Practice of Creating Modern Architectural Ensembles in Uzbekistan Said Manoev 1 and Dilrabo Xoldorova 2

Home , Navoi Theater, Unity (Uzbekistan)

1 Department of Architecture, Samarkand state architectural and civil-engineering institute, Samarkand City, Samarkand, Uzbekistan

2 1 Department of Architecture, Samarkand state architectural and civil-engineering institute, Samarkand City, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Abstract In the years of Independence of Uzbekistan huge of architectural ensembles are formed. They attract attention with their geometrical and compositional harmony. This harmony is one of the fundamentals of creating architectural ensembles, which based on decision of architects to create ensemble in every case, from local ensembles up to whole city ensemble. We can observe this kind of solutions in Independence Square, Amir Temur avenue, “Memory” square in Tashkent and many others. Keywords: Uzbekistan, modern architecture, ensembles, complexes, Central Asia, harmonization, town-building.

1. Introduction

Man from his birth tends to be in harmony with nature. In climatic conditions of Uzbekistan greening of cities and settlements is not only essential for improvement, but the source of life. In this regard, in our republic during the years of Independence the sphere of organization of public services and amenities and landscaping is highly developed, rising to a new qualitative level. The development of science and technology contributed the introduction of modern methods of gardening. The result is unified architectural and landscape complexes. We have all witnessed the increased attention of our President to the implementation of innovative ideas in the field of landscape architecture, their quality and implementation into life.

Independence Square in Tashkent is changing from year to year and gains traditionally elegant look. Two administrative buildings were completely reconstructed on the square, the building of the Cabinet of Ministers was updated and the building of the Senate, located in the middle of the square, like a pearl attracts attention by its trimming from white marble, appropriate to national harmonized colors and modern architectural decisions. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 The main view of the Independence square in Tashkent.

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When creating National Park in 1991-1994, one of the central squares of Tashkent was reconstructed. The basis of the park is the amphitheater, which is located on its intersecting axis in the center of the composition. At the beginning of the main axis of the ensemble is a monument to Alisher Navoi, with the amphitheater in the middle and the composition is completed by the Khalklar Dustligi Palace. On a perpendicular axis there is the building of Oliy Majlis and multifunctional complex "Navruz". Built in the years of Independence, the building of Oliy Majlis can be considered as a modern interpretation of the national architecture. National Park combines in itself an existing artificial lake, a recreation park and a new park in the national style "Chorbogh." It was after the construction of the amphitheater in the years of Independence and the building of the Oliy Majlis and as well as the construction of the monument to Alisher Navoi, this square has become a kind of a single completed ensemble. The basic structure of this ensemble is the amphitheater, which is located at the intersection of the main axes. The amphitheater, connecting all the buildings of the ensemble on a single area and it is a part of the composition. The marked area has become the major place for destinations and celebrations. Arranged in front of the Oliy Majlis and in National Park reservoirs, numerous trees and shrubs complement the panorama of the ensemble, creating a microclimate in the square. (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Main view of the National Park in Tashkent.

3. Formation Of Modern Complexes

With the development of small business and entrepreneurship in the capital - Tashkent and in other cities, there appeared new types of complexes. For example, the complex of buildings of the Intercontinental Hotel, Business Center and the National Bank. This complex was built on the basis of traditions of modern architecture, and some forms and elements give to the complex a national spirit. The complex has a modern, free vertical composition, concentrating a circular area. The noted complex is dominant the avenue of Uzbekistan and is of particular importance when forming the appearance of the city of Tashkent. (Fig. 3) In the capitalist countries to solve problem of urbanization was very difficult. In the context of the predominance of private property in the economy, architects of Europe were powerless before the rapid urban growth. In a socialist society, urban planning was developed on the basis of planned and scientifically evidence-based approach. But this approach was not without shortcomings. In particular, in architecture and in urban planning, the main attention was focused to functional and material qualities, and national traditions, the local climate and artistic environment of the cities were considered as a minor problem. Typification of projects and construction solutions has led to the appearance of look-like and monotonous buildings in public centers, especially in residential areas. In designing, the climatic conditions, the centuries-old traditions of the peoples and historically formation of the structure of cities didn’t take into account.

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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2019 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2019) – 6.248 www.ijiset.com

Fig. 3 The complex of Business Center.

Thus, the ensemble must have a certain artistic image and based on life, imaginative, artistic and proportional regularities. This ensures its integrity. By the principle of comparison, harmonization of ensembles is achieved by contrast of paired categories of compositions (for example, symmetry-asymmetry, meter-rhythm, contrast-nuance). Pairing is the characteristic category in aesthetics, philosophy and other fields and is widely used in the composition of the ensembles. The principle of pairing is the basic regularity of the material world. Human organs of touch feel good pair characteristics of shapes, colors and sounds. When forming the ensemble we can apply all artistic and aesthetic categories. Using them in balance requires a certain skill of an architect. The architectural ensemble is a spatial system of architectural images, which connects contrast objects of a city building.

Today, the environment of medieval architectural ensembles is destroying. Built in the last century in the system of historic cities, piece buildings interfere the system of architectural ensembles. For example, in Samarkand city, built between Registan and Amir Temur mausoleum, middle-rise residential buildings reduce the role of dominants and are considered as "foreign" in the environment of architectural ensembles. In general, it is necessary to connect the ensemble of Amir Temur mausoleum, Registan, Bibi-Khanum and Shakhi - Zinda on a single enfilade axis, for creating a chain of ensembles.

Over the past years, the principle of placing buildings on a single axis was widely developed. The hotel "Tashkent" and the Alisher Navoi theater located on a single axis opposite to each other. A large fountain, located in the square, supplements the ensemble and creates a microclimate. The surrounding trees of the square also add cool. Styles, shapes and colors are well matched to the buildings. (Fig. 4)

Fig. 4 Main view of the hotel "Tashkent" and the Alisher Navoi theater located on a single axis.

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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2019 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2019) – 6.248 www.ijiset.com Ensembles and complexes are a unifying knot of all urban construction. Without ensembles and complexes a city is divided into pieces, separate parts, losing a single idea. In its turn, ensembles and complexes are the main part in the organization of community centers. At present, economic, social and cultural development of the Republic gives rise to new challenges in the field of architecture and urban planning. It is known that in order to achieve economic efficiency and artistic harmony it is necessary to design buildings and structures in the form of ensembles and complexes. The practice of placement buildings and structures in a town system the form of ensembles and complexes is more widespread than the practice of separate building. We can say, that in the years of Independence in architecture and urban planning of Uzbekistan the principles of ensemble building and construction buildings in the form of complexes were again revived. These principles are reviewed in the developments in the regional centers and in the capital of the Republic - Tashkent. In this regard, a special resolution was adopted – the Decree of the President of the Republic "On the development and improvement of the old part of the city of Tashkent until 2020". This important document provides a complete reconstruction of the old town, improvement the quality of life of the population, creating a modern urban development consistent with standards of social, transport and engineering-communication infrastructure and preservation of national architectural traditions. In particular, much attention is paid to two very important tasks: The first task is to study and analyze of road-transport communications, good conditions of the system of water supply, sewerage, heating and electricity available on the territory of the Old City. The second task - the account when performing reconstruction which is characteristic for the Tashkent city, especially for the Old Town, the national architectural traditions, preservation of historically-architectural monuments which have made a huge contribution to the development of Islamic culture and the world civilization, and they are a symbol of the cultural heritage of the nation. These the most important directions should serve in the perspective for the Tashkent city as the basis for the formation of the draft program of development and improvement on the basis of modern urban planning. It should be noted that this program will be implemented stage by stage up to 2020. So in Tashkent there appeared the improved urban environment ecological corridor, called in the world of modern architecture as "green wedge". This technique should be deeply studied and implemented in urban development in Uzbekistan. Actually, now on the way of giving a new image to Tashkent, a lot of work on its accomplishment and creativity is being done. Headed by first President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov, based on national traditions Tashkent downtown has been completely renovated. As a result of the marked creative activity in the city, some interconnected complexes, architectural ensembles, squares, parks and community centers have been created. In the years of Independence the composition of the square "Memory" was also formed. This composition consists of the statue of "Sorrowful Mother" in the center and avenue with aiwans in national style on the two sides. (Fig. 5)

Fig. 5 Main view of the the square "Memory" in Tashkent.

As a result, the reconstruction of the Tashkent city center, squares acquired a compact form. As extensive work on the improvement and construction of the main square of the Republic - "Independence Square" were carried out. The building

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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2019 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2019) – 6.248 www.ijiset.com of the Cabinet of Ministers was completely reconstructed and a new building of the Senate and as well as the arch "Ezgulik" were built. The construction of the building of the Senate between two other office buildings (the buildings of the Cabinet of Ministers and the Ministry of Finance) has completed an artistic image of the ensemble. This ensemble of buildings acquired the form of the composition similar to the style "maidan" (square) which was shaped in the Middle Ages.

4. Conclusions

In the early of the XX-th century, little attention was paid to national traditions. For example, the design and construction of residential areas were carried out according to the accepted in the former Soviet Union, building codes, which didn’t take into account local customs and traditions.

It is known that in the cities of Uzbekistan the populated settlements were divided into “mahalla” (community unit). In each mahalla there was its community center – “guzar”, its chaikhana (tea house), a mosque, a minaret and a pond. These features were not taken into account at the time of the Soviet Union, since the main objective was to provide the population by housing. Meanwhile, in the eastern countries, for specific activities and rituals require special facilities and grounds. These structures and sites should contain a large number of people. All these factors were not taken into account when designing the neighborhoods. Adaptation of architecture of the past centuries to the modern life is impossible without the use of the former proportions and elegance in the creation of the harmonized environment.

In recent years, mankind has learnt to appreciate and protect architectural monuments. In many countries of the world preservation of architectural monuments is based on sound researches and they are preserved and restored in accordance with the provisions of the UNESCO organization. For today, this is not enough. How much would not have been well restored and presented in its original form an architectural monument, if it is separated from the historical environment, it loses its scope and value.

In the Middle Ages in Central Asia the monumental buildings framed residential dwellings with flat roofs that is residential houses were "background" buildings. This, in its turn, was a good contrast to the religious and public buildings constructed of burnt brick, decorated with majolica and mosaics. But these "background" houses had a short life of maintenance, as they were built of clay materials. By applying modern building materials, we can built such traditional houses with the increased comfort, keeping their shape and composition. It is also necessary to maintain the relationship between the dominant and residential buildings in historic parts of the cities. Reconstruction of historic cities is a difficult task and requires a great deal of professionalism and financial costs. To emphasize the historic value of any object, it is necessary to conserve it as historical and ethnographic fact.

Observations show that the use of modern materials (such as alubond, drywall, metal tile, etc.) leads to the appearance of diverse forms and elements, not combining with each other (for example, acute pseudo-gothic attic roof and towers and as well as modern flat shapes and glazing). This is contrary to the national traditions of architecture. It is advisable to increase the quality of artistic appearance of residential and cultural-domestic buildings in cities and settlements. The solution of this problem involves the reconstruction of the existing and also construction of new residential and public buildings. It may be 2-3 story private houses, including trade-cultural and community elements in national style. In these buildings entrepreneurs and craftsmen can be busy with the production and creative activities while at the same time living in these buildings. In the conditions of a market economy, the construction of these buildings is made at the expense of favorable bank loans and own investments of citizens and entrepreneurs, emphasizing the individuality of each of them. Despite of it, located on both sides of the street two or three-storey buildings sometimes give it a dull look. In order to get rid the composition of the streets of a boring background and make it more expressive, it is necessary to locate in some places of the street accents and dominants of ensembles and complexes. It is advisable to construct these buildings on 1-2 floors above the other buildings. Ensembles of dominant buildings must be different from the others in height, color and texture. Besides, it is necessary to arrange in certain periods of long streets areas in the form of "pockets". Around these areas two - three buildings forming an architectural ensemble or a complex can be grouped. The ensembles can be located in the style of "djuft"(couple), "kosh" (opposite) and "maidan"(square). It is necessary to locate parking for vehicles near, in front of or under the buildings. In the middle of the square artistic elements, fountains, benches for the rest, can be located and to green the territory which in its turn may be a system of urban ensembles. Small mosques can also be added in the composition of these complexes. It is necessary to locate bus stops for public transport not far from these areas. These ensembles are formed small dominant in

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IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 6 Issue 10, October 2019 ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2019) – 6.248 www.ijiset.com the solution of urban planning, which, in turn, is a supporting link of the main dominant of the city. The word “main dominants” should be considered as public centers and a system of parks, placed the city in an enfilade style.

At present, as never before, it is considered to be actual to use carefully studied traditions and heritage of national architecture and their application in modern architecture. Technical and technological development poses new challenges to the architects, which currently requires designing of residential and public buildings according to modern concepts. The noted approach can also be used when they combined industrial buildings and structures into a single technical complex. Combining of the ensembles and complexes into a single composition ensures the unity of the urban system. Residential and public buildings of certain parts of the city should be subordinated to its organized center - the ensemble of the community center. The marked ensembles, in its turn, should subordinate to the city ensemble of community centers.

It should be noted that the city is always in the development, along with time. One of the main tasks of architects and urban planners is to create a uniform system of urban architectural ensembles. The marked ensembles should be completed by functional and artistic aspects. It is advisable to form urban areas, community centers, streets and neighborhood centers in the form of a large single ensemble.

During the years of Independence, to some extent the unity of ensembles was restored in the historic territory of the cities. As an example to it can be Samarkand, Bukhara, Karshi, Khiva and other cities of our Republic. The historic and as well as the modern part of cities were cleared from the randomly constructed buildings and structures, which were based on the principles of the XX-th century functional town building. A lot of parks, green areas, fountains were organized, in which cities are in a greatly need. It greatly improved natural urban environment. The environment of community centers ensembles was landscaped by fountains, elements of landscape architecture which create a microclimate around them.

The principles of ensemble building are considered as the highest stage in town building and architectural design. That is why, in town building, it is necessary to pay more attention to the principles of ensemble building with landscape design. In the future, in order to achieve economic efficiency in town building, functionality and artistic harmony in architectural ensemble building and designing complexes, it is necessary to combine the main principles of national traditions and modern technologies. Without architectural ensembles and complexes, the appearance of the city becomes monotonous and boring appearance. In addition, the ensembles play the role of a landmark in urban structure. Architectural ensembles and complexes are considered to be the basic elements of urban and regional centers. Their planning and functional relationship with the highways, streets and sidewalks create planning structure of the city. In this system, the ensembles and complexes play a dominant role. The example to it are also urban centers in Tashkent, Samarkand, Andijan, Bukhara and other cities. The marked ensembles and complexes by meeting social need, show its social, cultural and technical development in the given historical period. By taking into account the importance of architectural monuments in historic cities, it is advisable to have a harmonious organization of ensembles of new buildings under construction.

References [1] A.K. Muhammad, "Ensemble buildings: traditions and succession", Architecture of Uzbekistan, 1985, pp. 87-95 [2] A. F. Baikhaki History of Ma’sud. (1030-1041), Moscow: Nauka, 1966 [3] A.P. Galina and I.R.Lazar, Art history of Uzbekistan, Moscow:Iskusstvo, 1965 [4] M. Adam. Die renaissance des Islams. Heidelberg: 1922 [5] B.S. Mithat, Geometric harmonization in the architecture of Central Asia of the IX – XV-th centuries. Moscow: Nauka, 1978 [6] A.E Vladimir, Problems of architectural forming of city centres ensembles of Uzbekistan. Thesis for the scientific degree of Ph.D. in Architecture. Moscow, Russia, 1952)

Said Manoev Master of Architecture 2009, Phd in architecture 2017, architect at “Ark-Design” 2009, architect at “Parviz project servive” 2011, senior teacher at Samarkand state architectural and civil-engineering institute.

Dilrabo Xildorova Master of Architecture 2017, teacher at Samarkand state architectural and civil-engineering institute.

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