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Evaluation of Volcanic Ash Along Maai Mahiu-Narok Road and Its Effect on Road Stability After Long Rains

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Evaluation of Volcanic Ash Along Maai Mahiu-Narok Road and Its Effect on Road Stability After Long Rains UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Evaluation of volcanic ash along Maai Mahiu-Narok road and its effect on road stability after long rains AMOLLO KENNETH OTIENO F16/39624/2011 A project submitted as a partial fulfillment Of the requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 2016 i Abstract Volcanic soils are widely distributed group of soils, which cover significant parts of the world's surface including areas occupied by urban settlements, structures and infrastructure, and may create geo-engineering problems. These soils exhibit a distinctive behavior that is a consequence of their formation history, mineralogy and structure. Some part of the subsoil of a large area along Maai Mahiu - Narok Road in Kenya mainly consists of volcaniclastic deposits. This paper presents the results of the part of a research programme aiming at geotechnically characterizing the uppermost layer of this volcaniclastic sequence, particularly focusing on its collapse potential, shear behavior and the influence of microstructure on these behaviours. In addition, its main features were investigated and the stability of sub-vertical cuts in this soil was also assessed. The experimental investigation mainly consisted of index and classification tests, consolidation and direct shear box tests to assess the collapse potential and shear behaviour of the soil, respectively. Matric suction of the samples was also determined for preliminary evaluation of the influence of suction on collapse and shear behaviors of the soil. In addition, thin-section studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also conducted to determine mineralogical and microstructural features and to evaluate their influences on the mechanical behavior of the volcanic soil. In order to conclusively research on this phenomenon, the following areas were highlighted as the key areas of interest; a) Geology of the area; b) Hydrology of the area, extending to the surrounding hills; c) Geotechnical engineering of the underlying soils, to be aided by deep exploration works; d) Engineering solution to preservation of the road in geologically active areas. To meet the primary objectives, the research work comprised of four key components: a) Geophysical Analysis (2D ERT and MASW) b) Geological Analysis (Geological Structural Analysis of the area e.g. Faults) c) Geotechnical Analysis (Drilling and Laboratory testing) d) Hydrology of the area ii Dedication I would like to dedicate this project to my dad, Eng. L.A. Ajwallah. iii Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge and thank The Almighty God for the gift of life, good health and for the wisdom and understanding He has imparted on me especially during this five year period of undertaking my undergraduate studies. I would like to acknowledge and appreciate the efforts made by my parents, who have been there for me financially and for their guidance during this research period and throughout the entire 5 years of my studies. My appreciation goes to the University of Nairobi, College of Architecture and Engineering, School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering for giving me the opportunity to partake my undergraduate studies at such a prestigious institution of higher learning and excellence. My sincere gratitude goes to Dr. Eng. S.N. Osano, my project supervisor, for the whole project process. His guidance, assistance, constructive criticism and advice have been very valuable in my start and completion of this project. The department of Civil and Construction Engineering soils laboratory was of great assistance in providing administrative and technical support in particular; the Chief Technologist, Mr. J.B. Ogallo, the laboratory team, Mr. Oyier A Elly, Mr. Martin Mburu, Mrs. Eunice and Mr. Mathew among others. To Dr. A. Waswa of the Department of Geology, University of Nairobi and Mr. John Bosco, the Geophysical expert at Treavic Geosystems & Engineering; the least I could say is thank you for your contribution towards this research paper. Lastly my sincere gratitude goes to my fellow classmates for the knowledge and advice they have been able to share with me throughout my time as an undergraduate student at the university. God bless you all. To God be the glory. iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project report entitled: Evaluation of volcanic ash along Maai Mahiu-Narok road and its effect on road stability after long rains is written by me and is my own effort and that no part has been plagiarized without citations. SIGNED: DATE: AMOLLO O. KENNETH 2016. CERTIFICATION I have read this report and approve it for examination SIGNED: DATE: DR.ENG. S.N. OSANO 2016. v Table of Contents Abstract....................................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem statement ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Historical cases ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Scope and Objectives .................................................................................................................. 9 Chapter two Literature review .................................................................................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Parent Materials ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Distribution ............................................................................................................................... 12 2.4. Classification............................................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Soil Liquefaction ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.6 Fault lines and Seismic Activities ............................................................................................. 15 2.7 Geology of the region................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter three Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.1 Electrical Resistivity Method .................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) Method .................................................... 22 3.3 Fixed Receiver Spread Configuration (FRSC) .......................................................................... 27 3.4 Geological Study ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.5 Field sampling procedure .......................................................................................................... 29 3.6 The proposed work-plan ........................................................................................................... 31 3.7 Statistical analysis ..................................................................................................................... 33 3.8 Expected results ........................................................................................................................ 34 Chapter four: Results and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Bulk density .............................................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Atterberg limits ......................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Particle size ............................................................................................................................... 37 4.4 Specific gravity ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.5 Proctor compaction ................................................................................................................... 44 vi 4.6 California Bearing Ratio ........................................................................................................... 47 4.7 Shear strength............................................................................................................................ 48 4.8 Consolidation ...........................................................................................................................
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