Netherlands Diversity Climate Notes

*** WELCOME TO THE NETHERLANDS

The Diversity Network’s Country Diversity Notes provide readily accessible summaries of country- specific information on potential challenges for students who are from backgrounds traditionally underrepresented in study abroad programs. The notes were created to facilitate the ability of study abroad professionals to find a good country fit for prospective study abroad students who are uncertain of how they will be received abroad because of their race, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, religion or disability.

The Netherlands diversity note, below, features a country overview as well as information pertinent to the climate of respect that U.S. students of diverse backgrounds can reasonably expect while living in the country. It also offers bulleted information noting facts that may directly relate to student experiences in the country. Links for students to pursue additional information resources on the various topics are also offered.

While the note provides a bird’s-eye view of diversity matters in the country as they pertain to U.S. students, the country information found in the note is not exhaustive. Advisors should use the information contained below in collaboration with faculty and staff who have experience in the particular country, returned study abroad students who are able and feel comfortable to discuss their own observations of diversity in the country, and the advisor’s own knowledge.

COUNTRY OVERVIEW

The Netherlands is located in Western Europe between Belgium and Germany along the coast of the North Sea. Known by many around the world as Holland, this inaccurate term actually only refers to a specific region of The Netherlands. Previously part of the Holy Roman Empire, the country became known as a seafaring and commercial power by the 17th century, and was established as the Kingdom of The Netherlands in 1815, boasting various colonies and settlements around the world. A relatively small country, The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a population in excess of 16 million.

Dutch people are often recognized as independent, hard-working, and famously take pride in their reputation as a ‘tolerant’ people, seeing themselves as open-minded and progressive. Recent tensions with the country’s growing Muslim population, however, have left some wondering if the famous Dutch virtue of “tolerance” is waning. Historically, the source of Dutch ‘tolerance’ is actually a form of self- segregation, referred to as “pillarisation,” that resulted in separate societal institutions for groups representing different religions and political affinities. Nowadays, this national attitude most obviously takes the form of liberal societal and political norms such as lax enforcement of drug & alcohol use laws, legal prostitution, and broad civil liberties for LGBTQ individuals.

The Netherlands has a long tradition of quality higher education, dating back to the 16th century. Thirteen Dutch institutions were included in the top 400 on the QS World University Rankings 2014/2015, with six in the global top 100: University of Amsterdam (50); Leiden University (75); Utrecht University (80); Delft University of Technology (86); University of Groningen (90); and Erasmus University Rotterdam (90). This impressive collection of universities as well as the prevalence of the English-language positions The Netherlands as an attractive destination for international students. The Institute of International Education (IIE) Open Doors report notes that 2,637 U.S. students participated in education abroad programs in The Netherlands during the 2012-2013 academic year, a six percent increase from the year prior.

Approximately 25% of Dutch land is actually below sea level; and almost half of the country’s land was reclaimed from the sea within the past 100 years. With this in mind, flooding is a persistent concern in The Netherlands although extensive infrastructure provides residents with a high degree of security. Travelers to The Netherlands can generally get around on bicycle, the mode of transportation preferred by the Dutch. Dutch cities exemplify the mostly urban lifestyle of the local population. Amsterdam, the country’s capital, is widely recognized as a vibrant city with a liberal ethos and The Hague -- the governmental seat -- is home to the International Criminal Court (ICC).

*** ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE NETHERLANDS

Potential Considerations for Students of Color

In general, the Dutch deny the existence of racism and discrimination in The Netherlands; however, recent debates around immigration and the traditional Sinterklaas festival --featuring Dutch residents in “black face” -- have caused racial and ethnically-based tension. The Dutch Sinterklaas (St. Nicholas) festival often centers around Zwarte Piet (Black Pete), an impish clown with a black face who accompanies the bearded St. Nicholas (Sinterklaas). The character is derived from 17th-century paintings of Moorish slaves, and many Dutch with African ancestry find it offensive. While immigrants and their descendants continue to be viewed as culturally distinct groups, diversity is increasingly seen as something that obstructs integration into Dutch society.

Notes:

• “Allochtoon” is a term used to describe a Dutch resident born outside the Netherlands, or with at least one parent born outside of the country. In popular speech, this term is often used to refer to those perceived to be non-Western such as those with Turkish, Latin American, African or Asian heritage. • For some Dutch, the term “foreigner” can be synonymous with Moslem, Turkish, Moroccan, or other group perceived to be non-Western, regardless of Dutch citizenship status

Additional Links:

• Blacked up: A worsening clash over tradition and racial sensitivities, The Economist • 'Black Pete' controversy stirs up Netherlands, CNN • What It's Like to Be Black In: Amsterdam, BET • When It Comes to Race, the Famous Dutch ‘Tolerance’ Runs Out, The Nation • Expat Interviews: Holland, Expatinterviews.com • Focus Migration Country Profile: Netherlands 2014 Report

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SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN THE NETHERLANDS

Potential Considerations for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual or Transgender Students

In April of 2001, The Netherlands became the first country to legalize same-sex marriage. Since that time, many other countries have followed suit. While discrimination does exist, LGBTQ individuals generally blend into societal life in The Netherlands without receiving undue attention.

Notes:

• The Amsterdam police force employs a unit, termed the Pink in Blue, dedicated to protecting the rights of LGBTQ individuals and to make it easier to report discriminatory incidents.

Additional Links:

• COC Netherlands, Advocacy group for LGBTQ rights in The Netherlands • Pragmatism for Dutch on Gay Marriage, New York Times • Frommer’s Tips for Gay and Lesbian Travelers, Netherlands • Gay & Lesbian Resources, Holland.com • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Country Report on Human Rights Practices in The Netherlands for 2013 (see section on Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity)

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PHYSICAL DISABILITY IN THE NETHERLANDS

Potential Considerations for Students with Disabilities

The law prohibits discrimination in The Netherlands and The Act on Equal Treatment of Disabled and Chronically Ill People gives disabled people the right to the adaptations necessary to enable them to participate fully in society. With this in mind, students with various disabilities will generally find The Netherlands to be a welcoming place. While implementation of these legal standards has not been exhaustive, individuals with various disabilities can expect to have access to plentiful resources in The Netherlands. The rail system, for example, has information specific to “impaired” travelers on the website and also employs guides to assist disabled travelers. Students requiring specific accommodations are encouraged to discuss these with their program provider and/or university as early as possible prior to departure.

Notes:

• Many adaptations have been made with regard to accessibility in The Netherlands; however, certain venues -- especially older buildings such as museums -- have not yet been adapted.

Additional Links:

• Frommer’s Tips for Travelers with Disabilities, The Netherlands • Mobility International USA, Resources for Americans Traveling Abroad with Disabilities • Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund, International Laws (See The Netherlands) • Country Report on Human Rights Practices in The Netherlands for 2013 (see section on Persons with Disabilities) • Notes for the Disabled in the Netherlands, AngloInfo: the Global Expat Network South Holland • Accessible Travel Netherlands

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RELIGION IN THE NETHERLANDS

Potential Considerations for Religious Students

From 1900 to 1960, Dutch society was separated into four pillars: Catholics, Protestants, Socialists, and Liberals. These groups were recipients of federal funding allowing for separate institutions such as schools and community organizations. Known as vertical pillarization, this policy was cast aside as the Dutch immigrant community began to expand in the 19th century. In recent years, anti-Muslim sentiment has been on the rise with the growth of the Dutch Muslim community. The controversial right-wing politician, Geert Wilders, for example, has come out publicly against the Dutch Muslim and Jewish communities, and even introduced a proposal to ban the use of burqas. Though this legislation has yet to pass, it is at the core of a larger nation-wide debate focused on the “integration” of immigrants into Dutch society.

Notes:

• The Netherlands has one of the largest Muslim populations (roughly 6%) in the EU. • Since “de-pillarization”, an increasing percentage of the Dutch population identifies as secular, with no religious affiliation.

Additional Links:

• US Department of State International Religious Freedom Report for 2013, Netherlands • Data on Religion in The Netherlands, The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) • Mosques & Prayer Time in The Netherlands, IslamicFinder.org • NIK, Organization of Jewish Communities in the Netherlands • Amid Rise of Multiculturalism, Dutch Confront Their Questions of Identity, New York Times • Dutch MP calls for removal of all mosques in Netherlands, hurrietdailynews.com

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WOMEN IN THE NETHERLANDS

Potential Considerations for Female Students

The Netherlands is thought to be a very safe country, however, women traveling alone should follow ‘common sense’ safety precautions as they would in the U.S.

Notes:

• Female students who travel to The Netherlands can expect a level of protection and respect equivalent to the U.S.

Additional Links:

• Frommer’s Tips for Women Travelers, The Netherlands • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013 in The Netherlands (see Section 6 on Women)

FAST FACTS: THE NETHERLANDS

Capital: Amsterdam Population: 16,877,351 (July 2014 est.) Language(s): Dutch (official) Note: Frisian, Low Saxon, and Limburgish are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Religions: Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant 19% (includes Dutch Reformed 9%, Protestant Church of The Netherlands, 7%, Calvinist 3%), Other 11% (includes about 5% Muslim and lesser numbers of Hindu, Buddhist, Jehovah's Witness, and Orthodox), None 42% (2009 est.) Ethnic groups: Dutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Caribbean 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)