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Volume 10, Issue 2 in This Issue Contents About The Professional Counselor Editorial Staff Amie A. Manis, Editor Catherine Clifton, Managing Editor Gretchen C. Porter, Sr. Copy Editor The Professional Counselor Kristin Rairden, Sr. Graphics Specialist (TPC) is the official, peer- Rachel P. Sommers, Media Support Specialist reviewed, open-access Kylie P. Dotson-Blake, Publisher electronic journal of the National Board for Certified Counselors, Inc. and Affiliates (NBCC), dedicated Senior Advisory Board to research and commentary Judith C. Durham Lynn K. Hall James P. Sampson, Jr. on empirical and theoretical Samuel T. Gladding Theodore P. Remley, Jr. topics relevant to professional counseling and Editorial Review Board 2020 related areas. TPC publishes Hannah Acquaye Gary G. Gintner Huan-Tang Lu original manuscripts relating Susan A. Adams Barry Glick Miles J. Matise to the following topics: Kathryn Alessandria Charlotte Hamilton Mary-Catherine McClain mental and behavioral Ellen Armbruster Shannon Hodges Carol McGinnis Jennifer Beebe Eleni Maria Honderich Cherise M. Murphy health counseling; Kirk Bowden Franc Hudspeth Cheryl W. Neale-McFall school counseling; career Kathleen Brown-Rice J. Richelle Joe Allison Paolini counseling; couple, Matthew R. Buckley Maribeth F. Jorgensen J. Dwaine Phifer marriage, and family Rebekah Byrd Viki P. Kelchner Dustin Reed counseling; counseling Keith M. Davis Elizabeth Keller-Dupree Wendy Rock Mary M. Deacon Carie Kempton Jyotsana Sharma supervision; theory Daniel DeCino David S. King Angelica Tello development; ethical Joel F. Diambra Branis Knezevic Michael M. Tursi issues; international Karen Dickinson Justin Lauka Alwin E. Wagener counseling issues; program Syntia Santos Dietz Kristi A. Lee Jeffrey M. Warren Robin Dufresne Yanhong Liu Claudia Weese applications; and integrative Kelly Emelianchik-Key Jessica Lloyd-Hazlett Amy Williams reviews of counseling Thomas Fonseca Sandra Logan-McKibben Chelsey Zoldan and related fields. The Courtney E. Gasser intended audience for TPC includes National Certified Counselors, counselor educators, mental health practitioners, graduate students, researchers, supervisors, human services professionals, and the general public. The Professional Counselor © 2020 NBCC, Inc. and Affiliates National Board for Certified Counselors 3 Terrace Way, Greensboro, NC 27403-3660 In This Issue Contents “Take Your Kung-Flu Back to Wuhan”: Counseling Asians, Asian Americans, and Pacific 144 Islanders With Race-Based Trauma Related to COVID-19 Stacey Diane A. Litam Attachment, Ego Resilience, Emerging Adulthood, Social Resources, and Well-Being 157 Among Traditional-Aged College Students Joel A. Lane Serving Students in Foster Care: Implications and Interventions for School Counselors 170 Hannah Brinser, Addy Wissel Clinical Work With Clients Who Self-Injure: A Descriptive Study 181 Amanda Giordano, Lindsay A. Lundeen, Chelsea M. Scoffone, Erin P. Kilpatrick, Frank B. Gorritz Infusing Service Learning Into the Counselor Education Curriculum 194 Kristen Arla Langellier, Randall L. Astramovich, Elizabeth A. Doughty Horn Counselors’ Perceptions of Ethical Considerations for Integrating Neuroscience with 204 Counseling Chad Luke, Eric T. Beeson, Raissa Miller, Thomas A. Field, Laura K. Jones Volume 10, Issue 2 In This Issue Contents Stigma, Help Seeking, and Substance Use 220 Daniel Gutierrez, Allison Crowe, Patrick R. Mullen, Laura Pignato, Shuhui Fan Examining Individual and Organizational Factors of School Counselor Burnout 235 Heather J. Fye, Ryan M. Cook, Eric R. Baltrinic, Andrea Baylin Agency Responses to Counselor Survivors of Client Suicide 251 Nathaniel J. Wagner, Colleen M. L. Grunhaus, Victor E. Tuazon Toward Culturally Competent School Counseling Environments: Hip Hop Studio 266 Construction Ian P. Levy, Edmund S. Adjapong Experiences of Black Adolescents with Depression in Rural Communities 285 TeShaunda Hannor-Walker, Lynn Bohecker, Lacey Ricks, Sarah Kitchens Volume 10, Issue 2 “Take Your Kung-Flu Back to Wuhan”: Counseling Asians, Asian Americans, and The Professional Counselor™ Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 144–156 http://tpcjournal.nbcc.org Pacific Islanders With Race-Based Trauma © 2020 NBCC, Inc. and Affiliates Related to COVID-19 doi:10.15241/sdal.10.2.144 Stacey Diane A. Litam Following the outbreak of COVID-19, reports of discrimination and violence against Asians and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) have increased substantially. The present article offers a timely conceptualization of how public and societal fears related to COVID-19 may contribute to unique mental health disparities and the presence of race-based trauma among AAPIs residing in the United States. The relationships between media, increasing rates of xenophobia and sinophobia, and racial discrimination are provided. Next, the deleterious effects of race-based discrimination on the emotional and physical well-being of people of color and Indigenous groups (POCI) and AAPIs are described. Finally, the article identifies the clinical implications of counseling AAPI clients, encourages a decolonization of current trauma-focused interventions, and presents specific strategies to heal race-based trauma in AAPI client populations. Keywords: race-based trauma, discrimination, microinterventions, xenophobia, sinophobia The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has led to unparalleled events across the United States and worldwide. Hospitals, nursing homes, and medical settings were quickly overwhelmed, and the vulnerability of these systems became apparent. A lack of federal consistency and political infrastructure resulted in differences across levels, quality, and types of state support. On January 31, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern. This sentiment was echoed by U.S. President Donald Trump on March 13, 2020, who warranted the pandemic an emergency for all states, tribes, territories, and the District of Columbia (Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], 2020). A “shelter-in-place” order was instituted for many states and people were encouraged to stay home to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Indeed, the presence of COVID-19 has led to unprecedented times. However, the sociopolitical disparities illuminated by COVID-19 are not solely limited to institutional and political problems. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) represent the fastest growing ethnic or racial group in the United States. In 2015, approximately 20.9 million people identified asAAPIs (Lopez et al., 2017). As a group, AAPIs encompass 40 distinct subgroups, each of which demonstrates heterogeneity across language, educational background, religion, immigration/migration history, beliefs about mental health, and attitudes toward help-seeking behaviors. For the purpose of this article, AAPIs are people who have origins rooted in East, South, and Southeast Asian countries. The present article offers a timely conceptualization of how public and societal fears related to COVID-19 may contribute to unique mental health disparities and race-based trauma in AAPIs residing in the United States. The relationships between media, increasing rates of xenophobia and sinophobia, and racial discrimination are provided. Next, the deleterious effects of race-based discrimination on the emotional and physical well-being of people of color and Indigenous groups (POCI) and AAPIs Stacey Diane Arañez Litam, PhD, NCC, CCMHC, LPCC, is an assistant professor of counselor education at Cleveland State University. Correspondence may be addressed to Stacey Litam, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Julka Hall 275, Cleveland, OH 44115, [email protected]. 144 The Professional Counselor | Volume 10, Issue 2 are described. Finally, the article identifies the clinical implications for counselingAAPI clients, encourages a decolonization of current trauma-focused interventions, and presents specific strategies to heal race-based trauma in AAPI client populations. Xenophobia and Sinophobia in Media The emergence of new infectious diseases historically has led to discrimination against groups of people of non-European descent (White, 2020). Indeed, the history of international infectious disease has predominantly been framed from a distinctly European perspective, which has focused on how disease negatively impacted post-colonial sites and affected trade (White, 2020). Experiences of fear and anxiety related to infectious disease often occur when people become threatened by an illness perceived as originating from outside one’s community (Taylor, 2019). Thus, the resurgence of attitudes characterized by xenophobia, or a fear of foreigners (Sundstrom & Kim, 2014), and sinophobia, which can be understood as the “intersection of fear and hatred of China” (Billé, 2015, p. 10), perpetuates a legacy of discrimination against non-White groups because of fear of illness. AAPIs have experienced a long tradition of blame and discrimination in the United States. Scapegoating AAPIs in light of COVID-19 echoes the racist “Yellow Peril” stereotype, which vilified Asian groups as a threat to job and economic security in Western nations (Kawai, 2005). The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which effectively banned the immigration of Chinese persons to the United States for 10 years, further evidences historical anti- Chinese sentiments and an extensive history of discrimination against AAPIs in America (Lee, 2002). The problematic, biased, and misleading media coverage of COVID-19 has led to increased rates
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