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Effects of Different Levels of Rain Tree (Samanea Saman) Pods in Meal Concentrate on in Vitro Fermentation by a Gas Production Technique

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Effects of Different Levels of Rain Tree (Samanea Saman) Pods in Meal Concentrate on in Vitro Fermentation by a Gas Production Technique Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 47 : 704 - 711 (2013) Effects of Different Levels of Rain Tree (Samanea saman) Pods in Meal Concentrate on In Vitro Fermentation by a Gas Production Technique Sareena Semae1, Phongtorn Kongmun2, Chanvit Vajrabukka2, Somchai Chanpongsang3 and Somkiert Prasanphanich2,* ABSTRACT The effect was studied of various levels of rain tree pods (RTPs) in meal concentrate on in vitro fermentation using a gas production technique. RTPs were used at levels of 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in the meal concentrate. The gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, 66 and 72 hr of incubation. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD), total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs), acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were investigated. The gas production at 4 to 8 hr was significantly different (P < 0.05) among treatments. The IVTD levels in the control diet and with 20, 40 and 60% RTP levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for the 80 and 100% levels of RTP. The C2 level in the control diet was the lowest but levels of C3 and C4 were higher than in the other groups. The level of NH3-N in the control diet and with levels of 20, 40 and 60% RTP levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than at the 80 and 100% RTP levels. This study revealed that RTPs could be an alternative feedstuff for ruminants and possibly replace meal concentrate up to 60% without any negative effect based on the in vitro study. Keywords: Rain tree pods, feedstuff, digestibility, gas production technique, meal concentrate INTRODUCTION (Jacq.) Merr. is normally distributed in tropical regions including throughout Thailand and is In the dry season, the forage mass and generally known as the rain tree (Durr, 2001). quality available for animal feed are both low It is cultivated as an ornamental shade tree, yielding (Jetana et al., 2010). However, some tropical dark brown and large leathery pods, which are a plants, such as leguminous trees, could be used valuable supplement to goats and other ruminants as feed and some research has reported that (Stewart and Dunsdon, 2000; Jetana et al., 2010). ruminants can supplement their diet by browsing It is reported to be highly digestible, having high leguminous plants and pods with a positive total sugar (10.00–17.30%) and protein (15.31– growth response in the animals being reported 18.00%) content, is low in cost and is non toxic (Babayemi and Bamikole, 2006). Samanea saman (Hosamani, 2005; Jetana et al., 2010). However, 1 Graduate student, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10990, Thailand. 2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10990, Thailand. 3 Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. * Corresponding Author, e-mail: [email protected]. Received date : 19/03/13 Accepted date : 01/08/13 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 47(5) 705 some reports found that the pods comprised toxic concentrate) and 60% as roughage. The 40% meal substances such as tannins (Idowu et al., 2006). concentrate was standardized to 100% and then Tannins can inhibit digestive enzymes, directly the portions of meal concentrate and RTPs were suppress rumen microbial growth and bind to the calculated according to the treatments. The dietary feed and hence inhibit its degradation in the rumen, treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% DM though some animals are thought to be able to of RTP substituted in meal concentrate. Pangola adapt to high tannin diets by producing proline- hay (Digitaria eriantha) was used as the roughage rich saliva proteins to bind the tannin and rumen source. All substrates were dried at 65 °C until microbes may also adapt to resist and degrade a constant weight was recorded and then were tannins (Hagerman and Butler, 1991). ground to pass through a 1 mm sieve. A few studies have shown that these pods can be used as an energy and protein supplement Chemical composition analysis for animal production systems in tropical climates. The substrates of RTP, hay and meal Rain tree pods (RTP) could substitute for 20% of concentrate were analyzed for their dry matter the meal concentrate without affecting growth (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE) and performance. However, substitution of concentrate ash according to Association of Offi cial Analytical with this pod at 30% was found to reduce goat Chemists (1990). Neutral detergent fi ber (NDF) weight gain (Thomas et al., 1976). Regardless, and acid detergent fi ber (ADF) were determined goats fed with RTP could increase their dry using the methods of Van Soest et al. (1991). matter intake (DMI), crude protein digestibility and total digestible nutrient (Hosamani et al., Preparation of inocula 2005), but Thomas et al. (1976) found there was Rumen fluid was obtained from two no signifi cant change in the intake of nutrients slaughtered cows at an abattoir in Prathum Thani in goats. Moreover, in heifers, substitution at province according to Chaudhry (2008). The rumen 10 to 20% did not reduce the DMI and growth liquor was collected into a thermos fl ask that had performance (Thole et al., 1992). These studies been pre-warmed to 39 °C. Then, the inocula were generally showed that the pods had good potential prepared following the procedures of Menke and as a feedstuff for animals. However, the benefi ts Steingass (1988). The ratio of artifi cial saliva to of pods as a feedstuff for livestock are less clearly rumen fl uid was 2:1. The substrate mixtures were understood. Hence, this study aimed to determine individually weighed to approximately 200 mg and the potential of RTPs as a meal concentrate carefully dropped into each serum bottle and the replacement by studying the in vitro fermentation actual weight recorded. After weighing, the bottles using a gas production technique. were put in an incubator at 39 °C. Thereafter, 30 mL of inoculum solution was added to each bottle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Then, they were incubated at 39 °C until the gas volume was recorded. Experimental design The experiment was established as Recording gas production a completely randomized design with three During incubation, the gas production replicates. The complete feed consisted of meal was recorded at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, concentrate and roughage; feed was divided 60, 66 and 72 hr. The cumulative gas production into two portions with 40% as meal concentrate was fi tted to the model of Ørskov and McDonald (including RTPs combined with commercial meal (1979) as shown in Equation 1: 706 Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 47(5) Y = a + b(1 – e-ct) (1) were analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). First, 5 mL of H2SO4 where Y is the volume of gas (mL per 200mg (1M) was added to each sample. The mixture DM) produced at time (t), a is the gas production was centrifuged at 16,000×g for 15 min and the from the immediately soluble fraction (milliliters), supernatant was removed and stored at -20 °C c is the gas production rate constant for the prior to analysis of the VFAs and NH3-N. The insoluble fraction (milliliters per hour), a + b is samples were analyzed for VFAs with acetate, the potential gas production (milliliters) and t is propionate and butyrate using high performance the incubation time (hours). liquid chromatography according to Samuel et al. (1997). NH3-N was analyzed according to Determination of in vitro true digestibility Bremner and Keeney (1965). At 48 hr post incubation, the samples were determined for in vitro true digestibility Statistical analysis (IVTD) according to Van Soest and Robertson Data obtained were subjected to analysis (1985). The sample from the whole treatment was of variance using the SAS package (SAS, 1996). transferred quantitatively to a spoutless beaker by Where signifi cant differences occurred, the means repeated washing with 100 mL neutral detergent were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test solution. Then, the sample was dried at 100 °C at a level of P < 0.05. for 5 hr and the actual weight was recorded. The DM content of the residues was weighed and the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IVTD calculated using Equation 2: (IVTD) = The chemical composition of the (DM of feed taken for incubation – NDF substrates is presented in Table 1. Diets containing residue) / high levels of RTPs had a slightly higher ADF (DM of feed taken for incubation) × 100 (2) but a lower NDF. The CP contents of each feed ranged from 16.08 to 16.76%. The compositions Measurement of volatile fatty acid and ammonia were similar to those reported by Thole et al. nitrogen (1992) and Hosamani et al. (2005). In the current At 12 hr post incubation, the samples study, the pods contained 18.8% of CP which was Table 1 Chemical composition in meal concentrate (dry matter basis) using different rain tree pod (RTP) levels. Chemical composition Percentage of RTP replacement (%DM) control 20 40 60 80 100 Organic matter (OM) 92.03 93.72 93.30 92.87 92.45 94.15 Crude protein (CP) 16.76 16.25 16.72 16.40 16.08 16.36 Ether extract (EE) 2.67 1.45 2.43 2.18 1.94 1.69 Ash 7.97 6.28 6.70 7.13 7.55 5.85 Neutral detergent fi ber (NDF) 51.30 47.57 48.50 49.43 50.37 46.63 Acid detergent fi ber (ADF) 31.50 37.53 31.02 34.51 38.01 64.04 Acid detergent lignin (ADL) 6.69 5.79 6.01 6.24 6.46 5.57 Nitrogen free extract (NFE) 53.49 52.28 50.52 50.71 51.01 52.26 DM = Dry matter.
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