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Anatomia E Relações Filogenéticas Da Família Loricariidae

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA Anatomia e relações filogenéticas da família Loricariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) com ênfase na subfamília Hypoptopomatinae PABLO LEHMANN A. Orientador: Dr. Roberto E. Reis TESE DE DOUTORADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2006 Parotocinclus maculicauda Foto: Roman Zamoscik (2005) iii A mis viejos, a todos los que creyeron en mi, y a mi abuela por su amor incondicional. NUNCA RENUNCIES: Cuando las cosas vayan mal, como a veces pasará; Cuando el camino que recorras se haga arduo al avanzar; Cuando los recursos sean pocos y las deudas sean más Y tú quieras sonreír, pero debas suspirar; Cuando la inquietud te oprima un poco, Descansa si acaso debes, pero nunca renuncies. La vida es rara con sus giros y vueltas Como todos muchas veces lo aprendemos, Y muchos fracasos han cambiado direcciones Pudiendo vencerlos de haber perseverado. No te rindas aunque el paso sea lento, El triunfo puede estar a la vuelta de la esquina. A veces la meta está más cerca de lo que parezca a alguien débil y vacilante, A veces el luchador se ha vencido Cuando podría haber capturado la victoria. Y se aprende muy tarde, cuando la noche llega, Qué tan cerca se estuvo de la corona de oro. El éxito es el fracaso vuelto al revés; El tinte plateado de las nubes de la duda; Y nunca puedes saber qué tan cerca estás Puede estar tan cerca cuando parezca tan lejos; Así que mantente en la lucha cuando te golpee duramente- Es cuando las cosas parecen peor cuando menos debes renunciar. ~ Autor Desconocido ~ No existió humano, tan grande o poderoso, y que haya sido tan libre como un pez” John Ruskin “El hombre que asume pocos riesgos hará pocas cosas mal, pero haría muy pocas cosas en la vida” G. Saville iii SUMÁRIO Resumo ..................................................................................................................... vii Abstract .................................................................................................................... viii Agradecimentos ....................................................................................................... ix Apresentação............................................................................................................ xi Capítulo I. Anatomía y Osteología descriptiva de Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae). ........... 1 Capítulo II. Monofiletismo y diagnosis filogenética de la subfamilia Hypoptopomatinae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) con una hipótesis de reclasificación y discusión de las relaciones filogenéticas de la familia Loricariidae............................................................................................ 108 Capítulo III. Otocinclus batmani (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species of Hypoptopomatine catfish from Colombia and Peru in the upper Amazon River. ................................................................................... 382 Capítulo IV. On the validity of Otocinclus arnoldi Regan, 1909 and Otocinclus mimulus Axenrot & Kullander, 2003 (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatini).............................................................................................. 402 Apêndice ................................................................................................................... 418 iv Resumo A anatomia e osteologia de Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) são descritas e comparadas com outros loricariídeos e astroblepídeos examinados. O esqueleto de Parotocinclus maculicauda exibe fusões, reduções de tamanho e de número de óssos, entre outros. Novas estruturas ou elementos ósseos não descritos previamente na literatura tradicional, são descritos. Em adição, este hypoptopomatíneo foi utilizado como um modelo descritivo na busca de caracteres informativos para o estudo filogenético da subfamília Hypoptopomatinae. Baseado em 169 caracteres de osteologia e morfologia externa, foi realizada uma análise filogenética de 114 táxon terminais de loricariídeos, especialmente das subfamílias Hypoptopomatinae e Neoplecostominae. Os resultados permitem a re-diagnose da subfamília Hypoptopomatinae, reconhecendo 24 gêneros. Cinco agrupamentos monofiléticos são reconhecidos como gêneros novos, e 34 novas espécies são identificadas. Não foi encontrado suporte para demonstrar a monofilia de Otothyrini e as tribos previamente reconhecidas dentro de Hypoptopomatinae não são mantidas neste estudo. A inclusão de representantes de outras subfamilias de Loricariidae na análise forneceu um melhor entendimento das relações filogenéticas e da biodiversidade dos Loricariidae. Complementarmente, uma nova espécie de hypoptopomatíneo do gênero Otocinclus é descrita de duas localidades no alto rio Amazonas. O novo táxon pode ser facilmente distinguido dos outros congêneres, exceto Otocinclus cocama, pela presença de uma única marca, fortemente pigmentada, em forma de morcego, na parte posterior da nadadeira caudal. De O. cocama a nova espécie é distinguida pelo padrão de colorido, que consiste em uma larga faixa lateral escura. A nova espécie é possivelmente mais proximamente relacionada a um clado formado por O. huaorani, O. mariae, O. bororo, O. mura e O. cocama. Finalmente, Otocinclus arnoldi da bacia do rio da Prata é revalidado da sinonímia de O. flexilis, descrito da bacia do rio Jacuí. Também, Otocinclus mimulus de um tribuitário do Rio Paraná, é considerado sinônimo júnior de Otocinclus arnoldi. v Abstract The anatomy and osteology of Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877) is described and compared with other loricariids and astroblepids examined. The skeleton of Parotocinclus maculicauda exhibits fusions, reductions of size and number of bones, among others. New structures of bony elements not previously described in traditional literature are described. In addition, this hypoptopomine was used as a descriptive model in the search for informative characters for the phylogenetic study of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. Based on 169 characters of osteology and external morphology, a phylogenetic analysis of 114 terminal loricariid taxa, especially of the subfamilies Hypoptopomatinae and Neoplecostominae was performed. The results allow to rediagnose the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae, recognizing 24 genera. Five monophyletic assemblages are recognized as new genera and 30 new species are identified. We found no support for a monophyletic Otothyrini and hence tribes previously recognized within Hypoptopomatinae are not maintained in this study. The inclusion of representatives of other loricariid subfamilies in the analyses provided a better understanding of loricariid phylogenetic relationships and biodiversity. Complementarily, a new species of the hypoptopomatine catfish genus Otocinclus is described from two localities in the upper Río Amazonas basin. The new taxon can be easily distinguished from all congeners but Otocinclus cocama by the heavily pigmented single bat-shaped spot on the posterior portion of caudal fin. From O. cocama it is distinguished by color pattern, consisting of a wide dark lateral stripe. The new species is possibly more closely related to a clade formed by O. huaorani, O. mariae, O. bororo, O. mura, and O. cocama. Finally, Otocinclus arnoldi from the La Plata basin is resurrected from the synonymy of O. flexilis, described from rio Jacuí basin. Also, Otocinclus mimulus from a tributary of the Río Paraná drainage is considered as a junior synonym of Otocinclus arnoldi. vi Agradecimentos Antes de mais nada, agradeço a meu amigo e orientador Roberto Reis, todo o apoio incondicional ao longo deste estudo. Sua integridade e paxião pelo estudo dos cascudinhos foi e será uma fonte constante de exemplo e inspiração a continuar. Quero reiterar os meus agradecimentos aos meus pais, a meu irmão e familia, e a mulher que amo, pelo apoio, comprensão e carinho durante a realização deste estudo. Agradeço aos meus amigos e camaradas gauchos Marcos Gomes, Vinicius Garcia, e Bolivar Garcia que foram durante todos estes anos como irmãos pra mim. Agradeço a amizade do meu sempre irmão “Pedrini” - Taran Grant, pelas discussões que sempre me apontaram o norte, e pelo suporte para a realização da análise filogenética apresentada aqui. Quero agradecer ao pessoal do Laboratório de Ictiologia e do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Margarete S. Lucena, Juliana Mariani Wingert, Cintia Kaefer, Cristina Bührnheim, Alexandre Cardoso, Alexandre Scharcansky, Christian Cramer, Edson Pereira, Ignácio Moreno, José F. Pezzi da Silva, Carlos Lucena, Luiz R. Malabarba, Tiago Carvalho, Vinicius Bertaco, pelo suporte e colaboração para a realização deste trabalho, pela amizade e companherismo. Ao Dr. Jeter Bertoletti, diretor do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, pelo uso das instalações do Museu e de seus recursos, e por suportar o meu trabalho fora de hora. Ao Dr. Santiago Ayerbe, diretor do Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad del Cauca, pela amizade, confiança e total disponibilidade para comigo e meus estudos. Pelo empréstimo de material, gostaria de agradecer à: Scott Schaefer e Barbara Brown (AMNH); John Lundberg (ANSP); Barry Chernoff e Mary Ann Rogers (FMNH); Lúcia Rapp-Py-Daniel (INPA); Marcelo Britto e Paulo Buckup (MNRJ); Sven O. Kullander (NRM); David Werneke e Jon Armbruster (AUM); Donald C. Taphorn (UNELLEZ, BioCentro); Helmut Wellendorf (NMW); Karsten E. Hartel (MCZ); Francisco Langeani (DZSJRP); Larry Page (INHS), Maria Elina Bichuette (IBUSP/SP); Soraya
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    Abstracts Submitted to the 8th International Congress on the Biology of Fish Portland, Oregon, USA July 28- August 1, 2008 Compiled by Don MacKinlay Fish Biology Congress Abstracts 1 HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF LIVER AND PANCREAS IN ADULT OTOLITHES RUBER IN PERSIAN GULF Abdi , R. , Sheibani , M and Adibmoradi , M. Symposium: Morphometrics Presentation: Oral Contact: Rahim Abdi, Khoramshahr University of Marine science and Technology Khoramshahr Khozestan 64199-43175 Iran E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract: In this study, the digestive system of 10 adult Otolithes ruber, were removed and the livers and pancreases were put in the formalin 10 % to be fixed. The routine procedures of preparation of tissues were followed and the paraffin blocks were cut at 6 microns, stained with H&E, PAS and Gomori studied under light microscope. The results of microscopic studies showed that liver as the greatest accessory organ surrounds the pancreatic tissue. Liver is a lobulated organ which surrounds the pancreas as an accessory gland among its lobules. Hepatic tissue of this fish is similar to many other osteichthyes. Hepatocytes include glycogen stores and fat vacuoles located around the hepatic sinusoids. Pancreas as a mixed gland microscopically was composed of lobules consisting of serous acini(exocrine portion) and langerhans islets (endocrine portion). However, pancreatic lobules are usually seen as two rows of acini among which there is a large blood vessel. ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF A TRANSPANTING EXOTIC FISH SPECIES TO FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN: A CASE STUDY OF RAINBOW TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS (WALBAUM, 1792) Abdoli, A., Patimar, R., Mirdar, J., Rahmani, H., and Rasooli, P.
  • Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Suckermouth Armored Catfishes

    Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Suckermouth Armored Catfishes

    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Multilocus molecular phylogeny of the suckermouth armored catfishes (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with a focus on subfamily Hypostominae ⇑ Nathan K. Lujan a,b, , Jonathan W. Armbruster c, Nathan R. Lovejoy d, Hernán López-Fernández a,b a Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada c Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA d Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada article info abstract Article history: The Neotropical catfish family Loricariidae is the fifth most species-rich vertebrate family on Earth, with Received 4 July 2014 over 800 valid species. The Hypostominae is its most species-rich, geographically widespread, and eco- Revised 15 August 2014 morphologically diverse subfamily. Here, we provide a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic reap- Accepted 20 August 2014 praisal of genus-level relationships in the Hypostominae based on our sequencing and analysis of two Available online xxxx mitochondrial and three nuclear loci (4293 bp total). Our most striking large-scale systematic discovery was that the tribe Hypostomini, which has traditionally been recognized as sister to tribe Ancistrini based Keywords: on morphological data, was nested within Ancistrini. This required recognition of seven additional tribe- Neotropics level clades: the Chaetostoma Clade, the Pseudancistrus Clade, the Lithoxus Clade, the ‘Pseudancistrus’ Guiana Shield Andes Mountains Clade, the Acanthicus Clade, the Hemiancistrus Clade, and the Peckoltia Clade.
  • Research Article Physical Mapping of the 5S and 18S Rdna in Ten Species of Hypostomus Lacépède 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Evolutionary Tendencies in the Genus

    Research Article Physical Mapping of the 5S and 18S Rdna in Ten Species of Hypostomus Lacépède 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Evolutionary Tendencies in the Genus

    Hindawi Publishing Corporation e Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, Article ID 943825, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/943825 Research Article Physical Mapping of the 5S and 18S rDNA in Ten Species of Hypostomus Lacépède 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): Evolutionary Tendencies in the Genus Vanessa Bueno,1 Paulo César Venere,2 Jocicléia Thums Konerat,3 Cláudio Henrique Zawadzki,4 Marcelo Ricardo Vicari,5 and Vladimir Pavan Margarido3 1 Universidade Tecnologica´ Federal do Parana,´ Prolongamento da Rua Cerejeira s/n, Sao˜ Luiz, 85892-00l Santa Helena, PR, Brazil 2 Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociencias,ˆ Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, Coxipo,´ 78060-900 Cuiaba,´ MT, Brazil 3 Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana,´ Centro de Cienciasˆ Biologicas´ e da Saude,´ Rua Universitaria´ 2069, 85801-110 Cascavel, PR, Brazil 4 Departamento de Biologia/Nupelia,´ Universidade Estadual de Maringa,´ Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringa,´ PR, Brazil 5 Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genetica,´ Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti 4748, 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Vladimir Pavan Margarido; [email protected] Received 30 July 2014; Accepted 24 September 2014; Published 27 October 2014 Academic Editor: Adayabalam S. Balajee Copyright © 2014 Vanessa Bueno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Hypostomus is a diverse group with unclear aspects regarding its biology, including the mechanisms that led to chromosome diversification within the group.