Ask a Geologist: Geology & Paleontology of A.K. Behrensmeyer, N.d. Melissa Boyd nationalgeographic.org About Me Melissa Boyd

● Graduate student at Rutgers Earth & Planetary Sciences ● Geological context of evolution in East (Kenya) ● I love hiking, running, & cats ! ● Fave rock: serpentinite

* all photos not credited are my own

Ask A Geologist Series Geology of Kenya

Modified from C. Scotese, youtube.com/watch?v=9OFyI2hsQ3k Valley

lithosphere: solid shell of the planet Earth (crust + upper mantle) Ask A Geologist Series DBoyd13, CC BY-SA

http://www.sciencehub4kids.com/

mantle plume: narrow stream of hot mantle moving up from the Earth's core–mantle boundary

Ask A Geologist Series Consequences of Rifting VOLCANOES! subsidence: sinking of the Earth’s surface worldatlas.com volcanohotspot.wordpress.com Mt. Kenya heatherkhandley @

Nabiyotum, active, 1921 magicalkenya.com

Kilimanjaro

Muhammad Mahdi Karim / GFDL 1.2 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html) Ask A Geologist Series Consequences of Rifting

Modified from J.K. Ngaira, 2012

Ask A Geologist Series Top of , 9100 ft

Swimming in

Mt. Longonot, active, 1863

Central Island

Ask A Geologist Series Schwindinger and Feibel, 2012

Apak floodplain Lonyumun Lake Lokochot Lake

4.5 million years ago 4 million years ago 3.5 million years ago

Today Turkana Basin through Time

Ask A Geologist Series Tulu Bor floodplain Lorenyang Lake

3.4 – 2 million years 2 – 1.6 million years 1.5 - ?

Today

Ask A Geologist Series Depositional Environments

River (fluvial) Lake (lacustrine)

Murray Foubister / CC BY-SA 2.0

delta

Feibel, N.d. ancient delta

Alluvial Fan pages.uoregon.edu impossiblegeology.com Ask A Geologist Series Lomekwi – Lokalalei Tuff Volcanic Tuff Tephra—a general term for pyroclastic material erupted explosively from a volcano.

Kalochoro – G-3 Tuff

Lomekwi – Tulu Bor Tuff Tuff—a sedimentary rock consisting of more than 50% volcanic material such as ash

pumice SA 3.0 - , CC BY , CC DuHamel Robert Ask A Geologist Series Tephrostratigraphy

Brown and McDougall, 2011

Ask A Geologist Series Turkana Geology Lomekwi

Lomekwi

Ask A Geologist Series Hominins of Kenya modified from Gibbons, 2002

H. erectus

Hominid: orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and human beings Hominin: human Ask A Geologist Series Geology of Hominin Fossil Discoveries TUGEN HILLS, Lukeino Formation 6 million years old! Orrorin tugenesis • Geology here is between 14 and 4 million years old

• Lake and river deposits Roche et al., 2013 • Big dolerite sill stuck in the sedimentary deposits deviantart.com/sameerprehistorica

Deinotherium bozasi The fossils are stored at a secret bank vault in ! Senut et al., 2001

Ask A Geologist Series Geology of Hominin Fossil Discoveries

KANAPOI Australopithecus anamensis 4 million years old! • there are 3 main layers: river à lake àriver • Lots of tuff (rock made from ash from a volcano) Kalakwanya basalt Kanapoi tuff

river and lake sediments

C.S. Feibel, 2014 Matt Crow/Cleveland Museum of Natural History, John Gurche (Facial Ghedoghedo / CC BY-SA Reconstruction); Dale Omori/Cleveland Museum of Natural History

Ask A Geologist Series Hominins of Kenya Turkana Boy – Homo erectus • Most complete human H. erectus skeleton ever found! • Found by Kamoya Kimeu on Nariokotome River floodplain

modified from Gibbons, 2002 Claire Houck / CC BY / Houck Claire - SA2 SGT R.A. / WARD Public domain floodplain: ground next to a river, formed of river sediments and floods often

Ask A Geologist Series Other animals discovered in Kenya

turkanastratigraphy.org Shantanu Shantanu Kuveskar CC BY - phys.org SA/4.0

vignette.wikia.nocookie.net wikiwand.com Ask A Geologist Series Dinosaurs of Kenya Pterosaur Azhdarchidae sp. Titanovenator kenyaensis / Public domain Murta Mark Witton, CC BY-SA 4.0

Spinosaurus sp. Roberto Abelisauridae gen. et sp. nov

Titanosaurus sp. livescience.com

ohfact.com Ask A Geologist Series Cretaceous Lokitaung Gorge

Tiercelin et al., 2012 Lapurr Sandstone

scotese.com wikiwand.com

Lokitaung Gorge

Ask A Geologist Series Desert Whale phys.org

digimorph.org

Liutkus-Pierce et al., 2019

Ask A Geologist Series A Whale in the Desert?

Feibel, 1994 et al., 2015 al., et Wichura Liutkus-Pierce et al., 2019 , 2012

Turkana River: a fluvial corridor, Feibel

connected the Turkana Basin and with the Indian Ocean. Schwindinger Ask A Geologist Series Simbakubwa

Anton, 2019

Matt Borths, Duke University

Borths, 2019 nationalgeographic.com

Ask A Geologist Series Fun Links

Interactive African fossils website (some pages aren’t working right now) Human Fossils Dinosaurs of the Turkana Grits 3-D views of fossils and bones

West Turkana Paleo Project

West Turkana Archaeological Project

Nairobi National Museum

Turkana Basin Institute

Ask A Geologist Series Question Time!