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Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Biociências Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FILOGENIA DE HYPOPTOPOMATINAE COM ÊNFASE EM Microlepidogaster, Pseudotocinclus E Otothyropsis (SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE), E DESCRIÇÕES DE DUAS NOVAS ESPÉCIES Bárbara Calegari Orientador: Dr. Roberto Reis DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2010 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA FILOGENIA DE HYPOPTOPOMATINAE COM ÊNFASE EM Microlepidogaster, Pseudotocinclus E Otothyropsis (SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE), E DESCRIÇÕES DE DUAS NOVAS ESPÉCIES Nome: Bárbara Calegari Orientador: Dr. Roberto Reis DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2010 Otothyropsis AVISO Esta dissertação é parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de mestre, área de Zoologia, e como tal, não deve ser vista como uma publicação no senso do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica (apesar de disponível publicamente sem restrições). Dessa forma, quaisquer informações inéditas, opiniões e hipóteses, assim como nomes novos, não estão disponíveis na literatura zoológica. Pessoas interessadas devem estar cientes de que referências públicas ao conteúdo desse estudo, na sua presente forma, somente devem ser feitas com aprovação prévia do autor. NOTICE This dissertation is a partial requirement for the MSc. degree in Zoology and, as such, should not be considered as a publication in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (although it is available without restrictions). Therefore, any new information, opinions, and hypotheses, as well as new names are unavailable in the zoological literature. Interested people are advised that any public reference to this study, in its current form, should only be done after previous acceptance of the author. Sumário Agradecimentos ................................................................................................................... VII Resumo ................................................................................................................................. IX Abstract ................................................................................................................................... X 1. Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Generalidades e Taxonomia dos Peixes da Família Loricariidae ........................................ 1 1.2 A Subfamília Hypoptopomatinae com Ênfase em Microlepidogaster, Pseudotocinclus e Otothyropsis.......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Relações Filogenéticas das Espécies de Hypoptopomatinae ............................................. 5 1.4 Objetivos ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Materiais e Métodos ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Taxonomia ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Escolhas dos Táxons Terminais ........................................................................................ 9 2.2.1 Grupo externo ........................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Grupo interno ......................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Preparação dos Exemplares ........................................................................................... 17 2.4 Caracteres ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.5 Análise Filogenética ....................................................................................................... 20 3. Resultados .......................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Descrição dos Caracteres ............................................................................................... 22 Neurocrânio .................................................................................................................... 22 Mesetmóide ............................................................................................................ 22 Etmóide Lateral ....................................................................................................... 30 Arco Mandibular e Suspensório Maxilar .......................................................................... 40 Série Opercular ............................................................................................................... 44 Arco Hióide e Esqueleto Branquial................................................................................... 49 Esqueleto Axial ................................................................................................................ 50 Nadadeiras medianas ...................................................................................................... 54 Nadadeiras pareadas ....................................................................................................... 56 Placas dérmicas ............................................................................................................... 59 Variados .......................................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Análise Cladística ........................................................................................................... 79 3.2.1 Desempenho dos caracteres na filogenia ................................................................ 80 I 3.3 Diagnose dos Clados de Interesse .................................................................................. 81 3.4 Transições ..................................................................................................................... 83 3.5 Relações Cladísticas ....................................................................................................... 89 3.6 Descrições de Espécies Novas ........................................................................................ 91 3.6.1 Microlepidogaster sp. nov. “L” ................................................................................ 91 3.6.2 Otothyropsis sp. nov. “LG2” .................................................................................... 95 4. Discussão .......................................................................................................................... 100 5. Referências Bibliográficas ................................................................................................. 105 Figuras .................................................................................................................................. 109 Tabelas ................................................................................................................................. 139 II Relação de Figuras Figura 1. Mapa do sudeste do Brasil indicando a distribuição das espécies de Pseudotocinclus........................................................................................................................ 109 Figura 2. Mapa do sul e sudeste do Brasil indicando a distribuição das espécies de Otothyropsis. ........................................................................................................................ 110 Figura 3. Relações filogenéticas de Hypoptopomatinae segundo Schaefer (1998). ................ 111 Figura 4. Relações filogenéticas de Otothyropsis, Pseudotothyris, Otothyris e Schizolecis, baseado em Ribeiro et al. (2005). .......................................................................................... 112 Figura 5. Relações filogenéticas da subfamília Hypoptopomatinae (A). Relações filogenéticas de Microlepidogaster, Pseudotocinclus e Otothyropsis (B), baseado em Lehmann (2006). .......... 113 Figura 6. Desenho esquemático das medidas morfométricas, vista dorsal ............................. 114 Figura 7. Desenho esquemático das medidas morfométricas, vista lateral............................. 115 Figura 8. Desenho esquemático das medidas morfométricas, vista ventral............................ 116 Figura 9. Margem anterior do mesetmóide. Lampiella gibbosa. ............................................ 117 Figura 10. Margem anterior do mesetmóide. Eurycheilichthys pantherinus. .......................... 118 Figura 11. Margem anterior do mesetmóide. Microlepidogaster perforatus. ......................... 119 Figura 12. Margem anterior do mesetmóide. Oxyropsis wrightiana....................................... 120 Figura 13. Articulação do suspensório com o neurocrânio. Corumbataia veadeiros. .............. 121 Figura 14. Articulação do suspensório com o neurocrânio. Oxyropsis wrightiana. ................. 122 Figura 15. Articulação do suspensório com o neurocrânio. "Barrado Tapajós" sp. nov. .......... 123 Figura 16. Sutura metapterigóide-hiomandíbula. Hisonotus notatus. .................................... 124 Figura 17. Sutura metapterigóide-hiomandíbula. Corumbataia cuestae. ............................... 125 III Figura 18. Vista lateral da cabeça. Schizolecis guntheri. ........................................................
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