lvov:15. 1896), The 485 tolmacz and at least of one and at 481 and apriest, means “an 491 bastoniere Borano CEU eTD Collection origin – one of theislandin Venice (Burano), but assertingchiefs this seemstoo bold. The name well could be Tatar in ( ItwouldEurope. suggest betempting that hisgiven name to from derives name the the of Eastern with connections strong had apparently they but stone-cutters; were them of some livedancestors inan leastfor social Italian-speaking at environment one generation, and subjects in a flexible and mobile society seems the most realistic explanation. was being and interpreters which enjoyed the advantages multilingual of demandthe for business family whose group Catholicized and Italianized an for origin Armenian an positing seem Lvov doesnot confusing atall mobility given tremendous the Armenians. Thus,of in lived members the of one sametime the while at cognomen), aLatin acquired actually (and century fifteenth early by the Tana in Venetian resided Taiapetra family of the fact that The regions. inthese anyoneelse than as translators moreemployed were often Armenians mobility, geographic high their Besides Europe. Eastern into expansion commercial and penetration isArmenian epoch of the exactly century andAsiaThe fifteenth Tatars), Minor. nomadic and stations trading Italian the both (with coast Sea Black the Lvov, between connections maintain trade the to ones the were Armenians since plausible, most the looks Baryn. Nevertheless, there is one more option. Borano could have been an Armenian, and this reported by Barbaro and by the time when he appears events in the of deedsthe 1430s. of time the by the years) fifty-five than (no less enough old been musthave Borano interpreter, practicing 495 494 origin of Taiapetra. authorexpresses kindthanks to Prof.OsipianAlexander the for reference and suggestionsrelevant about the tagliare stem the Italian: name isfamily clearly The problematic. becomes as a therefore whole) Borano Taiapetra, were the same person. His ethnic origin (as well as origin of the “dynasty” of Tana, curia interpreter Venetian of the from Baranczukand Lvov interpreter assume that One surnames. should Ukrainian of many ending conventional a became this times modern In add that provided this was really one person, and by 1405 he was clearly an adult and a (“to cut”) (“to combined with bej ) of the four main Crimean Tatars’ kin groups was called petra (“stone”) leads to the conclusion that his paternal 87 495 CEU eTD Collection 502 of Latins percentages is the among there adiscrepancy mention However, Latins. deeds the ineachdecade.Mostly, groups religious of and ethnic the percentages cancompareone the correlation groups), of quantitative the (provided is inreflecting sample the representative 1450s. Second the from 1430s to the two 1450s,and the 1430s to the 1430s; sixfrom Ages. 1451, presenting an outstandinglongevity of example business in activity and theMiddle married between 1413and legally and capable and leastwealthy 1419,andshelived until at was of Alania resided. Thus, Caterina archbishop he wherethe Trebizond, for 1451leftTana lociTane eiusdem Nicolai grecorum 501 500 nearby, 499 498 centuries], fifteenth - mid fourteenth mid Tana, Venetian in 1436; Giacomo. him in as as “deceased” as early Tana in 1438, heappeared his1445 with brother, involved ofBarbaro treasure-huntingmentions in venture inthe Althoughthe Barbaro1430s. in Searegion Black not but the ǺȠIJȗȚıIJĮ 497 496 “ duplicate): its Latin (with Constantine said of signature aGreek with but in 1436.Hewas a Greek; among the deeds thereisPellacan of a deed unique in drafted Latin, had beenliving by inTanaalready de 1430s. Constantine La Chustiza Also in: ASV, CI. Notai, 148 2, Karpov, “ ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 20v. N. D. Prokofieva, ” ASV, CI. Cart. 231.01. Karpov, “ ASV, CI. Cart. 231. 12r; NT. Cart. 750. 20v. Thus, first, atleastThus, 11 persons out of from sampleresidedin the Tana 1410stothe the In Pellacan laterdeedsof the Pietro (1440s one alsofinds– 1450s) somepersons who 500 501 in 1451 she is reported living in land citadel isreported 1451 she inthe of own andTana Venetian to ” and “Constantinus de la Chustizza” (one can find similar cases in Crete or Cyprus, or inCrete cases similar canfind (one la Chustizza” de “Constantinus ” and 498 which she had sold to Tatuli, the Greek priest of St. Nicolas church ( Ƚɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ ȽɪɟɤɢɢɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟɜɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɣɌɚɧɟ Caterina, wife of mentioned inthe1410s Caterina,is Giustiniani, wife Giorgio of Ⱥɤɬɵ ” [The Acts], 137. ” [Greeks and Latins], ʋ 31, 64-67. 497 ). Francesco Cornaro, a nobleman and merchant, was a nobleman andmerchant, FrancescoCornaro, ). ). 502 Tatuli, mentionedbecause Tatuli, inthe1430s,wasabsent PSV ( 88 ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ 7(2009): 170. PSV 7(2009): 167. XIV – ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚ XV 496 ɜɜ was a ȀȦıIJĮIJȘȢȠįİȜĮ .)” [Greeks and Latins ecclesia sancti stipendiarius 499 and in and CEU eTD Collection 26r, 30r-30v, 30v-31r. 508 507 506 85. ɝɨɪɨɞɚ 505 Fifteenth Centuries,” Fifteenth 504 origin. 503 Anthony, St. and Mary even earlier, or Seemingly, the church of St. Mark, Italians the of activity the of because merchants of Greek number in a decline the about statements probably Therefore, merchants. mostly were locals wealthy,in engaged and commerce thanprevious historians assumed. otherhand,the On the more active, Greeks)were (especially locals the hand, surely On one the before. thought locals the in reality that shows but also groups, this better thanother of group Latinsthe thatthe deedsreflect demonstrates This deeds). the in mentioned persons the (all sample overall the of data the to contrast is quarter.This one anda strong –around Greeksand three-quarters, Tatars were around population Latins the permanent the among means that be which realistic, figures seem to The the1450s from (33%). 2 1430sto the from and the1430s (24%), 2 (18%), 1410sto the the Tatars, 3.63%, most of whom were Christians).someleast of at add Inpossibly can (one are4.95% Greeks sample, the whole the For residents.” group of “old residents,” 4 in total and Greeks inTatars) Orthodox (including overall the sample and “old group this of Black Sea towns because of the Italians’ international trade international of because Italians’ the Seatowns Black ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 2-3. CI. Cart. 231. 5r-5v. NT. Cart. 750– 7, 8, 19v(4)-20r, 20r-20v, 22r, 24r-24v, 25r, Prokofieva, ” ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 5-6, 7. Cart. 750. 7, 21r-21v, 26r, 27r, 28r-28v, 29v, 30r-30v, 30v-31r. Karpov, “ Karpov, Angeliki Laiou-Thomadakis, “The Byzantine Economy in the Mediterranean Trade System, Thirteenth – Thirteenth System, Trade Mediterranean the in Economy Byzantine “The Laiou-Thomadakis, Angeliki Western a of evidence absolute are name family Latin a nor name personal Latin a neither areminder: Just ” [Italian Trade in Trebizond and its impact on the economy of the Late Byzantine city], Byzantine Late of the economy the on impact its and Trebizond in Trade [Italian ” In the first half of the fifteenth century there were several Catholic churches in Tana. in churches Catholic several were there century fifteenth the of half first the In ɬɥɹɫɚɬɪɨɥɜ ɪɩɡɧɟ ɟɜɡɟɫɜɟ ɚ ɤɧɦɤɩɨɡɞɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɟɟ ɢ Ɍɪɚɩɟɡɭɧɞɟ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɤɬɵ 507 was the only one located inside the Venetian trading post. The church of St. DOP ” [The Acts], no. 131, 133. 34, 35 (1980 – 1981): 211. 508 which controlled the controlled which within 506 the trading station were much more numerous than was than numerous more much were station trading the which existed at the beginning of beginningat the which fifteenth of century the existed 3.3. Parish life 89 scuola , existed at the beginning of beginning atthe , existed the of 504 505 and the impoverishment of the of impoverishment the and deservereconsideration. VV 44 (1983): 503 CEU eTD Collection 517 516 515 514 513 512 privilege. this enjoyed Antonio Fra see only can one but as mentioned, especially called Genoese Nicoloxio de Portu, son of Pietro Antonio (deceased)511 wasof candles. drafted production the for in themaybe housefactories; had of 510 churches) Fra Antonio, other probably (and whoAnthony St. isand Mary St. of Acts],[The no. 133, 135, 141.ASV, NT.Cart. 750. 19v – 20r,20r –20v. ASV,NT. Cart. 917, 4.The churches 509 Maryinquarter theGenoese beinSt. of thechurch buriedinhis will to bezants to the Church of St. Francis in the Genoese quarter.son of the deceased Tokars, bequeathed 10 bezants tothe Venetian church of St. Mark and 30 be asked also inin buriedto churchlocated the Genoese quarter. the friars. Genoese the be given to to donation to beburiedinin One thechurch theGenoese quarter. mentions specifically them his of even seem perplexto anyone). Thirdly,most and surprisingly,in many their wills askedVenetians hadthere and ahouse livedin was Antonio who Zerdone, Genoese quarter de Leonardo“religious expert” Friar the also, good amounts of money were given “for the mass of St. Gregory.” A popular figure as a popular; wasespecially Anthony Mary and Sts. of Thechurch frequent. are prayers, etc.) formasses for and burial, (offerings,mentions Genoeserequests churches of requests the the while Mark, St. of church the to attention any paid ever hardly Venetians Secondly, Greek, and possibly withinone Armenian) weresituated the Genoesetradingstation. one Latin, two least (at churches the of most above, mentioned as Firstly, ones. Venetian than the moreattractive” “religiously were Genoese quarters the that additional evidence is some There certain me reflections. leads to Genoese the among Such “religiosity” century, fifteenth ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 29v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 20r –f. 20v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19r (3) – f. 19v (4). ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 6-6v. ASV, CI. Cart. 231.5v-6r. Fra Antonio de Lunardo Zerdone was for ASV,NT. Cart. 750 – some8, 22r,24r-24v, 29v. unknown reason a highly respected person. Thus, a will of a Morettonotaio Bon, Venezia, in Trebisonda e Tana(1403 – 1408) venerabilis 509 as did the church of St. Francis, also located in the Genoese quarter. 511 (ASV. NT. Cart. 750. 4). This honorific could have been used forany of the priests (the fact that he, being amonk, being he, factthat (the 514 One Venetian One 90 512 , prot. 2, doc. 37. 46; Prokofieva, ” Prokofieva, 46; 37. doc. 2, prot. , had a wife in Venice, hadawife 516 stipendiarius Antonellus from asked from Parma Antonellus 515 A Circassian, Sudon, 517 (a native of Parma) (anative (surely he had in had he (surely 513 did not Ⱥɤɬɵ 510 ” CEU eTD Collection 523 522 521 520 519 518 ( poor meat and tothe of wine, bread,distribution ( (often large)quite ofmoney amounts couldon forcharity. just bedonations It poor the masses,spendfor thelaity,donations priestsorders to werefrequentthere to andthe some open. Latinization of the localsin this period (see below). This is another question that also remains missionary However,work. evidence islacking for their proselytizing activities and active of evidence are aclear andclergy churches numberof aconsiderable as well as appear in documents of the fifteenth century. The very fact of the presence of the Dominicans Pelizario sources. theavailable on based solve popular?I cannot is This that aproblem so and clergy Genoesechurches andwhy were the unpatriotic ignoring Markin behaviorby Venetians (often theirwills) thechurch of St. the Tana. in Mark St. of church Venetian the to bequeathed bury wishhim he tobeburied to wanted inthe usual and money forVenetians, there, place church which hechoir, to offered a indonation hiswill.if However, Genoese the did not beinsideA buried theGenoese to in life. asked Giovanni certain reflected religious their deterioration of relations betweenAnthony St. and Mary the St. of citizenschurch Genoese of often-mentioned the these mind two trading republics were sometimes dispensentur inpauperibus ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 3 – 3v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 2. Prokofieva,” ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 28r. ASV, NT. Cart. 917, 4. ASV, CI. Cart. 231. f. 6v – f. 7r – f. 7v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8. In addition to the donations to churches in Tana and other places, private and and other churchesin Tana donations the to to In addition (Antonio Franciscans both and Tana, and in Caffa existed monasteries Benedictine 520 ), and Dominicans (another Friar Antonio, Ⱥɤɬɵ ” [The Acts], 130, 131, 133, 146, 151, 152. ), 522 for orphans ( 91 in pauperibus orphanis in pauperibus helemosina depane,vino etcarnibus del’'ordine deiPredicatori del’'ordine 519 Still, what was the cause of such ), 523 518 on charitable on the ). However, the However, ). 521 ) often CEU eTD Collection de Giuliano reproduces the entire Latin notarial formula notarial Latin entire the reproduces Giuliano de was legally educated to some extent, or at least aware of the notarial practice? drafted, and on the manuscript the of end the at intricate: more even question the makes issue following The reasons? technical for it do to unable was and Tana in of chaplain office the hold not did Varsis 1454 in that simply or was dubious, notary ofthe standing moral the that mean this Did Varsis. by not St.to masses Gregoryfor money left Lorenzo that fact the is interest Of particular and understandable? more document the Madonna,make but insistedmoney inthat such they a way written should(really, be celebrated Varsisfromproposal whichwas mentioned got in the text.the Even more interestingonlyby is that the testatora draft demandedcertain one willhis to be re- ducat Messirwritten instead Toma of Lo the byPiova conventionalhim and ahead 3 orof 4),time or did inhe wantthe to vernacular – word by word. Did he want to save testator (Lorenzo de Giuliano) actually bequeathed 532 531 530 529 528 527 526 525 524 way: impersonal in an to referred distinguishbetween amountthe anotary hisfor (and given to work insuchcasesheis attention. attracts and mentioned it)do is to specifically notary the of offer the (despite charity for money give to not decision the Conversely, souls. motivation. per mal tolesto weremadeproperty, real and forestate evil in ( compensation done things Anna,Chrysostomos, and Susanna). John St. Baptist, the John James, Apostle Holy (the saints different to masses five conventional mass “to St. Mary and St. Gregory.” One of them commanded the celebration of maritandis marriageable age( orphans girls and of Lazarus in ( Venice of St. hospice the poorof the Sisio; adsanctum Iacobum inGalizia Franciscum une quivadetadSanctem de Antonium inVienaproanimamea;deturunivel pauperibus ASV. NT. Cart. 750. ASV, NT. Cart. f.750. f. 19v 44r;(4) – f. 20r. ASV,NT. Cart. 750.23v – 24r, 27r –27v,28r –28v, 44v – 45r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 22r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 26r– 26v. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19r (3) – f. 19v (4), f. 26r. ASV, ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 19r(3) – f. 19v (4), f. 26r.NT. Cart. 750. 8. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 7, 20r –20v, 27r – 27v, 27v – 28r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 7, f. 30v – f. 31r, 31r bis. ). ), 531 528 524 In general, all the testators gave money for masses and the repose of their of repose the and masses for money gave testators the all general, In In addition, some of the testators did not restrict themselves to the on a pilgrimage on behalf of the soul of the testator ( ) 530 orjustfor prayers for the soul of the testator without any particular ɫɪ datum . ASV. NT. Cart. 917, 8. However, in the text written in the vernacular the after the indiction is corrupted. To confuse things even more, Lorenzo notarius suprascriptus notarius ), imbreviatura 529 525 Sometimes donationsthe of money,movable toneedy ill patients ( more in pauperibus etvirginibus egenis orphanis in pauperibus 92 Residuum vero than other testators. He declined a particular notary’s particular a declined He testators. other than there is no mention of the place where the will was in pauperibus Sancti Lazari ) and the amount given to him to in the vernacular. inthe Did mean this thathe 532 All of the testators clearly testators the Allof in pauperibus infirmis mitatur adsanctum pro male ablatis, ), 527 or to poor ), 526 for CEU eTD Collection 536 535 534 533 word Russian by the wife such atemporary call deeds Venetian most “temporary”had often, wives. –eitherfact, slaves,or concubines Venetians the non-Latins. This surely are inthe deeds mentioned most) women of many the not (if isthat evidence of clearpiece did not mean that this society was more “male” than any other; in asprum etprodictasocietate expendi multosdenarios utapparet aliquibusscripturis deCastello, vows: Peter from St. of parish the Marco deceased the sonof the Baldassare, in is act. notarial the inserted anoath sometimes people. Interestingly, godfather Teremo Solomon monk Genoese the more called (two mention orvisitors tothetrading astheirVarsis station) godfather (consequently, residents patrino meo,utoretDeumproanimamea are emphasized: thetestator with relationship and personal pray for soul the (in notarial casehisthis position butremains unmentioned, his priesthood concubine of an inhabitant of and inhabitant of concubine was of factory; an legalframework the there a special contract the ties with their home were much stronger and more important than the ties with Tana. their relatives (to Venice orto the area of Italy from which they originated). For the majority, to fatherland their to money or belongings some send to funds bequeathed clients notaries’ with any regularity the obviousof attachment(besides their Venetians the Many to parishes). this trace is hard to it though Tana, even outside Romagna or of Italy some part to attachment visitingcompilation of formasses),probably theprayersand deedandthe represent another the for is given amount one that stipulated is still it case this (in connected were endowments As was shown above, many of the permanent residents of Tana were non-Latins. were ofTana residents permanent the of many above, shown was As ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 23v – f. 24r. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 6-6v, 24r-24v. ASV,NT. Cart. 750.f. 4,18v-19r, 22v, 26r, 27r-27v, 29r,29r bis, 30r-30v, 30v-31r, 31r. As for regional connections, I noticed that many testators showed aconsiderable showed many testators noticed that I connections, regional As for 3.4. Gender, marriage, “parents andchildren,” inheritance 93 ). It is interesting that 10 [ domino presbyteroNicolao, 534 kuma ). The cases when the two Deus sitnontetegi unum . Such a woman was a sic ] testators . 535 536 533 A CEU eTD Collection 540 539 538 (Athens,2002), 207 – 214. and Repression intheMiddleAges. InMemory ofLenosMavrommatis. Int.Symposium son. under-age her of behalf on property his all manage and govern should she that and husband her of death the after immediately back dowry her given not,Idotrade know) fromor not Apostles of parish the St. ordered histhat wife should be silk the with connected somehow name was his family (whether Deserigo Bartlomeo certain A withinheritance. connected problems wellasonthe as children,” “fathers and problem of ethnic groups. different among of the finds here nearly kindsof representatives the one all combinations as well, interest isof particular marriages mixed of topic The society. the of members most likely this was a loopholetheir slaves from or “temporarytheir wives.” The deedsoftenmention adoptive children; to make the illegitimateWesterners. Many inhabitants hadof children tradingthe stations illegitimate either from sons and daughters womento full-fledged (Greek,filios neque uxorem nonhabere respondi notario infrascriptodepostremis Tatar,single men:almost 50%of totalnumberthe of deeds include theformula and those from the Caucasus) were always at the disposal of Federico’s will testify indirectly that his sibling had already shown his obstinate character. obstinate his shown already had sibling his that indirectly testify will Federico’s hisson misbehaved ordid notobey hebe mother The of woulddisinherited. words did. thatif havetwicehis inthedocuments not other stressed Hewouldtestators insistedand his he son,Fererico, would havebequeathed himhis any without property conditions, as all behaviouraboutBartolomeofelt future good generations the doubt of not arises.across Had of the Venetians coming to the trading station as 537 for these connections. The phenomenon of ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 44v. Karpov, “Mixed Marriages,” 207 – 214. ASV, NT. Cart. 750. f. 44v. Karpov, “Mixed Marriages in a Polyethnic Society: Case Study of Tana, 14 ofTana, Study Case Society: a Polyethnic in Marriages “Mixed Karpov, The deeds of Nicolo Varsis contain an interesting and quite eye-catching case on the kuma 94 was widespread in Latin in Latin waswidespread Romagna. ballistarii , merchants or sailors were young 540 Here the problemrelations of th –15 th Centuries,” In Centuries,” 10, Athens, Nov.1998 . However, local . However, interogatus a 537 Tolerance 539 Most and 538 . CEU eTD Collection After that by the formula the by that After paid, small sums of money to freedmen or gifts to a few friends, charitablebe endowments, to debts all etc. borrowed, or lent had he money the all mentioned briefly testator The follows. apparentheir andnot intenddivide did distribute his or to property, scheme the was as hadone if testator the otherwise or money), smallof sums estate, (noreal considerable andexpanded detailed. bemore to seem their deeds testators, less wealthy more or casesof In the descendants. direct their to belongings their bequeath not could they Tana in children illegitimate to the tradingmen, station were young have single and if they a not did and concubine most of visitors above, the prevail; aswasmentioned evenseems lineto sometimes indirect Thedirectandindirect institutions. linescharitable and ofinheritance areequally the present, or church the to it gave partially otherwise or friends, close companions, sisters), brothers, bequeathed itdistributing hisfunds among therelatives closest (wife, children, parents, he ownedconsiderable property real (including If estate), a testator uncomplicated. customs, anditgenerally one can based on isreconstruct deeds.the This order quite ask this question, butnotanswer it. couldHow Venetian sons annoy theirfathers? Basedonthe available material one can only care to secure that the heiresses received their dowries ( dowries their received heiresses the secure that care to took often friends. Testators to station, trading the of priests the notary, to the to personally person)hispoor to ofa indication thisis (and maina clear heir it) tothe one or estimate cannot one therefore is done under the condition that she would marry. Occasionally, a testator’s wife received wife a testator’s Occasionally, marry. she would that condition the under is done In other cases, the testators do not seem to own much. If the property not was the property If ownmuch. seem notto do testators cases,the In other lawsand followed Venetian the generally station trading atthe ofinheritance The order Some belongings personal weapons, (clothes, household utensils) bebequeathed could fideicommissarus Residuum vero Residuum . he bequeathed all other property (not specified, property (not all other hebequeathed 95 pro suo maritare suo pro ), but most often this CEU eTD Collection 541 chances. better had surely top the on were who those but mobility, social for room There was interests of commerce. the society serving stabile, corporate money-oriented, indirect waysfind to is possible it ofstill history, researching social of field inthe research doing identifiers formal the on the social structure. This social reality was objective; it was a afterparts they fulfilled the refuserequirements, if they failedand to, so on. property meanwhile. He could his conditions, give certain received under it to the be heirs to was inheritance the of part (including the when cases the In testator. the of parents the or children the relatives of the testator) to the obligations –various aswell conditions inheritance certain under somethe partof in ASV, NT. Cart. 750. 8. Summarizing this chapter, one can say that although it is sometimes impossible to rely to impossible sometimes is it although that say can one chapter, this Summarizing fideicommissarus *** 96 received the license to govern the 541 CEU eTD Collection whole. the prices of the preceding and following periods could contribute to the economic history of the region as a 543 542 considerable. were etc., textiles, utensils, import of andEuropean the etc. furs, fish, caviar, of export the goods wasprobably less comparedimportance century; fourteenth however, Eastern to the of itthough was paralleledimportanceof by increasing regional the The rolethe of goods. decline, not which did character, its long-distance retained commerce As Iinferredabove, 1453,up whento itwas stopped rather by political than economicfactors. lasted station providecrisis. recoveryfrom evidence This growth additional economic of the frequency of visits of galleys to the port of Tana and the length of their stay at the trading became stable and demonstrate a tendency towards economic growth. Besides economic a growth. tendency towards became anddemonstrate stable increased, following the recovery from crisis. The from earlier following recovery the increased, maritime republics. formed by Italian the were world economy at exactly this time and all the tools that modern capitalism has at its disposal Braudel, thefirst became Venice to According economicandtrade. ininternational tools its weremade possible.generalizations total reconstructionfor a sufficient not sources of was I used Theset oldmorenew ones. than solved problems of an entire holistichistory of the Black Sea historyregion. However, an attempt to reach my objectives probably opened of the societyBlack of SeaTana; regionin the presence nevertheless, Italian the of picture in the broaden to the allowed which material Middlesource abundant Ages, some and to amend some points in the scholarship on the Idiscovered relevant data on the prices of certain goods; contextualization of datathis and its comparison to Braudel, The Black Sea region provided an import-export servicefor Europe. importance vital import-export of an The Sea provided Black region The thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries were the epoch of the emergence of of capitalism emergence of the epoch werethe centuries fifteenth the to The thirteenth The notarial deeds that have been researched for the first time in this study gave me Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ 543 Moreover, silk was still mentioned repeatedly in the deeds, but the scaleof butthe in deeds, the repeatedly mentioned silk wasstill Moreover, [Material Civilization], Vol. 3, 78. CONCLUSION 97 542 In the 1430s, commodity Inthe circulation 1430s, commodity incanti amounts of 1430s the incanti , the , CEU eTD Collection the conditionsthe and procedure for manumission. 544 expansion intoEastern Europe. The presence of Russians not only as slaves, but as merchants study,butprovisionally that his I think case demonstrates beginnings the Armenian the of case research and aseparate needsfurther still Armenian, Borano Taiapetra, presumable A and active. socially prosperous, numerous, were Tana of Greeks The previous scholarship. in the be to thought were they than more much trade Levantine in the involved and present Germans were that material showed of study this The of religion. in aspect “attractive” the own parish. inwere, surprisingly, interested churches Genoese andthe clergy,almost neglecting their For some unknown Venetians while notary, a Venetian of services oftenusedthe theGenoese intensive; fairly reason, were contacts Their expect. than would better one far were citizens their between relations the Genoesein the fourteenth century. Notwithstanding the tension betweenquarters Venice and Genoa, the composition of profession.religious The variety remainedof ethnic groups as asbroad itwas seem to have been moretransportation. expenses, notwithstanding the administrative control and the dangers and rigors of cut to in order buy onspot slaves to attempted Italians so the deal, a great differed in Europe market (where they could become the soldiers of the Mameluk army). The prices in Tana and (where theslaves could in be and usedashome factories)and servants Egyptian workers the markets the European were destinations Themain goods. self-repayable marketable, and in Tana. fifteenth-century already existed European economic“the colonialism, products of industry in exchange for rawmaterials,” Themodel forof market. thelocal itwas meant Hence, station. of trading the population Latin was abovethe needsof the amount imported the that textiles show of European import See the respective chapter for more particular conclusions on the ethnicity of slaves, prices, treatment, and treatment, prices, slaves, of ethnicity the on conclusions particular more for chapter respective Seethe The slave trade was intensive; the prices were variable, wasintensive;The slave wereliquid, andslaves were prices the trade The ethnic structure of the money-oriented society of Tana was diverse, as was its was as was diverse, Tana of society money-oriented of the structure The ethnic 544 98 CEU eTD Collection investigation of investigation history the of of regionthis based on documentsisthe more than promising. furtherfeel that I old However, the ones. answers to giving than scholarly rather problems, new has created awhole. My research as Mediterranean andthe Levant, the Sea region, problemsmany Black in make afreshopportunity investigation history Tana,the of the of to more thanoutsiders. with eachother were in contact Tana, who circle members of of the elite, which tendedtobemostsocially of inhabitants the active and Armenians Tana was home. Here, in fact, the sources confirm mere logic. most often not by the words the by not often most 545 Italy. to be sent belongings their of most that wills their in ordering station, trading the to attachment most likely and population of permanent the quarter one least at been have must locals the Therefore, much more. my materialpercentages in and non-Westerners indeedsof 1430s. the percentages the of the Latins were the between islarge discrepancy there infer a that I of decades, that other deedsto of the data temporary the compared inmysample. than Having their presence Tana wasfargreater population of visitors, and do not have vague. been to somewhat seem demonstrate Armenian) Catholic, (Orthodox, denominations Christian among borders the and religion, of in terms tolerant strong embraced The pagancults. station Islam, professing of society continued was quite trading formally having Tatars, thenomadic while Christians, werelargely lifestyle, nomadic the to alien and in Tana if domiciled Tatars, Tatars. and Russians of favour in role major a play with the North were quite intensive. The number of slaves changed, and Caucasians ceased to and even slave traders led me tothe conclusion that the commercial connections of the region Moreover, Latins who lived in Tana for a considerable period of time still tended to describe themselves describe to tended still oftime period a considerable for Tana in lived who Latins Moreover, Probably the number of local Greeks, Tatars, in and permanent Tatars, local Probably numberof Armenians the the Greeks, To summarize, Ishouldnotarial saythattheresearchinto provideddeeds an My attempt to aggregate social groups resulted in the definition of a relatively narrow 545 Theyfrequented the moretrading orless, station many whilefor Greeks, Tatars, habitator Tane , but with the words 99 nuncpresens in Tana . CEU eTD Collection the Blackthe Sea region. history andeconomicof largelysocial generalizing onthe scholarship the reshaping work, beand quite to seems challenging. However, such wouldmakeresearch possible a nature ofamore diverse sources circleof of involvement a broader This the require would 100 CEU eTD Collection >ɂɡ >ɂɡ levantis resvenetasatque etDiplomata sive Acta Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum, levantis resvenetasatque etDiplomata sive Acta Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum, >ɉɨɥɧɨɟɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɪɭɫɫɤɢɯɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɟɣ SOURCES PUBLISHED PRIMARY reg.20. Secreta. Senato, ASV. Misti.ASV. Senato, 58, reg. 59, 60(1430 – 1440). ASV. Senato, Mar. reg. 4, 6, 7. ASV. Notarili Testamenti. b. 917 (notaio Benedictus de Smeritis). ASV. Notarili Testamenti. b. 750 (notaio Nicolaus de Varsis). ASV. Cancelleria Inferior. Notai. b. 231 (notaio Nicolaus de Varsis). diVenezia Stato Archivio di Venice, ASG. San Giorgio. S. 34. 1226. Genoa, Archivio di Stato di Genova SOURCES: UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY See thelist of abbreviations inthe matter.front “ “ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɟɬɜɫɨɚ ɜɯ ɱɫɥɜɯ ɜɡɢ ɟɬɫɢɧɹ ɜɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɜɟɡɞ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɚ Ɇɟɫɬɚ Academy of Academy Sciences,of 1941.190 –201. History of the Golden Ɉɪɞɵ Horde]. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ Vol. ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ II. Comp. ɤ V. ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ G. Tizengauzenom. Moscow: USSR In Samarkandi. seas” Abdal-Razzak by of two confluence the Ɋɚɡɡɚɤɚɋɚɦɚɪɤɚɧɞɢ Moscow: USSRMoscow: Academy Sciences,213-215. of 1941, Relating to the History of the Golden Horde]. Vol. 2. Comp. V. G. Tizengauzen. ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ illustrantia 1880. illustrantia Moscow: 1846– XLIII. 2004. ” ɏɚɣɞɟɪɚɊɚɡɢ . Pars 2.. Pars Ed.R.Predelli. Venice:Sumptibus Societatis, 1899. Patria, Storia di Veneta Deputazione Venice: M. Thomas. G. Ed. I. . Pars , ɬɨɹɢɫɤ ɫɨɢɁɥɬɣ Ɉɪɞɵ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ]. Extracts from “The Places of the rise of two lucky stars, and lucky riseof of from the stars, two “The Places Extracts ]. ]. Extracts from the “History” of Haider Razi. In BIBLIOGRAPHY: ] Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles. Vol. I– 101 [Collection of Materials Relating to the [Collection of Materials of [Collection ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ” ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ⱥɛɞɚɪ - , CEU eTD Collection Pomniki dziejówLwowa zarchiwum miasta.Vol.2:Ksi (1431 – 1463). Vol. 3 concernantlaRomanie. de Venise duSénat Régestes délibérations des Pero Tafur. Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci. Francesco Pegolotti, Tana (1403 –1408) notaio inVenezia,e Moretto Bon, Trebisonda ______. “ ______. Herberstein, Sigismund. Herberstein, >Ʉɚɪɩɨɜ àByzance Les Italiens I viaggiinPersia degliambasciatori venetiBarbaro eContarini ______. Nicolas. Iorga, Il LibrodeicontidiGiacomoBadoer >ɂɡ “ ɋɩɢɫɤɨɜɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹɦɢɪɚ A.Czo 1404 –1414 Ed. F. Thiriet. Paris: Mouton & Co., 1961. Indrik,2006. Moscow: Mediaeval Academy Mediaeval Academy of America, 1936. Venice:per Comitato la pubblicazione delle fonti allastoriarelative di 1950. Venezia, 9 (1998): – 81. 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Series XIV – PSV 3 , CEU eTD Collection [Aybabina, E.A., and S.G. Bocharov] Eliahu. Ashtor, ______. ______. [Antonin, Archimandrite] [Antonin, Ahrweiler, Helene. XVe siècles.” et XIVe aux àVenise des esclaves “Le recrutement Charles. Verlinden, Vigna, Amadeo. Codice diplomatico delle colonie tauro-liguri durante la signoria dell'Ufficio la signoria durante tauro-liguri colonie delle diplomatico Codice Amadeo. Vigna, “The Statute for the Genoa colonies in the Black Sea, published in Genoa in [ in Genoa 1449” Sea, published Black for inthe theGenoacolonies “The Statute >Ɍɚɥɵɡɢɧɚ Iohann.Shiltberger, Peter. Schreiner, Konstantinos. Sathas, >ɉɪɨɤɨɮɶɟɜɚ ɪɞɟɟɨɨɄɚɮɮɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣ Press, 1983. Vol. 1379– II. 1402. Vienna, 1862.”]. profana. Ed. F. Miclosicz. Vol. I.Acta patriarchatus Constantinopolitani. 1315 - 1372. Graecamedii “Acta [Review etdiplomata sacra et – 1402.Vienna, 1862” of: aevi; Miclosicz. patriarchatus Constantinopolitani. Acta Vol.1379 I. Vol. 1315–1372. II. attributed to the Greek Synaxarion”]. tothe Greek attributed Sugdea (Sudak), Crimean of the city fifteenth to century relating twelfth to the Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɦɭɝ Bulletin del'Institut Historique Belgede Rome – 7.Genova, 1868–1879. di In di (1453 –1475). San Giorgio with translation and notes, ed. V. N. Yurgevich. (2000): 19 (2000): - 35. ɞɥɹɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɨɧɢɣɜɑɟɪɧɨɦɦɨɪɟ (1411 – 1413)” [“Venetian notary (1411 –1413)”[“Venetian notary inRizzo –1413)”]. TanaCristoforo (1411 Handschriften der Biblioteca Vaticana derBiblioteca Handschriften Bunijatov. Baku: Elm.,1984. 1991. 3. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1882. Ɇɚɧɨ 1419)]. , ɟɟɡɹ ɧɚ Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɹ Ⱥ (1413– 1419)” [Acts of notariesVenetian a Mano in (1413 – Donato Tana , . ɇ PSV The LevantTradeintheLater Middle Ages Ⱥ . .] Talyzina, A. A. “ Ⱦ Byzance et la mer Byzance etla 4(2000):36 - 174. Texte zur spätbyzantinischen Finanz-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte in .]. Prokofieva, N. D. “ D. N. .]. Prokofieva, Traveling through Europe, Asia and Africa from1394to1427 Asia andAfrica Traveling throughEurope, . Documents àl'histoiredeGrèce aumoyenâge ineditsla relatifs ɋɭɝɞɟɟ : “Acta et: “Acta diplomata Graeca medii profana.F. sacra aevi; Ed. et Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɧ SECONDARY LITERATURE: SECONDARY ( ɋɭɞɚɤɭ ” [The Greek churches of medieval Caffa]. In medieval Caffa]. Greekchurches of ” [The , . Paris: PressesUniversitaire deFrance, 1966. ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɢɣɧɨɬɚɪɢɣɜɌɚɧɟɄɪɢɫɬɨɮɨɪɨɊɢɰɰɨ ɚɪɯɢɦ ), Ⱥɣɛɚɛɢɧɚ Atti dellasocietà Ligure di storia patria(Genova) ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟɧɚɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɋɢɧɚɤɫɚɪɟ ȺɤɬɵɜɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɨɝɨɧɨɬɚɪɢɹɜɌɚɧɟȾɨɧɚɬɨɚ ZOOID 103 . “ . ZOOID . The Vatican: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Apostolica Biblioteca Vatican: . The Ɂɚɦɟɬɤɢ , , ȿ ɢɡɞɚɧɧɵɣɜȽɟɧɭɟɜ . 5 (1863):595-628. Ⱥ 5 (1863):963 -966. 39, 33,58(1968). No. ZOOID ., XII–XV ɋ . . Princeton: Princeton University Princeton . Princeton: Ƚ . 5(1863):629 - 837. Ȼɨɱɚɪɨɜ ɜɟɤɚ , “ 1449 Ƚɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɟɰɟɪɤɜɢ , ɬɨɹɢɫɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɝ .]. Latin text ” [Notes on ” [Notes Orthodox PSV ɍɫɬɚɜ . Vol. . . Ed. 4 5 CEU eTD Collection Berindei, M., Veinstein,Berindei, G.“La M., dela présence italienne Tana-Azaq àl’emprise ottomane (fin [Bayer, H.-F.] [Bayer, G. Z.] [Bartoshek, M.] [Bartoshek, Banescu,“Contribution N. àl'histoire dela seigneurie de en Théodoro-Mangoup Crimée.” [Baranov, I. A.] I. [Baranov, L. Balletto, In la –XVes.).” “C’est àCaffa______. fête (XIIIe ______. “Les à Orientaux au XVesiècle.” Caffa ______. “The Greeks of Crimea under Genoese Rule in the Fourteenth and“The Fifteenth ______. Rule intheFourteenth Greeksof Genoese Crimea under Michele. Balard, [Badyan V. V.,and A. M. Chiperis,]. 1992. Babinger, Fr. XIIIe – milieu XVIe siècle).” 2001. the cityTheodoro of Matthew’sStory of ɆɚɬɮɟɹɨɝɨɪɨɞɟɎɟɨɞɨɪɨ acquisition bythe Russian State its citybefore ofthe thefoundation from toAzov cases relating all the description of ɨɞɧɹ ɟɨ ɨɨɚ ɨ ɨɜɚɟɢɨɚɨ ɨɊɫɢɫɭɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɞ ɨɧɚɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ law. Concepts, terminology,definitions 559. fortress]. In ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɢ Byzantinische Zeitschrift Byzantinische Colombiano, 1976. Moscow: 493 Indrik,Moscow: – 501. 2009, 223 –238. Centuries.” française deRome, 1978. Tavrica XIII – XV 2002.. ChurchTaurica: Materials for Antiquities of Archaeology Genova Mediterraneo Mar Nero (secc. XIII –XV).Genova MediterraneoMarNero (secc.XIII Mehmed theConqueror and hisTime . Kiev,1974.174- 189. Ȼɚɣɟɪ Ȼɚɣɟɪ Ȼɚɪɬɨɲɟɤ ” [The complex of the third quarter of the fourteenth century in the Sudak inthe century fourteenth of the quarter third the ” [The of complex La Romanie Génoise (XIIe – début duXVesiècle). –début Génoise(XIIe La Romanie Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜ Dumbarton Oaks Papers ɋɭɝɞɟɣɫɤɢɣɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɜɜ , , . [Trade of Caffa in the thirteenth - fifteenth centuries]. In Ƚ ɏ . .- , Ɂ Ɏ , . Ɇ ɂ . ɪɬɨɨɢɚɢɜɟɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ . . ɫɨɢɤɵɫɢɝɬɜ ɚɢɬɪɪɬɰɹ ɋɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɤɪɵɦɫɤɢɯ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ 35,no. 1 (1935): 21– 34. Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɟɩɪɚɜɨ Ⱥ . “ [ ɨɩɟɫ ɪɬɟɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Turcica The History of the Crimean Goths asaninterpretation theCrimean The History Goths of ]. St.-Petersburg: 1782. Ȼɚɞɹɧ [SugdeaCollection]Kiev 1. – Sudak,2004.524 49(1995):23 – 32. 8,No.1 (1976): 110– 201. 104 , ]. Moscow, ]. 1989. ȼ . ]. Ekaterinburg: Ural University Ekaterinburg:Publishers, Ural ]. . ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ȼ . Princeton: Princeton University Press, University Princeton Princeton: . ., Byzantinische Forschungen Ⱥ . Mare elittora, Ɇ , . ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɑɢɩɟɪɢɫ , ɚɚɳɯɹ ɨ ɡɜɨɬ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ XIV , 159 - 169. Kiev:Stilos, , 159- Vol. I – II. Rome: École Rome: II. – I Vol. Genoa: Civico Istituto , . “ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ed. R.M.Shukurov. ɌɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɄɚɮɮɵɜ ɟɚ ɋɭɞɚɤɫɤɨɣ ɜ ɜɟɤɚ 11(1987): [ [ A brief Roman Feudal CEU eTD Collection ______. “ ______. ______. [Brun, F. K.] ______. ______. [Braudel, F.] ______. ______. “Les dans Vénitiens la Mer Noire siècle auXIVe après ladeuxième guerrede Br [Bogdanov [Bocharov, [Bliznyuk, S.V.] Bischoff, J. P. “Pegolotti: An Honest Merchant?” An Honest “Pegolotti: P. J. Bischoff, [Berthier-Delagarde, A.L.] [Berthier-Delagarde, ă tianu, G. 2 (1848): 709 2 (1848): - 718. lamer Noire et des colonies Génoises de laKrimee, par F.la de Primaudaie.” Bessarabia] [The ancient topography of some areas of the territories of Novorossiysk and ɤɚɪɬɚɦ ZOOID economics and capitalism]. Vol. 2,3. Moscow: Progress, 2007. et lanotion de Latinité. Polygrams, 1993. Geuthner,1929. Détroits.” academic history city). Byzantine of the history ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ religious monuments, watersupply system]. PhD dissertation. Moscow: 2000. 1774;fortifications,Historical century late thirteenth of Caffa, topography up to ɝ 126 -144. Constantinople and Adrianople in the middle of the fifteenth century]. fifteenth the of middle in the Adrianople and Constantinople ɞɢɧɩɥɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɢɚɧɨɩɨɥɟ No. 1 No. (1977): 103–108. Mavrokastron; the notes of the toparch of Gothia]. Ɇɚɜɪɨɤɚɫɬɪɨɧɚ .). ɚ Les Vénitiens dans la Mer Noire au XIVe siècle. La politique du Sénat en1332-33 siècle.LapolitiqueduSénat au XIVe Les Vénitiens danslaMerNoire Recherches sur lecommerce GénoisdanslaMerNoiresiècle. auXIIIe ɪɜɹɨɨɪɮɹɧɤɬɪɯɦɫɨɨɨɫɣɤɝɤɪɚɹɢȻɟɫɫɚɪɚɛɢɢ Ⱦɪɟɜɧɹɹɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯɦɟɫɬɇɨɜɨɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɟɢɥɧɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ɋ , N. 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Problems of the of Problems centuries. fifteenth to tenth in ” (Cherson Ƚ ɭɶɨɵɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɟ . “ ȼ , ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɄɚɮɮɵ . “ XV ɇ PSV . ɨɟɟɢ ɢɧɝɧɷɰɜ Ʉɧɬɧɢɨɨɟ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ ɜ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɰɟɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ Ʉɨɲɟɥɟɤ Ɇ , ɜ 1 (1991): 8 1(1991): – 164. . “ .” [The purse and the life of the Genoese in Genoese the life of the and purse .” [The ɤɧɦɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ 105 ɏɟɪɫɨɧɜ , Ⱥ Journal of European EconomicHistoryJournal ofEuropean . [The dynamics of capitalism]. Smolensk: ” [On the problem of the whereabouts of Ʌ . “ . X – XV , ZOOID ɜɩɨɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ Ʉ ɢɬɦɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ 33(1916):1- 20. ɜɜ . ( [Material civilization, [Material . Munich: Societatea . Munich: ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ XIII PSV Paris: Paul 3(1998): ɜ . – 1774 ” [The ZOOID 6, CEU eTD Collection [Dzhanov,A. V.] Dupuigrenet Desroussilles, F. “Vénitiens et Génois à Constantinople et en en Dupuigrenet“VénitiensMer Noire Desroussilles, eten F. etGénoisàConstantinople ______. “La Tana______. auXVesiècle.”In Doumerc, B. “Les Vénetiens à la Tana.” [Dombrowski, O. I.] I.] O. [Dombrowski, [“Different observations related to the island of “ island of Taman”]. to the related observations [“Different Diehl,“La Ch. colonie vénitienne.” BZ 22 (1913): 88 –89. Delacroix-Besnier, C. 1821. P. Daru, [Chursina, A.] [Chistozvonov, A. N.] ______. ______. ______. ______. [The Fortifications of the Genoese Soldaya.] In 1431.” Renaissance southern coast]. In ɘɠɧɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹ Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɨɫɬɪɨɜɚɌɚɦɚɧɹ Rome: Alain 1997. Ducellier, [The Works of Yaroslavlthe 76(1970):56 Pedagogical Institute] - 70. medieval of trade]. ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɣɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ the Imperial Academy of Academy Sciences the Imperial of Goths Black the traces longof Seaand the their stay Russia].in Southern 966 -973. Navalthe Petersburg:Azov Annex to 1861). collection,”Sea. St. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ collection]. Odessa:collection]. 1870. ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ 1871. Histoire dela Republique de Venise Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵɞɥɹɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɋɭɝɞɟɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟɝɨɬɵɢɫɥɟɞɵɞɨɥɝɨɝɨɢɯɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹɜɘɠɧɨɣɊɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɫɤɟ ɛɟɬɨ ɫɨɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɟ ɟɟɡɹ ɧɚ Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɹ Cahiers duMonderusse etsoviétique ɑɭɪɫɢɧɚ ” [Italian and Netherlandish economy trade]. and economy ” [ItalianandNetherlandish ”. St.-Petersburg: 1861 (Review of: “The increasing shallowness of “The increasing shallowness ”. St.-Petersburg: of 1861(Reviewof: the Ⱦɠɚɧɨɜ [Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, notes and archaeological notes Antiquities, and History Society of [Odessa . Lyon: 1989,251–266. Les dominicains et la chrétienité grecque aux XIVe et XVe siècles XVe et XIVe grecqueaux et lachrétienité Les dominicains ɑ ɢ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɡ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɜ , Ⱥ Ⱦɨɦɛɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ : “ Feudal Tavrica , .” . “ . Ⱥ ɱɧɟ ɚɢɤəɨɥɜɤɝɩɞɝɝɱɫɨɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ZOOID . ɛɟɟɢȺɨɫɨɨ ɦɨɪɹ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɉɛɦɟɥɟɧɢɟ Ⱥɤɬɵɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɨɜɤɚɤɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢɞɥɹɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ȼ . “ ” [Acts of the Genoese notaries as the sources for the study for the sources the as notaries Genoese of ” [Acts the Ɏɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɨɣɋɨɥɞɚɣɢ ” [Medieval settlements- the “Isars” of the Crimean , 10 (1877): 230-234. Ⱥ , . Le Moyen Age , 1874. . Kiev:5 – 56. 1974, ɇ Ɉ . “ . 2 106 . Etat etcolonisationauMoyenAge à la ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɚɹɢɧɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɢ [Materials History for the Sugdea] of nd ɂ ed. Vol. II, III, VIII. Paris: Firmin Didot, . “ 20, No. 1 20,No. (1979): 111–122. ɪɞɟɟɨɵɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ 94, No.3 – 4 (1988): 363 – 379. The BlackSea,Crimea, Russiain , Ɋɚɡɧɵɟɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɝɡɩɫɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɟɝɨ . ɪɥɠɧɟ Ɇɨɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɤ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ SV 41(1977):34-49. ZOOID , ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ -« 5 (1863): . Odessa: Notes of ɢɫɚɪɵ [The » ” . CEU eTD Collection [Febvre, L.] Extract from the writings of Wilhelm Heyd, [Emanov, A. G., A. I. and Popov,] ______. “ ______. “ ______. “ [Emanov, A. G.] [Egorov, V. L.] Edler, F. Edler, ______. [Dzhivelegov,A. K.] 1991. ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɹɑɟɪɧɨɝɨɦɨɪɹ ɟɟɧɦ ɨɟɟɶɑɪɨɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɢɶɟɶɚ Ƚɟɣɞɚ ȼɢɥɶɝɟɥɶɦɚ (“ L. Colley. Sea].Transl. Black of the coast northern the on colonies Western Thedecay of coast. BlackSea northern the on Colonies [The Rostov-na-Donu: 1988. Commerce SeainAntiquityandtheMiddle andNavigationintheBlack Ages In fifteenth centuries). - thirteenth from Caffa, based materials on the commerce, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢɧɚɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯɄɚɮɮɵ thirteenth thirteenth to fifteenth centuries]. Tyumen, 1995. Caffa, from materials on based commerce, of history inthe south and [North Byzantine Studies Caffa (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries)]. In Sea, Crimea,RussiainHistory materialsthe 2 andCulture. of Sudak 84 –90. 2004) (12 -16September conference Leningradskiy Vestnik ɜɜ centuries]. Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 1985. centuries]. Moscow: fifteenth in to thirteenth the Golden of Horde the Geography historical (The Cambridge University Cambridge 1934. University Press, [ St. Petersburg: and Brockhaus 1904. Efron, September Part2004). II. History IIInternational andCulture.Sudak Materials ofthe Conference (12 -16 Medieval cities inWesternMedieval Europe Glossary of Medieval TermsBusiness. Series.Glossary Italian of 1200–1600 of .” [The Eastern direction of trade from Caffa in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries]. fifteenth to in the thirteenth from Caffa of trade direction .” [TheEastern ɌɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɧɚɁɚɩɚɞɟɜɋɪɟɞɧɢɟɜɟɤɚ ɪɮɢɢ ɨɞɣɤɝɯɪɚɦɚ ɫɨɥɞɚɣɫɤɨɝɨ Ƚɪɚɮɮɢɬɢ ɟɟɢ ɝ ɢɬɪɢ ɨɦɪɢɧɦɬɪɚɚɄɚɮɮɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɘɝ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪ ɚɢɹɟ ɧɥɬɧɧɜ Ʉɚɮɮɟ ɜ ɧɟɥɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɹɧɟ Ɏɟɜɪ ȿɝɨɪɨɜ ȿɦɚɧɨɜ , Ʌ . Ȼɨɢɡɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ Ⱦɠɢɜɟɥɟɝɨɜ , , 107 -116., Petersburg: St. 1991. ȼ , ‘ Ⱥ . Ʌ . 3,Ser.2(1986): 99 - 102. ɫɨɢɬɪɨɥȼɫɨɚ ɫɟɧɟ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ƚ . . “ ɫɨɢɟɤɹɝɨɪɮɹ ɨɨɨɈɪɞɵɜ Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Kiev – Sudak:Academperiodika, 2004. ’). ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢɄɚɮɮɵɜ ȿɦɚɧɨɜ , ITUAK Ⱥ . . [Fightingfor history]. NaukaPublishers, Moscow: Ʉ ]. Moscow: ]. Moscow: Knizhnaya nakhodka,2002. XIII – XV , No. 52 (1915): 68-185. . , ” [Graffiti on church the Soldaya]. In of . Part II. Kiev . PartII. Academperiodika, 2004, – Sudak: 107 History of Trade of the EastintheMiddleAges Trade ofthe History of Ⱥ ɪɞɟɟɨɵɝɪɞɜ ɚɚɧɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɟ . [Trade in West [Trade Ages]. during the theMiddle . (13 –XV (13 Ƚ ., ɨɟɡɩɞɵɤɥɧɣ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ Ʉɨɧɟɰ Ⱥ . From the History of Byzantium and theHistoryFrom of ɜɜ ɂ .” [North and south in the history of . ɉɨɩɨɜ ɜɜ .)” [Latins.)” andnon-Latins in ɡɥɱɧɟ ɡ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɂɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ , “ ɋɟɜɟɪɢɘɝɜɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ XIII – XV XIII ( nd –XV XIII international . Cambridge: ɨɨɢɧɚ Ʉɨɥɨɧɢɢ XIII – XV , 76 - 84., 76- Black ɜɜ ɜɜ .” . CEU eTD Collection Heers, Jacques. Heers, [Grigoriev, V.] [Grekov, B. D., A. Y.Jakubowski,] [Gorelik, M. V.,Fomichev, N.M.] [Gerzen,A. G.] (“Genoese sword found in the Crimea”). “ ______. “ ______. “ [Fomichev, N. M.] Fleet, K. Fleet, [Fomenko, I. K.] [Firsov,L. V.] ______. “ ______. [Fedorov-Davydov,A.] G. (1844): 301 (1844): - 314, 654. Society]. the belonging to and peninsula Tauride on the minted Giray coins ɚɪɱɫɨɩɥɨɬɨɟ ɩɢɚɥɠɳɟ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɨɜɟ Ɍɚɜɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɞɟɧɢ Twelfth toFourteenthcenturies Twelfth Sea Coast andtheVolgaRegioninRelationshipbetween EastandWestinthe XIV principality principality andTheodoro of Moldavia in 1475]. (1844): 624.(1844): Azov origin of the name and foundingthe of the city Azov].of centuries]. fifteenth and in fourteenth Azak-Tana city medieval the of life religious and worship ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɨɝɨɝɨɪɨɞɚȺɡɚɤɚɌɚɧɵɜɏȱ Azov]. Black Searegion. 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Ʉɨɧɟɰ , , ” [Armor of the fourteenth century from Azov]. In ɎɟɞɨɪɨɜȾɚɜɵɞɨɜ Ʌ , Ⱥ . . , ȼ ɇ XIII –XVII ȼ . “ , Ƚ . [Isar: Essays on the history of medieval castles on the on castles medieval of history the on Essays [Isar: . . . . “ 1(1981):229 – 238. ɂ Ɇ ɆɨɧɟɬɵȾɠɭɱɢɞɨɜ ɂɫɚɪɵ Ƚɨɪɟɥɢɤ Ƚɪɟɤɨɜ Paris: Sevpen, 1961. ɨɞɜɹ ɤɹɟɬɨ ɟɞɪɜ Ɏɟɨɞɨɪɨ ɤɧɹɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢɹ . . “ . Rostov-na-Donu, 1989. Ʉ ȾɠɭɱɢɞɫɤɢɟɦɨɧɟɬɵɢɡȺɡɨɜɚ . Ƚɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɣɦɟɱ : , Soviet Archaeology ɛɚɦɪɧɫɚɢɧɯ ɩɨɪɬɨɥɚɧɚɯ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɚ Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɜ , 108 ɱɪɢ ɫɨɢɫɟɧɜɤɜɯ ɤɪɟɩɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ Ȼ . Ɇ . , . [The image of the world in ancient portolans. in ancient world the of image [The 2(1994):13. Ⱦ Ƚ . Moscow: Moskovskiy Litzey, 1998. . ȼ ., V – Ⱥ ., Ⱥ . Ɏɨɦɢɱɟɜ . Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɨɪɞɵɧɫɤɢɟɝɨɪɨɞɚɉɨɜɨɥɠɶɹ ɘ ɏ ADSV , V . ɝɟɧɭɷɡɰɟɜɢȽɢɪɟɟɜ , XIV əɤɭɛɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɜ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɣɜɄɪɵɦɭ .” [Some data on of places on the .” [Some data 35 (2004): 226 35(2004): - 241. , 3(1958):65 - 72. ɇ Sketches from theHistoryof Sketches from ɜ . . 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XV 48 (1987):139– 145. of contract [The University Press, 1990. in thirteenthɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ to fifteenth centuries: The problems of trade]. Moscow: Moscow State Italian trading station on the periphery of Byzantium]. of periphery the on station trading Italian ɨɤɪɚɢɧɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ economy Byzantine city]. Late economy of the ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ St.Petersburg: Aletheia, 2007. in navigation Black Sea]. the ɦɨɪɟ ɑɟɪɧɨɦ ɜ 59 (1997): 49 59(1997): - 59. 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Rostov-na-Donu, 1989. in theRelationshipbetween toSixteenththe Twelfth CenturiesWest from Eastand In centuries]. – sixteenth – XVI European Medieval Sources European Medieval problems of Western classifying acts].private European In ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ notaries]. the artof Passagerius on histreatise and ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ centuries]. thirteenth to in eleventh notaries Italian of history the [On Tatars Caffa Tatars in century]. fifteenth the the with relations political atthe A glance sources: Genovese the to according policies Ɉɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɤɚɮɮɢɧɫɤɢɯɧɚɞɱɟɤɚɧɨɤɧɚɞɠɭɱɢɞɫɤɢɯɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ ɨɚɞɧ ɚɫɝɪɣ ɟɨ ɪɤɚɨɢɤɫɬɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɟɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ ɨɛ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɟɝɨ ɢ ɉɚɫɫɚɝɟɪɢɣ Ɋɨɥɚɧɞɢɧ ɪɛɟɵ ɥɫɢɢɚɢɡɩɞɨɜɨɟɫɨɨ ɚɬɨɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɜ .” [Onthe problem Slavo-Russian of population in Doninthe the thirteenth Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ SV Ʉɭɥɢɲɟɪ 53 (1990): 157 53(1990): - 166. 5 (1973):297 – 310. 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D.] Medioevo ederamoderna Zindrich und Nikolaus Zornberg von Breslau und Lemberg.” Landesforschung Sigismund auf im 1431.” dem Reichstag Mürz Nürnberger siècle) Byzantium during of Palaiologians, the first the times 1263–1328]. - 96. the the thirteenth fourteenth and centuries]. the fifteenththe century].Leningrad: Nauka 1971. 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L’esclavage dansl’Europe . ɑɟɬɵɪɟɝɨɞɚɝɨɪɨɞɚɄɚɮɮɵ ɟɚɢɚ Ⱥɡɨɜɚ Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ ɘ [The Northern Black Sea and the Volga region in the Relations between East ” [Imported ɫɩɪɢɟɬɟ ɟɟɢɫ ɟɭɸ ɜ Ƚɟɧɭɟɸ ɫ ȼɟɧɟɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɟɪɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ɉ ɍɡɥɨɜ .] Uvarov, P. Y. The GothsintheCrimea ȼɨɥɤɨɜ XIII – XV Moscow, 1970. Moscow, 17 – 21. , ɘ , Kiev: Academperiodika, 2004. . amfora ɂ Ⱥ . “ . ɜɜ . Gent: Rijksuniversiteit te Gent, 1977. ȼ XIV–XVIII ɄɜɨɩɪɨɫɭɨɛɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɣɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢɋɟɜɟɪɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ .” [On the Italian colonization of North-West Caucasus in the . “ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɟɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ Studi inonoredi Gino Luzzato packaging in Azak, city of the Golden Horde]. In ȼɟɤɫɥɟɪ [French society in the sixteenth century: An attempt at An attempt century: sixteenth in the [Frenchsociety ɦɨɬɚɚɮɪɚɬɪɡɨɥɨɬɨɨɪɞɵɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɬɚɪɚ ɚɦɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɂɦɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ZOOID . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Mediaeval Academy of Academy Mediaeval Massachusetts: Cambridge, . (1453,1454,1455 , Black Sea,Crimea, RussiainHistory and Culture. 39,No. 33,58 (1968). Ⱥ 8 (1872): 109144. - 119 ., Treizième Congrès International des sciences des CongrèsInternational Treizième Ⱥ ɜɜ . . ( Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ Vol. 2: ɥɫɢɢɚɢɢ ɞɚɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ZOOID XIV XVI Italie.Colonieitaliennesdu Levant , 287–298.Brussels: Editions 4 (1860): 151-182. ɜɟɤɟ ɢ ɜɟɤɚ 2(Milan, 1 1950): – 25. 1456)”[Fouryears ofCaffa: Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɟɤɥɚɞɵ ” [On the rivalry between rivalry ” [Onthe : Ɉɩɵɬɵɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Bulletin de [Moscow ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ )” – [Azov Part ɏ9ȱ CEU eTD Collection [Zevakin, E. S., N. A. Penchko,] ______. “ ______. ______. “ ______. “ ______. ______. “ ______. “ ______. ______. “ ______. [Yurgevich, V.] V.] [Yurgevich, ______. “ ______. ______. “ [Yarovaya, E.A.] [Vorobyov fifteenth century]. history of social relations in the Genoese colonies of the northern Black Sea in the ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣɜɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɤɨɥɨɧɢɹɯɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɝɨɉɪɢɱɟɪɧɨɦɨɪɶɹɜ in Russia]. 27 –51. establishment[On findsand inarchaeological discoveries precededthe southern Russia that of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities]. ɪɞɟɬɨɚɲɯ ɱɟɞɧɸ ɞɫɤɝɈɳɫɜɢɬɪɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɉɞɟɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ Notes of Society]. the of Notes the article on the Genoese coins by Italian scholar C. Desimoni in Vol. VIII of the 274 -281. ɁɚɩɢɫɨɤɈɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ Balaklava]. (1863): 157 (1863): - 177. [A Genoese inscription found in Feodosia in 1883]. Conference (Yaroslavl,23 19- April 1999): Abstracts In centuries]. – seventeenth twelfth Genoesecoins the – XVII – XVII Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2000.79-80. heritage of Caffa, Soldaya and Cembalo, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries]. fifteenth fourteenth and andCembalo, Soldaya Caffa, of heritage ɜɜ centuries]. In centuries]. fifteenth and fourteenth colonies, Genoese the from tombstones the on [Heraldry (2005): 139 (2005): - 170. ɩɦɬɪɚɚɥɩɞɪɨɨ ɚɥɞɹ Ʉɚɮɮɵ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ ɥɚɩɢɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɩɨ seventeenth centuries]. Kalinin:University State Kalinin,of 1987. XV –XVII .)” [Genealogy and heraldry of the Genoese officials of the Crimea: the lapidary ɚ , I. G.] ɈɦɨɧɟɬɚɯȽɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯ ȽɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɟɧɚɞɩɢɫɢɜɄɪɵɦɭ Ɂɚɝɚɞɤɚ ɨɵɧɞɢɢ Ƚɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɇɨɜɵɟ ɟɚɶɢɚ ɚ ɚɥɞɵɩɢɚɢɝɧɷɫɢɤɨɥɨɧɢɣ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɥɢɬɚɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɧɚ Ƚɟɪɚɥɶɞɢɤɚ ɚɟɚɢɧɫɚɶɨ ɟɭɡɤɯ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ Ƚɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯ ɨ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɧɚ Ɂɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɜɝɧɷɫɢɧɞɢɢ ɡ Ȼɚɥɚɤɥɚɜɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɟ Ⱦɜɟ ɛ ɪɟɥɝɱɫɢɪɡɫɚɢɯ ɨɤɵɢɯ ɘɧɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ Ɉɛ ɜɜ ɘɪɝɟɜɢɱȼ .” [The enigma of enigma .” [The ɜɟɤɚɯ əɪɨɜɚɹ ZOOID ZOOID ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ “portalo dei dei “portalogenovesi”. Problems of the ProblemsHistory of and Culture ofMedievalSociety . [The Republic of Venice and the southern Slavic lands in fifteenth – fifteenth in lands Slavic southern the and Venice of Republic [The . ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ , 8 (1872): 147 – 166. , ȿ 11 (1879): 319 - 320. ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɦɭɱɟɧɵɦɄ . . “ . ZOOID Ⱥ , Ƚɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɚɹɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ . “ ɂ ȽɟɧɟɚɥɨɝɢɹɢɝɟɪɚɥɶɞɢɤɚɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɨɜɄɪɵɦɚ . Ɂɟɜɚɤɢɧȿ Ƚ , portalo deigenovesi ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦɵɯɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ . 8 (1872): 465 - 471. ȼɟɧɟɰɢɚɧɫɤɚɹɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɢɸɝɨɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟɡɟɦɥɢɜ ” [New Genoese inscriptions]. Genoese ” [New ” [Genoese inscriptions intheCrimea]. ” [Genoese 120 Ɉɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɟɜɪɚɬɧɚɝɟɧɭɷɡɫɤɢɯɦɨɧɟɬɚɯ . ɋ ., [Historical Notes] [Historical7 (1940):3 Notes] – 33. ɇ . , Ⱥ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹɜɎɟɨɞɨɫɢɢɜ . ” [Two Genoese inscriptions from ” [TwoGenoeseinscriptions ɉɟɧɱɤɨ : on the symbolism of the gates on , ZOOID 14 ” [About the Genoese coins found coins Genoese the ” [About ɨɞɣɢ ɑɟɦɛɚɥɨ ɢ ɋɨɥɞɚɣɢ , 97-100 , Seventh NationalNumismatic ɨɟɟɧɸ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɧɭɸ . “ Ⱦɟɫɢɦɨɧɢ ɂɡɢɫɬɨɪɢɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ (1888): 24- 26. . Moscow: 1999. ZOOID 14 ZOOID XV XIV– XV ” [Comments on ” [Comments ɜ 1883 .” [From the XIV–XV VIII 7 (1868): ZOOID (1888): PSV ɝɨɞɭ . St.- . ɬɨɦɟ XII ɜɜ 6 .” 5 ” ” , CEU eTD Collection 121 CEU eTD Collection ire temptavero tunc emendare debeam cum meis heredibus et successoribus heredibus et meis cum emendaredebeam tunc ire temptavero per quemlibet vestrum factum fuerit etcompletam. Si igitur contra hanc commissionis cartam exigeret, spetiale promitens firmum ratum gratum et tenere et atendere quitquid pervos seu que egomet exercendi, et faciendi, opperandi omniasingula aliageneraliter et meamiurandi et animam facere necnonin et reccipiendi expensas petendi prosequendi, causas etappelationes appelandi possem si faciendi, executioni fieri tam mandari ac sententiaset realiter, quaslibet quam personaliter personaliter terminationes dilactiones, precepta, terminos et intradicta opponendi productis adverso ex et inter probationesiuraproducendi advocatores et quelibet tollendi,et testes defendendi, advocandi essem;fuerit et in quocumqueet alioiudicio comparendi,si placitandi, agendi, respondenditallia et novis etveteribus,siopus habeat auditoribus virtutem plenam coram dominis potestatem et forent, quondam ser deconfiniosancti Luce etcuilibetinviro solidum, prome ut meoquenomine que mandatumRosso ser Bartholomeo etviro provido meo fratri Fusce dilecto sancte Donati de confinio presens existens in merchator Tana vobis vironobili ser IacoboCornario quondam domini in septimaego Franciscus committo Tana.Commitens Cornario quondam Donati domini ad quadringentesimo die decimo quadragesimoquinto mensis augusti indictione septimo and merchant Giacomo Cornario andtoBartolomeo Rosso Francisci Cornario qui hanc fieri rogavit. fieri hanc qui Cornario Francisci in huiusfirmitate.et nichilominus Signum ser commissionis carta sua permaneat antedicti heredium succesorum librorum et vestrorum auri quinque vestris heredibuset etsuccesoribus 546 Crossed out: General commission ofGiovanniMartinito Drovandino deIustis from Motono In nomine Dei eterni amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi millesimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. eterni Dei nomine In the nobleman brother, to his Cornario Francesco the nobleman commission of General Ego Philipus Delay testis subscripsi; subscripsi; testis Vallerius Silvester Ego APPENDIX (THE TRANSCRIPTIONS OF THENOTARIALDOCUMENTS) TRANSCRIPTIONS APPENDIX (THE Archivio diStato di Venezia. Cancelleria Inferior. domini Leonardi domini Tane complevi roboravi.Leonardi consuliset Venerio chancelarius Ego presbiter Nicolaus de egregii Venetiarum notariusVarsis spectabilis et viri meis . Parchment, instrumentParchment, (inserted). 17August 1445. f. 1r– f. 1v. 25 March 1435, Constantinople. 122 Cart. 231. Cart. Nicolaus de Varsis. 546 vobis CEU eTD Collection adverso respondendum instrumenta probacionestestes etiura quelibet producendum et productis ex sacramentum prestandum,libellis etpeticionibus scribendum responderi faciendum et contestandum in animam iurandum dicti constituenti et cuiuslibet alterius generis respondendum etdeffendendum,libellos etpeticiones dandum liteset reccipiendum, officialibus rectoribus, potestatibus, consulibus comparendum, placitandum,agendum, quocumque iudicio quam tam ecclesiastico seculari et coram iudicibus quibuscumque securitatem tam generalem quam specialem faciendum,si et fueritopus ubilibetin et absolucionem liberacionem, quietationem, finem, remisionem, etdereceptis in Gaffa spectabili ser Nicoloxoviro Loro etducatos quatuor auri a ser Baptista [de plenum liberum et generalem mandatum cum plena, libera et generale administratione et administratione generale et libera plena, cum mandatum etgeneralem liberum plenum predicta etcontra in predictis supra ut suo procuratori, predicto constituens concedens dictum mandatum speciale dans Etiam et requirunt. exiguunt que si taliaforent et exigerent ordo aciuris iudiciorum causarum et merita que et exercendum procurandum, tractandum operandum, etalia faciendum, omnia etgeneraliter prosequendum causas appellaciones et faciendum appelandum fieri execucioni mandari quam quaslibetpersonaliter tam et realiter, auri triginta duos ducatos serRaphaelis Paniza viri spectabilis olim relicta Marieta adomina recipiendum et ad recuperandum requiri. Item potuerunt ex ea vel apud quoscumque et acubicumque de causisquibuscumque et racionibus et universitate qualibetcolegio, hominibus comuni, etpersonis quibuscumque societate quitquid dictus nomine constituens quosuprahabere etrecipere debetetinfuturum debebita idet bona ac omne totum quelibet reset recuperandum denarios, et exigendum, reccipiendum adpetentum, exprese specialiter specialem nuntium certum et gestorem commissare sponte suscipientem suum legitimum procuratorem, actorem, factorem negociorum dicte ordinavit virumprovidum ser Drovandinum Iustis de ibi de Motono mandatum presentem et constituit fecit, sientia ex certa libere et sponte Constantinopoli, quartadecima indictione 550 549 548 547 capelani Arseniiconsulis DuodoTane viri egregii domini et de Varsispresbiteri spectabilis Nicolai Iohanis Petri deMartini existens Constantinopoli in ad presens quondam nominatus commissarius testamento Veneciis, ut apparet sui ultimi testamenti carta completa et roborata manu Crossed out: Crossed out: In the margins: In the margins: 1435 die XXV mensis MarciiConstantinopoli indictione quartadecima. SerIohanes 550 547 opponendum et in causas et causis concludendum et committendum committendum sententias inet causis concludendum et causas et opponendum in millessimo quadringentessimo trigessimo quinto mensis Ianuarii die XXIII die Ianuarii mensis quinto trigessimo quadringentessimo inmillessimo respondendum quos dictus testator solvit pro ea Cum cartis et sine cartis, per curiam et extra curiam et Venetiarum notarii 123 549 et ducatos circa X auri a circaauri X etducatos Cre m ona ] masario ] 548 eis CEU eTD Collection XXIo indictioneXXIo 14ain CumviteTana. sue terminum ignoret et prorsus unusquisque nil die maii mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini Euisdem a nativitate Anno meam iurandi promitens etc. Si igitur etc. Testes: Angelus de Senis,in animam et Matheus de faciendi Fagno. singula et allia omnia generaliter et comparendi in iudicio predictis pro dictisipsi denariis disponerepossitut videbitur Galeazio adsuibeneplacitum et si opportuerit quemdammanu bulletino apparet Benedicti olimde Smeritis presbiteri etde capelani Tane maximesolidis ducati 56quoshabereetreciperedebeoacamera19 comunis ut Venetiis habeatisvirtutem potestatem recuperandi petendi,exigendi meaet Etomnia bona etc. Dragano de Venetiis ad vobis Galeaziode viriIusti consulis Venerio etegregii presens domini spectabilis sub regimine in Tananominis ut salariatus amodo olim in Tana presens ad Guarnerio in antea pro me meoque nomine plenam receive money. 552 551 consuetum apposui. meum signumque publicavi et scripsi scribere rogatus et interffui omnibus premissis notarius rogatis. et vocatis adhecpluribus specialiter Iohane Barbaro, Ioxaphat et aliisnobili viro quam lobia Baxiliopresentibus Venetorum dicti constituenti bonorum omnium futurorumpresentium et Actum etc. in Constantinopoli iudicatoypotechaobligacioneiudicio solvendo Etde sub et fuerintet sisti quoqumque gesta. facta in etcirca predicta predictis perdictum suum procuratorem observare quecumque atendere, haberetenere, etgrata et rata se firma interesse et quodlibetpoterit et interest publice persone recipienti nominestipulanti et // viceet omnium singulorum et quorum infrascripto promisitmihi etalio notario oneresublevare satisdacionis quocumque volens dictus constituens supradictum nomine suum quo ab omni procuratorem onere Mistake, must be Crossed out: Testamentum ser Barnabe de Boiascho Ianuensis mortui in Tana. In Christi nomine amen. Testament oftheGenoese Barnabode Boiascho (first sentence addedposthumously). egoIacobus de committo in Committens Tana. quartadecima Maii indictione 1436 die 2a Commission of Giacomo de Guarnerio, Commission ofGiacomode NicolausEgo deVarsis Georgiicivis quondam imperiali Venetiarum auctoritate publicus ub communis f.– 3r.21 2r May 1436. f. 2May 1v. 1436. 124 salariatus 552 of Tana, to GaleazzoTana, to deDraganoto of Venetorum in loco Tane balistarius 551 ut CEU eTD Collection 556 554 555 557 553 nullus quam quod habeatur, inhoc seculocercius sue et pro animavidebitur meliusaparebit. sue et testatoris Danset pro insuperpredictis suautei suis matris faciatdicte partem hac quod cum condiccione suprascriptum serheredem Dominicum suum ad dictum constituitspectaturis spectantibus universalem et quomodolibet testatorem mobilibus immobilibuset presentibus etfuturis in quibuscumque mondi partibus existentibus bonis suis quatuorVenetiis. autem aliis In omnibus auri de viginti ducatos thurces et ducatos omni vinculo servitutis. Item amisit in manibus commissariorum suorum in numeratos Curazario. Item cum ser Antonio Constantinopoli moratur que adpresens Lucine sue deturneptis medietas amisitreliqua et sue matris puerummedietas detur suum commissarium Dominicum ser dictum per suumBernabe Martinum de genere rusiorum Barnabe de parte dicto Trapesondam usque dictum et navigium tangente francum et liberumnauclerius patronizet presens cum hac condicionequod Aliegro serDominico de Trapesonda ab navigium suumcum fratri vultAntonio. Item detur suis chorediis omnibus quod et ordinat Dominci de Aliegro quid constituit suum solum commissarium et executorem sue voluntatis. de Solonichiser Marco quondam ibidem infrascriptispluribus testibus audientibus videlicet et serAngelo filioSenis Blaxii, de existentibus et compleret et pariter testamentum scriberet ultimum suum ut cancelarium Taneconsulis viri notarium Arseni generossi Duodo spectabilis et domini auctoritate et imperiali mehabitatorem Venetiarum et civem Nicolaum de Varsis rogavit consilium mentem integrumque sanam habens pregravatus tamen corporea existens infirmitate indisposita derelinquat. Quapropter Barnabas deBoiaschoIanuensis ad presens in Tana nesic igitur unicuiqueimminetprecavendum incautus subcumbat et et suabona inordinata quam quam inbonis quesunt societate de peccuniis et procurent Colompnis infra deArtali etserTomaxinum fideliter Ianuenses adimplere ut ordinabit fidei sue etexecutores commissarios ultime voluntatis virumprudentem ser Christoforum de ominibus ad in presensexistentibus quidemIn etc. quo Tana Francisco Champuzi filioAndree civis Ianue, ser Christodoro de Trapesonda quondam Ciro Stefanode Marinis NicoloxioGuilielmi, quondam quondam ser ser de Nigro Iovanesi, Inserted over the line: the over Inserted Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: In primis vult quod detur ducatus unus auri pro missis hicin unus sancti Gregorii Tana dominoIn vult deturducatus pro auri primisquod 555 hicmittere in Trapesondamin sua et adexigendumbona Tana manibusser voluit et maxime cum quisque . . . dicto Barnabe . . Labcinero 125 , ser Iohanes de Suro quondam Pagani, ser 557 dequando// chognitum fuerit pars dicti 553 possit mortis evitare discrimen recte discrimen evitare mortis possit 554 constituit et suos esse volluit 556 tam de navigio de tam n , CEU eTD Collection 562 561 560 559 Nuremberg. omnium roboracionem me subscripsi et signum meum apposui consuetum. ad ipsorum publicavi et interfui scribererogatus et scripsi omnibus predictus et cancelarius iudex publicus consulis Arseni egregii viri ac ordinarius et spectabilis et domini Duodo Tane notarius auctoritate imperiali apostolorum sanctorum Veneciis incontrata et habitator civis Georgii quondam filius Varsis de Nicolaus Ego aliis. et supra ut indictictionis et die pro milessimo et suprascriptis testibus presentibus Ianuensium Taneaparte adripam testatoris dicti in navigio publicatum lectum et Actum, firmitate. insuapermaneat carta testamenti quis infringere ipsum iram presumpserit, Dei omnipotentis se incurssurum conoverithec et prevalere voluit atque vult aliis suis testamentis per eum temporibus preteriis ordinatis. Si 558 reccipiendi libellisqui et peticionibus comparendi, iudicio in et dandi libellos etpeticiones fuerit deffendendi, et rendendi agendi, tangendi, placitandi, opus si Et faciandi. plenariam absolucionem et liberacionem dictareperiri legata persolvendi et utcumquefinem,satisfacienti et solventi et quietacionem, quolibet vel ex poterunt eis ea quoscumque etpenes acubicumque causis quibuscumque et in rationibus futurum nuncdare debentibus et ethereditati commissarie testatori eiusque dicto aquibuslibet bonamerchaciones, quelibet reset recipiendi denarios, reccuperandi et et exigendi petendi, libertatem et potestatem et virtutem plenissimam commissariis suum hoc iussit volluitatque testator // etdebet,dictus facerepotest legitimus commissarius et opportunis rogandi et usitatis solempnitatibus, aliis cautelis et et cum clausulis etopportunas neccessarias quaslibet etscripturas instrumenta quoque cartas subeundi, sacramentum quolibet in causas appelandi appellaciones animam prosequendi et fieri tam quaslibet execucioni mandari sententias faciendi,realiteret quam personaliter opponendi iuraadverso producendiproductisinstrumenta ex et et quelibet et probaciones Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Inserted between the lines: the between Inserted 1436 die Manumission ofthe Russian slave Stepandrawn hismaster Heinrick by Stangelinfrom fore et esse velle ultimum testamentum suumque ultimam voluntatem q voluntatem ultimam suumque testamentum ultimum velle esse et 562 2a faciendi meam iurandi respondendi X Iunii indicione 14ain Tana. 561 et fieri agendi faciendi et verus omnia generaliteralia pro que quilibetet cum cartis et sine,per curiam et extracuriam f.– v. 3r 10 June 1436. 559 , responderi faciendi et respondendi testes respondendi et faciendi , responderi 126 560 . dicti testatoris iurandi et iurandi testatoris dicti ui et quam et 558 CEU eTD Collection 565 suis omnibus ex sanam successoribus et suis de Chastelo Petri sancti deconfinio de Venetiis genere russiorum etatis annorum viginti vocatam duorum Maria serLuziano L quondam de suamsclavam unam trasactavit atque tradidit vendidit, successoribus suis Tana cum deceased Luca. scripsi et publicavi signumque meum consuetum apposui. scribere rogatus et interfui presentibus cancelarius consulis Tane Duodo Arsenii domini viri notariusegregii etspectabilis et imperiali sanctorum auctoritate contrata apostolorum in Venetiarum civis filius Georgii Nicolaus deVarsis quondam Ego et rogatis. hecvocatis etaliis ad de Lesiopistore serGeorgio GaleazioDragano, Ser Zerdone, de Lunardo Antonio magistro presentibus manumitentis Stangelino Henrici dicti indomo Venetorum parte a Tana instrumentum tociens in formam publicam reddigentum quociens fuerit Actum rogatus. in futurorum. Rogansme notarium infrascriptum predictisde autenticum conscriptum sub penna et obligacione sui et omnium suorum heredium et bonorum presentium et in aliqua vel autullagratitudine offensa alia vel in ratione que dicere causa excogitari posset vel revocari non revocare manumissionem dictam et tenere habere et rata et firma perpetuo se etheredessuos Stangelino Henrichus promisitpro dictus suprascripta singula et omnia et manumissionem itamque hanc pertractetur ubilibet // feminis et masculis suis cives familias romanus sui iuris etet facere potest decetero proliberoetfranchocum filiis matris et patris liberhomo que quilibet etexercere tractare singula facere, et omnia alia contrahere seu obstaculo vinculo essetzoaettalitercetero sibiliceat absque ullaservitutis quodde ortus ac siab meram libertatem et omnem puram ipsi Stefano confferans 564 annos duos incepturos m(ense) et die 563 reccipientem et stipulantem feminis et masculis suis filiis se et pro et presentem ibidem XXti annorum etatis russium natione Stefanum suum sclavum servitutis vinculo omni ab suis heredibus et a se franchavit et liberavit manumisit, sue anime remedio et salute libere scientia pro ex sponte vinco licet certa metu actus, et non et Venetorum Tana aparte Crossed out: Crossed out: lines: the between Inserted 1436 die 29mensis septembri indictione 15ain Tana. SerIohannes Nigroad presens in ofselling theRussianthe Confirmation Giovanni Nigro slaveMaria toLuciano,son of by Henrichus Stangelino deNunrinberch Choradi quondam ad presens moram trahens in corporei facend geniis . -. vendere, donare, pacisci in iudicio et extra stare testari queetgeneraliter testari stare extra et iniudicio pacisci donare, vendere, a hac condictione quod dictus Stefanus servire debeat dicto Henricho domino suo . f.07 29. 1436. 3v. 127 564 ingenuys, parentibus ingenuys, 563 565 ut supra ut petere u ci CEU eTD Collection 568 569 567 566 Salono et vestris succesoribus do, traddo et consigno pro vestro debito infrascriptorum de quibus quidem quadraginti ducatos vobis mihi auri datos ser Iacobo estcumprout quiaveritate conffessus habui et sumin notarii presentia et testium pervosser computo mihi inIacobo infrascriptorum notarii et testatorum presentia consignato iusti boni et inpluribusmeisponderis pro postis serviciis necessitatibuset utapparetuno quadraginta in auri Salonoad presens de Venetiis prudenti ser Iacobo habitatore Tana ducatos meishabuinobilide Venenciis inreccepi cum viro successoribusTana adpresens et quod a dieinManiffestum 12aindicione facioego Daniel Civrano 14 Tana. quondam domini Petri Giacomo Salono Boniffacio. ser Iacobus Flore, de serBarnabas Testes: Si igitur etc. emptore. apredicto bixanciis dictis quinquaginta dequibus bixantiis etpretiodictus venditor conffesusse solutum estfuisse de quadringentos Tane bixanciis pro chadicho morbo a maxime et maniffestis et ocultis membris datio et in vestra potestate relinquo tamen cum hac auctoritate quod dictos quod hac relinquotamen incum auctoritate vestrapotestate et datio vobis vestris seusuccesoribus seuconsignato prodictisdato omniaducatis 40 me foris pro buletino 42auri de quo ducatos mei salarii resto pro Venetiarum comunis debeo achamera quo habere reccipere pro et capelani buletinum de Smeritis Benedicti Tane manu presbiteri vosmet ipsum vosmet seu vestrum vel per procuratorem denariis dedictis exigere promittens et possem facerem essem presens egometsi personaliter sicut nostri comunis acamera vestros denarios dictos tamquam reccuperare et exigere, petere meis succesoribus vobis et vestris successoribus auri libri et nichilominusquinque hec cum debeam emendare tunc temptavero ire cartam seu debiti hanc maniffestaciones contra vobis inferentibus vestrislitem seusuccessoribus igitur Si de dictis quovismodo. denariis etuniversitate comuni, societate destringare colegio, personis, guarentare, aquibuscumque opponerre vel venire seuin Inserted over the line: the over Inserted Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: In nomine Eterni Dei amen. Millessimomensisquadringentessimotrigessimo sexto Iunii ofConfirmation the reception40 ofducats by Daniele Civrano the from nobleman 569 ex nunc vobis seu succesoribus vestris ullomodo seu ingenio litem ullam inferere ducatos ducatos pro 40 40 vel per procuratorem vestrum finem facere subpenam ipsos denarios deffendere, dupli, sed f. 12June 4r. 1436. 128 568 quis aliquis nominealius vestro posuit 566 567 unum meum denarios per CEU eTD Collection 573 575 574 572 quadraginta ducatos etreccuperandi precipue exigendi petendi, et curiam extra curiam et per cartis etsine cum cartis quibuscumque etcausis racionibus futurum dare debentibus bonaspectatura mihiet et spectantia quomcumque merchantias etrecuperandi petendi,virtutem potestatem habeatis denarios, et exigendi meoprudenti patri a Fornacibusser Saleroinamodo ut prome nominemeoque antea plenam Tane chancelarii mensisin MoCCCCoXXXVIo Iunii 8indicionedie 14ain vobisTana viro et notarii Venetus deVarsis Nicolai manu presbiteri roborata et completa carta commissionis quam apparet habeoquondam a serDanielecommissarie domini Petri ut Civrano havereet aquibuscumque CivranoDanielis ser bona dicti omnia recuperandum et adpetendum,exigendum existente presens inTana ad Salono viro ser Iacobo commissionis prudenti cartam rogavit in Tana adpresens Venetus 571 570 Galeazius Dragano. ser Trivisano, Marinus ser Testes: Si igitur etc. faciendum etc.. singula alia et generaliter omnia et revocandum item ad substituendum unum et plures procuratores semel et pluries et constitutos aliovel agendum iudicio etrectore in officioetc. et animam iurandum, dicti constituentis seu quocumque dominacionem Venetiarum serenissimam coram predictis adcomparendum buletinomanu presbiteri Benedicti de Smeridis olim chapelani Tane etsi pro oportuerit apparet quodam insui salarii ut Tana pro resto recipere quoshabereet solidos debeat [...] et 42 recuperandum comunis nostri ad petentum,ducatos exigendum et a camerariis Venetiarum curiam extra et sine,curiam et per cartis cum quibuscumque etdecausis rationibus Trivixano, ser Galeacius Dragano. Testes: serMarinus Si inigitur etc. firmitate. suapermaneat debiti carta et maniffestacionis Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Merchantias 8 inserted over the line, instead of the crossed ofthe instead line, the over inserted die XaIunii CommissionGiacomo Salono of to his Salero aFornacibusfather toreceive money 1436 Iunii 8 die Commission ofDanieleCivranotoGiacomo Salono toreceive money –Inserted over the line. die dicto 14 Iunii mercancias item ad comparendum in iudicio ipsi . 573 . Commitens committo ego Iacobus Salono ad presens in Tana virtute in Tana presens ad Salono Iacobus ego committo Commitens . 570 indicione 14in Tana.SerDaniel Civrano quondam domini civisPetri . . f. – 5r.10June 4v 1436. f. 8June 4v. 1436. . XI . 129 571 personis dare ipsi ser debentibus Danieli 575 a quibuscumque michi nunc et in et nunc michi aquibuscumque 572 574 . Item , res CEU eTD Collection 583 582 581 580 579 578 577 576 hinc Danielis Civrano comune nostro adicto debere de quibus presenti boletino achamerariissuprascripto ut apparet uno duos Venetiarum comunis nostri Venetus notarii et Tane chancelarii in Tane chancelarii notarii et Venetus manude Varsis Nicolai presbiteri etroborata completa carta maniffestacionis quandam // 40auriipsidicto Daniele concessos reciperepro ducatos hincduobus debeo et hinc// tenere et atendere et dictam manumissionem non revocare vel revocari in aliqua vel potere non revocari revocare dictam manumissionem et atendere hinc// tenere et singula promissit suprascripta Michalidictus pro seetheredes suos perpetuofirma etrata et omnia et manumissionem itaque hanc pertractetur ubilibet feminis et masculis suis filiis franchoetprocum Et libero decetero faceresui et familias iuris et mater potest. pater homo liber quilibet etexercere que tractare facere, singula et alia generaliter omnia et testarique stare, extra in iudicio et pacisci vendere, hec donare emere, contra seu ostaculo vinculo servitutis absque ullosibi liceat decetero ettaliter quod Ita esset. natus parentibus ingeniis transactis dictis annis duobusipsicensset Ivan meramomnem puram et libertatem ac si ab debeat ipsi Michali dieincepturos duos dominosuo annos mense supra, deinde et ut Ivan etatendere quod dictus vero hacservire reccipientem condictione et feminis stipulantem quidquid pervos factum fueritet complectum. igitur. Si etobservare atendere, et tenere habere, ratam firmam promittens interessem si personaliter notifficabinturmeas vobis utper etultra recordaciones premissis in faciendi singula et alia omnia generaliter et iurandi meam in animam etc., advocandi quocumque alio officio etiudicio comparendi, seu agendi, dominationem placitandi, serenissimam coram defendendi,predictis pro respondendi, opportuerit si et in Tana 14 circa natione russium vocatum Ivan ibidem presentem se etfiliissuis pro presentem Ivan ibidem vocatum russium natione circa servitutis sclavumsuum etatis30 in heredibus omnivinculofrancavit annorum suis ab a seet liberavitet animesuemanumisit, et salute pro remedio et amore sui Creatoris voluntate, libere sed non metuetvim sponte trahens in inloco etexsua Venetorum coactus, Tana Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: et observare Die 16 mensis Iunii 1436 indictione 14 in Tana. Michali russuus ad presens moram in Michali adpresensindictione mensisrussuus Die Tana. 14 1436 16 Iunii Manumission ofa Russian slave Ivanbyhismaster Mikhail. – inserted over the line. the over –inserted ɟ matr testis serMarius testis quis aliqui pro suis necess pro 42 habere : g . . . . . Inserted over the line: the over . Inserted -. . f.–v. 5r 16June 1436. 579 MoCCCCoXXXVIo mensis Iunii die 2a indictione quocumque 130 . 582 Testes... sicut egomet facereegomet possim sicut 576 ducatos 577 583 578 quadraginta masculis et masculis ut apparet ut 581 580 CEU eTD Collection 586 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 585 584 annorum etatis zichorum genere se etheredibusque suis ab vinculoomni servitutis sclavam ancilam et suam Magdalenamde scientia sed Deiamorepro et remediosalute animeet sueliberavit manumisit,franchavit et a dominorum non Ianuensium astrictus nec coactus videlicet Christoforus de Columpnis quondam domini Georgii civis ad in Ianue presens Tana aparte mensisMCCCCoXXXVI XXaindicione Iunii lune 14ainTana.Nobilisvir 25 die ora ser Christoforo diColombo. rogatis. vocatis et aliis et adhec Borano Taiapetra Dragano, Galeazio ser de Vale, ser Iohanne viris discretis presentibus Antonii sancti Marie et sancte ecclesie Venetorum publicamfuerorequisitus. Actumin quociens in Tana reddigendum aparte notarium infrascriptum de predictis auctenticum conffici instrumentum tociens in formam obligacione sui et omnium heredum suorum bonorum presentium et futurorum. Rogansme ulla ut sub gratitudine aliavelquedici causa offensapena aut excogitari posset ratione et ut singula facere et liberaliter exercere que quilibet ingenuis et civis romanus ac libera hoc pater hoc libera ac romanus civis ingenuis et quilibet exercere que liberaliter facere et singula donare manumissa cum etfuturis M[agdalena] filiabus etpresentibus emere, filiis eis vendere, manumisoris et suorum heredium et succesorum et cuiuslibet alteriis condictionis posit dicta servitutis et sine itaque, obstaculo eorum quod bonorum et et eaque administracionem rerum suisque filiisfiliabus et futurispresentibus et puram et meram libertatem et generalem femines et insuperreccipientem, stipulantem tribuens danset et dicte Magdalene atque Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out:word. Crossed out: Crossed out:word. Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: In Christi nomine amen. Anno a nativitate eiusdem Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini eiusdem a nativitate Anno amen. nomine Christi In nobleman theGenoese her master, by slave Magdalena the Zikh Manumission of 586 , contrahere ac pacisci in iudicio et extra stare et testamentum et etomnia condere stareettestamentum extra et iniudicio acpacisci , contrahere contrahere de universalem quomodolibet qua consulis ad et in a parte dict fratris chancellarium so sed nutu Dei et pro salute et remedio anime sue sed . . Crossed out: . -. -. . sui ...... 26 . 585 triginta, ibidem presentem et pro se et filiis suis masculis suis filiis et se pro et presentem ibidem triginta, f. – f. 5v 25June 6r. 1436. 131 584 sed sponte libere et ex libere et certa sedsponte CEU eTD Collection 588 587 ser virum nobilem voluntatis ultime sue executores et commissarios fidei voluit esse suos consulis Tane Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis et infrascriptum notarii auctoritate imperiali Venetiis civis Georgii quondam de Varsis manu Nicolai immediatum testamentum et essesuum ultimum hoc voluiteventum mortis timens pregravatus corporea infirmitate aliquantulum sit licet intelectu et mente sanus Ianuensium dominorum parte a in Tana presens ad Ianue civis Georgii domini quondam indisposita derelinquat. nobilis Quapropter virserChristoforusdeCholompnis filius sua bona solicitus sit neincautus providere sic subcumbat et sua donum providomentisest et arbitrium ante quam mortisut superveniat casus unusquisque mensistrigessimosexto vigessimodie Iunii indictione quinto 14in Tana. Divine inspirationis etc. civis Venetiis Nicolaus hecIohanesaliis etrogatis. de Iohanis quondam vocatis deVarsis adEgo et Sienis domo dicti ser Christofori presentibus viro religioso domino fratri Antonio de Lu et ser fueritlectum Actum, requisitus. inet publicatum dominorum aparte Tana Ianuensium in tociens in formam publicam reddigendum quociens a dictaM[agdalena] suisque heredibus Christoforus rogavit me notarium infrascriptum quod auctenticum conficerem instrumentum excipi,coram quoslibet velde predictisaliquid opponi ser posset et obiici dictus omnibus futurorum, presentium vel beneficio etomni renuncians contrapredicta alii auxilioet quibus omnium bonorum heredium et et suorum sui etobligacione subypotecha pertractetur, feminis et filiis masculis ubilibet cum liberafranchasuis et pro dictaMagdalena de cetero molestiam movere causa vel inferere deiurealicuius servitutis velde facto. Et consuetudine vel contraversiam litem ullam suis heredibus seu Magdalene nec dicte posset, excogitari temptare, opponere vel venire pro vel pro alium seu aliquis aliis racione vel causa que dici vel facere, non eam ducere, vel ea insuper contra non revocare neque predicta manumissionem ipsam et observare et attendere tenere, et habere rata firma et perpetue reccipienti et se etsuisheredibus stipulanti pro Magdaleneet presenti heredesse etsuos suprascriptos pro quidem manumissionem omniaet etsingula promisit //suprascripta serdictus Christoforus Quam esset. orta ac siingenuis parentibus ab potest sui facere iuris familiasmater et et Crossed out: Crossed out: In nomineChristi amen.Annoa navitate eiusdem millessimoquadringentessimo Ttestament oftheGenoese nobleman Christoforo di Colombo. chancellarium so . . f. – f. 6v 7v.25June 1436. 132 588 chancelarii. In quo quidem constituit et 587 bona inordinata et bona inordinata CEU eTD Collection 591 590 servitutis et ei dimittit omnes res suas et vestes et suas res omnes ei dimittit et servitutis vinculo omni ab liberam et francham suam sclavam Magdalenam dimittit Item Ianuinorum. 589 heresesse debeat filiorum et sit dictorum Todora etiam dicta hac quod condictione adicta tangentem sibi etpercipitpartem dominus eius sit fuerintad dictam etatem unusquisque proventi annorum decim et octo, non quodquousque legitimam, vero, filiam hac condictione videlicet pervenerintad etatem non possint percipere filios Bartholomeum,Ulianam Antonium heredes Leonem et eius et suos universales dilectos partem aliquamsuos spectaturis quoslibet instituit et spectantibus etaddictum testatorem existentibus dicte hereditatisbonis et mobilibus immobilibus in presentibus et futuris mundi quibuscumque partibus scilicet cum a stagiisofficiosui consulatus produobusautem annissupra.In aliisomnibus Ianue suis commissariamin perveniat totum matrimonio legitimo sine decedente ea dicti et francham ipsam faciant testatoris. Item bixanciosvoluit ducentos pro suo maritare cum hacet condicione ordinavit quod sui commissarii eomortuo lectum fulcitum cognosci etesse derebus suis et unum cum parve lintheaminibus duabus quod per commissarios suos solvatur filie sue neptis Blanchine Item dimittit Ianuinorum. centum libras ablatis male pro helemosinis piis et in pauperibus dispensentur Ianuemoram trahet suam dominam peruxorem que adpresens Theodoram et ordinatquod Gregorii auri. dominum fratrem habere Antonium etquod ducatosduos per debent vult Item sancti misse celebrentur quod ordinavit et voluit Item commissariis. suis // suprascriptis expendantpro ipsiusapparebit quidquidIanuensium sepultura quod videbitur et et et ordinat quod corpussuo librodebeant et scripturis in tam quam indando reccipiendoquoscumque. vult In primis suum sepeliatur credere suis ipsisquod commissariis testator acetiamdictus commisit cum seccuritate in ecclesia et per cambium Caffe mitere seu debeant Ianue derebustestatoris mittere aliquid opportuerit si sancte Et apparebit. et videbitur melius commissariis ipsis Marie ut commissarie dicte utilitate et bono et sancti Francisci facerepro baratari et baratare et plezaria seccuritatem, etad tempus cum contatos vendere ad a parte eiuspost mortem fideliter etdiligenter adimplere procurentcum hac libertate, possint quod Belonoet Thomaxinum de Artali sicut inferiusIanuenses ut ordinabitdariqueipsi iusserit Matheum qui de Frischo ad presens moram in trahit virosCaffe ser discretos et Georgium stabitinet permanebit et suavidutate totum insituna administracione eius,viduando cumser Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: word dicti fratris sui fratris . . . 589 591 quondamBartholomei suilibras fratris ducentas // simul cum filiis suis in equali porcione dumodo 133 a bisso et quitquid cognoscet seu poteritquitquid etcognoscet 590 dilecta eius uxor et mater eius et uxor dilecta CEU eTD Collection 596 595 594 593 592 publicatum lectum et Actum, preterea. testatoris dicti fratribus ser Ciriacho et Nicoloxio Samastro et ser Paulo Alano butario et aliis [...]etc Chalafatino, ser Petro Torexano, ser Rolandino Chartelo, ser Nicoloxio de Guarnerio de presentibus religiosoTana a parte dominorum Ianuensium viro in domo dicti testatoris domino die lune XXVa Iunii hora XXa fratri Antonio de Lu, ser Nicolao Paraschiva, ser Manoli resto sui salarii sub regimine nobilis viri domini Iusti Venerio olim consulis Tane ducatos Tane consulis olim Venerio Iusti domini viri nobilis regimine sub salarii sui resto Salono amodo in antea exigendi, Giacomo Salono money from petendi et recuperandi a camera comunis Venetorum pro Si completum etigitur factum etc. fuerit etc. pervos quitquid haberestabile ettenere et firmum promitens interessem personaliter si facerem egomet que faciendi singula et alia omnia generaliter et iurandi meam in animam advocandi, defendendi, causandi, placitandi, pro predictis coramserenissimo seuprincipe quovis alio officiocomparendi, //petendi, si videbiturapparebit et de eis utvobis et opportuerittamquam possitis disponere de revostra olim Smeridis de Benedicti presbiteri domini viri venerabilis egregii viri domini Iusti aparetVenerioquodam olim consulis buletinoprout manu haberemeirecipere in pro restoauri spectabilis salarii quos et et debeo subregimine Tana quadraginta tres comunis ducatos Venetiis acameranostri etrecuperandi petendi, exigendi mihi quibuscumque eta bona spectantia mihi quocumque et res denarios, reccuperandi et reccipiendi exigendi, inme amodo pro antea habeatispotestatem virtutem meoque nomine petendi, et plenam ut Salonoser Iacobo butariusviro adpresensinTanavobis de Bernardo deVenetiis prudenti Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out:word. Crossed out: Die dicto. Galeazius Dragano rogavit cartam commissionis suprascripto ser Iacobo commissionis suprascripto rogavitcartam Galeazius Dragano Die dicto. ofthereceipta ofConfirmation commission letterbyGaleazzo Draganoonthereceipt of 1436 mensis Augusti indicioneAugusti 1436 mensis in egoIacobusCommitens XXVIo die 14Tana. committo Giacomo deBernardoreceive Commission toGiacomo money. Salono to of consulis ad et in a parte . . . . 594 dare debentibus rationibus et causis quibuscumque et maxime etcausis daredebentibus et rationibus quibuscumque f. – 8r.26August 7v 1436. f. 26August1436. 8r. 134 593 . 596 capelani Tane et ipsis exactis et Tane capelani 592 in 595 CEU eTD Collection 597 quadraginta contradicente prout ipse ipse prout mortemcontradicente darique suam fideliter iusserit post ordinaverit modo prudentem virum nemine aliquo Belonoser Georgium deSavonasolum sibi quidem constituit etesse voluit suum fidei commissarium et executorem sue ultime voluntatis vult omnibus aliisatque voluit prevalere complerem quem et pariter testamentum scriberem ultimum suum hoc suis testamentis notarium viri et spectabilis etgenerosi Tane Duodo Arsenii domini consulis ut cancelarium temporibusmerogavit Nicolaum Georgii de Varsisquondam imperiali auctoritate civem Venetiarum preteritis per derelinquere, etindisposita inordinata bona sua nolens vite fragilitatem huius causam et eum factismortis timens disposicionem veramque conscilum habens et sanum corpore et ordinatis.mente sanus In quo in dominorum moram ad Neapolim trahens aparte presens gratia Creatoris Tana Ianuensium filiusser Antonelus quondamMusculis de Crescono Quapropter indisposita derelinquat. nesic igitur unicuiqueimminetprecavendum incautus subcumbat et et suabona inordinata nullusmortis etquam habeatur cercius inhocseculoquod possitevitare periculum recte ingnoret indictioneetquinto in Cum vite sueterminum Tana.nil 14 prorsus unusquisque Tome. ser Iacobus placebit. Marci, serBaldasera et videbitur de eisTestes: ipsi prout serdictus Salono Iacobus disponat exactus et habitatoris et Tane capelani olim Smeridis de Benedicti presbiteri viri manu quodam venerabilis sui buletino apparet salarii pro resto ut debet haberereccipere et quadraginta sexcumdimidio quos exigere ducatos posse Venetiis Salono acameracomunis Iacobo ser prudenti viro comisit Tane consulis olim Venerio Iusti domini viri egregii et iniudiciis etc. predictis comparendi pro si opportuerit et apparebit videbitur et ei ut ad suibeneplacitum disponere possitdenariis ipsis de serIacobus dictus exactus et Tane capelani olim deSmeridis Benedicti presbiteri Crossed out: In Christi nomine amen. Anno nativitatis eiusdem MoCCCCoXXXoVIo mensis Iunii die Iunii mensis MoCCCCoXXXoVIo eiusdem nativitatis Anno amen. nomine Christi In Crescono. TestamentofAntonello spectabilis subregimine salariariatus olim adpresens inTana Benedictus Costa die dicto. Commission ofthe 597 qua duoscum dimidioapparet quodam buletino ut manu viri venerabilis domini -. salariatus BenedettoCostatoGiacomoSalonoreceive money f. – 9v. 8v 5June 1436. f. 26August1436. 8r. 135 CEU eTD Collection 600 legitimus et verus quilibet que faciendi generaliter singula et alia omnia et peragendi fieri rogandi et etopportunis solempnitatibus, aliis usitatis cautellis cum et opportunas et clausulis et neccessarias scripturas instrumenta quaslibet et quoque subeundi,quodlibet cartas sacramentum iurandi et in dicti // testatoris animam prosequendi, appelacionis causas faciendi,appelandi et fieri mandari quam tam quaslibetrealiter et executioni personaliter etsentencias opponendi productis et iura ex adverso producendi et quelibet instrumenta libellisque etpeticionibus responderi faciendi etrespondendi, probacionis testes et reccipiendi, et dandi peticiones et libelos defendendi et respondendi agendi, causandi, placitandi, petendi, comparendi, in iudicio fuerit opus si Et faciendi. plenariam absolucionem liberacionem et finem, quietacionem, satisfacenti solventi etunicumque et persolvendi legata etdicta extra et reperiri etsine percuriam cum cartis quomodolibet poterunt eis causis rationibusdebentibus acubicumqueea utex et etpenesquoscumque quibuscumque in dare futurum nunc et ethereditati commissarie testatori euiusque dicto quibuslibet a et bona quelibet et res merchaciones, reccuperandi denarios, et exigendi, accipiendi libertatem petendi, et potestatem et virtutem suocommissarioplenissimam testator predictus libere, preterea dans Belono Georgii predicti esse sitdebeat dicta hereditas et tunc appareret annis elapsis seu non institucionis quandovero quatuor dicte dictis hereditatis aliquis 599 vel unus venturos quatuor adannos usque plures habere debeant Georgium aliquis inhac Belono quod condicione deeorum casu quo attinentibus appareret partibus extitentibus instituitsuum 598 futuris testatori dicto bixancios suiscentum. Inomnibus mobilibusaliis immobilibus bonisautem et et presentibus Iohanni Campana dimittit estconsuetum. Item id sancte Marie quod dari et Gregorii sancti misis pro dimisit Item // servitutis. vinculo omni ab francham ipsam dimittit etiam ac ponente a parte estinsbaro etunum vacuum quod teritorium ducentos maritare bixancios quinque.septuaginta Item dimisitMagdalene eius sclave filie suoquondam Bairani pro unafratri viginti Antonio bixancios de Ludomino tonicha pro dimittit Item quinque. bixancios Chatolizi Ussufi uxori dimittit Item vigintiquinque. bixancios Biancho Catarine dimittituxori TrivixanovidelicetIohanis Lucie bixancios quinquaginta. Item dimittit pro animabixancios sua centum.filiabus Edilbei Item dimittit bixanciosalano centum. Item Menechine filie dentur Taiapetri quod Borani voluit Inprimis et ordinat, adimplere procuret. Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: de universalem quomodolibet . 598 . spectantibus etquomodolibet in spectaturis quibuscumque mondi . 599 perpetuum et universalem heredem suprascriptum ser perpetuum et universalemheredem suprascriptum 136 600 seu debeat medietatem seudebeat CEU eTD Collection 610 609 608 que quilibet verus et et legitimus commisarius facere potesse debitfacereet potesse legitimus commisarius veruset que quilibet opportuerit administrandi pro exercendi,habeatis opperandi, potestatem virtutem et plenam commissarie predicte nomine et nomine meoque me pro in antea amodo ut testatoris dicti commissarie et Alberti 607 606 omnia alia et singula finaliter singula omniaet alia 604 602 601 lectum firmitate. Actum,et publicatum in suapermaneat hecincursurum et testamenti iram se carta noverit Dei presumpserit omnipotentis infringere voluit ipsam quis Si ordinatis. preteritis prevalere temporibus eum quam per et testamentis suis aliis vult atque quod voluntatem ultimam suamque testamentum ultimum velle esse iussit suum fore et hoc voluit atque debet etdictuset testator facerepotest commissarius 605 603 a carta vobis nobilis domine sui ultimi testamenti utapparet quondam quondam Ieremie Baduareodomini Alberti domini in testamento nominatus commissarius Iohannis domini quondam Contareno Chatarinus Alberto Badoer)to his sister, thenoblewoman Clara meum consuetum apposui. signumque publicavi, et scripsi scribere rogatus et interffui omnibus premissis cancelarius [...]actorum Tane consulis Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis et ordinarius iudex et notarius auctoritate imperiali Venetiarum civis Georgii quondam filius Varsis serAggopoBalziSamastro, Nicolaus rogatis.aliis vocatis adhoc Ego et de pluribus quam et ser Manoli de Trappesondisinfrascriptis videlicet ser Iuliano de Remexano, ser Nicolao Rosso, ser Nicolaode de Briaticho,Palati,Ianuensium indomo millessimo dicti mense testatoris et die quosupra,presentibus testibus ser Iohanne del Segnor, ser Nicoloxio Guarnerio de Crossed out: Crossed out: In the margins: In the margins: Crossed out: Crossed out: ac si presens personaliter interessem personaliter ac sipresens exercendi et operandi Finaliter in Tana 1436 die 28mensis indictioneSeptembris 15in Tana. [f.] the noblemanCatarinoGeneral Contarini(fideicommissar commissionof deceased ofthe – Inserted over the line. the over –Inserted – Inserted overthe line. 607 pro predicta pro predicta commissaria in iudicio comparandi et in animam meam iurandi et iurandi meam in animam et comparandi iudicio in commissaria predicta pro dicta commissaria Thi sorori meesorori f(ecit) . 605 bono dicte commissarie prout vobis melius videbitur et apparebitvobismelius et videbitur commissarie bonoprout dicte . - Inserted over the line. the over -Inserted . . . 603 608 Clare sorori mei sorori Clare faciendi, exercendi etoperandi exercendi faciendi, - Inserted over the line. f. 28September 10r. 1436. 137 604 respectu 601 in Tana a parte dominorum quondam quondam suprascripti domini 602 609 . Commitens commito ego propredicta commisaria 610 acsipresens 606 et si CEU eTD Collection 615 mensis inMoCCCCoXXXVIo ordinarii iudicis et publici notarii in auctoritate Gibilino de manuFrancisci etrobborata completa carta publici instrumentis patet ut Stefani Conffesoris, sancti de contrata Lodovici domini quondam Contareno serZacharia nobili a virohabet quondam domini de Iohanis sancti confinio commissarieCasiani de Venetiis virtute quam 614 [...] die quintadecima transfers the commission tohisbrother Vittore Contarini. Rosso. Bartholomeus ser deNicuola serIohanis armiratus, Testes: etc. Promittens etc. facendi singula et alia omnia generaliter et etc. iurandi constituenti capelani si et Tane, pro opportuerit predicti in iudicio comparendi etin etc, anima dictis pro hincacamera quinquaginta sexquos Venetiarum sex debet comunis soldos quadraginta et maximeAntoniorationibus quibuscumqueet magistro ipsi daredebentibus bona ethavereaquibuscumque reset reccuperandi denarios, et exigendi petendi, potestatem habeat et virtutem nominese suo plenam pro et antea in ad presensinTana amodo Salono viro ut ser Iacobo cartam rogavitcommissionis pridenti Giacomo Salono. ser Andreus apparetpromitens maniffeste armiratus etc, Siigitur, Betanio. etc. etc. igitur, Si etc. stabile et firmam promitens commissione, in dicta sit etc. recuperandipromitens et exigendi petendi, libertatem illam habeant testamento plene patet tamenin dicto non ut revocandofurniendi et illos commissosadministrandi alios commissariis pro me dimissos omnibus sedpredictis tribuit testator dictus 613 612 611 vobis conffero et illam tribuo interessem ac do, personaliter Date omitted. Crossed out: Crossed out: promitens firmam et stabile etc. Si igitur, etc illam 614 In Christi nomine amen. Anno a nativitate eiusdem MoCCCCoXXXVI indictione MoCCCCoXXXVI eiusdem nativitate a Anno amen. nomine Christi In The noblemanCatarino Contarini, havingacommission fromZacchariaContarini, 1436 diemensisad presensAntonius Zerdo Magister in 28Septembris. deLunardo Tana de Maestro Antonio Lunardo Zerdoneasksforacommission lettertoreceive moneyfrom resto sui salarii ut apparet quodam buletino manu presbiteri Benedicti quodam manusui buletino resto apparet Benedicti de Smeridis olim presbiteri ut salarii -Inserted over the line. suo ad petendi . 615 . mensis Septembris in Tana. Nobilis vir ser Chatarinus Contareno Chatarinus ser vir Nobilis in Tana. Septembris mensis f. – 11r.[…]September 10v 1436. f. 28September 10r. 1436. .- Inserted over the line. the over Inserted .- 138 613 petendi, exigendi et reccuperandi ducatos etreccuperandi exigendi petendi, 612 611 Testes ser Iohanes de Nicuola plenissimam libertatem quam CEU eTD Collection 618 annulari unum sequestrum factum in Constantinopoli et removeri chanzelari, faciendum ad etiam Item absolutorium. et liberatorium modum liberacionem et absolucionem etfaciendum liberando absolvendoquoscumque peromnem quietacionem, remissionem, finem, et quietum et tacitum redditum sic atque fore satisfactum solutum et bono sibi advocandum confitendum et etuniversitate societate collegio, comuni, et inquacumque habereetrecipere futurum debet causa a quibuscumquepersonis debebit qualitercumque ipse exigendum reccuperandum omnequitquid idtotum constitutus etex et et 617 videndi,iurare reprobandi eorum eis et eos et dictis quibuscumque probacionibus testes et produci adverse etpartis qui ducendi quaslibet etprobaciones instrumenta testes prohibendi, et faciendi assignari dari et adverse parti et reccipiendi petendi et dilactiones et terminos scribendi, et prestandi constituentis dicti animam super et in animam iuramentum, generis dicendacuiuslibet alterius et de veritate et cal[...]anti de contestandum,sacramentum lites respondendi, articulis capitulis posicionibus peticionibus, libellis reccipiendum, libellos iusquibuscumque reddentibusad peticiones et agendum, deffendendum, dandum iudiciocoram et iudicibus quibuscumque rectoribus,officialibus dominis et etaliis inquocumquesi adcomparendum pro premissis Et adsubstituendum etc. opportuerit etc. faciendum.conventiones Item pacciones et concordandum et quascumque conveniendum et super quibuscumquepacistendum, //componendum, quibuscumque transigendum, etde ipsius etiam Item cum sequestrum nomine constituentiset recipiendum. acceptandum manibus ipsius constituentem ipsum sequestrum fieri faciendum et petendum et ipsum in et eidem constituenti et removeri petendum ipsum sequestrum et Venerio Franguli domini constituentem ut debitorem nobilis quondam viri domini Andree Zanein manibus nobilis viri ipsius bonis et denariis certis de et certis in Constantinopolitanum baiulum dominum esse melius scuscipientem suum certum et verum legitimum nuncium, procuratorem et quitquid aliud sponte mandatum dictum sancti et per Casiani presentem domini de contrata Iohanis et ordinavisnobilem virum atquesubstituitfratrem ser Victorem Contareno suum quondam modo via, iure et forma quibus magis,melius et efficacius fieri potuit et potest, fecit constituit 616 et potestate sibi cum bailia et cum reccommendatione Venetiis et sua indictione quartadecima nono Madii die unum et pluries et revocare semel et pluries ut in dicto instrumento laci instrumento in dicto etpluries ut semel etrevocare pluries unum et Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: 617 incertis et de certis denariis vel dicti Pet[ri…] dicti vel ab dici vel fieri potest specialiter dici velfieri etexpresseadpetendum, recipiendum potest . 616 atributa ab ipso ser Zacharia Contareno posse substituere alios loco sui . . 139 618 per spectabilem et generosum perspectabilem et ens continetur omni CEU eTD Collection 620 reccuperandi denarios et meantea habeatis nomine pro meoque plenissimamvirtutem et potestatem petendi,exigendi communis Venetiis vobis ser Mateo de Flore fratri meo de confinio predicto, ut amodo in in salariatus moram Tana trahens adpresens Hermachore sancti confiniode Flore de 619 promitens etc. Si igitur, etc. aliaetc., omnia etgeneraliter iurandi meam in animam etc. comparendi iniudicio predicto Conversinisquodam utapparet maniffestacionisscripto manu eius Etsi etc. pro opportuerit duodecim ducatos maxime aConversinode etc. et quibuscumque petendi, exigendi causis et rationibus indare debentibus michi futurum et nunc aquibuscumque spectatura etrogatus scripsipublicavi.intestatus et spectabilis etegregii viri Arsenii consulisdomini Duodo cancelariuspremissisTane omnibus quondam notarius Georgii civis Venetiarum imperiali iudexauctoritate publicus et ordinarius mei domini in notarii infrascripti consulis domo EgoNicolaus presentibus. de Varsis et obligacione omnium bonorum futurorum. suorum Actum presentium in in et castro Tana suopro predictoprocuratore et pro substitutore ab eo in omnem litem eventum sub ippotecha interesse poteritde iudico festi iudicatoet et solvendo in suisomnibus fideiubendoex nunc vel interest quorum singulorum et omnium nomine et vice stipulanti et reccipienti persone substitutorem eoab ab mihiomni infrascriptoonere satisdacionis notario utpublice promisit et suum procuratorem constitum predictum etrelevans ipse etcircain perdicta fuerit predictis gratum habitudinem ipsum per quitquid suum procuratorem et persubstitutorem ab eo factum et firmum ratum constituens ipse promitens administratione, generali libera et cum plena mandatam generalem et libertatem plenam circha predicta et in predictis eo ab substitutori suo procuratori et ipsa predicto constituens concedens et speciale dans mandatum exigerent que etiam si si esset, forent facere constituere talia posset presens queipsemet predicta etcontra faciendum inpredicte etsingula alia omnia etgeneraliter causas prosequendum mandari nullieas facere, et execucionem appelandum anulandum appelacionam faciendum et protestandum, denunciandum,alegandum iudicesopponendum etnotarios et reccusandi confitendum, etelligendi suspectos dandum, Crossed out: Crossed out: 1436 mensis Octobris die 4o indictione1436 mensis die4o Octobris XVin Tana. Commitensego Barnabas commito Generalthe commission of et h res . . 619 , merchancias, res et bona et res , merchancias, salariatus f. 4October 11v. 1436. Banabodel Fiore tohisbrother Mattheo delFiore. in causis 140 concludendum,sententias et audiendum 620 mihi et spectantia quocumque CEU eTD Collection 625 624 623 622 621 Salono reccuperandi petendi, viro exigendi et ser Iacobo commissionis prudenti cartam rogavit Venerio Iusti domini nobilis viri regimine sub Venetiis communis Pietro andDomenicoLoredan. Testes… etc. generaliter iurandi et serenissimo vel quocumque alioin principe officiocomparendi etc., animamAngeli dicti manu quondam si fueritcapelani buletinoTane et apparet sui salarii, coram opus ut resto pro Venetiarum communis a camera debeat recipere habereet quos cum dimidio XXVI Lauredanofratribus quondam domini Bartholomei etcuilibet in vestrum solidum, ut vobisad presensin moram et Domeneho viris nobilibus Tanatrahens dominis Petro Paulus serGuidus Spinaza, ser Testes: etc. interesse promit[...] si facere possem personaliter que egomet faciendi singula et alia omnia generaliter et iurandi in meam animam etc., petendi agendi, butarium de Lunaro Franciscum etadversos ser sententiam et contra quandam vel veteribus pro novis auditoribus opportuerit premissisin pro quocumque iudiciocomparendi poterunt quemlibetinnunc futurum et rationibus etcausis quibuscumqueetpenis dare debentibus quoscumque reperiri cum mihi aquibuscumque bonares etquelibet acmerchancias, reccuperandi exigendi denarios et cartis et sine inme amodo pro antea habeatispotestatem virtutem meoque nomine petendi, et plenam cartis, per curiamper unum vestrorum inceptum fuerit per alium possit et extra curiam. Item et si Crossed out: Crossed out: Crossed out: In the margins: Crossed out: Die dicto. Angelus Ravagnano ad presens moram in AngelusDie Ravagnanoad presensmoram trahens dicto. salariatus olim Tana CommissionRavagnano ofAngelo to GiacomoSalono toreceive money. Die 6 mensis Die 6mensis Octobris the deceasedGeneral Delaitothenoblemenandbrothers commissionofFelipe,son Commission ofKonstantinosdeLa Chustiza tothe carpenter Giovanni toreceive money. etc finiri et compleri quecumque s . f .….. . . 622 . Acloldevis . Commitens committo ego Filipus quondam Delai de Venetiis f. 11v – f. 12r. 6 October 1436. f. 4October 11v. 1436. f. 6October 1436. 12r. . 141 624 prosequi, compleri et finiri // ut 625 et maxime coram dominis coram maxime et 621 ducatos 623 quod CEU eTD Collection de Corono. Nicolaus ser armiratus, ser de Nicuola Iohanis Testes: etc. comparendi vel iudicioofficio alio habebitis inmandatum. si Et pro opportueritpredictis coram serenissimo seuprincipe quovis ut mittere et caricare ipsas rescaptas et scritis avixatum meis literis vobis per ut merchanziis ipsis et manu inillisrebus uno etdispensare emere exiveris exacti capelani et Tane buletino apparet mei resto quadraginta ut sexcum salarii, dimidio videlicetducatos pro Venetorum communis a camera recipere debeo habereet quos denarios reccuperandi omnes exigendi et inme amodo pro antea habeatispotestatem virtutem meoque nomine petendi, et plenam vobis ser Iohanni quondam Benvenuti carpentarii domorum de confiniosancti Salvatoris ut Venerio Iusti ser nobilis viri regimine sub salariatus olim in Tana trahens moram presens 626 Crossed out: Die dicto. Committens dicto. Die et com . 626 committo ego Constantinus de La Chustiza quondam Nicolai ad 142 CEU eTD Collection Antonio. Ani morir Ani Antonio. misserSan e de la Maria alamadona santa de de restochesiadate solde mise Grigor de San Georgius vendat dictas duas testas etexigatmeodenarios comuni duas Georgiussalariode vendatdictas anostro testas et pro et unusmasculusbulletinum et meum meo de Chaxaliconsanguineo Georgio dictus et quod femina una Veneciis teste due mandentur Constancium magistrum meum commissarium per innotariopro suolabore duos infrascriptorum auri. presentia testium voloducatos Item quod dimito Item mea. biretum anima pro Deum oret ut dimitto Antonio Item fratri etc. domino magnum nigrum meum ordinavero inferius ut solum barbitonsorem Donato Constancium magistrum de commissarios fidei vollo esse Nicolai meos et constituo quidem presbyteri quo In manu etc. Varsis annotatum voluntatem ultimam et testamentum ultimum esse meum hoc vollui corpore infirmus et intellectu et mente sanus in Tana presens ad Veneciis etc., quapropter mensisMCCCCoXXXVIo in indictione inspiracionis Tana.Divine 14 26 die Iunii donum est ego IacobusTestament ofthebarber Giacomo deGirardo. de Girardo barbitonsor detestibus videlicet ser Stefanoconstata Fino, ser Iohanne Nigro, ser Franco de Lunardo butario. scriptum rogatum me per presbyterum Nicolaum de Varsis Venetiarum notarium presentibus 1436 mensis Iunii 14indictionedie 14in Testamentum Tana. ser Pauli suamanuSpinaza mia e laso a pre mia elaso l'anemamandado Iachomocheper a sere siFilipoCantonioa misserSan unomo sia ordino esi urdino si morosi perdeso cheso sotorado de lali de la intro la gia de misser San Francescho der vendercrascho luri mie che debisi che se trovasi da Lezedetute chose Antonio mastro fuzemiad 14 inprimamente Polo Spinaza lasode Zugno Filipo deLaie chomasario ser A lo demissernome mare Dominoe dela Madona Maria Dio Soa santa de 1436 inla Tana Testament ofPaoloSpinaza. 630 629 628 627 Must be: - =padre. Bixancios al - - Crossed out. - Crossed contrata – Crossed out. –Crossed 627 . Micholo duchati eVIIduchato Micholoper duchati per le3 doro eVIIduchatotasamento 628 [...] de ser Tomao perfitode chaxa Notarili testamenti, 750. 2. 19June 1436. 14 June 1436. w/v 1 43 629 8 630 sancti Panthaleonis de Panthaleonis sancti CEU eTD Collection eciam ducatos 4or ex illiseciam ducatos vollo dispensentur inpauperibus facistergia orphanis. quod 14 Item moronis solvet ducatos 20 ser Iohanni Baxilio etdenariis dimissis per Antonelum de Parma et etde meo 6 exbuletino pro suo laborede denariis habere ducatos extractis debeat de Girardo addomumportetur mei etcognati ser Iohannis sibi Pignata Item detur. vollo ser quod Iacobus vollo sagitis aliquibus cum deturquod serPetro deMarsilio tintori. Item volo novum quod resta mea cum meas scripturis unum arcum Item Scurano. sue matri et patri debent mitti Baxilioquicquid supererit et de moronis solvantur venditis denarii quondam Antoneli qui debitum sin fiatautem aliud cambium per Venetiis solvantur dicti et ducati 20 ser Iohanni fiat moronarum Venetiisvollobute suo pignore sint quousque [p]ublicatepro quod sibi due per cambium dictum dirugare nam placet sibi si Constantinopolim per cambium ad dedit Ognisbem Constantinopoli.quia Item Iohanni 20 teneor inBaxilioauri ducatos michi quos ser Marci commissario dentur manuet sualittera eius cambii apparet [...] ut Constantinopoli perquod commissarium meum ser Iacobumexigantur ducati XII adomino VenerioIusto vollo Item meocomputo. apparet etrestum ut denariorum successoribus matri sue seueorum et portari patri seu mandari quondam Antonelus dictus ordinat et togam diploide deserichout ipsiquod dictus dominoIusto ser seu Iacobus portet mandet illas res videlicet facistergia 30 quondam VenerioAntoneliest commissarius Parma dominusvollosi placet Iustus de quo res habeo quia Veneciis et hic commissarium meum dimitto etiam quem in Tana hic est qui ser IacobodeGirardo measreccuperetomnes res etdet ut in hicNigro Tanasolummodo et etc.InquoquidemVarsis meos fidei esse serconstituo vollo Iohannem commissarios rogavi de Nicolaum intelectu corpore etinfirmus presbyterum et mente presens inTanasanus egoquapropter Iohannes Liardoquondam Alberti de confinio Moquii sancti de Venetiis ad indictione mensisMCCCCoXXXVIo 14inCumvox Iunii Tana. prophetichaetc. X die Testament ofGiovanniLiardo. fuerit sepultum corpus meum. Testes: ser Iacobus Salono, ser Iacobus de Dimitrii. istorum bonorumvero in magistroque sunt suprascriptoConstancio dimitto Tana quatenus mee Residuum Peune. sitsorori medietas etreliqua matris Chatarine sit meedomine medietas misi que Venetias de aliaet testa bulletino et testibus duabus de dictis habundaverint Xetin Xauriducatos meodicto missis consanguineoducatos etdimitto super quod et XX dentur ducatos fratri meo dispensentur Iohanni et quod in proanimapauperibus mea sancto Heustachio etsi esset mortua distribuantur pro anima sua. Item de predictis vollo quod 5domine in volo moribatur dentur ducatos Chatarinequi tractu quod tintoris olim uxori 3 –3v. 10June 1436. 144 CEU eTD Collection 632 tTestament oftheGenoesePietro Antonio. placebitin animevidebitur ser et Angelusde Testis caritate eorum. Sienis. sororibus viventibus quicquid eis ac restam placebitpro anima distributant mea eisut melius et fratribus meis dare commissariorum meorum in discucione dimito erit super quod ducatos 2 auri. Item dimitopro missis sancti Gregorii ducatum unum. Item meo patrino Nicolao presbytero celebrandis missis pro mea anima pro dimitto Item ½. ducati Gracia Marie de sancte dimito Item ½. ducati de MauirbioCastanio sancto dimito Item 20. ½.ducatos sanctesancte Marie Item Marieducatos dimittodimitto deIarvixio deGruego 25.Item inquondam Larti meaIohanni ducatos de unum.dare debeo resspirasura Tana Item mortem ipsiordinavero meam dariquehabere iussero adimplere. debeant post Item pro debeo inferius Paclici ut [...] Georgium de Candida et de Marino serIohannem commissarios esse meos vollo gravatus infirmitate corpore et intellectu et mente sanus in Tana 1430 ad4Novembris indictione 9ain egoManoli Quapropter Tana. de Chandida adpresens Testament ofManoli de Chandida. Testamentum LiardoIohannis Trivixano. serMarius Briaticho, de ser Nicola Bedoloto, serDominicus Testes: etc. Preterea apparebit. et videbitur melius commissariis meis dictis ut mea anima pro dispensari et vendi dimitto 634 633 631 omnia vero Residuum habere non uxorem. respondi de postremis una moronarum hic in solvantur etquod Tana debitaetlegata aliquibus sagitis Iohanni et aliqualesNigro spatas a scrinia. Item vollo vendaturquod buta sartori meam venderi vestem Laurentio dimito Item auri. unum ducatum Gregorii sancti missas pro Antonio fratri domino pro suolaboreinfrascripto in 2 presentia infrascriptorum testium ½. Item ducatos dimitto indispensentur meisvidelicet duabus sororibus et Chataruzie Brane.Item notariodimitto et omnes bonis superhabundaverintmeisdenarii in qui mei ex manibusessent etqui cognati Mistake, must be: be: Might item dimitto Dimito Crossed out. viridem - Crossed out. -Crossed D. Testamentum Manoli de Candida, 4.9 November 1430. . omnium . 631 quam porto dictum. Item dimitto arcum meum veterem cum veterem meum arcum dimitto Item dictum. porto quam 5. 8June 1436. 145 632 . Insuper interogatus anotario. Insuper 633 bonorum meorum etc. 634 . Residuum vero CEU eTD Collection Salvatoris sanus mente et intellectu licet corpore aliquantulum gravatus, timens etc. vocavi etc. timens aliquantulum gravatus, licetcorpore etintellectu mente sanus Salvatoris sancti ad presensinTanadeconfinio Zerdo Antonius ego deLeonardo Quapropter etc. dieMoCCCCoXXXo XIIIImensis indictione Augusti VIIIin CumviteTana. sue terminum deLunardo Testament ofAntonio Zerdone. etaliis. de Loito ser Nicoloxio Batifora, ser Iacobo Tolecho, Francisco Champali civi de Guarnerio serIanuense, Nicoloxio serAntoniode Samastro, prudenteAntoniode Lu[nardo], viro dominode Remexino,IulianoBelono, serGeorgio ser dominorumLu[nardo] aparte domino viroIanuensium venerabili presentibus presbytero Actum,lectum et publicatum presens intestamentum dominidomo fratris Antonii de suam. fratrem Susanam in manibuset suum Choradum de Portu animam recommendat quibus quibuscumque mondi instituit existentibus partibus matrem heredes universales suos suam omnibus autem suisaliis bonis mobilibus immobilibuset presentibusfuturis in et 800.In Caffe 500.Item dare officio aspros provixionistenetur Caffead presens est aspros qui de Benedicto Antonio 25thurces. tenetur Item AntonioMazuchodare Ianuensi ducatos 1300.Itemin Spinolaquondam commissario cercaaspros quondam Tome dare tenetur Antonio pro missis expendaturIanuensium ducati etquod sex prosuasepultura.fratri Item dimisitdomino celebrandisIn voluntatis. ducatosultime sue Marieinvult corpussuum deTanaaparte quod sancte et ecclesia primis sepeliatur ordinat executorem et tres commissarium auri. fidei Choradum solum Itemipsum dimittit recipere debet a Paris fratri quatenus dictam ipsi suo commissariam rederedebeatCorado commissarius dictus Spinona, fidei 635 fratrem quousquein sibi dePortu serChoradium suum Venetiis tangente in dictusnavem ser est patronus quod parte suuspatronizet Iohannes commissarius de qua virum ser Iohannem de Segnorio quondam hicPagani in solummodoTana acetiamvoluit testamentum etc. suum scriberem Tane ut Incancelarium dominorum notarium Venetorum et auctoritate quo quidemimperiali Venetiis civem Varsis de me Nicolaum rogavit constituit pregravatus infirmitate aliquantulum et suos esse intelectu sitvoluit quamvis et mente Creatoris sanus in sui Ianue adpresensgratia Tana fidei commissariosDivine disposicionis quapropterNicoloxius estetc. de Portu quondam Antonii Petri civis in Tana. 14 discretumindictione VIIIo die Iunii mensis MCCCCoXXXVI amen. nomine Christi In In the margins: X quapars est pro meditate et reliqua medietas est Baptisti de Pagana 6 –6v. 14August 1430. 146 . ɏ 635 Tane invento Tane CEU eTD Collection Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium etc. dimitto domine dimitto etc. immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum ducatos 5auri ducatos anima mea Deum pro laborerogando suo pro quam infrascripto tam pro notario Item dimito suvoctione deTana 1 pro ducatum Marii ecclesie sancti Item dimitopauperibus XII. fiatquod anima meavolo XX.Item pauperibus unacarnibusvino helemosina depane,et adsanctum meos mitatur ducatos Antonium inmea. animaXX pro pro Item Viena dimitto commissarios per quod dimitto primis In commissariis. meis computum consignare Venetiis et faciendum in Tana dimitam quo eo pro solummodo in Tana hic Mario de Zaelam ser et meam etsermatrem Marci deconfinio Iachobum sancte dilectam Rizo Agnoxinam dominam quidem quo In etc. spectabilis et notarium Varsis Venetiarum de Nicolaum rogavi presbyterum infirmus corpore licet intellectu et mente quondam confinio Marie deVenetiissancte Concelini Nove de ad inTana presens sanus 1430 die 8mensis Augusti. vite Cum sue ego Quapropter Antonius terminum etc. Sata Testament ofAntonioSata. Zerdone de LunardoTestamentum ser Antonio Corteze. Zacharias in et Tane tres auri. serFranciscus Nigro mea quatenus Testes: suo labore ducatos proanima tamen pro meo patrino et notario Nicolao presbytero dimitto Item recommissum. sit sibi etiam quod et fuit matri mee funerarium letum pro suomaritari bonum quod habere debeat filios Magdalena filiismeisdecedentibus Magdalene sitmee uxori dicte cum hac semper quod condicione et meis filiis et mee commissarie et uxori Magdalene dimitto etc. meorum bonorum omnium sancti Gregorii celebrandis ducatum 1 et pro missis sancte Mariemissis ducatos pro 2 dimitto primis In etc. ordinavero inferius ut commissariam solam Madalenam 640 639 638 aliquid superhabundabit mittere uxori et commissarie mee Veneciis 637 636 Salono ser Iacobum et acalzar[...] etc. In quo quidem etesse constituo vollomeos fidei commisarios serIohannem de Zane egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum me ad presbyterum fueri In the margins: Must be: : deed ofthe text main the over Inserted interrogatus de postremis ut inferius ordinavero subventione 640 in presentia testium infrascriptorum fide[...] dignorum . Insuper interogatus a notario de postremis respondi non habere uxorem. . Crossed out. - Crossed out. -Crossed ad exigendum denarios quos habere etsolvere debita mea et si 636 7. 8August 1430. hic solum in Tane in solum hic constituo et esse volo meos fidei commissarios 147 . 637 . Et Venetiis uxorem meam uxorem Venetiis Et . 638 . Residuum vero 639 CCC. CEU eTD Collection 644 naranzatum pro amore Dei utvidebitur commissarioinfirmis meo. Item in pauperibus dimitto subim ducenta unum bixancia meum de chamocha iisdemcommissarium per dispensarii dimitto primis inferiusdarique mortemiusseroipsa ordinavero meampost Etin fideliter adimplere procuret. executorem huius mee ultime voluntatatis providum virum ser Bartholomeum Rosso ut fidei et etmeum vollo commissarium esse constituo Tane chapelani et notarii Venetiarum 643 642 641 filie Chaterine dimitto mea. Item pro anima argento de unum zengulum et 4 cazias argento viridem sine fudra aliqua. Item dimitto ser Bartholomeo Rosso commissariomeo sifos tres de Secher. Item dimitto domine Magdalene uxori Iohannis Greci subbum unum de chamocha meo.commissario Item subbumdimitto dosiisunam de sine subbodomine Luchine dicte vendaturvollomeaexigendo sclavaquod prores quidquid et meliuspigneratas apparebit serviat continuos annis meo virofiliequatuor et mee, franchus deindesitliber Item et etc. meus Tanigbird mee Itemvolloserviatdeindesclavus francha. filie quod et annis sit tribus filie filiozie meeanulum Item Culmeliche sclavade auro. unum volloquod mea Achmelicha mea. Item dimittoitem Aclize subbum chamocha sinealiquodimitto blancum sarazene unum anima de pro MarnechatonItem meam. in commissariam perveniat mortem eius post et illam penes est que anulumreliquam unum de auriAntonii duosdomosusufructat usqueillam quovivetvidelicet in quaadpresenshabitat et et unam bochza. duosaurianima mea.meo Item dimitto ducatos pro patrino Item dimitto fratri dominoTheremo dimitto anima mea.Item pro quinqaginta bixancios Tane capelano Luzie Nicolao anima presbyterode Varsis Item centum pro bixancios sancti mea. Francisci dimitto factis.per me In quoquidem autem aliis etquam vollo testamentis omnibus voluntatem,prevalere quod meamque ultimam esse hoc meum volui testamentum ultimum gravata infirmitate licetsim corporea intellectu et ad presensin mente sana Tana Dominici ego Babloto Antonina Quapropter uxor etc. terminum sue vite Cum in Tana. prima indictione 6 die Marcii mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIIIIo Testament ofAntonina, wifeDomenico of Bablotto. Georgius Reppoet magister Antoniode Lunardo. Agnoxinematri domine Magdalene uxori Antonii qui stet in d[...] sive constituo etmeos Mee - Crossed out. - Crossed out. 643 suis perolis scole sancte Marie et sancti Antonii de Tana. Item dimitto ecclesie Item dimitto Antonii sancti de Tana. Marie et sancte scole suis perolis 641 - Crossed out. -Crossed et commissarie mee. Testes: ser Antonius de Marcuola balistarius etser balistarius Marcuola de serAntonius Testes: mee. etcommissarie 642 meo ultimo testamento manu presbyteri Nicolai de Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu testamento ultimo meo 8. 6March 1439. - Crossedout. 148 644 domine Magdaleneser uxori CEU eTD Collection 647 646 quod apparebit predictto commissario meo in consiencia sua maritaretur puela vollo quod per commissarium meum detur Dominico viro meo ante maritacionem filie mee id 645 ut sibi apparebit.videbitur Testes:ser et Angelus deSenis, serMatheus de Fagne. helemosinis piis illis in meum commissarium per Dei amore pro dispensetur altra Dominici, tamenmaritata vollo fiant quod ex bonis duepartes meis quarum una sitesseviri vollo et mei non esset etatemante quod filia annorum dicta meaquatuordecim casu quod decederet ad etatem annorum 14 mariteturquandoperveneat quod maritaresuo et mee pro Helene filie dimitto teritoriis et meis fabricis cum una etc. meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum sorgati. de tella de unam chamisiam MarineHermachoza uxori dimitto Item vergatam. sersti de unam chabaga et ciemisino de rechamatam unam chamisiam mei viri Dominici primam primam serpresentibus Bedoloto Dominicoser et Iohanne deSenis. indictione vero mensse etdie utintra eodem notario tamquam michi scriptum poraretum mensis 1438 Testamentum ser Iohannis dieXXVIII. Octobris sua propria manu aValle ex Registration ofascheda of thetestament of Giovanni aValle. miser. Bottom: nomine, InChristi amen.a di 1428, Mi 16 auosto. ser Stamati voioda Choron […] de Veneciis. Sancti Marti beneficiatus presbyterAndreusZane Dominus Trinitatis. de presbyterTestes: Damianus Subiarco Sancte infrascriptorum. testium in presencia hoc et Gregorii, sancti misis pro I ducatum dimitebat responditnon uxorem. haberet Item si aliudvolebit ordinare michi respondenti quod notario mensis Augusti die octavo vigesimo quadrigentesimo in millessimo fuit hoc et presente ibi nomine verbum presbyterum [...]depresenti [...] manusuo testamento etlecto alienade verbo scripto ad laguens licet Sanusmente corpore ser Stamati de Corono. Testamentum Testament ofStamatide Corono. Crossed out: Must be: In the margins: languens 17 . seu ante prout apparebitcommissario meo in consiencia suapro bonofilie meeetsicasu . 647 (1) –(2)f. 18v.23January 1435, Constantinople. decimoindictioneseptimo Rogatus a sexta. notariode postremis ʋ 297.9r. 19August 1428. 9v. 1438. 28October 149 . 646 , rogavitme 645 in CEU eTD Collection infrascripto pro notario viginti mea ducatos decim decimaduchatos auri.dimitto auri.dimitto Item Item circha LoioCaffe habitatori ser Nicoloxioa spectabiliviro auri. quatuor debeo Item recipere in Caffa duchatos massario deCremona a serBaptista debeo Item recipere suo. filioLorzize duodecim viginti duchatos auri ser Paulo viro etducatos auri suo nomineSuperantio nobili solvi trigintaea etviriduchatos uxor olim domini duos,quos Raphaelispro prudentis Paniza Marieta debeoadomina Item abere quadraginta. trecenta iperpera calculi salvocircha erore et taris rotolus 34diffalcatis zereet duodecim cantaria Beniventi pro ser Thome Item dare teneo ballarestituatur una panorum loestorum ser Nicolaonobili viro Bemboque estde ratione sua. panohabito ab Item vollo Item iperpera quindecim pro eo. quod Martini ser Iohanni meo duoiperpera ad centum commissario naves septuaginta de venturas. proximas Venetiis Zono Michaeli ser solvatur quod Item sex. charati et una nonaginta centum iperpera venturas videlicet serMichaelem etIohannemsolvatur ser Nicolino adgaleasDraperto proximas meos commisarios de me casuinterveniente quod In persuprascriptos volloordino primis et mee ultimepersolvant voluntatis, ut debita inferius etlegata in denotata.testamento presenti celebret missas Marie celebret Sancte etSancti et deturei Gregorii videbitur dictis meis quitquid hic Et procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique ordinavero inferius ut Petri Michaelem et Lucam ser meos fratres viros discretos commissarios fidei vollo esse opportunis iuribus reservatis comunisquidemet meos nostri quo In Venitiarum. constituo clausulis suis omnibus cum commissariis meis daret et compleret et pariter obbitum mei presens Constantinopoli meum scriberet rogavi testamentum ut hoc quem post ultimum egregii Arseniconsulis viri TanecapelanumDuodo domini Venetiarum notarium et ad et Varsis spectabilis Nicolaum de me ad feci presbyterum venire derelinquere inordinata et nollens mea timenset indisposita eventum mortis bona pregravatus infirmitate corporea sim quamquam sanus intellectu et mente gratie Dei Constantinopoli adpresens Venetiis 649 648 quia vives" morieris et non quartadecima, vox Constantinopoli. Cum prophetica intonueritdicens "dispone domui tue indictione tertio vigesimo die Ianuarii mensis quinto trigessimo quadringentessimo millesimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Yhesus. Testamentum Iohannis Petri de confinio sancti Apolinaris de Venetiis. In nomine Dei Testament ofGiovanniPetri. Crossed out: Is. 38:1. ɋ onstantinopolim prudentes viros serIohannemonstantinopolim prudentes Michaelem Zono et Martini executores 649 in pro suo labore in presentia testium infrascriptorum ducatos quinque insuo labore infrascriptorum et ut presentia pro testium auri ducatos . 648 , quapropter ego Iohannes Petri de contrata sancti sancti de Apolinaris egoIohannes Petri de contrata , quapropter 150 CEU eTD Collection Nicolaus de Varsis ecclesie Sanctorum Apostolorum de Veneciis diaconus et Venetiarum et diaconus de Veneciis Apostolorum Sanctorum ecclesie deVarsis Nicolaus Moronzonus testis subscripsi.Francischus Ego deBenafar testis subscripsi.Egopresbyter Signum sua permaneatfirmitate. fierihoc Petri qui Marcus Ego Iohannis suprascripti rogavit. in carta testamenti mei huius Et incursurum. noverit se Omnipotentis Dei iram temptaverit quomodo et hoc meum ordino esse ultimum testamentum. Si quis igitur ipsum infringere omne meos idtotum et quitquid peripsos commissarios fuerintactum quo et gestum etlegitimusdebet verusetstatuens facerequilibet potest firmum commissarius stabileet que commissaria mea hac pro opperandi et faciendi alia singula et omnia generaliter et iurandi meam animam in fuerit appelaciones facereinteressem causas prosequendi, appelandi et sicut possem si personaliter opus si et faciendi, mandari personaliter quam realiter, tam eas execucioni et audiendi sententias legem petendi, intradicta tollendi et precepta advocandi questione in quocumque iudicio comparendi, petendi, placitandi,interpelandi, respondendi, lite et huius meecommissarie et promateria quacumque Et opportunas. et necesarias scripturas et cartas et alias omnes seccuritates faciendi cartas fieri et rogandi insuper Et alio etquovismodo. curiam extra et percuriam sine cartis cartis et cum reperiri poterunt ipsis penes etcausis quoscumque racionibus etubicumquedebentibus ex quibuscumque et dare huicmee michiet havere commissarie bonaet acunctis res, denarios, singulos insuperrecuperandi omnes et et supra. Et exigendi petendi, et ordine ut furniendi modo et administrandi commissariam meam hanc mei obbitum post commissariis meis suprascriptis conferro et tribuo do, potestatem et virtutem plenissimam Preterea // etc. Preterea eos. inter equanimiter Petri Michaeli et Luce meis fratribus dimitto forma et iure via modo omni venire michi seuquomodolibetnon spectare et poterit inordinatum scriptum posset et pro adchaducumnon pro scriptum et quod futurorum inordinatum et omneet chaducum et presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum uxorem. habere non anotariodepostremis, respondi viginti auri. Interogatus meequinque ducatos sorori Faliere done dimitto meorum fratrum. Item mee matris et centum sint mea etducatos proanima centum ducatos dispensentur videlicet medietas ante maritandi tempus decedente filie Angele dimitto Item auri. inprestitorum adcameram auri ducentos ponantur qui mee ducatos centum ducatos meo fratri Michaeli dimitto Item auri. centum centum meedomine matri ducatos PiedreLuce auri.meo Item dilecte fratri dimitto ducatos quinquaginta auri mortem meamqui post sibi dentur sine aliquointervalo. Item dimitto unoquoque ducatos quinque auri.Alberto Item de Petridimitto famulomeo ducatos pro dimitto commissariis quibus Martini Iohanni et Zono Michaeli ser videlicet commissariis 151 pro suo maritare et ea maritare et suo pro CEU eTD Collection 650 ecclesiesanctorum apostolorum subscripsi. presbyterusdiaconus, Nicolaus de Varsis Ego testis Liardus Iohannes Ego subscripsi. testis Moranzono Marcho Ego etc. meis. Preterea fratribus mee et matris videlicet suprascriptis meis commissariis dimitto forma et via iure, adchaducumquod etpoterit inordinatum michi modo, pervenirepotest omni quomodolibet meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum et omne chaducum inordinatum et predicto de postremis respondi non habere uxorem. Residuum vero omnium bonorum anotario interogatus meo. Insuper patrino Nicolao presbytero unum ducatum Sancti Gregorii missis pro dimitto Item meis. commissariis Venetiis mandet bonorum meorum residuum et fiat mesepultura Rosso Bartholomeum ser me perdictum et decedente Marcelo Francisci hic in Tana ser Bartholomeus Rosso sit administrator // bonorum meorum et rerum ser commissarios ducati meos distribuantur in sex mee. auri pauperibus contrate Item vollo quod ipsimortemiussero fideliter post meam procurent. Inprimis quodper adimplere dimitto Bartholomeum,Antonium,Michaelem, Alovixium inferius et Marcum ut darique ordinavero Petrum, Ieronimum, meos fratres commissarios et meam fidei matrem dilectam vollo Polisenam esse dominam meos et constituo quidem quo In Venetiarum. nostri comunis iuribus salvis opportunis et neccesariis clausulis suis omnibus cum commissariis meis daret et compleret et mei pariter obbitum post testamentum scriberet meumhoc ultimum ut meum patrinum capelanum Tane consulis Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum de Varsis Nicolaum rogavi presbyterum corpore infirmus aliquantulum Felicis confinioSancti in ad de Venetiis quamvispresens Tana sanus menteetintellectu indisposita derelinquat. Quapropter egoTomas Contareno filius quondam Marci de domini igitur unicuiqueimminetprecavendum ne subcumbatet sic incautus et nil in cercius hoc seculo quam habeatur nullusquod mortis possit evitare discrimen, recte ignoret prorsus unusquisque vite sueterminum inTana.Cum indictionequarta decima quarto vigesimo die Aprilis mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnacione ab Anno amen. Dei In nomine Eterni, Felicis. sancti Contareno Tome Testamentum Testament ofTomaContarini. Constantinopoli. Benafar, de Franciscus ser Moranzono, Marcus ser Testes: roboravi. et complevi notarius Sic - Crossed out. -Crossed (2) f. 18v–f.(3). 19r24April 1436. 152 650 sua bona inordinata et suabona inordinata CEU eTD Collection 652 651 elemosinis piis in illis mea anima pro dispensentur Venerio Iusti domini dicti domum ad Venetiis missis meis vestimentis cum una tracti manibus serMathei Redolphi a siricho quinquescinales ducentos denarii volloquod exinde in Venetiis misi Item dimidio. cum unum bixancium Leonardo de Antonio aser Item auri. distributi ut eis ex supra sintextracti denarii et vendantur mee res acetiam Ianuensium fratrum Nicolaum et in predictis.quitquid super promissis abundaveritdispensetur hic inTana Benedictum, inter presbyteros Item abere debeomensibus novem ad rationes librorum sex in mense delaboremeo dequibus vollo sepeliri et a Laurentio procurent.Sartore circha In primis capelanumducatum ut inferius ordinavero eius haberedarique olim Hermie iussero Sancti ipsi Smeritis de unumpost mortem Benedictum meam fideliter presbyterum et dominum virum adimplere reciperevenerabilem et Tane consulem olim Venerio debeo Iustum dominum virum nobilem voluntatis proultime mee meo salario a dominocommissariis Iusto Veneriomeis et daret compleret et meipariter obbitum post testamentum meum hoc scriberet pro ut rogavi quem Tane capelanum et notarium Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaum presbyterum venire gravatus sanusinfirmitate feciadme intelectu sim corporea quamvis aliquantulum et mente Tane consulis olim Venerio Iusti domini viri nobilis familiaris in Tana presens "dispone domui quia tue morieris etnon egoquapropter Georgiusvives", de Modrusia ad inintonuerit vox Tana.dicens Cum indictione quartadecima nonoprohetica die vigesimo mensis Aprilis sexto trigessimo quadringentessimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Modrusia. de Georgii Testamentum Testament ofGiorgio (Georgius?) deModrusia. Liardo. Iohannes in ser Tana, Moranzono serMarcus Testes: et roboravi. complevi etTanecancelarius notarius Venetiarum apparebit. Et omne residuum quod michi contingeret abere suspensetur ut supra dictum supra dictum est. ut abere michi suspensetur contingeret quod residuum omneapparebit. Et pauperibus Sancti inLazari et aliis hospitalibuspiis missis et melius ut eis videbitur et in commissarios meos predictos per mea anima pro distribuantur post[...] exigi si salarii, circhavestire ducatos sexdecim michi restat dare ducatoscircha trigintaresiduomei auri pro singulo et expensarum promeoquatuordecim pro rationesa predicto ducatorum ano reccepi ad quatuor Item circha apparebit.Iohanne Belando // anos steti cum ser quia videbitur et Classical form: ut inferius patebit 651 . In quo quidem constituo et meos esse vollofidei commissarios et executores eleemosynis - Crossed out. -Crossed . f.(3) –f. 19r 19v(4).29April 1436. 153 652 ut ipsis meis commissariis melius commissariis meis ipsis ut CEU eTD Collection mensis Maii vigesimodie secundo sexto trigesimo quadringentesimo nostri millessimo Yhesu Christi incarnatione Domini ab Anno amen. Eterni, Innomine Dei veldeChamurata. de Papia Antonii ser Testamentum Testament ofAntoniodePapia. nollens se in aliquo de dicta impedire quia michi inde remansit VII etc. commissariam dictam supra reffutavit ut notarii manu in testamento presenti apparet ut Modrussia de Georgii in testamento nominatus commissarius Tane chapelanus olim Smeritis dominusinfrascripto etme de Tane, Aldrovandinode Iustis notario presbyterBenedictus 1436 dieviroArsenioconsule spectabile secundaMaiipresentibus dominoet egregio Duodo 655 654 mortis igiturevitare periculum unicuiqueimminetprecavendum recte ne subcumbat incautus ignoretunusquisqueetnil prorsus inhocseculocertius quam habeatur nullus quod potest in Tana de Girardo ser Iacobus ser IohannesdeSenis, Testes: roboravi. et complevi notarius capelanus etTane Venetiarum Apostolorum diaconus, Sanctorum deVarsisecclesie Nicolaus Ego presbyterus auri. Iohannestres Ego Iacobus subscripsi. deSenistestis Ego deGirardo testis subscripsi. Modrusia fierihoc qui magistro Item habere Antoniorogavit. de Rechanatis debeoa ducatos firmitate. de Signum Georgii in sua permaneat huiuscarta incursurum meitestamenti et commoverit se Omnipotentis Dei iram presumpserit infringere testamentum meum dictum meosquitquid fuerit perdictos commissarios actum Si et gestum igiturquoquomodo. quis etdebet facere statuenslegitimus potest commissarius firmum stabile et omneidtotum et 653 singula et alia omnia et iurandi meam insi fuerit audiendi. tolendi legem legesopus Et animam advocatos et petendisententias et terminos precepta advocandi respondendi, interpellandi, inquirendi, petendi, comparendi, et extracuriam quacumqueet pro lite huiusmeecommissarie etquestione iniudicio sine percuriam cartis reperiri et cartis cum exipsispoterunt ubicumque etpenesquoscumque mee mihi et rationibus cunctis quibuscumque ettenentibus daredebentibus commissarie et et insuper petendi, exigendi et recuperandi omnes etsingulos denarios, res et bona ethavere a meam commissariam post obbitum meum dictam administrandi commissariis meis et furniendi suprascriptis modo etpotestatem ordine et virtutem ut supra plenissimam dans Preterea Inserted over the line: the over Inserted The words Fac - Crossed out. in Tana are situated in such a way, that they can refer to both witnesses. both to refer can they that way, a such in situated are 654 mensis Maii die vigesimo secundo . f. 19v (4) – f. 20r. 22 May 1436. 655 653 indictione 14 in Tana. Cum vite sue terminum generaliter faciendi et operandi veruset operandi faciendique quilibet et generaliter 154 . CEU eTD Collection 656 quod ad et chaducum inordinatum pro non et scriptum et poteritpotest quomodolibetmichi immobiliumet futurorum presentium et et omne inordinatum chaducum pro nonscriptumet conventui Sancti Michaelis de Muriano. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium iudicari animacorpora eiusnequepost pro suorum heredium mortem et set et perveniat transactari donari, modo vendi,aliquo pignerari, non possit alienari, quo hac condicione heredium suorum et invita suatantum maritare suo Marine mee pro filie dimitto medietatem annos duos habitat factum deinde per ex veroseu exigat ea et Michaelis, aliam Sancti sit serconditionequod Filipusipsam vero meus Delai commissarius in usufructet quo domum illam estdomuividelicet partem in Bernardi Quirinoque contigua adpresenshabitohac qua in teritorii mei quodest heredium quondam positum penes Tana positum teritorium domini medietatem deMuriano Michaelis Sancti conventui Item dimitto deMuriano. Michaelis sancti conventui meum de stagno flascum Item dimitto petet. prout Marci ser Baldasore infrautdevenerat Itemvolloquod solvantur et ordino bapticacinum ordinavero. unum olei in solus Balziannoaffictum queaffictatur quodexigatbixancios 48seu annotransacto et illam moratur in ultra quaadpresens domum vollo hoc et perunumannum usufructet quod Magdalene uxori ser An-//-geli de Senis que michi servitet servivit bixancios viginti quinque dimitto Item Muriano. de Michaelis Sancti ecclesie mandentur meam mortem post duosauri. Sancti Antonii vollo omnes candele Item de Tana ducatos quod quereperientur reddat omnia et meoscribat corpore sepulto et Tane capelano Nicolao presbytero Gregorii Sancti masaricievidelicet etpani etdetracta adorso dictarum ducati rerum dentur auri missisduo pro meesolvatme peripsum res ut quod etlegataper Filipum debita vendantur dimissa et et bona michispectancia reccuperet in uthic Venetiis serFilipus Tana qui est barbitonsorem etserHenricum Bronzago virum Delai de ser Filipum discretum voluntatis mee ultime etexecutores commissarios vollofidei meoset esse quidem constituo quo Venetiarum. In suis solempnitatibusclausulis et semperiuribusopportuniis reservatis nostri comunis omnibus cum commissariis meis daret et compleret et pariter obbitum mei post testamentum scriberet finalem et ultimum meum hoc ut cancelarium consulis Tane Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum me presbyterum quamvis sim infirmitatealiquantulum corporea gravatus timens mortis venire casum feci ad quondam ser Chinacsii ad presens moram trahens in intelectu Dei Tana menteet gratia sanus Antonius Quapropter ego indisposita deChamurata derelinquat. et bonaet sic suainordinata Inserted over the line: the over Inserted 656 rationem Venetiis suprascripto magistroHenrico. Item dimitto scole Sancte Marie et seu ostendat . 155 CEU eTD Collection consanguineo meodistribuantur 15inmeisin atinentibus etdeturvidelicetecclesiis unum quod Iohanni et unum Beatricivestem unam sufultam uxoride giris et faculetos XXXa mee contextos matri de Stefani siricho et de quibus patri volloXXti quod ducatos Scuriano ipsos seuBergamino eorum successoribusdebeant mitere ac etiamqui diploidemVIIII unam de circa chamocha blano novo ethabitatoris reperirentur qui meis Pischoremandetpischerie meo barbano Tadeoseupropinquioribus dominopresbytero atinentibus et unum seccutum ducati XXti in meameisqui capsa et sunt lucrum debonis Venetiis quandoeruant ex eis sit dicto percommissariosquod adimplere In vollo investiantur meos ordinoprimis procurent. et IohanniIohannem Liardo ut inferius ordinavero dariqueser et Tane iussero consulem ipsiolim postLiardoVenerio mortem Iustum meam dominum virum fideliter nobilem voluntatis ultime hac mee etexecutores fidei vollocommissarios et essemeos quidem constituo quo cancelarii. In condictioneTane et notarii Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu scriptum testamentum ultimum meum esse hoc volui casum mortis timens quod gravatus, infirmitate corporea dictosin etquamvisintelectu Parmesanus de Scuranodistrictus mente et adpresens sim Tana ducatosdomui quianon ettue morieris vives", quapropter ego Antonelus filiusSimonis de Chostula XXti "dispone inTana.Cum dicens vox propheticha intonuerit indictioneoctavo quartadecima portet autnostri Yhesu milessimo Christi trigesimo quadringentessimo mensis sexto Maii vigesimodie Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Parma. de Antoneli Testamentum Testament ofAntonello Parma. from deFlora Barnabas Tane, ser armiratus serIohannesdeNicuola Testes: etroboravi. complevi capelanus consulis Tane Apostolorum egregiide Venetiis etspectabilis Arseni et viri diachonus domini Duodo 657 presbyterus deVarsis Nicolaus de Floris subscripsi. testis Ego Barnabas Ego subscripsi. testis Nicholaus Iohannes de Ego etc. mee. Preterea filie dicte factis solutis dicti expensis sintMichaelis [...] dicti mortua Sancti conventui quadraginta ducati filiasi meaesset et dicta deMuriano Michaelis Sancti 12 conventui ducati presens dentur quinquagintain quia auri sunt totam Marinemeeducatos dimitto duo filie dequibus ad sibi decem inmanibus mei quos commissarii ducatos concessi qui sunt et auri Salono Iacobi ducatospervenire quadraginta positos duobus inauri qui manibussunt serFilipi Delai Venetiarum notarius - Crossed out. f.– f. 20r 20v.28May 1436. 156 657 ecclesie Sanctorum CEU eTD Collection 658 Itembirete etpar deLondres nove nigre due vollosuo testamento. quod unum pro auri voloquod Deum oret anima me.pro Item habere debeoa ser Antonelode Napoli ducatum ducatum Benedicto a dominohabere quinquaginta. Item unum debeo de quo presbytero auri meabixancios sepultura denturfratri Antonio domino pro Ianuensium etquod Marie aparte unum Itemvollomeumchaligarum de chorio. in corpus quod sepeliatur ecclesie Sancte a [Con]stantino auri.par tres in Item dimitto ducatos infrascriptorum labore testium presentia Chustizze filiis duobus fuxono vestem de unam et duas chamisias dimitto Item medietatem. dimitto sibi auri unum ducatum Marino Iohanne a debeo habere Item anima mea. pro medietatem quinqueaffictulaexpensis domus sibifactis Chustizza pro pro sibi dequibus ducatos dimitto de missisde VarsisNicolao habere debeoaConstantino Gregorii. presbytero pro sancti Item vollo vendatur consuli etdenarii una extracti quod ex Item dentur spata ea Ianuensium. domino mulinelum reddatur quod vollo Item Cornario. Tome ser sclavi olim Sabanzini uxori sancti vendaturet Antonii. vollo ballistum quod Item unum denarii a pedi sintet extracti Marie sancte scole sint denarii extracti et voltis meam suis vendicum torazeam Item dimitto linteamenam et unam sclavinam tristem et par unum chaligarum viridem et unam chamisiam. unamdiploidem et agninis pelibus de meum biretum dimitto Item meam. sclavinam Greci Iohannis albam Iustiniano. Item mulieri isti dimitto michiservit uxori unum auri.que ducatum dimitto Item tristemteritorioMantuano. Item proanimadimitto mea ducatum unum auri filie Chatarine in queest Mariam adSanctam de Gratia mitatur per commissariosmeos expleatet cito auri ut Iohanni vollofilie expleaturultraillam Fagni et quod setam habuitquam sibi dimitto ducatum unum Item facistergium magnum sorgati unum inpichorum tode esttrium manibusVinturine quod Chatolici. Chosta uxoris zerchasie Inzibee filie mea anima pro Grecho. dentur Nicoloxium dictum per quadam ser eiusmanu et vollocedula exigereab etNicoloxiusquod Barbo possit eo exactos Item utapparet //patronoeiusdam quinquagintabixancios Bugareso patrono quatuor greparie de a Pronasio habereanima mea. debeo Item de Sisiopro ad Sanctem Franciscum qua vadet dimitto vadatAntonium in adSanctem Menaanimaaliapro meaet uni detur medietas vel qui vel une medietas uni buletinodictoet detur ipsorum denariorum qui apparet mei residiout salarii Laurentio pro Venetiarum a comune debeo reccipere habere et quos ducati 13 meos commissarios per eorum exigantur patri meevollomatri aut successoribus. Item mittantur quod et Scuriano vestis et diplois facistergia 15 alia Et mei. patrui Petri ser Sartorifiliabus Isabele unum et Aldi partem unam The meaning is not clear; the text says text the clear; not is meaning The 658 qui stant a parte Ianuensium. Item dimitto notario dicti mei testamenti pro suo Chse ; this could mean 157 Choste or Christe . CEU eTD Collection adimplere procurent. In primis dimitto Chorado commissario meo gonelfam meam de grixio de meam gonelfam meo commissario Chorado dimitto primis In procurent. adimplere Arsenidomini ut Duodo inferius dariqueordinavero iusseropost mortem meam ipsi fideliter familiarem Choradum et Henricum virumStangelino Flore, ser Barnabam de discretum etpariter compleret. Inquoquidem etmeosconstituo essefidei vollo commissarios capelanum hoc meum ut quem rogavi scriberet meum testamentum ultimum post obbitum Taneconsulis Duodo Arseni viri domini egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum ad mepresbyterum venirefeci infirmatus corpore mente et et intelectu Crunutquondam Dirch Apolinarisde confinioSancti deVeneciisadpresens in sanus Tana Albertus de ego Quapropter derelinquat. etindisposita sic inordinata bona et sua subcumbat mortisquam casus sua bona sit superveniat unusquisque ne ordinare solicitus incautus indictioneinspiracionisprovide 14in arbitrium donum et Divine anteTana. mentis est ut nostri millessimo Christi trigesimomensisYhesu quadringentesimo sexto prima die Iunii Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In teutonici. Alberti Testamentum Testament oftheGerman Albertde Crunut. roboravi. Testes: Nicola de Briaticho bozonarius, Iacobus de Girardo barbitonsor. spectabilis etegregiiviri Arsenidomini DuodoTane consulis cancelarius complevi et notarius et Venetiarum Apostolorum diaconus Sanctorum de Nicolaus ecclesie Varsis presbytertestisIacobus subscripsi. deGirardo Ego subscripsi.de Briatichotestis Ego quoscumque aliomodo atinentibus dimitto meis etc. propinquioribus. Preterea Ego Nichola morte forma parentium pervenire omni via,iuremeorum pro modo, quam tam pro et non et omne inordinatum etmihiscriptum pro chaducum poteritet potest quomodolibet Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum heredibus utsupradixi. a notario Interogatus de postremis respondinon habere uxorem. affinibus meis videlicet affines mei mandet dictasres et denarios matripatri et mee vel eorum omnibusdictos 16 ducatos meisexpensisdiploidem portet et facistergiatogam et pischiere ducati ut utsupradixiinvestiantursexdecim meliusIohanni videbitur dicto Liardo et etalii legatos predictos satisfetur XXti exillisut quatuor duchatis accipi ducatos possint vollo legatos quod predictos satisfacerat 101denarii quod reperirentur non in casuquo et legata suprascripta solvantur et distribuantur vendantur, solum Liardo Iohannem meeser per et unum duarum chaligarum esse unum et reliquede rosato de paonazio resquereperirentur f. 1June 21r. 1436. 158 CEU eTD Collection Tane et Nicolai Flabani ut inferius ordinavero darique iussero ipsi post mortem meam mortem ipsi post iussero darique inferius ordinavero Flabani ut Tane etNicolai suum meumcognatum perinterpetracionem hoc et virum ipsum Charauzuch et Charauzuch uxorem meam Natchaton sororem commissarios semper compleret et pariter reservatis iuribus comunis et Venetiarum. meosquo quidem In constituo essefidei vollo obbitum mei post testamentum scriberet ultimum meum hoc ut Tane consulis Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis cancelarium presens ad Varsis de Nicolaum feci admepresbyterum venire pregravata corpore et intelectu et sana mente Iolmelicha uxor quondam ser Michali moram Mitrioti in trahens Venetorum aparte Tana egoet sic Quapropter subcumbatincautus etindisposita derelinquat. suabonainordinata provide ante quamveniat mentis arbitrium ut casus unusquisque mortis ne sepreparet et est donum inspiracionis Divine in Tana. quartadecima indictione quatuor die Madii, mensis sexto, trigesimo quadringentesimo milesimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione Testamentum IolmelicheTestament ofIolmelikh,wife of Michali Mitrioti. uxoris ser Michali Mitrioti. In nomine Dei Eterni,Senis. amen. Anno ab Angelus de ser armiratus, deNicuola serIohannes Testes: roboravi. et capelanus complevi Taneconsulis egregii viri Arseni et Duodo notarius etspectabilis domini Venetiarum diaconus, Venetiis Apostolorum de Sanctorum ecclesie deVarsis presbyter Nicolaus Ego subscripsi. testis deSenis Angelus ser Ego subscripsi. testis Niqolaus de Iohannes etc. Egoser Preterea [...]ium. pueri malarum ubi [...]ntur pietate inhospitale dispensetur ipsum per ser Barnabam essetvollomeus quod mortuus frater personaliterdictus etsi Girardovero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobiliumfratri presentium et futurorum dimitto a notarioChoradus. Item interrogatus de postremis respondinon habere uxorem. Residuum meoplezius est stivalorum unum de quibus duosauri par et ducatos MarinoIohanne debeo a qui ducatum ipseNigrobrachia unum debet auri Nigroponti. habere tella et Item habere quinque est Venetiis Andrea habere debeo ab Item cum dimidio. iperpera duodecim Constantinopoli concestorum mea duchatoset quatuorquodanimaquam Deum pro testamento ut oret Nicolao tam presbytero earum pro dentur detracta auri. serItem habere Barnabas debeo a ser Stefano Mitta commissariuspro resto asprorum sibi meus portet 660 659 et clamidem Mistake; must be must Mistake; Must be: chlamydem 659 meam et diploidem unam novam. Item vollo quod res mee vendantur et interpretationem . . f.– f. 21r 21v.4May 1436. 159 660 serBorani turzimani Taiapetra curie CEU eTD Collection presbyteri Nicolai de Varsis capelani Tane et predictus ser Iacobus habeat buletinum meum buletinum habeat serIacobus predictus et Tane capelani de Varsis Nicolai presbyteri manu carta quadam maniffestacionis apparet circaut 40auri de ducatos Salono ser Iacobi cum ipsihoc quodserviatmee sorori annosseptem francha.deinde sit Item sum quia debitor francham ipsam commissarii mei faciant quod hac cum conditione in moratur Verona presens sclavam Item Angelo dimitto meam Chug sorori mee Ravagnano. quead zerchasiam Marine duos spatam meam magnam auri. Angeli Item dimitto de Senis ducatos Magdalene uxori dimitto primis In pro procurent. adimplere fideliter missis meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique ordinavero Sancti Gregorii inferius presbyterout ser Bartholomeum Pasqualem ser Andream et Betanioet Angelum Ravagnano Nicolao ser commissarios fidei vollo esse meos et constituo quidem quo In Venetiis. nostri comunis ducatos duos auri.commissariissolempnitatibus suis iuribus opportunis reservatis et clausulis omnibus cum Item dimitto donemeis etdaret mei obbitum post testamentum scriberet meum hoc ultimum ut capelanum Tane et notarium Venetiarum de Varsis, Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi casum timens mortis pregravatus corporea infirmitate sanussim quamquam etintellectu mente presens inTana morieris etnon egoDanielvives”. Quapropter quondam Civrano Civrano domini ad Petri Indictione 14ain vox Tana. Cum dicens propheticha “dispone intonuerit domui quia tue ab incarnatione Testamentum ser Danielisquondam nomine Civrano Annodomini Petri. Dei amen. In Eterni Testament ofDanieleCivrano. Domini nostricomplevi et roboravi. Testes: ser Filipus Delai, ser Franciscus de Leonardo. cancelarius Tane consulis Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et Yhesuspectabilis et notarius presbyterus deVarsis, Venetiarum Nicolaus subscripsi. testis Ego Franzisschus deLeonardo Christimeam. MCCCCoXXXVIo inconfinibus mee sorori contineturdimitto manibus Natchaton commendo animam quibus Pretereacum teritorioimmobilium futurorum michipresentium et quorumcumque spectantium et venientium una mensis meoetc. positogrecorum bixantios sexaginta. Rexidiummitropoliti domino vero omnium dimitto Item bonorum centum. meorum bixantios Iuniimobilium mei viri inet Mitrioti Ego Michali quondam nepoti Tana penesPhilipusdieDimitrioChatavlata Item quinquaginta. dimitto bixantios pappe Tatuli grecho presbytero turizelam14 quinquaginta. Item dimitto Sarandirino filio que Agapi bixantios quinquaginta. Itemest dimittoDelaidy ecclesie Ianuensium Item bixantios quinquaginta. dimitto Sancti Iohannis a parte grecorum a parte fideliterIudaice quondamprout adimplere in suis procurent. Delaidy In primis testis dimitto ecclesie subscripsi. Sancti Marci de Tana Egobixantios f. – f. 21v 14June 22r. 1436. 160 CEU eTD Collection Ego presbyter Nicolaus de Varsis ecclesie Sanctorum Apostolorum de Venetiis Venetiarum Venetiis de Apostolorum Sanctorum ecclesie deVarsis presbyter Nicolaus Ego EgoDominicusetc. Bedollotto testis subscripsi.Ego Angelus Ravagnano testis subscripsi. mia finis. efioli est Preterea lasso a moier et hovegnir aspetar che rexiduo mepodesse altro ese aVeniexia fioli mie e moier amia mandade sia mano mia de levada ho zetola una per chome apar scuoder mieposanibsse de debitori echosse si che robe di tute setrazesse resto lo quelo se pagae el averdamiel die detuto libero etinsuoconsientia escritare al suo treto chaxo io son debito 242 percheEloldere,voiobixancios siacazandisenaoro et a lascuola ducatos prima dado a serle de eIachomim Dragan IacomoGaleazo ser commissarii fidel me lasso laqual per volunta Salonultima voio che sorade la contrada la de suasan Chaxian consienzia al prexentemea ultima voluntas primoque sequitur etesttalis: adi inin Luio laTana1436miStefano Fin la Tana voio etche questoanima sia el mio chetestamentonotarius me si posposit aliquic aliud volem adi vel minui cui non et quodhecrespondi erat l’sia e predictus qui infrascriptis testibus presentibus consignata Tane cancelario de Varsis Nicolao etpresbyteroquadam manubonbizina scripta voluntatem apparet mea ultimam ut cedula meam et meum testamentum hoc volui esse infirmus et corpore etintelectu sanus mente egoStefanus inTana Chasiani de sancti adpresens FinoVenetiis de confinioquapropter Cum vox propheticha intonueritdicens domui "dispone quiatue morieris etnon vives", in Tana. 14 indictione prima die Iulii mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIo Xristi Yehsu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni Dei nomine In Fino. Stefani quondam Testamentum Testament ofStefano Fino. et roboravi. //Testes: ser Marinus Trivixano, ser Galeazius complevi Dragano. capelanus Tane consulis Duodo Arseni domini viri ergregii et spectabilis et notarius Venetiarum diachonus de Venetiis Apostolorum Sanctorum ecclesie deVarsis Nicolaus Marinus Trivixanotestis subscripsi. EgoGaleazopresbyterus Dr[ag]anotestis subscripsi. Ego Ego etc. meemee deportati etc.Preterea uxori fuerunt seusorori Antonii Sancti quousque denariiin cumhoc meis quod Marie suprascripte extracti Sancte ex stent capsascole et rebus insi meamoratur esset uxor Rouno etmortua vollo dicta mee totum sitsorori Marine quod venientium mee dimittoSalvazie michi queadpresens uxori et quomodocumque spectatium Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum presentis debiti solvat bene testamenti sibi carte ipsius seu virtute et mihi servivit. quia ipsos vollo denarios virtute ser duos dictus exigat quadraginta Iacobus quod debere ducatos ipsum manume capelani apparetper Benedicti presbyteri de Smeritisolim habere ut Tane f. 1July 22r. 1436. 161 CEU eTD Collection 662 661 ser AndreasBetanio. serIohannes et consulisArseni roboravi. DuodoTane complevi deValle, Testes: capelanus viri notarius Apostolorumegregii etspectabilis et Venetiarum Sanctorum domini diaconus, ecclesie presbyter NicolausEgo deVarsis subscripsi.Andreas testis Betanio subscripsi. Ego Iohannes deValletestis Ego etc. Preterea animamea. Susanepro Sancte Anneet Sancte Sancti unam ad honorem IohannisApostoli, Baptista, IohannisIacobi Osauri,Sancti Sancti misam videlicet quinque missas faciat celebrare quod conditione hac cum mee nutrici olim quam via,iureinordinatorum modo, formaomni etdominedimitto ChatarinedaChadecado immobilium futurorum presentium michi et quomodocumque spectantium chaduchorum tam respondi non habere uxorem. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et notariode postremis adicto interrogatus duosauri. Insuper ducatos infrascriptis testibus domina Margaretamanima mea.illam Item dimitto indomum habeo quam michiUtine quandamdimisam per ser Danieli patridistricti Deum mandentur ecclesie orent Mereto pro quod Sorovilii ut Sancti Danielis de meo. Item dimittoclamidas duochapucii quatuor, biretum unum notariovestes due, mee,videlicet suntalique Sanctires in deVeneciis Pauli qui moratur contrata pro suo labore presentibus auri. Ianuensium in Francisci aparte nobilistres Item ducatos ser Iacobi viri domo Donato ecclesie Sancti dimitto auri. Item quatuor ducatos reparatione Tana pro Antonii de Sancti et Marie Sancte ecclesie dimitto primis In procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique inferius ordinavero ut socios meos Motta ser Stefanum et de Flore Barnabam viros ser discretos etfideimeos essevollo constituo commissarios vero cancelarii per quod Tane et notarii Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu scriptum testamentum mente in sanus Tana salariatus adpresens egoser DanielisdeSorovilii AndreasNigroquapropter vivis", non et morieris quia tue domui "dispone dicens intonuerit propheticha vox Cum incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi MCCCCoXXXVI mensis Iulii die 17indictione 14. Anno ab amen. nomine Dei Eterni, In Sorovilio. de ser Danielis Andree Nigro Testamentum Testament ofAndreaNigro. et roboravi. Testes: ser Dominicus Bedolotto, ser Angelus Ravagnano in Tana. Tane notariusegregii viri spectabilis Duodo et Arseni consulisdomini capelanuscomplevi et Crossed out: Crossed out: 661 et intelectu et infirmus corpore timens casum mortis volui hoc esse meum ultimum meum esse hoc volui mortis casum timens corpore infirmus et intelectu et nigrum corpor - . f. 17July 22r. 1436. 162 662 magnum de morelo et alique alie res vollo res alie alique et morelo de magnum CEU eTD Collection Testament of Michele de Mattheo Suazio. Testament ofMichele Iancharelo. Moises ser et barbitonsor Donato Constancius domini Arseni Duodo Tane consulis capelanus complevi et roboravi. Testes: magister viri spectabilis etegregii notarius et diaconus,Venetiarum Apostolorum ecclesie Sanctorum Varsis de Nicolaus presbyterus Ego subscripsi. testis Iancarelo Moixes Ego subscripsi. testis Chostantinus Ego Donato etc. Preterea moram Verone. trahit meam Annam que sororem in perveniat meam videlicet annos sexdecimante tuncvolloquod uxorem inet pupilari etate insuper decederent si omnes viventem et deveniat pars decedencium aliquis illorum decederet spectandum et veniendum bonorum meorum mobiliumimmobilium et et futurorum presentium quomodocumque michi omni modo, via,Deum animain ducatum unumauri oret Residuum veroomnium pro mea suismisis.ut iure et forma dimittoAntonio filio et filiabus qui ex denarii sartoreinextrahantur aliquibus merchanciis cumque reperientur societate magistro meis et si lucrum michiquos et ad dampnum Mapheo dedit ser Bartholomeo auri ducati quinquaginta et me sifideliter et [...] meam extrahimortem percommissarios Inprimisadimplerevolloquod procurent. et ordino meosrestituantur post ipsi iussero darique ordinavero inferius ut poterunt.sartorem Leze de Antonium ser et de Suazio Matheo de ser Michaelem et Salono ser Iacobum virum Item dimittomeos esse vollo fidei commissarios et executores huius mee ultime voluntatispresbytero prudentem opportunis reservatis iuribus tamen comunisVenetiarum. nostri et Inquoquidem constituo solempnitatibus et clausulis suis omnibus cum commissariis meis daret et compleret Nicolaocapelanum hoc meum ut scriberet testamentumultimum mei post et pariter obbitum patrinoconsulis Tane Duodo Arseni domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum Varsis meo timensde Nicolaum pregravatus mortis tamen rogavi dominum presbyterum casum corporea infirmitate sim aliquantulum quamvis Creatoris gratia sanus intelectu et mente salariatus, ego Valentinus in quondam habitator Stefani Sancti contrata Severi inTana ad presens dicenspropheticha intonuerit quia domui "dispone morieris tuetnon tue vives", quapropter trigessimo sexto mensis Madii die vigessimonono indictione quartadecima in Tana. Cum vox amen. incarnationeAnno nostri ab Domini millessimoYhesu Christi quadringentessimo Testamentum Valentini quondam Stefani de confinioSancti Severi. nomine Dei In Eterni, Testament ofValentino, sonof thedeceased Stefano. f. 29May 22v. 1436. f. 1June 23r. 1436. 163 CEU eTD Collection arme mee et alie res mee hic in Tana pro mea sepultura et si aliemeainarme superhabundaverit et meeetres sepultura Tanapro aliquid hic presbyterodimitto Nicolaomissis ducatum celebrandis.vollounum vendanturpro Item quod inteligento quodomnes res suprascripte insunt domo Andreenepotis mei Venetiis. Item nigroveluto et tractum aliibarilotiunius suprascriptisdimitto fratri et sororibus meis tractum unius cinguliettractum bariloti unius cum subter etuniusdupli turchino zornetede et septem et decem ponderis onziarum de argento taciarum duarum tractum Item tredecim. onziarum ponderis argento de meum zingulum meo fratri dimitto Item Venetiis. sunt duosauri de denariis qui mee ducatos Chatarine dimitto consanguinee modum supra.Item ut per dividantur exacti et Flandrie viagium ad concessi sibi quos Dulcigno de Panthaleone a meos per commissarios unum ducati triginta exigantur volloquod Item in est [...]tivare. Marie sororis mee olim quondam uxoris GambaIohannis etaliqua sitMare sororis mee que sit alia Dominici, mei commissarii et fratris sit quarum una partes tres fiant quod vollo Tane manuapparet meobuletino habere ut capelani debeoacameraquos Venetiarum comunis XXV quosmisiin Venetiis manibus Andree etducatos quadragintadicti sex cum dimidio scinalium et demoronis proaliis bute tres.Item detracta tapetos meam novam et cultram per alios commissarios ausse commissarios alios per in suis manibus cum condicione quod tractet eum bene et si eum male tractaret quod possit misi quem meum Venetiis tartarum meosclavum Antonium commissario nepoti et Petenario Andree dicto dimitto primis In procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique inframeum ut ordinavero fratrem Dominicum et Venetiis, meum qui est nepotem Andream ser Petenario deLeonardo, Antonium ser Spinaza, serPaulum commissarios fidei etmeos essevollo quidem constituo quo In anotatum. Tane notarii capelani et Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu testamentum immediatum et ultimum meum esse domini Iusti Venerio habitator Venetiarum ad presens in Tana olim ibidemsalariatus sub regimine nobilis viri Tane consulis egoindispositainordinatabona et derelinquat.Quapropter sanus mente et intelectu et infirmus corpore volui hoc 665 664 663 periculum etprorsus ignoret nil cercius inhoc seculo quam nullus habeatur quod mortis possit evitare sexto trigessimo mensis Iunii primodie indictione quadringentessimo quartadecima in Tana. Cum vite sue terminum unusquisque millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione Annoab amen. nomineEterni, Dei In de Suazio. deMatheo Michaelis Testamentum Must be: Math Igitur - Crossed out. - Crossed out. -Crossed 663 ausus , recte igitur unicuique imminet precavendum ne incautus subcumbat et sicet subcumbat sua incautus ne igitur imminet precavendum , recte unicuique . 665 a dicto Andrea. Item dimitto predicto Andree letum meum et 164 664 Michael de Matheo de Suatio Matheo de Michael CEU eTD Collection 667 666 ei essetliberisducatos parentibus ortus et dimitto viginti illi Item auri. quinque dimitto puero a si ac servitutis vinculo omni ab francum meum sclavum Spertum dimitto Item centum. suasducatos res et massaricias denarios inter maritare suo mee pro sclave olim Sirine dimitto primis In procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post mei commissarii ipsi iussero darique michi ut Castelo Sancti ordinavero de in Petri Venetiiscontrata moratur que prudentes ser Bartholomeum Rosso etser Iohannem de Valle et dominam Mariam Sarazenam executoresnostri cum etsolempnitatibus suis clausulis omnibus opportunis tamen iuribus comunis reservatis Venetiarum.huiusmeis daretet compleret commissariis et mei post pariter obbitum si contingerit testamentum mee ultimeconsulisArseni Duodo Tane capelanum rogavi hoc meumquem ut ultimum Inscriberet domini viri egregii quoet spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum quidem presbyterum voluntatis derelinquere indisposita et inordinata mea bona nolens ut mortis et constituointelectu pregravatus infirmitate mente etaliquantulum timens eventum corporea sanus nobilem et in gratia moram Dei Tana trahens ad presens de Castelloin Petri Sancti confinio de Veneciis meos essevirum ego Marci Baldasara quondam indisposita Quapropter derelinquat. et sic sua inordinata bona vollo evitare mortis serpossit fidei Iosafatterminum ignoretet unusquisque prorsus inhoc nilcercius seculohabeatur quam nullus quod commissarios mensisindictioneMoCCCCoXXXVIo Septembris 15ain XXIo die Tana. Cumvite sue BarbarumChristi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine et et Testamentum quondam Baldasere quondam SanctiMarci de contrata Petri de Castello. In virosTestament ofBaldassare, sonofthe deceased Marco. Iancharelo. Moixes ser Trivixano, serMarinus Testes: roboravi. et complevi capelanus consulis Tane Duodo Apostolorum notarius Venetiarum diaconus, etspectabilis et egregii viri domini Arseni Sanctorum ecclesie deVarsis Nicolaus presbyter Ego subscripsi. testis Iancarelo Moixes Ego subscripsi. testis Trivixano de Marinus Ego etc. Preterea meis. sororibus fratridicti et dimitto et veniencium spectantium quomodocumque etfuturorum presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum uxorem. habere animadispenseturde postremis interogatus a dictonotario non pro mea.Insuper respondi Must be: Direct object omitted: derelinquerem 666 periculum . recte igitur recte uni f. – f. 23v 21September 24r. 1436. or discrimen ɫ uique imminet precavendum ne incautus subcumbat et subcumbatprecavendum neincautus imminet uique . 165 667 venire feci ad me ad feci venire CEU eTD Collection 668 labore in presentia infrascriptorum testium ducatos quatuor auri. Item sclavamdimitto meam suo presbyteropro Nicolaopredicto dimitto Nicolao Item de Varsis. presbytero quatuor Marieducatos Sancte et Gregorii Sancti pro missis dimitto de botanis. Item pezias octo et Andree Contareno ser derationenobilis viri loestos decim auri.pannos reccepi Item tres balas debrunatisnabulo viri prudentis ser Nicolai solvi Vereto duas dequibus ducatos per ratione de reccepi Belveder navem ser Petri per Item manu serNicolai. dictis computo quodam apparet ut bochassionesduorum ballabanorum detractu et Taiapiera cordoanos Nicolao a ser Item reccepi modo nullamvidi quausque rationem. de Rosso ser Bartholomeo apparet feci quandamaliquibusut predicto societatem de 1430 scripturis.Item Venetiis cum dicta usque modo expendinon pro societate Deussitunum multos asprum ettetegi denarios Rosso ser Bartholomeo aValleet Iohanne quamhabeocum ser Item de societate mea ratione. Rossoqui mittere eranttote Alovixii tractum que per galeasde earum testes venturas scribit vendatefuerunt peripsum Alberegnoseptem ser Blaxium in et manibus pervenirunt ser misi ser Venetiis undecimAlberegnoper navem quatuor de patronus Blaxius testas quibus loestos triginta duos qui sunt nobilisviri ser Hermolai decemnovem Pisani de quibushabuimuspannos Venetiis testas in manibus ser Bartholomei quinque nobiliviroser Petro RossoPixani et Iohanni duas.Item Nigro de 1430misimus in manibus de ratione sua et mea. Item quondam Georgii bixanciosPasqual mille qui sunt probutis septem moronarum datis a commissariam mea.habere debeo Item et de suaratione quesuntin domo teste presentes ser Bartholomei Rosso avironobili ser Petro Pixani al de brunatas, quibus fuerunt empte Blaxius habere debet pro uno panno loestopro sommis decim. Item emimus de ratione mea et suma bixancios sexcenti ut maniffestum duo quadraginta scribanodictusest suo et ser una vinibixancios etpromorovaxia octaginta sibi bixancios data sexagintain duosqui sunt moronarumAlberegno Blaxio butis pro sibi datis quatuor bixancioset probuta quingentos a ser quadraginta etreliquos Venetiis.habere debeo hicin Item Benedictus ducatos Tana dominus presbyter dictus debet dare de quibus suo fratri Iohanni vini quantitate data certa computata circhaquatuor de Smeridis septuaginta Tane ducatos capelano Benedicto olim ducatos viginti auri.quinque haberea Item debeo venerabili virodomino presbytero pro meaItem viginti dimitto decima pro maleducatos auri.quinque dimitto ablatis Item commissarii de hincnon possintse impedireillo depuero sed solum Petro Maria.domina inmassaricias manibusque sunt Marie domine dicte isti hac quod mei conditione et est in Petrus qui omnesvocatur manibus illas est Venetiis qui Marie Sarazene domine Inserted above: Inserted pro eo . 166 668 CEU eTD Collection 669 et nil unusquisque ignoret in hocseculo prorsus habeatur nulluscercius quam quod possit terminum sue vite Cum in Tana. XV indictione octavo vigessimo die Iulii mensis septimo trigessimo quadringentessimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione inTestamentum Anno In nomineEterni, Dei amen. Lucieab domine Iustiniano Tana. Testament ofLuciaGiustiniano. Paino. Andreas ser barbitonsor, Donato ser Constanzius Salono, ser Iacobus Testes: roboravi. et complevi capelanus Taneconsulis egregii viri Arseni et Duodo notarius etspectabilis domini Venetiarum testisAndreas subscripsi. Ego Painos subscripsi. testis Egopresbyter Nicolaus deVarsis, helemosinisipsis melius ut apparebit. videbitur etc. et Preterea Chostantinus Ego Donato piis illis in meos commissarios per dispensetur medietas reliqua et Saracine Marie done in Venetiis moretur domo medietas sitPetri qui dictam volloquod ante etatem tunc insupersi viventem Deusadvertat diveniatquod et quod ambos casus decederentadvenerit annosante decedentis sexdecim pars si decederet eorum Etaliquis etatem. suprascriptam ad ex quousquepervenient filii meivivere productis predicti prestitorem ut possint partem meum habere quodtotum adcameram suam inteligendo quilibet in ponatur residuum possint et iuris sui et dominii sui sint sexdecim annorum etatem dictam ad fuerint perventi Flaurentioequaliterinter quando eos pervenerint ad etatem annorum sexdecim quandoet vestis unadepaonaziosuffulta 1a cortinapar unum lintheaminum et floronibus et et una aliaet dedimitto deauro cultra meis cum degrana armis cortina unade sirico unaet cultra Venetiis Barbaro domini Iosafat commissaria solvo de rebus mea quede sunt inimpediat domose sua Maria Venetiis. dona ipsa Item sunt in aliqualiter domoquod nobilisnollo et sua viri sit que Venetiis Sarazene doneMarie mittatur et quatuordecim annorum sclava etatis una ematur commissarie dicte propriam Duizichaque vocatur progubernatione filiorum meorum. vollo Item de bonis quod 670 modoiurequam et formafiliis modoquocumquemeis alio omni dimitto via, etscriptum michi poterit quomodolibet mei tam fratris potest Gasparini pervenire de rebus chaducum inordinatum non et pro scriptum ad chaducumet quod inordinatum et pronon omne et futurorum et presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum voluntatem. ultimam esse meam hanc respondi vollo ordinare plus aliquid Erased: - Inserted above: Inserted m . naturalibus . f.– f. 24r 24v.28July 1437. 669 dosiis. Item interogatus a notario de interogandis et si 167 670 Francischo et CEU eTD Collection 672 671 mobilium et stabilium presentium et futurorum quomodocumque mihi pertinencium omni meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum eas. inter unum ducatum Achmelich matri et tatu unum auri. Item dimitto Bolatfiliozio meo robam unam de panno. Item dimitto Bagarsyluzie Margarite uxori Iohannis ducatum uxori intergreci Busuch ducatum unum eas.Item dimitto et anzichanto Chazadori Biancho dimitto Item inter eas. unum ducatum Verzie Chatarina et mamus Culmeliche matri Marine dimitto auri. duos Item ducatos Chataruzie Item dimitto lacto. a chopertorium Holdiley filie // Z[aelie] dimitto Item Romeo. de Iohannis ser filie [...] ducatum mee commissarie daredebeat duosauri quod mee ducatos commissarie Marnen Chaton dimitto ser Bartholomeo Rosso annullum unum de auro cum lapide viridi. Item dimitto dimitto Helene uxori ser Iohannis de Romeo anulum unum d[e auro] [...] chorniola. Item ser Angeloqui Ravagnano infrascriptoanullumad presensmoratur Item de auro. unum dimitto Item quolibet. pro unum ducatum Alduci et Paulo videlicet mei fratris filiis dimitto ducatos octo auri. Item dimitto uxori predicti Antonii fratri mei fodiam unam de vulpe. Item Peliete domine Clare Baptisefilie Antonii. filio quondam Margarite ducatum dimitto Item unum auri. dimitto Item Marcis domineducati ducati etducatum dimidium Sechor auri.dimitto dimidium Item unum insigna domine Chatarine dimitto Item auri. unum ducatum Taiapiera serBorani Foxe uxori unum ultraauri. hoc quodexpendantur Et in mea ducati sepultura 6 auri.domine Item dimitto ducatum pro theraticho Ianuensiumetdimitto Francisci aparte Sancti inecclesie seppeliatur meo patrino Theremo fratri auri ducatos duos producatos duos missiset Sancti vollo corpusGregorii. meum Item quod domino dimmito Item infrascriptorum. testium presentia in ducatum Nicolaoauri unum presbyterochappelano predicto pro presenti dimittotestamento misis Item Gregorii. auri Sancti pro duos chapelanoTane ducatos Nicolao presbytero dimitto In primis dimittoipsadarique iusseroordinavero post etdilligenter fideliter obbitum meum procuret. adimplere ecclesieinferius ut solam adeptivam meam filiam Sancte Marnachaton donam commissariam fidei vollo Marie et Sanctimeam et esse in quoordino chancelarii, curieTane et notarii Venetiarum Varsis Nicolai de Antonii de Tana manu presbyteri annotatum testamentum meum ultimum hocesse volui corpore infirmata ducatos duos auri.Iustiniano Item moram Luzia ego Quapropter indisposita derelinquat. et bonasic inordinata trahenset sua subcumbat in Tana a parteincautus ne imminetprechavendum igitur unicuique mortis periculum, recte evitare Venetorum cum sim sana mente et intelectu licet Crossed out: May be as well: 672 unum. Item dimitto tabulam meam rotundam[...] et bochzam unum rechamatum ducatum relicte . 671 . Fagni ducatum unum auri. Item dimitto Antonio Allano fratri meo 168 CEU eTD Collection 673 quitquid modo quocumque immobilium futurorum presentium et et omnem chaducham inordinatam et omne id totum et missis Sancti Gregorii. Residuum vero omnium aliorum bonorum meorum mobilium et duos auri pro presbyterode Varsisducatos Nicolao sue. Item animedimitto constientiam in meis masculis filiis det quod rogo spectabit aliquid michi si rationibus visis et ipsum me et sunthic dimitto dicto domino Paulo de Molino que bona mea compatri alia omnia meosunt ut videat sua quia rationesVenetiis Molino de que suntPaulo inter domino predicto debeant mittere in Tanaet hic rebus quereperient deomnibus Tane notarium curie aventarium per unum faciant fieri Theodorus et predicti ser Benedictus me decedente quod hac condicione meum compatrem seret Drimalli Theodorum virosNigro serBenedictum in Tanadiscretos hic Et solum. meum compatrem Molino de Paulum dominum virum nobilem commissarium secundum consuetudinem comunis Venetiarum. In quo constituo et meum esse vollo fidei meisdare debeat et suis clausulis commisariis omnibus cum publicam formam redducat in et mei conficiat post testamentem obbitum curierogavi dictum ut Tanechanzelarii, quem et notarii Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai manu presbyteri annotatum et scriptum testamentum ultimum meum esse hoc vollui eventum mortis timens gravatus, infirmitate corporea confiniointellectuMauricii sumadpresens Sancti in et mente Tana sanus quamquam sim de Venetiis etindisposita egoFranciscus Quapropter inordinata derelinquat. de Nigro igitur et sicne subcumbatpericulum imminetprecavendum incautus unicuique suarecte bona etprorsus ingnoret quam nilcercius in nullushabeatur, hocseculoquod mortis possitevitare mensis vigessimoaugusti indictionedie XVainTana.Cumvite sue terminum unusquisque septimo trigessimo quadringentessimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione Testamentum ser Innominequondam FrancisciNigro. Dei AnnoEterni, amen. ab Testament ofFrancesco Nigro. in Tana. Angelus Ravagnano, ser Trivixano, serMarinus Testes: roboravi. curie etet notarius complevi Tane canzelarius deVarsis,Venetiarum presbyter Nicolaus Marinus Egoetc. Trivixano testis subscripsi. Angelus Ravagnano Ego testis subscripsi. Ego quattuor meoAlanoMarnachaton illosdet fratri ducatos auri Preterea quossibidimissi. ultra dicta quod hac condicione cum filie adolptive mee et commissarie done Marnachaton dimitto modo, via,iure forma et fabricis cum una meas in quasfabrichavi et prexentibus habito Modo - Crossed out. -Crossed 673 poteritiureevenireformamodo via, predicto et domino dimitto f. 20August1437. 24v. 169 CEU eTD Collection presbyter Nicolaus de Varsis, Venetiarum notarius et spectabilis et egregii Arseni domini viri egregii spectabilis et et notarius deVarsis, Venetiarum Nicolaus presbyter MarinusEgo Andreas Betaniustestis testis subscripsi. subscripsi. Ego Trivixano Ego dansmeisvidebituridemmelius plenissimam etapparebitcommissariis. Preterea testator etc. ut hellemosinis piis illis in mea anima pro dispensari et distribui dimitto forma et iure via, inordinatum pro non et scriptum et poteritpotest michi quomodolibetpervenire omnimodo, non adcaduchum futurorum scriptum pro omnequod inordinatum et et chaduchum et et presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum uxorem. a non habere postremis dictanotario Insuperde interogatus respondi michiquod solvat [...]. illaquod fabricha quam emi a Vaseli sitchonato Marie de quiaFinetis puellam [...] meam et manibus serThodori ducatis Drimali pro quinquedari et Marie [deFinetis]. Ete[ziam]vollo que michi servitducatum unum auri. Item [...]xigi dimitto illos annulos qui sunt in inpignore Nicolao de Varsis chapelano Tane pro anima mea ducatum unum auri. Item dimitto Chatarine ecclesie dimitto Item duosauri sancti unum Francisci laboratam presbyteroducatos [...] Item de siricho. laboratum. dimitto siricho [...] de unum facistergium et mea anima pro auri quatuor sancti scolleet Antonii sancteMarie de Tanaducatos Inprimis procurent. dimitto adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi ordinavero inferius ut Boniffacio Iacobum ser Flore et de Barnabam ser Senis, de serIohannem voluntatis mee ultime huius executores et fidei etmeos essecommissarios vollo quidem constituo quo In Tane chancelarii. curie et notarii Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu testamentum ultimum meum esse hoc vollui mortis eventum timens pregravatus, infirmitate licetsim corporea intellectu et mente sanus moram inTana, trahens de Veneciisadpresens Angelusego Ravagnano indisposita Quapropter derelinquat. et sua bona inordinata ne subcumatordinare et incautus mentis arbitrium ante quam ut superveniat mortis casus unusquisque solicitus sitsua bona provide et est donum inspiracionis Divine in Tana. prima indictione [...] die septembris mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIIIo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Testamentum Angeli Ravagnaniquondam In adpresens[...] de Venetiis nomine Dei Eterni, Testament ofAngeloRavagnano. Paulus Spinaza. ser butarius, Leonardo de ser Franciscus barbitonsor, Donato Constantius magister Testes: roboravi. et complevi Tane chanzelarius curie notarius et deVarsis,Venetiarum Nicolaus presbyter Ego subscripsi. testis Leonardo de Franzisscus Ego subscripsi. testis Donato Paulo de Molino cui recomendo animam meam et filios meos. Preterea etc. Ego Chostantinus f. September 25r. 1438. 170 CEU eTD Collection 674 fabricha quam fabricavi dimitto tota cum una spectancium et pertinentium futurorum et presentium immobilium et mobilium subbum unum [...]orum sine aliquo. Residuumpanno vero bonorum omnium meorum Taiapetra ser Borani uxori Iacome done Item dimitto anima mea. Deum oret pro auri ut duos NicolaoTane ducatos chapelano presbytero Item faciendadimitto chasula seuplaneta. primis dimitto subum unum de chamocha blancum ecclesie sancte Marie [...] de Tana pro una inferiusiusseroipse ordinaverodarique mortem meam In post fideliter adimplere procuret. meum ut dilectum virum Iohannem mee voluntatis ultime etexecutorem commissarium obbitum etcompleretpariter etc. Inquoquidem etmeum constituo volloesse fidei mee post testamentum scriberet ultimum meum hoc ut chapellanum Tane curie et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum presbyterum infirma rogavi licet corpore sana intellectu et mente in Tana, trahens moram [...]chano de Iohannis quondam Marnachaton ego Quapropter vigilans sitsicne subcumat et derelinquat. et inordinata incautus indisposita suabona est etprovide mentis arbitrium ante quam mortisut superveniat unusquisquecasus solicitus et donum inspiracionis Divine in Tana. prima indictione septimo decimo die Decembris mensis septimo trigesimo quadringentisimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Tana. in Marnachaton domine Testamentum Testament ofMarnakhaton. ser Andreas Trivixano, Betanio. serroboravi. honorabilis Marinus complevi et Testes: Duodo Tane chancelarius consulis Cum vite sue terminum unusquisque ignoret et prorsus nil in cercius hoc seculo habeatur quadringentisimomensistrigesimo octavo die decimoIanuarii nonoindictione prima inTana. millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In son ofTestament ofNiccolo, thedeceasedParaschivo. [...] cum suprascripto [...] complevi et roboravi. [...] Gasparinus [...]xerino. consulis sit alter[...] licenciadomini suprascripti de rogati[...] testis insuprascripti presenti spectabilis viri etegregii DuodohonorabilisArseni domini Tanechapellanus consulis [...] et notarius deVarsis, Venetiarum Nicolaus presbyter Ego subscripsi. testis […]xareno Dimitto Inserted over the line. 674 f. 17December 25r. 1437. f. 19January 26r. 1438. Gasparinus etc. Ego Preterea meo. viro Iohanni predicto 171 CEU eTD Collection Marcus filius quondam ser Francisci Bonaquesto de confinio Marinesancte et sanus mente egoet sic Quapropter subcumbatincautus etindisposita derelinquat. suabona inordinata nullusmortisquod igitur possitpericulum evitare recte unicuiqueimminet ne precavendum vite sue ignoret etterminum unusquisque prorsus nil inhoccercius seculo quam habeatur Cum [...] tercia indictione Octobris mensis die septimonono trigessimo quadringentessimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In sancte Marine. de contrata Bonaquesto Francisci ser quondam Marci ser Testamentum son ofTestament ofMarco, thedeceasedFrancesco Bonaquesto. de Caffa. Matheo de frater Therem Salomon, serVincencius dominus roboravi. Testes: et complevi chapellanus Venetiarum notarius etspectabilis egregii et viri Arseniconsulisdomini Duodo Tane subscripsi.Vincencius deMatho Ego testis subscripsi. Egopresbyter Nicolaus deVarsis, testis Solomon frater [Theramo] Ego etc. mee.Preterea uxoris Menechine totum sitquod quibuscumque mundi scriptum et poteritpotest michi quomodolibet evenireomnimodo, via,iure etforma in partibus existentibus non inordinatum non chaducum adchaduchum inordinatum scriptum quod et pro et pro omne et futurorum et presentium immobilium et mobilium dimitto meorum bonorum omnium filio meo etsuopro in labore presentia testiuminfrascriptorum ducatum unum auri. vero Residuum si casu mortuusmeum onoretur.esset Item dimitto pro missis sancti Gregoriivollo ducatum unum. Item dimitto notario essetItemvollo corpus [...]nso. orta ingeniis quod vinculoomni acsiab parentibus servitutis meum ducatos duos auri. Ianuensium inhumabitur corpus In primisqua dimitto[...] adimpleremeam fideliter procuret. Item dimitto pro barbitonsorem Nicolox[...] ut[...]coppo inferius ordinaverodariqueipsi mortem iussero post remedio anime meeconstituo et meos[...] esse vollo fidei commissarios liberam discretos viros ser Constancium Donato et meisfrancham commissariis cum suis clausulis secundum morem comunisab nostre. In quo quidem rogavi ut hoc meum ultimum testamentum scriberet pariter et compleret post [...] esse et daret quem chancellarium curie Tane et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum presbyterum feci me ad dominum [...] casum mortis timens pregravatus, infirmitate sim corporea licet intellectu et mente sanus Ianuensium, dominorum parte a in Tana trahens moram presens ad Felicis sancti in contrata Venetiis de Paraschivi quondam Nicolaus ego Quapropter derelinquat. etindisposita sic neincautussubcumbatet suabona inordinata precavendum quam nullusquod mortis possit evitare periculum igiturrecte unicuique imminet f. 7October 1439. 26r. 172 CEU eTD Collection sanus licet corporea infirmitate pregravatus rogavi presbyterum Nicolaum de Varsis Nicolaum rogavi infirmitatepresbyterum pregravatus sanus licetcorporea egoGeorgiusquapropter filius deCandida in intellectu Dominici Tanamenteet ad presens Cum vox intonueritprohetica dicens "dispone quia domui tue morieris et non vives", millessimomensisAugusti trigesimo in quadringentesimoindictione primo die Tana. octava VIII in Tana. In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi 676 675 Testamentum Georgii de Testament Crete. ofGiorgio from Marine. sancte Zilius deZilio Testes: roboravi. et complevi ser Marine plebanus, Sancte ecclesie Laurencius Chatapan presbytervir venerabilis dominus notarius Venetiarum diachonus, apostolorum sanctorum Varsis, testis subscripsi. Marine sancte plebanus LaurenciusChatapan Ego etc. Preterea inter eas. Lazarine equaliter Ego Egidius sororum et mearum reliqua sitesse Thadee medietas debeat et quondam mei.Et patris quondam ser mee uxoris Francisci dilecte matris domineEgidiiet essedebeat sit Isabele una quarum partium testis iure,forma quomodolibetvia modo,et ordino in pervenireduas et dimitto omni dividi partes subscripsi. etmichipoteritEgo adchaduchum etprononscriptum inordinatum inordinatum potest et quod et presbyter presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum Nicolaus de respondi non habuisse unquam uxorem neque filios. Residuum vero omnium de postremis anotariopredicto interogatus auri. tres Insuper ducatos Nazareth Marie de sancte quatuor auri.dimitto insuo labore infrascriptorum presentia pro Item testium ducatos testamenti notariopresentis Item decem dimitto auri. mea ducatos pro decima dimitto Item mea.anima pro sex orent auri ut Marine ducatos sancte chapitule ecclesie et domino plebano quinque pauperibus anima mea Lazari sancti dimitto auri. ducatos auri. Item dimitto Item pro anima quinque pro ducatos pauperibus incarceratis In primis dimitto adimplere procurent. meoschognatos utinferiusdariqueipsi ordinaveroiussero mortem meam fideliterpost dilectos Asiricho Trivixano Stefanum ser et Demerlines Alovixium ser viros providos voluntatis ultime mee huius executores et commissarios fidei esse ordino meos et constituo de Varsis Venetiarum notarii et ecclesie sanctorum Nicolai presbyteri apostolorum manu diachoni.testamentum immediatum In et quo quidem ultimum meum esse hoc vollui mortis infirmitate metuens pregravatus quamque [...] intellectu casumpericulum sim corporea et In the margins: Bonorum - Crossed out. -Crossed pro non scriptum f.(incipit 26r 3 cartularium).1 August 1430. ɋ handida. MoCCCCoXXXo die primo mensis Augusti indictione . 173 676 futurorum futurorum chaduchum et omne 675 aliorum CEU eTD Collection meum ultimum scriberet testamentum [...] post mei obbitum cum omnibus suis clausulis, suis omnibus cum obbitum mei post [...] testamentum scriberet ultimum meum hoc ut chapelanum Tane[...] Venetiis[...] Lando[...] Petri domini viri egregii et spectabilis presbyterum de VarsisVenetiarum derelinquere[...] notarium Nicolaum et indisposita et meainordinata bona etintelectu sanus[...] mente, in corpore Dei ego [...] gratia Tana non dicens "disponevives",morierisquiatue domui prophetica intonuerit quapropter tuet vox Cum in Tana. nona indictione Septembris mensis trigessimo quadringentesimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In […]. of Testament [...] egregii viri honorabilis chapellanus complevi domini consuliset roboravi. Tane [...] Testes: spectabilis et notarius et Venetiarum deVarsis, presbyter Nicolaus subscripsi.testis Ego Signum firmitate. permaneat suprascripti Georgii sua de in carta testamenti mei huius et incurssurum, moverit stet. Si ipsum igiturquis interumpere seu presumpseritiram violare Dei omnipotentis se stabilem et firmum meum testamentum debet. Ethoc et facerepotest commissarius legitimus exigendi, et petendi [...] omnia aliaetsingula generaliterfaciendi qua quilibet veruset furniendiadministrandi,in cumque modoreperiri et ordine quo[...] suprascripto poterunt plenissimam virtutem et potestatem ser[...] commissari[...] dictum commissarium meum[...] Dans preterea ser[...] ser[...] suecons[...] incaritate helemosinis piis inillis dispensari meum commissarium per dimitto pervenire michi quomodolibet poterit et potest scriptum non inordinatum non chaducum adchaduchum inordinatum scriptum quod et pro et pro omne et futurorum et presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero Interogatusinsuperquam nonnotario habere respondi depostremis a Residuum uxorem. [...] scrib[...] dimitto auri. Item ducat[...] celebrandis missis meopro patrino Nicolao presbytero domino dimitto Item auri. unum ducatum ecclesie fabricatione pro Tana de Antonii scole sancti ducatum promissisGregorii[...] unum ducati sancti decem auri.dimitto Item inferius ordinavero darique iussero ipse fideliteradimplere procuret[...] patrum[...] Dimitrio esse vollomeum fidelem commissarium ser Antonium Salono [...] ser Iacobi Salono solum ut et solempnitatibus quidem constituo omnibus In et dictionibus quo opportunis. clausulis suis cum meis commissariis etdaret mei post obbitum compleret et pariter testamentum scriberet ultimum meum hoc ut chapelanum Tane consulis honorabilis dominio ducali Venetiarum serenissime pro Lando Petri domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarium Venetiarum f.(incipit 26r 3 cartularium) –26v.September 1430. ɋ handida quihecfieri Ego [...] testisrogavit. [...] subscripsi. Ego 174 CEU eTD Collection sim infirmitatecorporea multum rogavi gravatus presbyterum Nicolaum de Varsis Quapropter egoSimon de Marinoad presens existensin sanus menteTana, etintellectulicet et sic subcumbat etindisposita derelinquat. bona neincautus suabona ordinare inordinata provide mentisarbitrium ante quam mortisut superveniat unusquisquecasus sitsolicitus sua et est donum inspiracionis Divine Tana. in nona indictione Septembris mensis none decimo incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu millessimoChristi quadringentessimo trigessimo die ab Anno In nomine de Venetiis. amen. Dei Eterni, de Marino Testamentum Simonis Testament ofSimonedeMarino. barbitonsor. Donato ser Constancius et armiratus Leonardo dominio ducale Venetiarum serenissimo pro Lando honorabilis Petri domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarius consulisVenetiarum deVarsis, Egopresbyter Nicolaus [...] testis Testis [...] supra. TaneTana. [...]ut chapellanus in Antonii sancti Marie et sancte et Marci sancti sitecclesie medietas mee, reliqua uxori complevi et roboravi.ante illamdecederent etatem annorum masculis14 tam sitfeminis quam dicte Antonie[...] Testes viventem si omnes insuper et perveniat decedentium seu decentis pars quatuordecim annos [...] nobilis decederent ante decederet filiimeimar[...] dein seudicti dictus casuet eos inter quo equaliter feminis et masculis [...] quam natis tam meis filiis et Anthonie mee uxori dimitto pervenire quod et ad chaduchum inordinatum pro nonet etscriptum poteritpotest quomodolibet mihi immobiliumet futurorum presentium et omne inordinatum chaducum pro nonscriptumet meumcorpus bixancios quinquaginta. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium Item meamaritandis illiad bixancios qui presbytero per sepultura se reperet dimitto dicentos. virginibus et orphanis egenis pauperibus in Antoniam meam commissariam et meam uxorem dispensari Mariesancti Antonii decem per sancte et ducatos auri.de Tana dimitto Item haberem et postmodum sitfranchus benefaciendo. Item dimitto ecclesie sancti Marzi et sclavum meum masculum quod serviat annos sex uxori etfiliis meis uno seu pluribus [...] deinde sitfrancha. Item dimitto sclavam meam puelam tartaram uxori mee. Item Chomanzi cum quod hoc ipsa meeuxori serviat etfilio meis etvel seu filiis uno annosquatro pluribus meam francham ab omni vinculo servitutis. Item dimitto Mariam sclavam meam francham meametsclavam nutricem [...]oesi // primis In dimitto fideliter debunt. meam adimplere Iacobum Salono, serBo[...] meaminferius ordinaverodariqueut ipsi iussero mortem post ser Nigro, viros serBenedictum discretos commissarios vollofidei meoset esse constituo rationes solempnitatibus [...] et addictionibusquidem In quo nostri Venetiarum. comunis f. 19September 26v. 1430. 175 CEU eTD Collection 677 mensisquinto indictioneNovembris nona in CumviteTana. terminum sue unusquisque ab incarnatione nostri Domini millessimoYhesu Christi trigesimodie quadringentesimo Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Venetiis. de balistarii Marcuola de Antonii Testamentum Testament ofaballistariusAntonio de Marcuola. Regno. serGregorius barbitonsor, Marcuola de Antonius ser Testes chapelanus Tane consulis honorabilis dominio ducale Venetiarum notariusegregiiviri etspectabilis serenissimoVenetiarum et Lando pro domini Petri Antoniumad Sanctun debeat anime in sue[...]der quod caritate meo deMa]rino [Iohanni commissario in Vienalegatis etsolutisdampnihabundaverit fidei super debitis [...] et quod residuum dimitto pro animaeorum measolvantur [...] quas inordinata futura dimisi in de vendantur Venetias ser Iohanistractu domo Ziliolo [...]. immobilia et presentia quodomniameabonamobiliaet dimitto vollo Item et habere uxorem. [...]Testes suprascriptis [...] sancti insuperGregorii unum de postremisauri.ducatum anotario non Interogatus respondi Egopro missis Item dimitto […] fuerunt. saliti ubi magazeni unius affictum medietatem debeo presbyter ser habitodomui inde unoquia anno quaad ducatos octo presens […]patronus.Item solvare Iohanni Nicolaus Item debeoaffictum ducatosocto. solvare quodhabeantsolum [...] dedampno multum pro Ziliolo deTarabo quosmichi Tane concessi[...]cho ad dampnumprode de quibuset [...]manifestum [...] etVarsis, ser Petro quinquaginta 50auri serPetro ducatos auri Zilioducatos et debeoserIohani moronis [...] Tarabo Item [...] Pascual Spinalisbutarioa ser[...] habere 64desansaresbutam [...] debet unam de pro sue duos de Iudechabixancios a Michaliauri.ab Antonio Item ducatos Item habere debeo Pelazia parte balistario in Tana sub domino Petro Lando [...] quatuor in mense ducatos triginta quatuorpro mea pro [...] recipere debeo et habere[...] In primis procurent. adimplere meam fideliter de Marino meum fratrem inferius dilectum ut darique ordinaveromortem iusseroipsi post quo quidem etmeos Landovollo constituo fidei esseser Iohannem ser[...] commissarios et In Venetiis. nostri comunis iuribus in omnibus semper salvis mee patrie morem secundum opportunis solempnitatibus et modis illis cum commissariis meis daret et compleret et pariter mei post mortem si contine[...] testamentum scriberet meum hoc ultimum ut capellanum premat[...] Gazarie imperii Tane ettocius consulis honorabilis dominio ducali Venetiarum Landopro serenissimo viri egregii Petri notarium spectabilis domini et Venetiarum et Unclear words inserted: words Unclear [...] presenti[...] testamento due testas [...] etunius illorum [...] f. 5November 27r. 1430. 176 677 complevi et roboravi. . CEU eTD Collection 678 Lucas Nigro,serGeorgius Regno, Angelus deSenis. honorabilis consulis Lando Petri domini egregii et spectabilis et notarius Venetiarum deVarsis, Nicolaus Tane capellanusmeam sclavam tartaram si poterunt eam [...]eri. Preterea etc. Ego... Ego... complevipervenire prius solutis meis legatisdebitis et dari dimitto matri mee Venetiis et ut etiam puellam roboravi. Testes:michi poterit et quomodolibet adcaduchum pro nonscriptum inordinatum potest et quod ser Andreasimmobiliumet futurorumpresentium et et omne caducum inordinatum pro non et scriptum et Lando, mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero serResiduum mei. cognati barbitonsoris Simonis ser manibus in alium et Venetiis calafato Stronzuola Christoforo debeant mitere unum quorum facere denarios etde dictis denariis recuperare duos pueros tartaros etate annorum X prouno, et meas omnes res vendere debeant quod meos commissarios rogo Item habere uxorem. a depostremisnotario interogatus neque auri.habuissemea respondinon tres ducatos Insuper fabrize ducatos quatuor auri. Item dimitto Georgio Regno qui michi servivitin infirmitatesubventione pro Marzi de Tana ecclesie sancti tres auri.dimitto Item ducatos infrascriptis pro suolabore presentibus testibus infrascripto notario auri. ducatos quatuor dimitto Item dequibuscentum in ser armiratus quadraginta olim Tana recepit Baxilio Franciscus proparte bixancios estsuperius mensis qui magazeno complebatquod die prounoanno 18presentis in Tana.Item solvare debeoadaffictum domuspresentis inquaproet ad presenshabito uno magistro auri quadraginta abalistispro sub suprascripti regimine domini consulisLandoPetri habere promea mensium adrationem debeo quinquereffusura octo ducatos inmense primis In procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique ordinavero magistrum et Benedictum Trivisano barbitonsorem ad presens in existentes inferiusTana ut Nigro Benedictum ser viros discretos commissarios fidei vollo esse et meos constituo quidem suis solempnitatibus opportunis reservatis iuribus usitatis comunis Venetiarum. Inquo omnibus cum commissariis meis daret et compleret et pariter obbitum mei post testamentum scriberet meum hoc ultimum ut capelanum p[...]tis Gazarie imperii Tane ettocius consulis honorabilis dominio ducale Venetiarum serenissimo pro Lando Petri domini egregii spectabilis et notarium et Varsis Venetiarum de rogavi Nicolaum gravatus, presbyterum infirmitate corporea sim licet intellectu et mente sanus in Tana presens ad balistarius egoAntonius deMarcuola Quapropter derelinquat. etindisposita sua bonainordinata igitur discrimen igiturrecte ne unicuiqueimminetprecavendum subcumbat incautus et sic prorsus ignoret et nil cercius in hoc seculo quam abeatur nullusquod mortis possit evitare No signatures of the witnesses. of the No signatures 177 678 Ego presbyter Ego CEU eTD Collection 679 permoliis suis cum fulcitum unum fratris meelectuminid domoadimplere.vollo est omnes [...] resquesunt Inprimis quod compatrem inferiusmeum dariqueut iusseroipsiordinavero carpentarium mortem meam fideliterpost debeant Marcum et meum fratrem Nicolaum commissarios fidei vollo et pariter testamentum scriberet compleretmeum hoc ut Tane consulis et postvidelicet Pisani mei Hermolai obbitumdomini viri daretnobilis et egregii capelanum et meis notarium Venetiarum commissariis.Varsis de Nicolaum presbyterum In quo vero constituointellectu corporea infirmitate gravatus,rogavi et presens in et sanus mente Tana, et meos esse ego sancti deVenetiisPetrus quondam Quapropter deStegnaconfinio ad Georgii Pauli etordinaresic nesubcumbat incautus etindisposita suabona derelinquat. inordinata mentis arbitrium ante quam ut superveniat mortis casus unusquisque sitsuabona solicitus secundo Novembris indictione nona in Tana. Divine inspiracionis donum est et provide ab incarnatione nostri Domini millessimoYhesu Christi trigesimodie quadringentesimo Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Tana. in Georgii quondam Petri quondam Testamentum Testament ofPietro, sonofthe deceased Giorgio. complevi et roboravi. Testes: ser Iacobus de Tomado armiratus, ser Iohannes capellanus de Valle. Tane vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis et egregii et notarius Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaus presbyter Ego testis subscripsi. Tome armiratus Iacobus Ego maleIohannesducatum utin preterea de unum ablatis Ego pro subscripsi.primo. Valle testis ipsefratri et dare meo debeat commissario quod Nicolao suprascripto venientium dimitto mobilium immobiliumet presentium et futurorum michi quomodocumque spectancium et de postremis respondi non habere uxorem. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum quinque michi dominomeo concessit Pisani domino quos ducatos auri.Interogatus Hermolao Deum oret meaanima infrascriptorum. inpresentiapro testium Item vollo dentur etiam quod capelanusquod meus et Tane notariuspatrinus mei dicti testamenti habeat quinqua ducatos ut volloetiam Et sua. in consientia meis commissariis dictis aparebit quicquid haberet ire volet Paris frater mea etsi Romamanima pro mittatur unus vadat qui meos etquod commissaros per vendantur vollo afamilia minutis quod massariciis etpariaet dealiis duo duochaligarum turchina, clamidem unam biretum scarlatino, de nigrum unum // amulure destachato, chofani Place completely unclear. completely Place f.– f. 27r 27v.2November 1430. 679 noum duo ungula de argento, toga una dupla de viride togauna noum ungula de dupla duo deargento, 178 CEU eTD Collection semper iuribus commissariis cum illis modis et condicionibus et solempnitatibus opportunis reservatismeis daretet etcompleret mei obbitum pariter post testamentum scriberet meum ultimum hoc notarium meum ut Venetiarum et Varsis capelanum de Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi infirmitate sanus gravatus, etintellectu sim mente Tana gratia licet corporea Deiomnipotentis in ego Landopresensconsul Petrus de confinio Trinitatissancte Quapropter deVenetiis ad derelinquat. etindisposita sic neincautussubcumbatet suabona inordinata precavendum igitur unicuiqueimminet periculum mortis recte quam nullus evitare habeatur quod potest nona in Tana. Cumvite sue terminum ignoretunusquisque prorsus etnil cercius in hoc seculo indictione die Ianuarii mensis undecimo die trigesimo quadringentessimo millessimo Christi consulis Testamentum nobilis viri quondam Landode confinio domini Petri Trinitatissancte olim Tane. In Testament thenoblemanPietronomine Lando, former consul ofTana. Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu 680 Venetiis bonum compatrem meum de dicte administracione commissariis meis. Preterea meis. commissariis administracione dicte de meum compatrem bonum Venetiis nobilem virum ser Hermolaum Pisani fratremet Andream Lando meam adreddendum mei. amore reverende in presentis mei etexecutores testamenti esse meos et commissarios Et hicvollo in instituo Tana ipsam habeat ut sibi suam matrem recommitto mee uxori cui Lando Francisci et Marzi videlicet meorum fratrum in regimine dimitto quas et quos meis filiabus filiis et dimito mortem eius etpost tamen in vita sua mee commissarie et Poluzie uxori etnon forma inordinatum suprascripte domine scriptum pro dimitto modo quocumque caduchum veniread posset quod non et scriptum pro et inordinatum omne caducum et Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum alius quisuntduoin totum dentur eiset quitquidapparebit dicte uxori commissarie et mee. unus mittat quod vollo ac distribui multam quia et voveram iam uti mea anima pro Galizia per quod uxorem unusmeam meam quivadatmitat commissariam adsanctum in Iacobum Tine michiin servivithicque Tanebixancios illaultra volloducentos dedi. quesibi Item Item mortemdimitto procurent. meamipsi fideliterdarique post iussero adimplere ordinavero Franciscum Lando fratres meos et etMarcum virum ser nobiles viros nobilemet Lu ser MarcumConradinum ser Con[...] fidelem infrascriptorum inferiusut commissariorum aliorum nomine meorum bonorum omnium administratricem et commissariam precipue[...] meam uxorem dilectam Poluciam dominam commissarios fidei vollo esse et meos constituo quidem Crossed out: sal 680 -. rationibus comunis nostri Venetiarum ut est de more patrie nostre. In quo In nostre. patrie more de est ut Venetiarum nostri comunis rationibus f. – 28r.11January 27v 1430 (=1431) 179 CEU eTD Collection domini domini Lodovici de confinio sancti Stefani Conffesoris de adVenetiis presensin sanus Tana, quondam egoFranciscusContareno Quapropter indisposita derelinquat. et bona inordinata mortissuperveniat casus se ordinareunusquisque studeat subcumbat ne incautus sic sua et inmentisnona provide Tana. est quam Divine inspiracionis ut ante donum arbitrium et indictione tercio die Ianuarii mensis trigesimo quadringentesimo millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Venetiis. de Confesoris Testamentum nobilis viri quondam ser Francisci Contareno de confinio sancti Stefani Testament ofthenoblemanFrancesco Contarini. presentibus testibus suprascriptis. administracionein impedire dedicta manussein AndreeLando nolens aliquo dimittendo ser ipsam eteius administracionem commissariam suprascriptam Pisani reffutavit Hermolao Nigro,Benedicto ser Bartholomeopresentibus in Tana, nona indictione 15 die Ianuarii mensis MoCCCCoXXXo Rosso et me notarionollens se de ea impedire presentibus ser Benedicto Nigro, Bartholomeo Rosso et aliis.suprascripto nobilisvir Pisani dictam Added: ser Hermolaus commissariam reffutavit die suprascripto et aliis quamBenedictus Nigro. pluribus ser Rosso, Bartholomeus Marco, de nobilisser Baldasere Zanchi, Anreas ser roboravi. Testes: et complevi capelanus vir Tane consulis honorabilis serolim dominio ducali Venetiarum serenissimo pro Lando domini Petri notarius etsuprascripti quondam Venetiarum de Nicolaus Varsis, Andreas ZiemchiBaldasare testis Ego subscripsi. deMarcotestispresbyter subscripsi. Ego firmitate. Signum suprascripti Petri Lando olim consulis Tane qui hoc fieri rogavit. Ego in suapermaneat carta ethec mei testamenti quinque[...] auri libr[...] [...] commissariis vel frangere incurssurum, noverit se omnipotentis Dei iram presumpserit corrumpere igitur quis Si stabile. et firmum testamentum meum hoc ultimum debet. Et et facere potest legitimus verus quilibetcommissarius et et quod s[...]are facere possem egomet faciendi sicut meum havere excuciendi dictis[...] mihi debentibusquitquid etdare exindeopusfuerit unus sum curiam et extra reperiri etsine percuriam cartis, cartis cum et poterunt quoscumque fueritopus in meam animam iurandi, omnia meabona exigendi ubicumque et apud si et eas consequendi, et audiendi sentencias legem petendi, tolendi, precepta et intradicta et ordine suprascriptis inquirendi,modo interpelandi,furniendi ortandi, administrandi, placitandi, intromitendi, respondendi, commissariam meam advocandipredictam meum obbitum predictispotestatem et do, et meispost commissariis virtutem plenissimam tribuoconffero f.– f. 28r 28v.3January 1430 (=1431) 180 CEU eTD Collection Tome, armiratus. Tome, de Iacobus deValle, Iohannes ser Salono, Iacobus roboravi. Testes: et complevi vizeconsulis Tane Pisani Hermolai domini nobili viri egregii capelanus et notarius Venetiarum testisIachobus subscripsi.presbyter Salono testis Ego Nicolaus subscripsi. deVarsis, Ego Venetiis meis commissariis panis Pretereaetc. Itemvolloloestis detur eos. Regno adsolvandum quod et Georgio inter equanimiter meis fratribus et commissariis suprascriptis ad dimitto forma et iure simosvia modo X pro panno. adchaduchumnon michi quod iampro scriptum inordinatum eventioet omne et [...] esse Ego Iachobus Tomefuturorum immobiliumnon chaducum inordinatum et scriptum et omne presentium et pro almiratus in respondiTana non habere uxorem. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et Azentofrancum et liberum ab omni vinculo servitutis. Item interogatus a notario de postremis Puocho sclavum vocatum meum proomnia.dimitto Item tres ducatos sclave domus Luzie Nastasi animamea. Deum prodimitto Item quinque sclave oret ducatos ut Chata [...] domus ordinis fratrum minorum quinque ducatos Deum roget auri animaut pro mea.dimitto Item PelizariodominoAntoniofratri quinquagintamaledimitto auri. Item pro ducatos ablatis rectam Item dimitto decimam de bonismeisomnibus mobilibus Item et stabilibus. dimitto eos. inter unum ducatum aliis clericis eoset Inter unum. ducatum ecclesie dicte presbyteris sancti Stefanipresentia testium infrascriptorum ducatos sex auri. Item dimitto domino presbytero plebanolabore in suo Conffesoris pro mei notariotestamenti presentis Item dimitto fabrice seu ecclesie. dicte subventione decemauri pro ducatos Antonii sancti et Marie sancte Tana, Marci de sancti de Venetiisdarique iusseroipsi mortempost meam fideliter debeant adimplere. In primis dimitto ecclesie utinferiusordinavero meos dilectos fratres ducatos Contareno Nicolaum et Laurentium Iohannem, Andream, Petrum, Zachariam, ser nobiles tres viros Venetiis et voluntatis meeultime huius auri.commissarios videlicet hic in prudentem Tana virum ser Benedictum etexecutorem Nigro Item utmeos iuribusnostri etfidei constituo comunisesse vollo Venetiarum. In quoquidem oret tamen reservatis opportuniis solempnitatibus et clausulis Deumsuis cum commissariis meis daret et pro me.compleret et meum mortem pariter post testamentum scriberet meumhoc utultimum Lando Et Petri domini viri egregii et spectabilis Tane capelanum Varsis de Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi eventum mortis timens pregravatus, infirmitate corporea sim licet intellectu et mente f. Added 28v. 15July 1443. 181 CEU eTD Collection 681 demorelouna toga suffulta derubeo, clamis et morelo, unade dupla demorela etgonela 1de primo quatuor […] 32.Et ducatos sancti pro incontrata Severi Federici in Scaletarii domo Residuarium bonorummeorumomnia videlicet rerum que remanseruntin signorie Venetiis uxorem. habere non respondi postremis de notario a Interogatus voluntatis. ultime mee executorem meum et compatrem Modrusia Marcum de ser solum fidei vollocommissarium Nicolai de Varsis Venetiarum notarii et Tane capelani. In quo quidempresbyteri constituo manu et meum iussi esse scribi quod testamentum ultimum esse meum hoc volui pregravatus, infirmitate quamquam sanus corporea etintellectu mente in Tana adpresens Venetiis Antoniusnon ego de de confiniosancti morierisvives", tuet de CherssoSeveri quapropter indictione nona in Tana. Cum vox propheticaXXIII die intonuerit Ianuarii mensis dicens MCCCCXXX "disponeChristi Yhesu domui nostri tue quiaDomini incarnatione ab Testamentum Antonii de Cerso de confinioTestament ofAntonioCherson.from sancti Severi. In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno aliis. et truzimano Taiapetra Borano et precone Grecho Iohanne Tane, capelano de Varsis Nicolao me presbytero videlicet curie officialibus manibus annotatum curie libris in determinationem cum illaper quehabebatBenedicti Nigro utapparet prefectus auctoritate serdictus ser dicti loco bonorum ipsorum administratorem Marzi Baldasarem ser virum disactum in non constituit[…] dictabona libris apparet pereant Francisci quondam curie et domini aliquoimpedire eademdieper prefectum consulemdominum etpereius determinationes ut de se nolens tamen administrationem et commissariam dictam reffutavit patet testamento in presenti ut Contareno Francisci domini viri nobilis quondam bonorum administratorem Hermolao domino 1430 die decimomensis indictione sesto 9in Ianuarii Tana.Coram nobili viroegregio et ofRefutation BenedettoNigro to implement the office ofa fideicommissar. dum uno esse die 15 Iulii 1443 indictione sexto ut apparet in [...]ographo in chanzelaria. licentia [...]Constantinopoliet aprestati mandatoChocello [...]. Serenisimiprincipis de pro viri fuit prelevatum nobilisTestamentum suprascriptum quondam ser Contareno Francisci In the margins: Pisani 681 vizeconsule in Tana, ser Benedictus Nigro constitutus incommissariam constitutus Nigro Benedictus ser in Tana, vizeconsule . f. 23January 28v. 1430 (=1431) f. 16January 28v. 1430 (=1431) 182 CEU eTD Collection quinque auri defiatmeoquinqueNicolao meumpresbytero residuo et auri patrino percommissarium ut extrahentur ex panis qui sunt in manibus Federici vollo denturScaletarii qucatos quod qui denariis illis ex 63 dimissit michi Antonius ipse sicut condicione illa cum meo compatre FabroCharulo suprascripto Tanecapelani notarii et Venetiarum Nicolai de Varsis manu suoultimo meum presbyteri apparet testamento Antonium de Cersocompatrem ut solvantur debita mea hicin Tana.Item dimitto omnia illabonamichi dimissa per habere mea debeo quam una cum meum et commissaria percommissarium Tana vendantur dimitto omnes res meas et bona que sunt Venetiis uxori mee et filie mee et res que sunt hicin In primis debeatadimplere. fideliter meam mortem ipse post iussero darique ordinavero inferius ut meum compatrem Fabro Charulum ser commissarium fidei vollo esse meum et meum ultimum scriberet testamentum post mei obbitum pariter et compleret. In quo constituo hoc ut notarium Venetiarum Tane, capelanum Varsis, de Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi infirmus corpore, et etintellectu inTanasanusmente Marcus deadpresenscamalus Modrusa egoet sic Quapropter subcumbatincautus etindisposita derelinquat. suabonainordinata mortis igitur nullus precavendum ne periculum evitare recte potest unicuiqueimminet et ignoret sue terminum nil prorsus inhoc cercius seculounusquisque habeatur quam quod nostri Yhesu Christi MCCCCXXX mensis Februarii die 4o indictione nona in Tana. Cum vite Domini Anno abincarnatione In nomine Eterni, amen. Dei de Modrusa. Marci Testamentum Testament ofMarcode Modrusa. in Thomearmiratus ser Luchas balistarius. Iacobus Nigro Tana, ser Testes: roboravi. et complevi capelanus Tane vizeconsulis Pisano Hermolai domini testis subscripsi. Ego presbyter Nicolaus de Varsis, Venetiarum notarius et egregii viri nobilis Lucas Nigro Ego testissubscripsi. almiratus Iacobus Tome Ego etc. Preterea recommendata. sir sibi mea anima meo commissario et compatri dicto quod et mea anima pro illorum dedenariis habere debeatterciam a dictisquod dimittere partem quos meisdebitoribus debeo condicione hac cum meum commissarium et compatrem Modrusia de Marcum predictum aliorum bonorum michi spectantium quorumcumque omni modo, via,iure forma et dimitto zedula manuvenerabilis viridomini Felicispresbyteri sancti Iohannis Novi et omnium ressunt inmeorum debitorum que suprascripte manibus apparet quadam dicti Federizi ut literealique aliquorum et ducenamde Valentia scutelarum et unam desiricho cum cartibus unum facistergium et album charexea de unam diploidem et rubeo panno de unam diploidem decharexeaalbeac solate blancumetchalige capuzium unum et albo viride suffulta, panno f. 4February 29r. 1430 (=1431) 183 CEU eTD Collection Testament oftheChircassian Sudon, sonof thedeceased Tokhar. egregii viri domini viri egregii notarius et presbyter deVarsis,Venetiarum Nicolaus subscripsi.testis Lando Ego Andreas etc. Ego sitAngelusfratrum meorum.vollo quod subscripsi. deSenistestis Preterea Ego superhabundaverit residuumquod Etomnealiud etc. possibilitatem secundummeam meum meum corpus percommissarium animasepeliatur meaquod meounum et ducatum auri pro unapresbyterodimidium. […]et diploideMarino Nicolaopro patrino ducatos dimitto Item affictum Item bixanciosFabro duodecim.a Charulodomus. dare debeoIohanni Item de et viginti tres butariobixacios una.Chatalano chantariis Item pro a Vinzentio quatuor a 6achaviaro charatellos none et et decem bixancios butario Francisco magistro a Item tres. quadraginta ser GeorgioPascual bixancios a dicto habereIn primis adimplere. debeo fratrem et butarium Pasqual ipsidarique utordinaveroiusseromeam fidelitermeum mortem Valente debeant post Georgium ser commissarios fidei vollo esse meos et constituo meipostcompleret et pariter et daretobbitum meismoris commissariis In quoquidem ut est. testamentum scriberet meum hoc meumut patrinum et capelanum Tane vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini nobilis viri egregii notarium, Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaum presbyterum mortisrogavi timens eventum pregravatus, infirmitate licet corporea intellectu sim 683 682 Testes: ser Andreas Lando, ser Nicolaus Sancham[...], ser Angelus de Senis. Iohannes ego deGeorgiode Segna non vives", morieris quapropter tu et indictione nona in Tana. Cum vox prophetica intonuerit duodecimo die Aprilis dicensmensis "dispone MCCCCXXXI Christi domui Yhesu tue nostri quia Domini incarnatione TestamentumTestament ofGiovannideGiorgio Segna. Iohannis barbitonsor,de ser Dominicus Bonicardi. Georgio Donato Constanzius magister Testes: roboravi. et complevi capelanus Tane vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis et egregii et notarius Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaus de Segna.DonatopresbyterusDominichus testis supscripsi. supscripsi. Ego Ego Bonichardi testis In EgoChostantius etc. anime sue.Preterea in caritatum apparebit videbitur et sibi melius nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab In the margins: Petri Lando - Crossed out. -Crossed ad presens Tanain 683 Hermolai Pisani vizeconsulis HermolaiTane roboravi. complevi et Pisani capelanus . f. 29v. 8 f. 12April 29r. 1431. ɢɸɥɹ 184 1431 ɝ . 682 sanus mente et mente sanus CEU eTD Collection 684 bona etindisposita inordinata Quapropter ego Victor derelinquat. Boldi quondam ser mortis casus suabonaunusquisque solicitusordinare sit neincautus subcumbat etsic sua Tana. Divine inspiracionis donum etprovideest mentis arbitrium ante quam ut superveniat Domini nostri Yhesu mensisChristi MCCCCXXXI Augusti die quarto indictione nona in incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Tana. de Boldi Victoris Testamentum Testament ofVittore Boldi. capelanus complevi roboravi. seret Iacobus Testes: Fineti, Dominicus Bonicardi. Tane vizeconsulis honorabilis Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis et egregii et notarius Dominichus presbyter Bonichardi subscripsi.testis Ego Nicolaus de Varsis, Venetiarum Ego subscripsi. testis EgoIacobus Finetus etc. virtutem plenissimam placebit. Preterea et videbitur melius sibi ut helemosinis piis illis in meam commissariam et uxorem per dispensetur affictum meum videlicetsuper dictam [...] cum queest fabrice poucam affictum et Iustiniano domina Chatarina induisse cum pro quepenesdomum uniusmedietator [...]tra pouce et habito ad presens in qua teritoria cum simul meum domum et mee commissarie et uxori Luchine suprascripte inordinatorum chaduchorum et michiquomodocumque spectantium etvenientium dimitto Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum veroInterogatus anotario sepultura. de postremis dixi habere solum filios.non uxorem et mea Ianuensiumdoplerie pro dimitto Francisci triginta. Item bixancios quatuor aparte ecclesie sancti dimitto Item decem. bixancios inTana Marci sancti ecclesie Item dimitto ipsaut inferiusmortemiusserofideliter post meam dariqueordinavero adimplere procuret. solam meam uxorem Luchinam dominam commissariam fidei vollo esse meam et constituo egregii et nobilis viridomini vizeconsulis Hermolai Tane Pisani quidem capelanum.quo In notarium et Venetiarum de Varsis Nicolaum feci scribi voluntatem per presbyterum quam hanc languens meamultimam in volui esse habitator mentesanusetcorpore Tana zerchasius egoSudonius Quapropter bona quondam inordinata etindispositaTocharii derelinquat. sicet ne subcumbat sua ordinare incautus mortis unusquisquestudeat casus quam superveniat indictione nonain DivineTana. inspiracionis donum est etprovide mentis arbitrium ante ut octavo die Iulii mensis MCCCCXXXI Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno nomine Testamentum deTana.In zerchasii Eterni, Dei quondam amen. Sudonis Tocharii Crossed out: medietator fab -. 684 cum hac affictum medietatis condicionequod illiuspouce f. 4August1431. 29v. 185 CEU eTD Collection ne incautus subcumbat et sic sua bona inordinata et indisposita derelinquat. Quapropter egosic Quapropter et subcumbatne etindispositabona derelinquat. inordinata incautus sua quam arbitrium ante mortisut superveniat unusquisque casus sua ordinare bona sitsolicitus mentis provide et est donum inspiracionis Divine in Tana. decima indictione septimo decimo die Septembris mensis MCCCCXXXI Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione Anno Innomine Testamentum Eterni, Dei Fabiani amen. ab habitatorisDesdiegna Tane. Testament ofFabianoDesdiegna. Pascual. Georgius Trivisano, magister Benedictus roboravi. etTane capelanuscomplevi Testes: vizeconsulis honorabilis Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis et egregii et notarius Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaus presbyter Ego subscripsi. Trivizanus testis Benedictus Ego subscripsi. testis Ego Iorgi Pascuali ser Francisci Contareno. etc. [...] apparebit. Preterea videbitur et melius ipsis ut helemosinis piis illis in residuum dictum dispensetur meos commissarios invivere filius casu et velfiliain quodictus Tane decederet volloetate pupilari per quod filiidimitto vel filievel meenascituro nasciture dedicta Sofar quemecum statetpro suorum etscriptum michi poteritiure, pervenirepotest quomodolibet modo,forma omni viaet chaducum inordinatum non et pro scriptum ad chaducumet quod inordinatum et pronon omne et futurorum et presentium immobilium et mobilium meorum bonorum omnium vero inter cum christanosnutriendo Residuum bixantios quinquagintaetomnes suos panosadorso. et feminam masculum vel habitatmecum pariendo Safar queadpresens Item triginta. dimitto dispensari meos per commissarios hic in inpauperibusTana egenis Item dimitto dominofratri Theremo ducatum unum cum dimidio pro anima mea. Item dimitto centum. bixancios de Tana Antonii sancti Marie et scolle sancte dimitto Item anima mea. auri duos meipro ducatos testamenti capelanoTane etnotario Nicolao presbytero dimitto primis In procurent. adimplere fideliter meam mortem post ipsi iussero darique ordinavero utinfra existentes inTana barbitonsorem ad presens Constantium Donato et Nicolaum Dedo quidem etconstituo meos essefidei vollo commissarios meipost virosobbitum prudentes ser salvispatrie nostre in semper iuribusomnibus etrationibus comunis nostri In Venetiis. quo commissariis cum omnibus suis clausulis et solempnitatibus consuetis secundum morem meis daretet etcompleret mei obbitum pariter post testamentum scriberet meum ultimum hoc ut capelanum Tane vizeconsulis honorabilis Pisani Hermolai domini nobilis viri egregii et notarium rogavi Venetiarum de Varsis Nicolaum presbyterum pregravatus, infirmitate intellectu etcorporea in et Tana,mente sanus ad presenshabitator Iohannis Venetiarum civis f. 17September 30r. 1431. 186 Christi picolis bixancios picolis Christi CEU eTD Collection 685 Iacobus Fineti. in ser Tana, armiratus Tome Iacobus ser Testes: roboravi. et complevi capelanus Tane vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini presbyter subscripsi. Nicolaus de notarius etegregii Ego Venetiarum nobilisVarsis, et viri Iacobus deFineti testis Ego subscripsi. testis armiratus etc.Ego Iachobus Tomo Preterea meis commissariis chaducorum inordinatorum quam solutismeis debitis legalis vollo disponsetur per quod tam venientium [...] in spectantium et futurorum quomodocumque et presentium et non habere uxorem. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium ducatos quinquaginta sexto. Insuper deinterogatus postremisinfrascripto anotario respondi vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai et Tane consulis Lando Petri domini regimine sub et reffusura, mea pro triginta ducatos Tane consulis Pisani Marini domini regimine sub balistario in pro Tana servivi comuni quia a nostro Item aberelata. debeo eum contra sententiam quandam apparet quadraginta ut Pesse ducatos ser Nicolao a abere debeo francha. Item mea deinde quousque debitasitsecum etipsamquod affectare sintvolosolvata Venetias fare meamconducere sclavam Margaretam dictam debeat mei Stefani caricum commissarii Tana scilicet eundoVenetias.in Et casu quedebite meenon integrepossent solvi in quod in hic remanendo non francha sit mea sclava Margarita quod et meum sclavum vendendo vollomeismeamea. bonis debitaanima ex ducatum unum Item solvantur pro omnibus quod ducatos tres tam in infrascriptorum notariosancti infrascripto Marci presentiam Item dimitto testium de Tana. et pro Antonii sancti Marie, sancte animascole manipulo et stolla camisso, plareta, falcitum mea presbytero quam pro suo quindecimin unum fiatmeos meoper commissarios salario Tana ducatos paramentum labore. Item adimplere.dimitto In dominoprimis dimitto ut inferiusipsiCurazariodarique ordinavero iusseromeam mortem fideliter post debeant fratri quod de denariisTeremocommissarios quos ser Angelum de Senis habitatorem in habereTana et Stefanum Curazario de Dominico debeo a comuneetmeosmeismoris esse fidei daret esse.Inquoquidem volloconstituo commissariis ut Venetiarum pro clausulis addictis solempnitatibus opportuniis reservatis iuribus comunis nostri suis cum Venetiarum compleret et pariter meiobbitum post testamentum scriberet etmeum ultimum hoc ut capelanum Tane vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini nobilis viri et egregii et notarium Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi pregravatus, infirmitate sim corporea Fabianus Desdiegna quondam inPauli habitator Tana menteetintellectu sanus quamquam In the margins: in illis piis helemosinis 685 utipsis melius videbitur etapparebitin caritatem animarum suarum. . 187 CEU eTD Collection ser Iacobus Fineti, ser Angelus deSenis. ser Angelus Fineti, ser Iacobus Tane, armiratus Tome serIacobus Testes: roboravi. et complevi Tanecapelanus vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini viri egregii et notarius Venetiarum Varsis, de Nicolaus presbyter Ego Iachobus TomeAngelus testis armiratus subscripsi. deSenis Ego subscripsi.testis Ego etc. Deum anima Preterea sua repromissamea. quod roget auri pro mee pro et octo sintuxori octuaginta ducatos videlicet quemichiessethicinTanacommissaria mensium duodecim bonacommissariosipsis videbitur Et etapparebit. meainut Venetiis quesunt cum una domo bonorumomnium meorum inque sint dispensetur Tanavolloquod anima pro mea meos per vero Residuum subventione. Tanapro de Marci sancti ecclesie totidem cum et dimidio auri duos sancti Antonii ducatos de Tana Mariescole et sancte Item dimitto infrascriptorum. testamenti quinque anima auri ducatos etprosuo laborepro in mea presentia testium mei notariomeoet patrino Nicolao presbytero francha.dimitto Item remanerit et christiana facta solvi mea sit possint prototannis etdeinde debita affictetur quod essetvolloquod ipsa Etinper commissarios Chaimeth quo casugravida vendantur meos[...]. [...] utomnes chaligarum. Item vollo quod ista sclava que est [...] que vocatur Chaimethtres [...] est media mea auricommissario et ipse meo Nigro ser Francisci dicto dare debeo In primis procurent. adimplere meamfideliter mortem bixanciosabeat circaproNigroet serPaulum socium Spinaza inferiusmeum darique ut ipsi ordinavero iussero post trecentos.[...]Franciscum ser viros discretos commissarios fidei Itemvollo esse meos et unam constituo quidem quo dareIn Venetiarum. nostri comunis debeoiuribus meamin omnibus reservatis opportuniis sersolempnitatibus suis Theodoriclamidemcum commissariis meis daret et compleret et pariter Drimali obbitum mei post testamentum scriberet ducatosde ultimum meum hoc ut capelanum Tane musto vizeconsulis Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis et Valerio egregii notarium rogavi et Venetiarum gravatus, de Varsis presbyterum Nicolaum infirmitate et [par]intellectu corporea licet sim et mente in sanus Tana adpresens Marie deVenetiis Nove unum egoGeorgius sancte Quapropter Damiano decontrata derelinquat. de [...]rarius indisposita et bonasic subcumbatinordinata incautus sua ne et imminet precavendum unicuique igitur mortis recte discrimen evitare possit nullus seculoin quam nil hoc quod cercius abeatur die nono indictione decima in Tana. Cum vite Septembris mensis sue terminum MCCCCXXXI Christi unusquisque Yhesu nostri prorsus Domini ignoretincarnatione ab etAnno amen. Dei nomine Eterni, In deVenetiis. Nove Marie sancte de Damiano Georgii Testamentum Testament ofGiorgiodeDamiano. f.– f. 30r 30v.9September 1431. 188 CEU eTD Collection cum suis pertinentiis. Item dimitto dicto presbytero Nicolao unam velatam novam. Item novam. velatam unam Nicolao presbytero dicto dimitto Item pertinentiis. suis cum meum Marie Antonii sancte estin murum Tana etsancti penes teritorium de quod Iudaicha humabitur corpus meum bixancios XXII et quod fiat honor corpori meo. Item dimitto scolle ecclesie territorioanimaubi Marci sancti blanum pro borchesinum pro mea.Item dimitto et batimanum unum de panizio proanimamea. Item dimitto Luzie matri de Collostorlo unum lactum meliorem et unum unam tr[…]tam Iustiniano filie Chatarine dimitto anima mea.Item inquam habeo domo. Item Gasparinodimitto biretum unum de panoviridocum vulpe pro blanco bochasino de unam robam Gasparini dicti uxori dimitto Item virido. bochassino de unam robam et XX bixancios Ianuensium truzimani Gasparini filie dimitto Item mea. anima bixancios meo commissario bixancios serIacobo Fineti pro quinquaginta quinquagintaanima mea.Item dimitto pro Cornario Tome ser dimitto Item auri. duos ducatos celebrandis primis presbyteroNicolao dimitto de Varsis meo patrino pro missis sancti Gregorii inferiusut darique ipsi ordinavero iussero postmortem meam fideliteradimplere. debeant In in Tana habitatores Fineti Iacobum ser et Cornario Tomam ser commissarios fidei vollo esse daretcompleretet meis commissariis ordinibus asuetis.In quidem etquo meos constituo et mei pariter obbitum post testamentum scriberet meum hoc ultimum Taneut capelanum et notarium Venetiarum de Varsis Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi pregravata, infirmitate corporea sim quamquam sana intellectu et mente gratia Dei inTana habitatrix Nigro Antonii egoBona uxor derelinquat. Quapropter etindisposita sicbona inordinata et sua subcumbat mortis quam ante superveniat casus suabonaunusquisque sitsolicitus neordinare incautus ut arbitrium mentis provide et est donum inspiracionis Divine in Tana. Xa indictione Octobris mensis die decimonono MoCCCCoXXXIo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Testamentum domine Bone uxoris Antonii Nigro de Tana. In nomine Dei Eterni, amen.Anno Testament ofBona,wife ofAntonio Nigro. aliis.ser Baldasereet Marci Nigroet serBenedicto presentibus notarii Venetiarum Varsis Nicolai de manupatet presbyteri ut commissaria de dicta impedire aliquo de sic nolens commissario alteri Nigro Francisco ser commissariam dictam reffutavitsuprascripsiplene nominatus intestamento ut de DamianoGeorgii patet quondam mensis indictione1431 die secundo XinTana.SerPaulus Octobris commissarius Spinaza ofRefutation PaoloSpinaza to implement theoffice ofa fideicommissar. f. 30v – f. 31r. 19 October 1431. f. 2October 30v. 1431. 189 CEU eTD Collection manualiter in pauperibus egenis. Item dimitto notario infrascripto domino presbytero Nicolaodomino notarioinfrascripto presbytero in egenis.Item dimitto manualiter pauperibus quatour. Item ducatorum fiattamen Venetiisanima mea vollo unadispensacio quod ducatos pro ut orent Catarineconventui deMavirbio Item sancte dimitto quatuor. Venetiis ducatorum Lazari de sancti carnibus pauperibus vinoet de pane, fieri caritatem unam dimitto auri. Item unum ducatum missisGregorii sancti Tane pro Maripetri capelano Marco dominopresbytero auri. duos dimitto Item eiusdem ducatos reparacione Tanaper Antonii de sancti Marie et ecclesieinme sancte debita per etlegata dimitto Tana. Inprimis in dimissa Tanasolvantur hicquod et adimplere procuret, ipsi pariter darique iussero infra ordinavero presens ibidem ut ad Franciscum in Nigro et armiratus Tana viros serIacobum Tome etdiscretos Heustachii sancti incontrata moram trahens Venetiis adpresens virum ser Iohannem Sandelli prudentem commissarios fidei vollo esse meos et constituo quidem quo In opportuniis. clausulis suis meicum obbitum post meis commissariis daret et compleret et pariter testamentum scriberet ultimum meum hoc ut capelanum Tane consulis olim Lando Petri domini viri nobilis et consulis Tane, timens mortis casum rogavi presbyterum Nicolaum Quirino de Varsis Sinerii quondam domini egregii viri egregii et spectabilis regimine sub balistarius in Tana presens sancti ad Heustachii in contrata Venetiarum habitator PaxeloBenedictus ego Quapropter sic etindisposita derelinquat. et subcumbat suabona inordinata ne incautus ordinaresolicitus provide mentis arbitriummortis quam ante ut superveniat casus suaunusquisque bona sit et est donum inspiracionis Divine Tana. in XIa indictione septimo die Octobris mensis incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu millessimoChristi quadringentesimosecundo trigesimo ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In inTana. mortui Paxelo Benedicti Testamentum Pasello. Testament ofBenedetto roboravi. Testes: Iacobus Tome armiratus in Tana, Iohannes de Valle. et complevi Tane capelanus et notarius Venetiarum presbyter deVarsis, Nicolaus Ego subscripsi. testis deValle Iohannes Ego subscripsi. testis Tane Tomearmiratus Iacobus Ego proanima etc. dispensatur apparebit. meautmeis Preterea meliusvidebitur et commissariis meavollosuperioribus fiatvino etreliquam et carnibusproanima unacharitas de pane, quod misse solvantur santi quitquidGregorii. de superut Et residuoet sclava legatis polutris vendatur etquod solvantur suprascripta legata depresenti salvoquod meefiat sepultura et quod vollo Lucia mea sclava cum simul meorum bonorum omnium vero Residuum virum. non habere anotario respondi postremis interogata de anima mea. proInsuper capsam unam Grecho Iohannis uxori dimitto Item mea. anima pro meam camisam Iustiniano Luzie dimitto f. 7October 1432. 31r. 190 CEU eTD Collection 686 poteritet non potest scriptum pro inordinatum et adchaduchum quod et pro nonscriptum et immobilium bonorum mobilium inordinatum etfuturorum et chaducum presentium et omne omnium aliorum vero decem Residuum auri. ducatos apostolorum sanctorum ecclesie fabrize ipsaiusseromortemdarique adimplere meam post procurent diligenter inferius ordinavero matrem meam ut dilectam ser Pachagnela Petri uxorem Magdaluziam voluntate. In quo quidem et meamconstituo essevollofidei commissariam dominam mea de notarii Venetiarum Varsis de Nicolai presbyteri manu anotatum testamentum ultimum esse meum hoc volui pregravatus, infirmitate corporea sim quamvis intellectu et mente sanus filius Antoniusconfiniosanctorum ser de apostolorum gratia quondam Pachagnela Petri Dei egoet sic Quapropter subcumbatincautus etindisposita derelinquat. suabonainordinata nullusmortisquod igitur possitpericulum evitare recte unicuiqueimminet ne precavendum Cum vite sueterminum ignoretetunusquisque prorsus nil cercius inhoc seculo quam abeatur indictionemensisquadringentesimo Februarii quarto die XIIa,Rivoalti.trigesimoquarto millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine Testamentum quondam ser Antonii Pachagnela de confinio sanctorum apostolorum. In Testament ofAntonioPacagnella. Salono, ser Zacharias Cortese, ser Georgius Regno in Tana. domini Petri Lando olim consulis Tane cappellanus complevi et roboravi. Testes: ser Iacobus viri nobilis notarius etquondam Venetiarum de presbyterVarsis, Nicolaus Ego subscripsi. Dans. Pretereainremanserunt suainillispiishelemosinis domo ipsiprout meliusvidebitur etapparebit. que rebus illis cum una residuum meum mea anima pro etc. dispensare solli Sandeli Iohannis Ego Iachobus dicti in sitlibertate Michaele vollotunc domini dicto quod etate in decedente pupilari et Venetiis meo commissario Sandeli Iohanni domino Salono suprascripto recommitto quem testismichi quomodocumque spectantium Michaeliet venientium dimitto filioTanemeo nato subscripsi. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium et futurorum Ego ser Antoniopellizia. meo Item a Iudecha animadimitto ducatum compatri unum mea. pro Zacharias de subbum meum et auri unum ducatum Pisani Hermolai domini viri nobilis sclave domo Chorteseet ducatum unum auri ut oret pro anima mea. Item dimitto Marie que ad presens mecum testisestin auri tres labore ducatos suo infrascriptorum pro meoin testium presentia patrino de Varsiset Must be: procuret . f. 4February 31v. 1434. Rialto 191 686 . Item dimitto Item . CEU eTD Collection 687 pietatis et de Nazareth Item velem aliquidadderevel nonsi dimittere. vellealiquid respondi Item interogatus de aliquibus interogandis et precipue dedimittendi hospitalibus sancteMarie sic. respondi pollitiacontinebatur; mea utindicta voluntas si hec erat interogaret et legeret secrete verbo notarius adverbum michi Idem de quamcum pelli. scriptam sermone et vulgari manu aliena bombicinam pollitiam quandam porexi cui notarium, Venetiarum et apostolorum feci accerfieri infirmus corpore ad mepresbyterum de Varsissanctorum Nicolaum sed intellectu et mente sanus Sophie sancte deconfinio aMollinelliis deIuliano Laurentius egoet sic Quapropter subcumbatincautus etindisposita derelinquat. suabonainordinata nullusmortisquod igitur possitpericulum evitare recte unicuiqueimminet ne precavendum vite ignoret sueterminum nil prorsus unusquisque et inhochabeaturcertius seculo quam quadringentisimomensis quiquagesimo quarto Maiidie indictioneseptimo Cum secunda. [...] millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Testamentum quondam Laurentii de Iulianoa Mollinelis Sophie. sancte Innomine Dei Testament ofLorenzo deGiulianoa Mollinelis. Venetiarum notarius complevi et roboravi. Testes: ... presbyter deVarsis, Nicolaus Ego subscripsi. testis Iohannes deSandelis Ego subscripsi. in carta testamenti mei huius et sua Signumremaneat firmitate. Antonii domini hecqui fieri presbyter testis Ego rogavit. ... incurssurum, noscat se omnipotentis Dei iram presumpserit seuviolare ipsum Si interumpere igitur esse... quis stabilem iudico vel et erumpere firmum testamentum volloultimum hoc debet.et Et facere potest legitimus commissarius et ... quitquidfaciendi exinde fuerit opus intersicut condicione ...si personaliter essemseusi quis curiam ...etisuniversum meum havere ...dictemee daredebentibuset excu... et commissarie extra et curiam per cartis, etsine cum cartis reperiri poterunt apud quoscumque et ubicumque quas prosequendi.si Et fueritopus in meamanimam iurandi et omnia mea bona exigendi appelationes audiendi, sentencias legem petendi, tollendi, precepta et introdicta advocandi et furniendi modo et ordine quos inquirendi,administrandi, interpellandi, intromitendi, [...]endi, commissariam meam [...] placitandi, meum obbitum post respondendi,mee commissarie plenissimammeam. virtutem Preterea potestatem confferoet tribuopredicteet do, cuius in mee commissarie et matre Magdaluzie domine michiquomodolibet forma modo,iure suprascripte via,pervenire omni dilecte et dimitto Crossed out: animam . Chart. 5. f.Chart. 44r(not.n/n).7 May 1454. 192 687 manibus recommendo animam CEU eTD Collection testamentum. Si ipsum igiturquis infringere presumpseretiram Dei omnipotentis se moverit fuerit et complectum. Et hoc vollofactum meos et ordino, iudeo commissarios etipsos iussero per meumquicquid et essetotum id ultimumomne stabille et firmum statuens etdebit legitimus facerepotest commissarius complendi veruset quilibet opperandi et que exercendi, faciendi, generaliter singula et alia omnia et iurandi meam in animam prosequendi, finem receptis de et fatiendi causas appelationes et appelandi faciendi, mandari plenariam etsecuritatem et remissionem personaliter quam realiter tam executioni eas et audiendi sentencias legem petendi, tollendi, etprecepta advocatos respondendi, advocandi, petendi, in quocumque iuditio quam tam ecclesiastico comparendi,seculari inquirendi, placitandi, etmodo curiam et omneextra quocumque percuriam etsinealioreperiri cartis, et cartis cum quodlibetpenes causis quoscumquetolentibus etde et poterunt quibuscumque rationibus reccuperandi bonareccipiendi et et meaaquibuscumqueomnia michi dare debentibus administrarepetendi, opportuerit meum etprout commissariam obbitum exigendi, post meam dictam furniendi pertractandi et administrandi, meis hanc meam commissariam predictis commissariis conffero tribuopotestatem et do, et virtutem plenissimam Preterea pregera questo mio testamento duchato d’oro per sua fadiga. Et sic estfinis predicte cedulle. dona mia la ditta de a in discrietione pagar lasso Item mia. l'anema recommendo laqual a dona dillecta el mio decimo mia dona Gratioxa pervegnirea ladicta etlasso me aspetar muodo podesse che perchadaum chomo a mia.la El residio de tuti i mie boni mobellisua et stabelli presenti et futuri caduchi et desordenadiconstrientia et lassoItem per far el in corio la glexia de sancta Sophia duchati vinticinqueper oro anima parera.mia. Item lasso aIsabett so fiolla de san Grandi Strazaruol duchati dedexe oro pro anima mia. Itemper anima oro quatro duchati mia sepultura per sancta Sophia de al lassocapitollo mia. Item lassoanima per commessario mio Piovam Lo miser ditto el al per cellebradi sia lequal oro noder tre duchati che de laMadonna Gregorio et de sancto lemesse de mia. percellebratio lasso anima Item cinque lassoLazaroduchati per misermia.poveri per chadaumSan animade ai Item per a sia dado chadaveri alevar et miesesporera fradelli uno vigorera dei mio el corpo grosseto chel et lamina Maria de a Madonasancta sia sepulto mio che corpo et ordeno el voio prima In Sophia. sancta de Piovam Thomio miser padre et dona mia dilecta Gratioxa commessarii fedei mie nelsia voio mioqual testamento ordinoquesto infermodel corpo avegna che la la mente etintellecto gratiaDio per de desanctaSophia san delacontrada Mollinelii 1454 ad7Mazo in Venexia. Innomine Eterni, Dei amen. IoLorenzo deZulianodai talis: est et sequitur omnia per bombicine cedule quidem cuius voluntas ultima mea erat hec quod non habere. de filiis filliabus Et interogatus seu respondi minuere respondinon.Item 193 CEU eTD Collection tempus quo michi servire debet tunc vollo quod permaneat in libertate sua et quod habere sua quod inet libertate michi permaneat vollo debettunc quod servire tempus quo meus compleverit sclavus quod quandoMartinus volloordino quinque et auri.duchatos Item Marie monasterio sancte unum lintheaminum. etpar deNazareth cussinis, cultra dimitto Item vigintiduchatos lectum auri quinque et unum fulcitum cum chappizalibusduobus duobus Lucretie mee persuummaritare filie adoptive auri.totum Item trecenti duchati dimitto quinquaginta. Etultra vollo hoc habeatquod debonis quinquaginta meis duchatos quisuntin in fiatlibras viginti totum ad aurum ducentos videlicet grossorum quinque duchatos suam quedos haberedotem debeat et mea percipere uxor Margarita et ordinoquod dimitto mentem matris beniffitiocontra sit Inprimis vollo suetunc privatus commissarie. quod esset quod etstabilefaceret voluntate ab eius nel matri sue disciepando sitet oret hobediens Falier generum meum et filiumPaulum ser meum virum Federicumprovidum dummodo dillectam, meam ipse uxorem Federicus Margaritam filius dominam meus voluntatis ultime patrie In nostre. quo constituo etmeos essefidei vollocommissarios huis et executores mee commissariis post mortem meam cum suis solempnitatibus opportunis secundum morem daretmeis et compleret et mea pariter de voluntate stetit mea quepresens uxore prexente sanctorum apostolorum et Venetiarum notarium ut hoc meum ultimum scriberet testamentumVarsis de Nicolaum presbyterum rogavi infirmus sedcorpore intellectu sanuset mente Dei gratia apostolorum Bartholomeusde confinio egosanctorum Desserigo Quapropter derelinquat. etindisposita sic neincautussubcumbatet suabona inordinata precavendum quam nullusquod mortis possit evitare periculum igiturrecte unicuique imminet Cum [...] vite sueterminum ignoretet prorsus unusquisque nil cercius in hocseculohabeatur quadringentisimo die quintodecimomensis indictione Madii quinquagesimoquarto secunda. millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Testamentum sersanctorumquondam Bartholomei Desserigo apostolorum. Innomine Dei Testament ofBartolomeoDesserigo. Iohannes Filatoro. Iacobi quondam ser sancte Sophie, barbitonsor quondam Iohannis serPetrus roboravi. complevi Testes: et presbyterVenetiarum Nicolaus notarius subscripsi. deVarsis,apostolorum et sanctorum Ego quondam barbitonsor testisIohannis subscripsi. EgoIohannes quondam testisFilatoro Iacobi quondam Laurentii de Iulianoa Mollinelis Sophie sancte quihec fieri Ego Petrus rogavit. Signum inhecfirmitate. suprascripti suapermaneat mei incurssurum,carta et testamenti 6 chart.f.(not. n/n) 44r –f. 44v.15May 1454. 194 CEU eTD Collection sanctorum apostolorum et Venetiarum notarius complevi et roboravi. Testes: ser Ambrosius Ambrosiustestistestis subscripsi.presbyter Bono deVarsis subscripsi.Ego Nicolaus Ego Deserigo hecBartholomeus sanctorum fieri apostolorum qui Ego Antonii rogavit. quondam Bartholomei quondam Signum predicti firmitate. in sua permaneat carta mei testamenti incurssurum,et hec iram semoverit Dei seuviolareomnipotentis interumpere persumpserit ipsum igitur quis Si voluntatem. ultimam meamque testamentum ultimum esse meum iudico vollohoc et complectum. Et et fuerit factum meos ipsos commissarios quicquid per totum et id omne stabille et firmum statuens umanis in essem si possem facere egomet prout debet et facerepotest legitimus commissarius et verus que quilibet exercendi et fatiendi, opperandi apellationes causas prosequendi,in animam iurandimeam et omnia alia et singula generaliter et fatiendi,mandari appelandi tam quam personaliter realiter eas esecutioni et audiendi sententias legem petendi, precepta et tollendi, advocatos respondendi, advocandi, petendi, in quocumque iuditio quam tam ecclesiastico comparendi,seculari inquirendi, placitandi, et modo omni alio quocumque et curiam extra et percuriam cartis, etsine cum cartis reperiri quamlibetpenes quoscumque poterunt et de causis tenentibus et quibuscumque rationibus et debentibus dare commissarie mei huic et michi a quibuscumque bona mea singula et recuperandi omnia et reccipiendi petendi, exigendi, opportuerit ministrare obbitum prout post pertractandi et furniendi administrandi, commissiariam meam hanc commissariis meis honestam. plenissimam Preterea virtutem potestatem confferoet tribuoet do, suprascriptis apparebitfaceredummodo sibividebitur quicquid bene et et vitam se regat suam ducat mentem matris sue sit quod omnibus privatus bonis meis etsemperin sitmatris libertate sue si preceptum et contra essetquod faceret ethobediens sue.Et matris aliter sit regat preceptis meus benese quod idem filius vero hac equaliter condictione etfiliomeo Federico Margarite michiet poterit modo,via, quomodolibetformaiure mee pervenire et dimitto omni uxori inordinatum pro non et scriptum quod ad chaducum et inordinatum pro non et scriptum potest bonorum meorum mobiliumimmobilium futurorum et et presentium et omne chaducum presentibus testibus duos infrascriptis duchatos auri. veroomnium Residuum aliorum sanctorum apostolorum. Item dimitto notario presentis mei testamenti pro suolabore auri presbyteros cellebrandistres per sancte duchatos Marie et missis sancti Gregorii 688 sex omes auri et duchatos debeat ɇɚɞɨ : omnes . 688 suos pannos adesso de lana et lino. Item dimitto pro 195 CEU eTD Collection mio fradelo con questo che la parte tochera a mia madre sia mesa a la chamera dimprestedi e dimprestedi la mesachamera a mia madresia a tochera che laparte con questo fradelomio l'altra a madre, unaamiase faza 2parte, veglio mie mobeli e stabelli boni de tuo aspetarme se luogo e pora trovera residioche ognimio inogni Ana. Veramento volglio e Marina abia e dabia ducati 50 persuomaridar obixognonon maridar sse posando eogni cavo demassaria volglio libera franca sia morta madre fosse mia non volglia edioanni miamadre el 3 laserva loin per souxo.franchade io etcosse laso veste fatto etute Item Anaroxa chavo maridar 100 persuo francha eliberaducati rossa vestir. Item lasoMarina sia zoeperso truova soe le se forindoel cosse e tute letto e massaria de eogni cavo i sia dadi francho100 educati ai fioliducati Item l’ordo. ser BaldisseradeMarco quondam lasotra 100 Zuane mioschiavo laso Item RigoStangelim. che rente Marco de Baldissera ser con compagnia de Tana compri fio Zuane natural e qui che alprexente in la Tanaducati 100 emezo el terem X equiin la laso100. Item almonestre dela ducati Pieta 50 persovenzione dequeilaso Item amioputi. faza Rosso iqual tuti do emetasimognimiavolunta. Eprimalasomio per diexemo ducati Alovixe ser fradello mio e madre mia inVenexia commessarii fedel mie lasso Prima otorazi. volgliomiade sordenade mi viazo fazandoquesta sia volunta dio dechaxal ultima altro asso remagna non mio el perche E mortal. e ognino perche erespeto chaxon bona ogni per mente Rosso fioBortolamio Io de Christi. nomine In ser2 Zener. ad Tana in la FrancescoMCCCCoXXXVI + Ihesus. est. talis de la contrata Iacobo Boniffatiocuis et tenor quidem videlicet serIohannem armirato de Nicuola cedule de santa testibus presentibus voluntatem Ustina ultimam meam esse hanc volui quod sermone vulgari al prexente san del bombicinampollitiam manu meascriptam Nicolaopresbytero deVarsiscapelano Tane corpo e de la etintellectu mente Rosso quondamserFrancesci simsanus corpore, quamdam cum porexi etBartholomeusidnon vives, intonuerit quiamorieris tu circoego disponedicens domui tue quadringentisimodiemensistrigesimo sexto quarto inIanuarii Tana.Cum vox prophetica millessimo Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, sancte nomine Iustine.de contrata Dei Testamentum In quondam Rosso ser Bartholomei 1438). Testament ofBartolomeoRosso(the word isdeceiving; hewas “quondam” still activein Credentiis. 689 Bono aromatarius sanctorum apostolorum The words sanctorum apostolorum f. – f. 44v 4January 45r. 1436 (=1437) are placed in such a way that they can refer to both witnesses. both to refer can they that a way such in placed are 196 689 , ser Bartholomeus , serBartholomeus Antonii a quondam CEU eTD Collection est etprovide mentisarbitrium quam ante mortisut superveniat suabona casusunusquisque diequarto quartodecimomensis indictione Octobris Divine tertia [...]. inspiracionis donum Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine ab incarnatione In Domini nostri millessimoYhesu Christi quinquagesimo quadringentesimo Cantiani. sancti Florentia de Rosso Mathei Testamentum Testament ofMattheo Rosso. qui hec fieri rogavit. sancte Iustine de contrata Rosso Bartholomei quondam quondam Signum predicti firmitate. in sua permaneat carta hecmei testamenti incurssurum, et senoscat iram omnipotentis Dei presumpserit seuviolare ipsum interumpere igitur Si quis meum esseultimum testamentum. quicquid per ipsos commissarios meos factum fuerit et complectum. Et hoc vollo et iudico interessem egoviverem firmum statuens prout et stabille idtotum et personaliter omne et debetet et facere potest legittimus verus commissarius et quilibet exercendi, que opperandi et causas prosequendi,in iurandi meam animam etomnia alia generaliteret singula faciendi, executionem mandaritam quampersonaliter realiter fatiendi, etappelationes appelandi eas et audiendi sentencias legem petendi, tollendi, etprecepta advocatos respondendi, et opportuno et in quocumque iuditio comparendi, placitandi, inquirendi, petendi, advocandi,neccessario modo alio quocumque omni et curiam extra et et percuriam sine cartis, cartis et rationibus etdecausispenes quodlibet quibuscumque et quoscumquereperiri poterunt cum tenentibus et debentibus dare commissarie mee huic et mihi singulis et omnibus ab bona mea singula et omnia etreccuperandi petendi, reccipiendi exigendi, opportuerit administrare hanc meam commissariam administrandi, furniendi et pertractandi post obbitum meum prout meis prenominatis tribuo commissariis et conffero potestatem do, virtutem plenissimam et Preterea cedulle. estfinis predicte Et ducati duxe d'oro. testamento levarsto e per 690 lasoa miserpre mie Item mia cheson in caxa proprie. sta quel loi al conferera. E mioditto fante contadi oda ducati 400 d'oro con letute marchandatie e instoluogo tute mie cosse sia governa per el miofante Zuane con conseio demiser lo consolo siavolglio aLuogiBexognoxi. anemamalche ducati qui mia Item 60 per tolesto daperdio lasol'anema Item per soa. ducati la50 pro salvo fara zerto fradelomio cha son chome cha nelasar ordenar la ipossa voglio perchenon Rosso ser Alovixe inmiofradelomadre vegna demia lamorte a lorpor luogo in commessarii pareseseguri. Eda over abia altro rendedo el = padre . f. 14October 1454. 45r. 197 690 Nicolo per mese de san Griguore CEU eTD Collection 691 Dominicus quondam sancti Filatoro Pauli Canciani. ser Canciani, sancti Filatoro Francisci ser quondam Alovixius ser Testes: roboravi. Venetiarum notarius complevi et et de Varsis sanctorum apostolorum presbyter Nicolaus testisEgo subscripsi. Filatoro Pauli Dominicus quondam testis subscripsi.Ego Filatoro hecMathei RossodeFlorentiaLodovichus serFrancisci qui Ego fieri quondam rogavit. Signum inhecfirmitate. suprascripti suapermaneat mei incurssorum,carta et testamenti moverit se omnipotentis Dei iram presumpserit infringere ipsum igitur quis Si testamentum. meum esseultimum iudico et vollohoc Et complectum. fueritet factum commissarios meos firmum interessem statuens possem per quicquid et stabille et personaliter sicut etdebet vivens potest ego facere legitimus facere verus que quilibet commissarius et opperandi et exercendi faciendi, generaliter singula et alia omnia et iurandi meam in animam placitandi,inquirendi, advocandi, petendi,respondendi,legem sentencias petendi, audiendi, quocumque modoneccessario omni alio etin et opportuno quocumque iuditiocomparendi, quoscum[que] ministrare bona petendi,prout etpenes meaubicumque opportuerit exigendi, reccuperandi ex ea furniendi vel et administrandi commissariam exmeam hanc commissariis eismeis predictis conffero poterunt reperiri plenissimam tribuoet virtutem potestatem servivit.michi usquedo, modo Preterea et cum et cartis presentium mee et Anne mee mecum futurorum moratur etcommissarie dimitto servitrici queadpresens immobilium et mobilium et bonorum sine, aliorum omnium vero perResiduum filios. curiam et extra a nonfulcitam neque habere notario respondi uxorem depostremis pelibus. Interogatus et anima mea ut oretpresbyteroIacobo Belli sancti plebano meoCanciani commissario duos auri duchatos pro Deumdomino dimitto primis In pro procurent. adimplere fideliter meam memortem post commissarii in suis missis.Canciani Annam meamdarique et ipsiinferius ordinave[ro] servitricem iussero meiut Item sancti plebanum Belli dimitto Iacobum presbyterum dominum virum venerabilem voluntatis Sperto Spineli huius mee ultime etexecutores etvollofidei meos esse commissarios quidem constituo gonam unamIn quo notarii. Venetiarum et apostolorum sanctorum Varsis de Nicolai manu presbyteri testamentum ultimum meum esse meum hoc vollo patior quam infirmitatem gravissimam propter timidus sanus, intellectu et mente corpore, infirmus Venetiis, de Cantiani sancti in contrata ego deFlorentiaMatheus Rosso adpresens Quapropter derelinquat. solicitus sit neincautus ordinare subcumbat sic et suabonainordinataet indisposita Crossed out: fiil -. Separate sheet. 9SeptemberSeparate 1438. 198 691 CEU eTD Collection 692 the On Donato. Constancius magister Rosso, vir providus serBartholomeus Testes: meam. animam recommendo manibus in cuius a Valle Georgio meo fratri dimitto factis me uxorem. Residuum vero omnium meorumbonorum prius etc. solutis debitis etlegat[is] per habere non de postremis, a respondi notariosuprascripto Item interrogatus figures deaureta. tribus meam circa anchonem meomeo commissario et barbano a ser Iohani Valle dimitto monasterio in que mee sorori Pollone commissarios meos duchati octo auri in predicta contrata sancti Chassiani. Item dimitto sorori anima meaducatum VenetiisinItem vollounum dispensentur auri. piis helemosinis quod per Tane pro chapelano dominode Varsis Nicolaopresbitero Item indimitto primis procurent. Chassianiinferius ut ipsi dariqueordinavero iussero mortem meampost fideliter [...]habere sancti Venetiis incontrata moretur adpresens meum Matheam quod Rizo [fa]mulum et existens in Tana presens ad meum barbanum Malti Iohanem ser viros providos voluntatis ultime mee huius executores et fideicommissarios vollo esse meos et constituo quidem quo quam [...] meum scriberet testamentum pariter et compleret et daretmeis commissariis etc. In chancellarium Tane consulis Duodo Arsenii domini viri egregii et spectabilis et notarium Chassiani in ad presens timenspresbiterum etc.rogavi Nicolaum Tana, Venetum de Varsis terminum etc. Quapropter ego Victor aValle quondam Nicolai de Venetiis de confiniosue Sancti vite Cum in Tana. 1a indictionis 9a die Septembris mensis MoCCCCoXXXVIIIo Testament ofVittore aValle. Crossed out: verso : Testamentum ser Victoris a Valle quondam ser Nicolai. sancti . 692 Corporis Christi offer[…]Item domine Corporis Christi [...]dio […]. 199 CEU eTD Collection furniendi omniaet exsecutioniduco mandari superius propriaprout ordinandum. Et petendi, et administrandi intromittendi, meam comissariam modo commissarium solo Iohanni dicto penitus etconcedo tribuo, conffero do, potestatem virtutem et plenissimam Preterea id que sine totum anima adpias dimittere ordinare causasdistribuendum pro meaatquesua. disponi ipso de nec ordinari aliter possit non meum virum et commissarium solum Iohannem dictum tunc legiptimam avertatas voloquod et ordinomeum dictum ser quod residuum per mori etatem ante contingeret filios meos si filios Et dictos omnes viventes. insuper debeat devenire etatem perdecedentem ante legiptimam tunc si obiret dividendum. unus Et residuum volo qui devenirein debeat Ysabetham etMarinam filios meos equaliterinter eos meum [...] postdictum totum obitum Et recomitto. acanimammeam meos filios cui spectantium et pertinentium suprascriptoser Iohanni dimitto meo,et dilectocommissario viro futurorum michi viaforma pro nonscriptorum modo, et et caducorum quocumque et anima mea. Residuum vero omnium bonorum meorum mobilium et immobilium presentium unum facistergium pro meis et de tobaliis unam Gervasii sancti ecclesie sacristie dicte dimitto mea.anima Item Marie missas pro debeat sancte ipse duosauri celebrare ut ducatos Gervasii mandet. meum secundum ut Et hicdariquequod ordinavero mei iusserosic ipsepost obitum exsecutioni primovirum peramabilem Ferara de Iohannem commissarium fidei solum meum volo esse et ordino dimitto ordinandum. primis In namquerecomendans meamanimam altissimodomino inferius duco prout et secundum compleret presbitero et pariter testamentum meum scriberet mei notarium ipsumquevocari Benedictum deIudechaVenetum qui de Smeritis post obitum Matio,de die mee mortis cupiens quodpremissum discrimenest evitare a me vocari feci presbiterum honorabili habens integrumquementis gratiam etsensum consilium in consciderans revolvens archano presbitero valida de confiniosancti sanum per divinam egritudine[...] corporis pregravata tamen Magdalena Iohannis ego quam uxor Quapropter subitanea deFerara prevenire. spe vivendi ecclesie Nam mortis melius metu etindisposita derelinquat. vivere pariter est nebona suainordinata sanctiarbitrium unusquisqueut omnemortis quam iuditiumpreveniat que taliter abipso precaveat potentie effugereid tue [...] quisque domum circoDei mentis etprovide prelucens est decima Cum [...] morsvita sit et in manu illud ad Dei [...] [...] inferos et reducis nec manum mensismillesimoindictione trigesimo vigesimo quadringentesimodie Iunii secundo secundo In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofMagdalena,wife Ferrara. ofGiovanni from Notarili Testamenti, 917. 1. 22 July 1432, Tana. 200 ɋ reatori reatori constituo CEU eTD Collection balistarios salariatos Tane salariatos [...] secundum hicbalistarios inferiusdariquesicquod iussero ordinavero ipsi Quirino Iohannem ser et Civrano Daniele ser commissarios fidei meos volo esse et ordino ordinandum. namque meam In primis recommendans animam Creatori altissimoconstituo, hoc post mei obitum meum scriberet testamentum pariter et compleret pro prout duco inferius spectabilis viri etgenerosi domini honorabiliipsumqueVenerio consulisIusti Tane rogavi ut ac[...] notarius Venetiarum de Smeritis Benedictum feci presbiterum a mevocari discrimen estevitare quodpremissum meecupiens mortis dedie etrevolvens inconsciderans archano mentis consilium intergumque sensum habens gratiam divinam per tamen sanum pregravatus filiusLeonardus balistarius Donato, serAnt[...] salariarius validacorporisTane egravitudine ego Quapropter derelinquat. sua bona inordinata et occumbat incautus precavendum ne unicuique mortis quam habeatur cercius imminet evitarequod non discrimen[...] posset[...] primaindictione[...] et Cum viteignoret in sueterminum nil Tana. prorsus unusquisque septimo decimo die Decembris mensis tertio trigesimo quadringentesimo millesimo roboravi. hec infirmitate. mei nichilominus carta testamenti sua permaneat incurssurum,iram Deise et noverit ire omnipotentis testamenti cartam temptaverit hancmei igitur contra factis.quis Si retracta me per tempora per testamentis mando ceteris ultimum meamque voluntatem,etquam quod ultimam testamentum iubeo prevalere atque essefactum. ordinomeum etvolo Hoc fuerit meum atque dictum gestum commissarium et Etstatuens ratum firmumdebet. haberi quicquid per atque facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et fatiendi quelibet [...] etomnia securitatis cartas meam iurandi appellandi etappellationes nec petendi inet recipiendi expensas non prosequendi animam et fatiendi, quam personaliter tam realiter mandari fieri exsecutioni et quaslibet sententias et terminaciones etprecepta intradicta legem petendi, obtinendi, et petendi terminos tollendi, advocatos et advocandi defendendi, et rendendi agendi, placitandi, comparendi, si in fueritEt quocumque iuditioopus de causis quibuscumque. pertinet et racionibus michi et seu commissarie exigendi reccuperandi idtotum et omne et meespectat quotquod In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofthe presbiter de Ego notariusSmeritis Benedictus complevi deIudecha Venetiarum et Antonius Nicolai, sancti peregrinus Iusti ballistarius LeonardoDonato. 27 December 1433,Tana. 201 CEU eTD Collection prosequendi mandariexsecutioni fatiendi,tam realiter quampersonaliter appellandi et appellationes facere quasque [...] sententias precepta terminaciones et interdicta legem petendi, obtinendi, et petendi terminos tollendi, advocatos et advocandi defendendi, et agendi placitandi, si inpertinet quibuscumque. fuerit conibus Et iuditio de[...] opus comparendi,quocumque michi etseu commissiamexigendi reccuperandi omne idtotum mee et spectat et quotquod ducapropria supraordinandum. petendi, mandari fulciendi etomnia Et prout exsecutioni et administrandi intromittendi, meam commissionem commissariis meis suprascriptis Pretereaplenissimam meam[...] potestatemvirtutem et tribuo,penitus confferodo, etconcedo matrem Cui [...] etiam tamen recommisse. filie[...] meaet meesint Agnexinauxor cum[...] futura caduca[...] et etimmobilia,bona presentia mobilia mea[...] etomnia alia Donato commissarios habeohic meos quo formapertinentium volofiat inTana qui spectaturam per suprascriptos [...] Deum anima de pro mea[...] meorum residue bonorum in omnium via modo, quocumque et et mittan[...] duossuo labore pro utoret ducatos auri infrascriptorum testium in mei presentia testamenti quosVenetie tenere [...]reccepti. Item dimittosuprascripto presbitero Benedicto deSmeritis [...]huius et dentur omnes [...]Item volo Tanequod illi et ordinoatque carpentario[...] Nicolaodenarii dentur quatuordesignari auri suprascripto proanima[...] quibus mea vollopro volodari ducatum unumauri.qui ducatos Item dentur [...] spectabli suprascriptopost viri mei domino obitum Iusto exsecutionem Venerio consuliser mandent. AntonioTane Et [...]primo advollo ipso quod[...] celebrentur missas sex sancti roboravi. egregii viri serenissimoducato[...] consulisIusti Veneriodomini pro complevi Tane, et igiturhec Si etc. quis vocatus. facies atque retracta[...] preterita tempora per me[...] testamentis per mando[...] atque iubeo quam et prevalere voluntatem, quod ultimam meamque meumtestamentum ultimum esse volo et ordino factum. Hoc atque statuens firmum habere ratum atque quicquid perdominos meos fuerit commissarios gestum etdebet. Et facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et libet fatiendi que omnia alia Ego presbiter Benedictus de Smeritis, Venetiarum notarius, cappellanus spectabilis et spectabilis cappellanus notarius, Venetiarum presbiter deSmeritis, Benedictus Ego Testes Iohannes quondam Nicolai, Galezius Dragano balistarius et securitatis in nec meamiurandi recipere petendi cartas non et et animam exp[...] 2-3. 202 CEU eTD Collection pro suo labore. Preterea plenissimam virtutem confferopenituslabore. plenissimam tribuo, potestatem et virtutem Preterea do, et pro suo unum ducatum mei huiustestamenti notario de Smeritis Benedicto presbitero suprascripto Agnexine mei. fratri Reliqua autem suprascripte debeat suprascripti sitIohannis et commissarii uxorisdistribuantur adpias causas pauperibus Ihesu Christi pro anima measecunda ps sitesseet mee et commissarios meos ipsos per quarum una portiones, equales tres fiant commissarie.scriptorum modo, via etforma spectantium et pertinentiumquocumque in caducumimmobilium et inordinatorum mobilium bonorum et meorum pro non omnium Quibus residuo de repromissa [...] soluta domina Agnexinadesua quod volo et ordino meos fideicommissarios, perquos meam meodesignari fratri Iohanni debeat etAgnexinemee et Venetiisuxori esse quos instituo volo […] recomendo. ac Venetiis portetur detrue cum vendi non incantum et quod reliquopotere tractus quorum inventariumcommissarios illaconsitratur[...] invendantur de vendi adpublicum que poterunt Item dimittoque bonahabere hichabeoin sive visusfuero volo meos qui suprascriptos Tana per meorumomnium bonorum in viaquocumque modo, et forma spectantium et pertinentium ducatumdimitto illisunum missispro Marie sancte ducatos dimitto duos. De residuovero illisquibus sancti videlicetGregorii Marie etsancte sancti pro proanimamea Gregorii mei ipsi Etprimo post exsecutioni mandent. misseordino celebrenturvoloobitum et quod sicdarique habereiusserosecundum Tane ut ordinavero salariatos quod balistarios ambos fidei commissarios ser Iacobum quondam Bernardi, butarius, et Christoforum de Mediolano namque recommendans animam meam altissimo Creatori constituo, ordino et esse vollomeos inferiusprimis duco ordinandum. In compleretprout secundum et et testamentum pariter honorabilisVenerio,meiipsumque Tane consulis post meum rogavi quod obitum scriberet Iusti domini viri egregii et spectabilis capellanum Smeritis, de Benedictum presbiterum dispositionem meorum plenariam bonorum omnium volens Creatoris ordinarealtissimi gratia consilium ne spiritu perbalistarius sanaminfirmus salariatusTane habens integrumquecorpore tamen mentem me Deo reddito sancti adpresens de Venetiis Ienumani de confinio Gregorius Faberquondam Iuliani lis oriatur ulla ego Quapropter derelinquat. sua bona inordinata et occumbat incautus precavendum ne ex eis, ad me vocari quam habeatur mortis non quod discrimenimminet idcirco evitare possumus unicuisque feci Tane.XIII, vite ignoret Cum etnil sueterminum prorsus unusquisque inhoc seculocercius mensis indictione millesimotrigesimo quartodecimoquarto Octobri die quadringentesimo In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofGiorgio Faber,the sonof deceased Giuliano. 14 October 1434, Tana. 203 CEU eTD Collection Marie et sancto ant Grigorii pro anima mea, pro quibus ordino dari ducatos tres. Item lego, Item tres. dari ducatos quibus ordino anima mea,pro Grigoriiant sancto pro Marieet commissariismeis apparebit.[...] videbitur et celebreturordino Item misseego quod sacte funeris infrascriptis seu sepeliredebereper[...] volens fidei meetantum sepeliris [...] iacetcorpus ubi[...]datum super[...]ono mee uxoris olim [...]sepult[...] Tana constructa de Marie sancte inecclesie sepeliri iubeo meum corpus Creatori altissimo meam animam disponotestamentum infrainnamque primissane scriptis atque recommendans ordino mei post non ullaobitum me quemeisovatur [...] [...] debonisperpresensnuncupatum et remaneat decedere nemeabona inordinata abintestato nolens nescitur cumhora iudicium timens in divinum Creatoris altissimi gratia corpore et mente sanus Napoli de [...] Mosculi mentis exigitur quo[...]egoAntonius [...]ne providetur salubrius Cresconus quondam in iud[...] usus debetquo ut tuncultimevoluntatis quod ratione noncogitur pleniori quia [...] Iulii XXIII etveromos in ipsiin interior vigor sanitate, Dum Tana. corpus semet colecta honorabilis consulis Tane [...] et Venetiarum notarius complevi et roboravi.dominio Veneto serenissimo pro Venerio viriIusti domini egregii et spectabilis capellanus etc. Siigitur facies vocatus. atque retacta preterita me pertempora testamentis ceteris mando ultimum meamque voluntatem,etquam quod ultimam testamentum iubeo prevalere atque meum esse volo et ordino factum. Hoc atque fuerit gestum meos commissarios dominos per ratum quicquid firmum habereatque Et statuens etdebet. facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et quilibet fatiendi que omnia [...] et securitatis cartas iurandi meam animam petendi recipiendi nec prosequendi etappellationes ex infatiendi,presens et non et appellandi fieri mandari quaslibet etsententias terminationes realitertam executioni quam personaliter de et precepta et interdicta petendi, legem obtinendi, et petendi terminos tollendi, advocatos et advocandi defendendi, et et[...]ndi agendi placitandi, comparendi, sive curia iuditio in fuerit quocumque si opus Et quibuscumque. de causis et etpertinetrationibus spectat petendi, exigendi et reccuperandi idtotumquotquodomne michi et seucommissiam mee fulciendiet omnia et exsecutioni ducasuperiusmandari prout propria ordinandum. Et administrandi intromittendi, meam commissionem commissariis meis suprascriptis concedo In Christi nomine, amen. Anno a nativitate eiusdem MCCC eiusdem nativitate a Anno amen. nomine, Christi In Crescono.Testament ofAntonio Testes Iacobus Bonifatio, Georgius Trivixano. Ego presbiter Benedictus deSmeritis presbiter Benedictus Ego Trivixano. Georgius Iacobus Bonifatio, Testes 23 July 1435, Tana. 204 ɋ XXXV inditione XII die XII inditione XXXV CEU eTD Collection meum testamentum [...] loci muros murum etIannue ecclesiefabrice apud spil[...] Andrei Item sancti [...] lego [...] olim unum constructum erat magazenum et [...] situatum in [...] superTana extra teritorio quo [...] omnes et lego[...]centum cui Agnetis euisdem fran[...] preces recciperet et haberet Iohannes et[...]utello liberam alios omni servitute [...] volo Campana esse francamab et ab absolvos mei vinculoomni servitutis post [...] Agnetem et olim decessum sclavam meam et liberos francos, filium eius Georgium et meam sclavam Annam dimitto atque mando distribuendos interet dispensandos illes personas meliuspauperes videbitur quibus eisdem et superius dictum Item est. lego proanimalibros mea 200 equales porciones dandas meis sororibus Iohanni suprascriptis et meoMaza nepoti prout meorumdevenire admanum infrascriptorum fieri de quibus commissariorum tres debeant fabricisdictis et scripti dequorum appothecis libros suprapositis 4080dari seu tractu debeant reddere recusaret volo et ordino quod per iuditium vendi debeat scriptum territorium cum dispositus libros infrascriptos 4080 michi seu commissariomei. Si verodenarios dictos in Azimoipsiforet restitui reddere ac reddi quantum suprascripto debere Safiro dare et 4080 libros insaraceno per habeoab AzimoSafiro ego posteriori pignore aparte positis quod fabricis et suprapositis appothecis cum aliquibus lego territorium Item heredes. et caza filios in debeant devenire partes earum tunc extremum mee clausissent sorores diem infrascripte quod vero meiin casu commissarii et nepotis Maza Iohanni infrascripti pars sitvero Tertia humanis. in fuerint si meorum sororum Belardelle altra et Pentille debeat esse et sit quarum portiones una fieri equales, tres debeat de tractu fideicommissarios quorum infrascriptos meos per vendi debeat deGuarnero ser Damiani cognati afflictu Sycha uxoris Ysabelle pro super via comuni quidemde quo pro duabusterreno terciis egosolvolibros XXIIIIin anno positisduabus appothecis et cum fabricaquod ettariceno habeo sua forica ordino meaquam et mando lego, Item mea. anima anima pro Domino roget ipse et ut mei compares Mochsii muros Francischine filiabus Dominici superdicto territorioMagdalenespalti et extra terre dimittoaliud meumterritorium vacuum super quoolimfabricati positionemerant muros [...] atque animalego pro mea.Item celebrare semel in edomada debeatetteneatur ipse vicarius suis longitudine,latitudine et pertinentis universisatque adiacentibus suis cumhoc quodqui sue[...]pertempora cum sancteMarieecclesie vicario [...] prelibate Luciani omnibus Spineli positionem supradicto territorio apud muros [...] et apud [...] serAugustini etapud[...] de Tana et [...] apud muros positionem supradicto territorio 205 4. per meos fideicommissarios meos per CEU eTD Collection apposui consuetum. apposui presentibus interfuiomnibus et rogatus scripsiin etpublicavi et signumeorum robore meum notarius publicusauctoritate etiudex imperialeordinarius et honorabilis Tane consulis aliis. rogati et et vocati hec adtestibus Ravagnano Angelo et deSmeritis Iohanne de Senis,Angelo providis et discretis viris Iacobo Salono, Petro de Vanelo, Daniele Civrano, Antonio dePapia, de Smeritis notarium indeut confitiatur presens publicum instrumentum. Benedictum mandoperte suprascriptus Antonius Cresconus ego Etdeprecedentis obtinente. testamento et ultime meo hinc presenti sintderogatoria et quecumque abrogatoria concepta sintconceptione voluntatis et qua vis manu conditos conditasnotarii condita, scripta scilicet verborum cuiusdem rato et firmo seu perme codicilloshinc retro seu voluntates hactenus et ultimas quocumque testamenta rata ultime et alterius firmacuiuslibet et voluntatis quoquibus etquameliusmanente valere ricitans [...] potest annulans [...] atqueinfringens codicillorum iure valeat saltem et testamenti plenumiure valeret non seu roborem Hec opportuna. meavoluntas iure non valerevoloest enim valetultima et si quam testamenti hecquemcumque iniuditio michi fatienda fatiendi extra occurrerint et que fuerint et potestatem et bayliam super omnia etsingula exercendi mandandiet executioni et quibus quidemfideicommissariismeisexecutoribus et concedo largam doatque plenam et inTana, Venetorum curie trucimanum Taiapetra Boranum ser fideicommissarium meum personaliter in Tana. Absente vero domino Georgio a Tana loco sui instituo et esse volo meisereperiret obitus inquantum tempore de Sa[...]na, Georgium Belono et meum dilectum nepotem etesseIohannem Maza relinquo volo ordino, fatio, constituo, ultime voluntatis et testamenti mei presentis executores et autem fideicommissarios meum, fideicommissarium infrascriptum esseet vollo nepotem Maza et instituo Iohannem heredem universalem michi etpertinere debentium seuspectare et pertinentium quorumcumque spectantium et undecumque descendentum actionum et [...] immobilium, et mobilium meorum Antoniode Papia 50 utipse libros Dominum roget proanima mea.Reliquorum verobonorum ser lego mea. Item anima 20pro libros Cazato Alleuxori Catherine lego mea. Item anima Trivisanoanima 50 libros pro mea. lego Item cognati mei uxoris 20 Iesuf piscatoris libros pro uxori Marci Amai libros 100 proanima lego mea.Item Lucie uxori quondam Iohanni vite mee. filiequibus Item tempore legoDominichine talia acqusivissem Borani et Taiapetri maleapparebitpro et acquisitis ablatis siacqusivissem forte animaseu pro meaillorum a Ego Benedictus de Smeritis capellanus spectabilis et egregii deSmeritis Ego Benedictus et spectabilis viri capellanus Iusti domini Venerio Actum inTane supraterritorioVenetorum ser Antonii domo de Papiapresentibus 206 CEU eTD Collection que hrem[...] dimitto fabrice ecclesie sancte Marie et sancti Antonio de Tana pro anima mea. de Tanapro Antonio sancti Marie et fabrice sancte dimitto ecclesie hrem[...] que notariohuius mei intestamenti testium presentia infrascriptorum suolaborepro acdebitus si de Smeritis Benedicto presbitero suprascripto dimitto [...] affictu soluto et commissarium iure forma modo, vendiquod etvolopertinentium spectantium per dominummeum et debeat recommendo. Residuum veroomnium meorum bonorum inque habeoin quocumque Tana fratri ipsi dimitto Andreedomoin meo suprascripti meireccessu Andree animam [...] cui Deum ipse roget animaipsius quondam mea.Reliquopro vero comm[...] Venetiisdimissi in mee commissionis ducatos sex dimitto magistroAntoniosuprascripto commissariomeo ut mea.[...] vero proanima dispensenturpauperibus Dereliquo [...] ducati YhesuChristi [...] duorum permeumcomplectus annorum quod [...] et ordino volotunc commissarium [...] ipsa ante obiret Catherina quod in vero suo[...] casu pro a comuni Veneti habere debeo meorum parentium dari cui de commissione volotunc octoauri etducatos quemichispectat ipsaqui libera Catherinafrancha sit et anima etabsoluta ab pro vinculo meaomni servitutis et recompensatione ms nabuli yeinqui [...] duorum solvit ea [...] capite volo vero annorum pro pro meoannisduabuset[...] Unuani fratri servire Andreequondam AlberegoBlaxio debeat ser patrino navem per Venetiis missi [...] habere quam mea sclava Catherina quod ordino ordinaverodariqueiusserosic mei ipse post mandet. Etprimoobitum exsecutioni volo et fidei solum meum commissariumvolo magistrum Antonium quondam Leonardi secundumZerdonem ut habereesse quod et ordino constituo, Creatori altissimo meam animam namque recommendans primis ducoinferius In ordinandum. prout secundum et compleret Tana mei ipsumque post rogavi quod meumobitum scriberet testamentum et pariter et notarium Venetiarum egregii viri in capellanum et spectabilis consulis domini Venerio,Iusti honorabilis Venetorum Smeritis de Benedictum presbiterum feci vocari me ad discrimen in arcano consciderans pregravatus sanus tamen habens per divinam integrumquegratiam mentissensum consilium et revolvensRaphaeli de Venetiis ad presensbalistarius salariatus in Tana valida corporis egritudine de die mortis sancti Franciscusde confinio Unuani ego quondam Quapropter derelinquat. inordinata mee cupiens sua bona incautus et neoccumbat precavendum imminet idcircounicuique discrimen quod premissus etnilunusquisque ignoret [...] penitus habeatur quam noncercius mortis quod possumus evitare evitare terminum sue vite Cum in Tana. XIII indictione XIIII die Februarii mensis MCCCCXXXV In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofFrancesco, sonofthedeceased Unuano. 14 February 1436, Tana. 207 CEU eTD Collection exigendi et reccuperandi exigendi et fulciendi omniaduca exsecutioni et mandari superius prout propria ordinandum. petendi, Et et administrandi intromittendi, meam commissionem commissario solo meo suprascripto concedo penitus et conffero, tribuo, potestatem do, et virtutem plenissimam Preterea Venetiarum notarius complevi etroboravi. complevi notarius Venetiarum noverit se Dei omnipotentis infirmitate. permaneat sua carta hecmei iram testamenti nichilominus et incursurum temptaverit, ire cartam testamenti mei hanc contra igitur Si faciesvocatus. quis atque retracta preterita me pertempora per ceterismando testamentis ultimum meamque voluntatem,etquam quod ultimam testamentum iubeo prevalere atque meum esse volo et ordino factum. Hoc atque fuerit gestum meos commissarios dominos per ratum quicquid firmum habereatque Et statuens etdebet. facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et quequilibet etomnia securitatis fatiendi meam iurandi cartas appellandi etappellationes nec petendi inet recipiendi expensas non prosequendi animam et quaslibet sententias mandari fieri [...] fatiendi,executionem tam quam realiter personaliter et de et terminationes precepta et interdicta legem petendi, obtinendi, et petendi terminos comparendi, placitandi, agendi et respondendi et defendendi, advocandi et advocatos tollendi, de causis quibuscumque.si Et fueritopus in quocumque iuditioet in quacumque curia capellanum egregii viri in capellanum et spectabilis consulis domini Venerio,Iusti honorabilis Venetorum Smeritis de Benedictum presbiterum feci vocari me ad eis ex ulla lis oriatur reddito me Deo pro spiritu ne ordinare plenariam dispositionem meorum bonorum omnium volens Creatoris altissimi gratia consilium integrumque mentem habens tamen sanam corpore infirmus derelinquat.inordinata QuapropteregoIohannes quondam Antonii Peliparii de Napoli sua bona incautus neimminetoccumbat et idcirco discrimen precavendum unicuisque etnilunusquisque ignoret penitus habeatur quam noncercius mortis quod possumus evitare terminum sue vite Cum Tane. XIII, indictione quarto die Aprilis mensis MCCCCXXXVI Ego presbiter Benedictus de Smeritis capellanus suprascriptis domini consulis Tane et Tane consulis domini suprascriptis capellanus presbiter deSmeritis Benedictus Ego Ravagnano Angelus ser Quirino, Iohannes ser Testes michiomne idtotum quotquod meeetpertinetet seucommissiam spectat rationibus et In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofGiovanni,son ofthe deceased Antonio Pelipario. 4 April 1436, Tana. 5-6. 208 CEU eTD Collection appellationes prosequendi ex presens petendi et recipiendi nec non et in animam meam in animam et non nec recipiendi et petendi presens ex prosequendi appellationes et appellandi fatiendi, personaliter quam realiter tam mandari executionem fieri quaslibet sententias et terminationes precepta et interdicta petendi, legem obtinendi, et petendi placitandi, agendi, respondendi et defendendi, advocandi et advocatos tollendi, terminos rationibus etde causissi Et fueritquibuscumque. inopus quocumque iuditiocomparendi, etpertinet michi mee seu commissiam quotquod spectat reccuperandi omneidtotum et propriaduca superius mandariexsecutioni petendi,exigendiet ordinandum. Et prout omnia et fulciendi et administrandi intromittendi, meam commissionem commissario meosuprascripto etconcedo conffero penitus tribuo, potestatem do, virtutem plenissimam et Preterea recomitto. meam animam cui dilecte mee uxori Pissas de Beti filie Pissane dimitto Candide habeo que et mei commissarii Pantaleo Francisci ser dicti manibus in in Tana habeo presentiumfuturorum in iureet modo, quocumque vel forma spectantium et pertinentium que ducatum expendetur unum pro [...] mei funeris. Residuum veroomnium meorum bonorum vololaboremea.quod rogetDeum anima Item duospro ut suo testamenti pro auri ducatos notariohuius mei Benedicto presbitero dimitto Item Christi. mea Yhesu pauperibus dominum meum duo pro malecommissarium auri ducatos dispensentur proanima ablatis per quod et ordino volo mea.pro anima Item fabricant quam inecclesie auxilium de Tana Antonii Marie manibus et scolein sancte in sancti balistarius Tanaquosvolo dari offitialium de illisducatos octo haberemeoa comuni debeo[...] quos stipendioVenetorum pro quo fabriceMarci de Tanaauri sancti ducatum ecclesie unum.quibusdimitto Item dimitto pro mea, anima pro Antonii ser et Christofori ser Blaxii, ser honorem ad 30 misse celebrentur sco[...] ettotadhonoresancte Trinitatisquibus pro ei ducatum unum.dimitto voloqui Item ei ducatos duos.Item volodimitto perdominum quod missefratrem celebrentur 15de spu[...] anima pro presbiterum Benedictum meaet persuprascriptum Mariecelebrentur misse sancte voloquod ducatum unum. dari quibus animadebeat Et fratrem ei pro Iohannem meapro misse celebrentur per quod et ordinoMarci Gregorii sancti voloecclesie sancti Item de Tana. sepelireibidem volotunc in sepeliri libros loco Venetorum et [...] 20 volofabrice dari me vellent non vero Si viginti. libros ecclesie fabrice dimitto sepultura mea qua pro ecclesie dicte chorum infra Iannue latere a Francisci sancti ecclesiam ad sepelliri meum corpus haberedarique ordinavero iusserosic mei ipse post obitum exsecutioni mandet. Etprimovolo quod secundum ut Candida de Pantaleo Franciscum ser commissarium fidei solum meum namqueCreatori animam recommendans meam ordinoesseconstituo, altissimo et volo inferiusprimis duco ordinandum. In compleretprout secundum et et testamentum pariter postmei scriberet meum quod obitum ipsumque rogavi notarium Tana Venetiarum et 209 CEU eTD Collection Venetiarum notarius complevi etroboravi. complevi notarius Venetiarum etc. igitur Si rogatus. quis facies atque retracta preterita tempora perme ceteris testamentis etquam testamentum voluntatem, ultimam meamque quod iubeo mando atque prevalere meum ultimum esse volo ordino et factum. Hoc atque fuerit gestum commissarios et Etdebeat. ratum facere statuens firmumatque habere potest meosquicquid perdominos commissarius verus etlegiptimus quilibet fatiendi que etomnia securitatis cartas iurandi administrandi fulciendi et omnia mandariet exsecutioni duca superius prout ordinandum. Et meam intromittendi, commissionem meocommissario solo suprascripto concedo penitus et conffero tribuo, potestatem do, et plenissimam virtutem Preterea recomitto. meam animam cui mee commissarie et uxori Dominichine suprascripte dimitto pertinentium bonorum presentiumfuturorum inet modo, iurequocumque velforma spectantium et meisuo labore. huius omnium pro duos Residuumvero meorum testamenti auri ducatos notario de Smeritis Benedicto presbitero suprascripto mea. Item dimitto anima Gregorii pro Marci sancti ecclesie dari volo misse celebrentursancti quod mea et mea proanima pro sepultura de Tana [...] unum Primo mandent. exsecutionem obitum mei post ipsi sic iussero darique de secundum quodhabereordinavero Tana ut Bedoloto Dominicum dilectam et meam uxorem Dominichinam fideicommissarios meos et ordino instituo volo, Creatori duco inferius namquerecommendans meam ordinandum.primis animam In altissimo postmei quod testamentum meum obitum scriberet compleret secundum prout et pariter et egregii viri domini Iusti Venerio, honorabilis consulis Venetorum in ipsumqueTana rogavi et spectabilis capellanum et notarium Venetiarum de Smeritis Benedictum feci presbiterum evitare discrimen premissus admevocari revolvens dequod[...] mee [...] mortis die cupiens et conciderans in archano mentis [...] sed corpore Christi Yhesu gratia intelectu et mente sanus Marcus AmaideTana ego Quapropter derelinquat. inordinata sua bona et occumbat non possumus idcircoevitare discrimen unicuisqueimminet ne precavendum incautus Cum vite sueterminum et penitusunusquisque ignoret nil habeaturcercius mortis quam quod in Tana. XIII indictione nono die Aprilis mensis sexto trigesimo quadringentesimo millesimo Ego presbiter Benedictus de Smeritis capellanus suprascripti domini consulis Tane et Tane consulis domini suprascripti capellanus deSmeritis presbiter Benedictus Ego Testes: ser Daniel Civrano, ser Franciscus butarius. In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Amai. Testament ofMarco 6 April 1436, Tana. 210 CEU eTD Collection 693 ser Aldrovandinum de Iustis de in Motono, Lucha veroinstituoet esse meumvolo solum virum providum in Constantinopoli hic solum fideicommissarium meum volo esse et ordino ordinandum. namque meam In primis recommendans animam Creatori altissimoconstituo, inferius duco prout et secundum compleret et pariter testamentum meum scriberet mei in post notarius rogavi Venetorum Venetiarum ipsumque Constantinopoli quod et obitum baiuli honorabilis Marcello, Christofori viri domini generosi et spectabilis cancellarius deSmeritis Benedictum feci presbiterum admevocari discrimen evitare [...] premissus de meecupiens quod etrevolvens mortis die consciderans mtis inarchano altissimi Creatoris filius serinfirmus sanam mentem habensquondam Labruzi de Lucha corpore tamen gratia Nicolaus Zeuloti ego Quapropter derelinquat. sua bona inordinata occumbatet ne incautus quam mortisquod non evitarepossumus discrimen idcircounicuisque imminetprecavendum Constantinopoli. vite Cum sueterminum unusquisque penitus ignoretetnil cercius habeatur in XIIII indictione XIII die Decembri mensis sexto trigesimo quadringentesimo millesimo totum reccuperandi id omne et propria petendi,exigendi Venetiarum notarius complevi etroboravi. complevi notarius Venetiarum igitur etc. Si faciesvocatus. quis atque retracta preterita me pertempora per ceterismando testamentis ultimum meamque voluntatem,etquam quod ultimam testamentum iubeo prevalere atque meum esse volo et ordino factum. Hoc atque fuerit gestum meos commissarios dominos per ratum quicquid firmum habereatque Et statuens etdebet. facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et quequilibet etomnia securitatis fatiendi meam iurandi cartas appellandi etappellationes nec petendi inet recipiendi expensas non prosequendi animam et fatiendi, personaliter quam tam realiter mandari fieri executionem quaslibet sententias et de et terminationes precepta et interdicta legem petendi, obtinendi, et petendi terminos comparendi, placitandi, agendi et respondendi et defendendi, advocandi et advocatos tollendi, etpertinetsi in decausis rationibus fueritspectat curia et Et quibuscumque. opus quacumque Crossed out: In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofNiccolo Zeuloti. Ego presbiter Benedictus de Smeritis capellanus spectabilis domini et consulis deSmeritisdomini capellanusspectabilis Benedictus Ego presbiter Testes Antonelus de Parma, Gonsalnus de Sybilia. et quoque habere debeo 7. 13 December 1436, Constantinople. . 211 693 michi et seu commissiam mee commissiam seu et michi CEU eTD Collection Venetiarum notarius complevi etroboravi. complevi notarius Venetiarum ceteris testamentis perme per tempora redacta facies atque rogatus. Si quis[...] ultimum testamentum et ultimam etvoluntatem, quod quam iubeoprevalere mando atque meum esse volo et ordino factum. Hoc atque fuerit gestum meos commissarios dominos per ratum quicquid firmum habereatque Et statuens etdebet. facerepotest commissarius legiptimus verus et quequilibet etomnia securitatis fatiendi meam iurandi cartas appellandi etappellationes nec petendi inet recipiendi expensas non prosequendi animam et fatiendi, personaliter quam tam realiter mandari fieri executionem quaslibet sententias et de et terminationes precepta et interdicta legem petendi, obtinendi, et petendi terminos comparendi, placitandi, agendi et respondendi et defendendi, advocandi et advocatos tollendi,insi iuditio fuerit Et opus pertinet quibuscumque. etdecausis et rationibus mee spectat michi quotquod propria etreccuperandi idtotum et seucommissiam exigendi petendi,omne administrandi fulciendi et omnia mandariet exsecutioni ducasuperius prout ordinandum. Et intromittendi, commissionem commissariis meis suprascriptis concedo et penitus conffero, tribuo, do, potestatem et virtutem plenissimam Preterea recomitto. meam animam quibus indebeo[...] Lucha suprascriptis dimitto Clare etCatherinedomine mee matri [...] equaliter iurequocumquevel modo, etpertinentiumforma spectantium que habeoseuhabere in scriptum non pro caducum immobilium et mobilium bonorum meorum omnium vero dividere.Residuum inter eos mee equaliter Catherine sorori meo et commissario Francesco matri inmee Clare suprascripto domine debeat consignare Lucha residuum dare et dem ser Iohannes qui Martori ser Iohannes in[...] consignum dari debeat meus commissarius mei perdictumsolvatas expensas super[...] [...] residuum quod ser Aldrovandinum cum meovulp[...]et actotum de vestis [...]ndi reperitur debeat adp[...] quicquid[...]sulia voloanima mea.bonainomneset ordino Item quod qui reset unacapsa mea reperiuntur et meo Iohanni pro roxate famulo meum [...] caputina et gapanigrum mea.dimitto Item anima pro in missis dispensetur rerum ipsorum tractus et commissarium meum suprascriptum res quead presens in reperiuntur mantichaipsa meacum per mantichavendi debeant mei omnes ordinovolo mandent.iusserosic ipsipost Etprimoobitum exsecutionem et quod fideicommissarium Franciscum Zevloti meum ut secundum habere ordinaverodariquequod Ego Benedictus de Smeritis cancelarius suprascripti domini baiuli Constantinopoli et Constantinopoli baiuli domini suprascripti cancelarius Smeritis de Benedictus Ego Testes ser [...]mente Cimator, Nicolaus Zampani 9 August 1437, Constantinople. 212 CEU eTD Collection per dominum Synopi per Alibeiet denavisqui fuitvenditor etutile in etprosicuum[...] persuprascriptum probari[...] q Cazi Iacob perLazarinum patronizabatur generum eius prout quo inmanibus ser Iannue navisde Remezano Iuliani quod volo et ordino unaqueadpresens meumin Item residuum. totum avunculo[...] et devenerat Doria [...] aMelchiore ipse exigat exigantur quod quingenti auri BressanoSilvestro et et [...] ducatos patrino[...] omneid quod deveneratetinme volo[...]quod tandit meum ordino infrascriptum.tercio Item residuum [...] simul vendi ex meo manibus Polita deSynopi ettractum[...] lucro Theodori [...] debeat cum in unum quec[...] [...] [...] quod ordino Item inferiusvolo et residuum prout ordinavero. adaffictandumin [...] protinusin meum in devenerat [...] et vendatur manuIacob Cazi thurci sum domumde Naldoquos voloet ordinoquod meamsibi dareobligatus.Item quamhabeo nobili viroser Leon[...]ardo Capelopro una cambii. [...] auri 50in ducatos Et sercca Iohanni centum specialiter auri et quibusdebita solvantur apropriarent forem si ducatos obligatus qua duosproanimaPetri auri etducatos mea.Item volo solvi ordinoquod omnia mea debeant ecclesie sancti dimitto mea. Item anima pro Dominum debeant rogare ipsi fratres quinque ut ducatos Peraauri ecclesiede Benedicti sancti anima mea.Item dimitto Dominum pro rogent qualitatem[...] et fratres conditiones ipsi decem ut ducatos auri de Pera Dominici sancti ecclesie sacristie[...] Item dimitto iux[...] apropriabit et videbitur meo commissario suprascripto id possitquod expendi[...] quod volo et Marci ecclesiasancti meus innostra sepeliri corpus volo Creatori altissimo meam animam recommendans namque primis Et mandet. exsecutioni mm secundumut habere ordinaverodariquequod mei iusserosic ipse post obitum in Constantinopoli hic meum compatrem dilectum Martini Iohannem ser fideicommissarium duco inferius ordinandum. quidem In quo meoinstituo testamento etesse volomeum solum prout secundum et compleret et pariter testamentum meum scriberet hoc ut rogavi ipsumque in Constantinopoli venetorum baiulati curie cancellarium et notarium Venetiarum Smeritis decedere etmea derelinquere bonainordinata mefeci ad vocari presbiterum Benedictum de Yhesu Christi licet corporis pregravatus langore etcogitans quod[...] nolens ab[...]stato gratie etintellectu mente sanus inConstantinopoli moram trahens adpresens de Venetiis egoLeonardus Rosegno Quapropter derelinquat. sua bonainordinata et occumbat incautus ne quam mortisquod non evitarepossumus discrimen idcircounicuisque imminetprecavendum Constantinopoli. vite Cum sueterminum unusquisque penitus ignoretetnil cercius habeatur in XIIII indictione nono die augusti mensis septo trigesimo quadringentesimo millesimo In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofLeonardoRosegno. 213 CEU eTD Collection venditura mee domus. Item dimitto [...] de Triagnis auri ducatos [...] decem mea.anima [...] decem pro auri [...]de Triagnis ducatos Item meedimitto venditura domus. [...] inSymissoquodpro michi debent[...]absolutus ipse et [...] debeatetteneatur [...] [...] ducatos [...]quod pro suolabore quomihi etservivit utDominum roget animam meam pro Manolio auri Sermiso dimitto servitutis. Item de vinculo ab absoluta omni ipsa Annaliberaet ordino et volo quod sit [...] domini Guilielmi [...] completis vero suprascriptis annis tribus sit ipsavolo Anna quod debeat servire in serGuilielmoipsisBiganor annis ethoc domo tribus per[...] si sclava[...] Annasuprascripta quod Leonardus etordinopropterea voloego Et relinquat. habeat quamdam suam sclavam Annaque vocatur que ad presens in Venetiis quam se gravida quod de postremis etuxorem si habeat respondit infrascripto pernotario Leonardus testator decem dominusanima auri sermea. absolutum pro Interrogatus ducatos cui dimitto Sepertum dimitto meum sclavum liberum et franchum et ab vinculoomni servitutis volo ipsaocto quod Ordobi obitum post matris meeliberadomine francha sit et utdem. Item franchalibera et matri vinculoinfra abomni mee [...] annorum servitutis obiret dictorum [...] matri meesuprascripte in in eius annisannorumdomo capite vero dictorum sitipsaocto octo servireet Ordobi debeat serviat Item quod et voloSeline ordino animam meamrecomitto. centum cui mee auri ducatos matri domine Item Lucie dimitto etunumlectum [...] [...] volo quod[...] ducati [...] deveniantin residuum meum. [...]dimitto [...] vestes a dorso lane et ducatos centum pro suo maritarevinculoita servitutis absoluta quod [...] suilibertate [...]quacumque stare dimitto [...]auri [...] et animamomni ab et meamfrancham et liberam recomitto. meam sclavam Catherinam dimitto Item Siquibuscumque. vero ipsi [...]quod maritareordino et volo facere tunc possitexigi [...] et quicquid moveri et totum recipere abipsohabere debeoet et[...] rationibus seu et movere lites[...] aliquo molestari commissi meam veletd[...]am et intendet ipse serPhilipus vero debeat Inquietum quietari. ppo generaliter et seccuritas meum dem[...] debeat rogavi meeetper commissarie quietatem generaliter usque in ipseet[...]liainquetus presentem quod volodiem seccuritatem disponat [...] vero singularum omnium et rationum habeoquas agerecum Contariniser Philipodomino Contarini quibus michide in apropriaretdebito prout quondam scripto eius Deresiduo mano. Philipi ser in manibus st[...] qui rubini [...] Et Contarini. Ieronimi ser [...] pro Marini domini Contarini exigantur ducenti debeo haberequod a serAlgo[...] auri quondam ducatos quos in deveniretractum carabina debeatur volo meum.et ordinode [...] cazi residuum et Item et voloquod petatur computum ordino a dominoIulianoser deRemizano debutosseptem de executum a tribus annis devenire intra[...] in debeat meum infrascriptum.residuum Insuper ɫ iet et masculum progenuerit vel feminam debeat [...] annis duobus et ultra duos annos duos ultra annis et [...] duobus vel feminam debeat ietmasculum et progenuerit 214 CEU eTD Collection testium infrascriptorum auri ducatos decem sup infrascriptorum auri testium ducatos labore pro in presentia meitestamenti huius notario de Smeritis, Benedicto presbitero Item dimitto mea. anima pro [...] ducatos auri arie sancti mee ecclesie Marco Sartriste sancto Item dimitto personaliterfatiendi, appellandi et appellationes prosequendi expensas petendi etrecipiendi fieri quam mandari et executionem quaslibettam realiter et sententias terminationes de et precepta et interdicta petendi, legem obtinendi, et petendi terminos tollendi, advocatos defendendi, et etrespondendi advocandi agendi comparendi,quacumque placitandi, curia etinde causisEt si inet pertinet fuerit rationibus quibuscumque. opus iuditioquocumque et hic michiseucommissarie exigendi reccuperandi omne meespectat quotquod idtotum et et duco fulciendi superius mandari et omnia exsecutioni propria ordinandum.prout petendi, Et et administrandi intromittendi, meam commissionem commissariis meis dominis concedo recomitto. plenam s[...] Preterea tribuo,penituspotestatem virtutem et do, et conffero, adlegiptimum quemvelgubernare [...] pervenitus alere,quam et etatem quousque nutrire ipsam vel ipsemque sua in domo X nasciturus ut filiam vel meum filium dictum debeat tenere Marinusvidebiturapparebitmelius et commissarius Et meus secundum eius conscientia. medietas ipsum meum per commissarium prodispensari ut adpiassupraibi eas[...] debeat vero mei. Altera commissarii Marini domini suprascripti esse debeat et quarum sit una partes, meus velfiliaante etatem et ordino obiret Xdeo volotunc quod mo[...] residuofiant due filiodimitto Annavel filie meeex nascituro sclava suprascripta mea.Si dictusvero filius caducum et pro non scriptum iurein modo, et forma quocumque spectantium et pertinentium Residuum vero omnium meorum mobilium bonorum et immobilium, presentium et futurum pauperibus anima YhesuChristi sim meaprout pro conscientiam apropriabit[...] eius [...] medietasvero dictorum meorum bonorum volo perimm[...] quod dispensari debeat altera maritare, suo pro eiusDonate filie dimitto medietatem quorum vendi debeant, Venetiis dominum Marinum Barbo perquem volo proomnia meabona que apud ipsum reperiuntur suprascriptum Venetiis in fideicommissarium meum instituo esse et volo Item devenienda. residuum in meum Barbo Marino domino viro nobili [...] et Venetiis debeat deferre cum haberemeasuppellectilia [...]que etexigere ettractum [...] omnibus debeo secum etcetra mee vestes omnes hreatum[...] ad[...] vendantur commissarium suprascriptum barbitonsori decem labore. Itemvolo Iacobo pro suo auri per et ordinoquod ducatos [...] celebrare debeatmissas sancti Gregorii pro animamea. Item dimitto magistro 215 8. CEU eTD Collection maridar voio chi detti ducati 60 vada in la detta siamiain la etdi neza ala Ysabetha chi 60 vada detta voio condition ducati maridar detti so el avanti morisse Iacomella chedetta la si occoresse Et caxo sexanta. so maridar ducati pro servicia mea a Iacomella lasso Item Aluvixe. ser de [...] voio maridar so el avanti tolesse mia neza Ysabetha miaa comessarialasso prima mio pioco de ducati sia neza mia duxentoYssabetha et demoier bonimia Agnexina danari dona percomessarii so maridar. Et si Dio la mio ultimo testo sia tirado in [...] forma secondo l'ordene de Venexa. Primavoio sia miefidel machar de Consta vita desordenadode la Zudecha voio sisiande Dio sessea di MCCCCXXXVIII de io X deZenerLunardo Ziovanni desanta Euphemiala contrada de infermo alcuna cossadel corpode mi etche mo Constointer p lix[...] sia meel etde Dioipsum perme atque [...]alienaquemanucedule etannotate sibi scripte quippe lombrane[...] porecte sano desolos intelecto per tenorem eiusdem et continentiam secundum compleret et pariter testamentum scriberetmeum simcum volundomichi [...] presbiterum Venetiarum notariumipsumque rogavi Benedictum deIudecha de Smeritis ut Cum feci vocari me ad eis, ex ulla quidemoriatur lis reddito me Deo ne ordinare plenam dispositionem cedule meorum bonorum omnium volens tenor Creatoris altissimi gratie consilium integrumque per omnia et estde confinio Euphimiesancte sanum deIudecha habens infirmus corpore mentem tamen egoLeonardus quondam Quapropter Iohannis sua bona derelinquat. inordinata et occumbat non possumus idcircoevitare discrimen unicuisqueimminet ne precavendum incautus Cum vite sueterminum et penitusunusquisque ignoret nil habeaturcercius mortis quam quod secunda. indictione decimo die Ianuarii mensis octavo trigesimo quadringentesimo millesimo etroboravi. complevi notarius Venetiarum rogatis. Si quis igitur etc. condictis atque retracta me preterita per pertempora testamentis mandoceteris atque iubeo meumvolo ultimum meamque voluntatem,testamentum etquam ultimam quod prevalere factum.quicquid ordino commissarios meos et esse gestumfueritatque perdominos Hoc debet. ratum firmum habere Etstatuens et atque facere possit legiptimus commissarius et verus quilibet que fatiendi alia omnia et securitatis cartas iurandi meam in animam et non nec In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofLeonardo, sonof thedeceased Giovanni. et inConstantinopoli venetorum baiuli domini cancellarius Smeritis de Benedictus Ego Testes ser Bartholomeus Maphei, ser Bartholomeus Niger Ianuensis 10 January Constantinople. 1439, 216 CEU eTD Collection millesimoquadringentesimotrigesimo nonomensis Ianuarii vigesimodie indictione quinto complevi et roboravi. etcomplevi Benedictus supscripsi.Ego Gorgiusde Smeritisnotarius deIudecha Venetiarum Ego testis 694 de Iudecha infirmitate. permaneat sua carta hecmei testamenti nichilominus et incursurum senoverit Dei iram omnipotentis ire temptaverit, cartam hancmei testamenti contra igitur Si quis vocatus. facies atque retracta preterita me per tempora per testamentis ceteris etquam testamentum voluntatem, ultimam meamque quod iubeo mando atque prevalere meum et essevolo ordino factum. Hoc fueritultimum atque gestum commissarias meas ratum perdominas quicquid atque habere firmum Etstatuens et deberet. potest facere commissarius legiptimus et verus quilibet que fatiendi generaliter omnia et securitatis cartas iurandi meam in animam et non nec recipiendi et petendi expensas prosequendi executionem mandari fatiendi,tam quampersonaliterrealiter appellandi et appellationes fieri quaslibet etsententias etde precepta terminationes et interdicta legem petendi, respondendi et defendendi, advocandi et advocatos tollendi, terminos petendi et obtinendi, fueritopus ininiuditio quocumque et quacumque curia comparendi, et placitandi, agendi si Et de causisquibuscumque. et etpertinetrationibus spectat mee michi etseucommissiam superiuspropria ordinandum.exigendi idtotum omne petendi,et reccuperandi quotquod Et mei obitum intromittendi, administrandi et fulciendi et omnia exsecutioni mandari duca prout post meam commissionem commissariis meis dominis concedo et penitus conffero, tribuo, do, et potestatem virtutem plenissimam Preterea infrascriptorum. in testium non presentia quod respondit animasua pro deNazaret Marie sancte seu fabrice et monasterio dimittere dictus rest[...] per me notarium infrascriptum [...] tenorem partis capte super [...] si quod velet Interogatus finis cedule. dicte Et sic est la sodoto. altra mia e comessaria Agnexina dona uno. Tutoognomioducato cheio e cheho residuo me mia aspectasseunochesiode moier Aluvixo lasso aser Item mia. uno perl'anima fomia ducato santa plovam de ser Iacomo altri. Item lasso ducati do[...] per messe al capto de santa fomia per l'anima mia. Item lasso a Further deeds written are ina different handwriting and,presumably, by another hand. In nomine Dei Eterni, amen. Anno ab incarnatione Domini nostri Yhesu Christi Yhesu nostri Domini incarnatione ab Anno amen. Eterni, Dei nomine In Testament ofBaldassare fromthe parish ofSt. Sophia. Testes: dominuspublicanus Testes: Poleto deIudecha, Iacobus GeorgiusVenedicus presbiter 694 . Ego presbiter Iachobus Poleto publicanus ecclesie sancte Euphimie supscripsi. Euphimie publicanus sancte ecclesie presbiter IachobusPoleto . Ego 25 January galleysthe 1440, on ofAlexandria. 217 CEU eTD Collection eorum conscientiis celebrare missas sancte Marie et sancti Gregorii pro anima mea[...] Iontium[...] capellano Pactis de debeantsuper ipsi et pro [...]et teneantur videlicet decemetquinque galleanum Andree ducatos auri presbitero et notario testamenti mei huius Smeritis, de presbitero suprascripto Benedicto commissarius meusdaredebeat dominus Nicolaus siciussero ipsi mei post obitum Primoexsecutionem mandent. namqueet volo quod ordino meum Petrum hicinferiusdarique de Pissis patrinum secundum quod ordinavero dilectum ut meum et ser fratrem Viti quondam Marchum meos fideicommissarios etessevolo ordino vero Venetiis Pissis, de Petri quondam [...] hic fideicommissarium meum volo esse et ordino instituo, Creatori altissimo meam animam recommendans namque primis In ordinandum. inferiusduco et prout etcompleret meumpariter scriberetrogavi ut testamentum dominorum venetorum in Alexa[andriam] Egipti urbem Venetumque notarium ipsumque viri etgenerosi honorabilis consulis euntis capelanum spectabilis Georgii domini Superantio Smeritis de Benedictum presbiterum feci vocari me ad eis, ex ulla lis oriatur reddito me Deo ne ordinare plenariam dispositionem meorum bonorum omnium volens Creatoris altissimi gratie consilium integrumque mentem habens tamen sanum corpore infirmus ego Baldesar devitesancte Sophie Quapropter sua bona deconfinio derelinquat. inordinata et possumus idcircoevitare discrimen unicuisqueimminet precavendum ne incautus occumbat terminum unusquisqueignoretnil penitus et cercius habeatur mortis quam quod non Francisci,spectabili capitano virodominoFuscarenoTario de [...] Alex[andrie] Cumvite sue super galeaAlexi[andrie][...] viri nobilis Lauredanodomini Iacobi quondam domini 218