The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information

Index

Abakumov, Viktor, 247 Civil War, 24–25 Abwehr, 47–48, 56, 105 credibility, 204–207 Acción Democrática, 328 effectiveness as a counterinsurgency agrarian policies method, 195–196, 200–202 Agrarian Law of 1944, 144, 150, 151 German collaborators, 197–198 antihomestead campaign, 154–155 in 1941, 196 as a populist measure, 142, 144, 146, motivations, 196–198 161–162 scale, 198, 202 as motivation for resistance, 104, 161–163 Anders, Wladyslaw, 91 collectivization, 1929–33, 28 Andrusiak, Vasyl’, 237 collectivization, 1940–41, 41, 142–143 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 18 collectivization, 1947–49, 157–161 Arajs, Viktors, 70 Decree on Land, 15, 24, 33, 141, 146 Arsenych, Mykola, 108, 238 persecution of kulaks, 28, 147–153, Atlantic Charter, 89 177–179 Audrini, 71 persecution of seredniaks, 153 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Poland, reforms of 1939–40, 140–144 42, 43 reforms of 1944, 144–146, 156–157 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukraine, resentment toward collectivization, 65–66, 84, 271 142–143, 158–159, 162–163 collaboration with Germany, 72, 73 strategy in the borderlands, 139–140 demise, 263 taxation, 143, 149–151, 155 Autonomous Orthodox Church, Ukraine, 66, Aizsargi, 39, 70, 76, 185, 276 84, 257, 263 AK (Armija Krajowa) Bataliony Chlopskie, 92 Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 318, 331 cooperation with the Red Army, 118–119 Backe, Herbert, 63 ethnic violence, 87 Baltic region ideology, 49 agrarian reforms during the interwar in Lithuania, 123 period, 37, 141 Operation Tempest, 92, 118–119 attitude to the German occupation, 75, 90 origin, 49 attitude to the Red partisans, 75 policy toward the Red Army, 119–121 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1940–41, 40 relations with Red partisans, 93 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation in 1944, Soviet policy in 1944, 118–120, 122–123 95, 116 strategy, 92–93, 137–138 communist party, 38, 40, 186–187 strength, 92, 117–118 ethnic profile,186 struggle against UPA, 123 evacuation to Russia in 1941, 54 Union for Armed Struggle, 49 Komsomol, 40 Warsaw Uprising, 121–122 national guards, 38–39 Aleksii (Gromadskii), Archbishop, 66, 84 self-administrations, 62, 68, 69, 72, 76, amnesties, 130, 175 77, 90

361

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information

362 Index

Baltic region (cont.) Civil War Soviet invasion of 1940, 39 amnesties, 24–25 Soviet reforms of 1940–41, 40 counterinsurgency doctrine, 26–27 tensions during the interwar period, 37–38 covert operations, 26 Bandera, Stepan, 47, 56, 58, 60, 84, 107 deportations, 20 Basaev, Shamil, 311 hostage-taking, 18–20 basmachi, 21, 23, 25, 27 militia, 25–26 Batista, Fulgensio, 323 peasant rebellions, 16–27, 173 bedniaks, Bolshevik definition,14 plunder, 21 Begma, Vasilii, 205, 287 random violence, 20–21 Belorussia, Western. See also borderland Red Terror, 18–20 populations religious policies, 22–23 attitude to the German invasion, 60 repressions against kulaks, 16–17 attitude to the German occupation, 74–75 War Communism, 15 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1939–41, class struggle theory, 13–15, 20, 22, 24, 48–49 27–28, 31 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation collaboration with Germany. in 1944, 95, 117 See also Holocaust attitude to UPA, 117 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 72, 73 communist party, 48 Belorussian auxiliary police, 72 Soviet invasion of 1939, 39 Estonian 20th Waffen SS Division, 68 Soviet reforms of 1939–41, 39 Estonian auxiliary police, 72 Beria, Lavrentii, 55, 120, 169, 249, 342 Estonian Erna unit, 56 Blums, Karlis, 115 Galizien Waffen SS Division, 67, 73, 94 borderland populations Latvian 15th Waffen SS Division, 68 attitude to the German occupation, 66–67, Latvian 19th Waffen SS Division, 68 74–75, 90, 93–96 Latvian auxiliary police, 68, 71–72 attitude to the Red partisans, 73–74 Latvian SS Jagdtverband Ostland, 99 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1939–41, Lithuanian auxiliary police, 68 39–42, 44, 52 Omakaitse, 56, 69, 76 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation in 1944, OUN-B, 82–83 93–96, 116–117, 138 OUN-M, 94 attutude to the German invasion, 54 Ukrainian auxiliary police, 69 identity, 2–4 Uniate Church, 72–73 Jews, 40–41 UPA, 105 motivations for anti-Soviet resistance, collectivization. See agrarian policies 103–105 Colson, Charles, 324 poliarisation under German occupation, communist insurgencies, global context, 78–79 313–314 religion, 42 communist party Bor-Komorowski, Tadeusz, 92–93, Baltic region, 40, 186–187 120, 122 Poland, interwar period, 36 Borovets, Taras, 79–82, 88, 108 western Belorussia, 48 Bukš, Peteris, 115 western Ukraine, 127 Burmak, Petr, 222 Cossacks, 17, 20, 23 Bush, George W., 329 counterinsurgency a global context, 324–326 Calley, William, 334–335 class view of insurgency, 16–17, 99, Carl, Heinrich, 70 146–147, 151–152, 163, 177–179, 196, Catholic Church, 65 214, 228–229 in counterinsurgency, 259–262 democracies, 319, 321–324, 327, 329–332, interwar period, 30 334–336 participation in resistance, 259, 262 friction, 5–6 repressions, 44, 265 general theories, 5 Soviet policy, 263–265 German, 318–319, 321–322, 324–326, Čekaitis, Juozas, 235 330–333 Cheka, 21, 26 Latin America and South-East Asia, 319, Chiang Kai-shek, 323 323–324, 328–329, 331 Churchill, Winston, 121 Soviet doctrine during the Civil War, 26–27

Index 363

Soviet model in a global context, 318–323, Erna unit, 56 328–330, 333–338 Estonian Republic National Committee, 90 covert operations in 1941, 56 Civil War, 27–28 insurrection in Tartu, 56 district police, 238–240 Omakaitse, 56, 115 interwar period, 29–30 strength, 115 Operation Trust, 30 Union for Armed Struggle, 116 spetsgruppy, 240–246 ethnic policies Declaration of Rights of the Peoples, 15 Decree on Land. See agrarian policies end of “indigenization,” 28 deportations interwar period, 28–29 as a preventive security measure in 1941, violations, 294–295 166–168 xenophobia, 29 Baptists, Evagelists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, executions 269–270 Estonian auxiliary police, 72 Civil War, 20 Latvian auxiliary police, 71 diasporas, 29, 165–166 Nazis, 64, 75 during the collectivization of 1947–49, Omakaitse, 56, 69 177–178 UPA, 82, 124–132, 246–247 effectiveness as a counterinsurgency executions, Soviet method, 169–171, 173–176, 178–179, clergy, 254 183, 194 guerrilla prisoners, 285–288 ethnic cleansing, 172 hostages during the Civil War, 18–20 genocide debate, 168, 183–193 in public, 249–251 global context, 164–165 insurgents in Riga in 1941, 57 guerilla families, 173–176 Katyn affair, 49 interwar period, 29, 184 kulaks, 184 Jews, 166, 168, 182, 193 OUN insurgents in 1941, 56, 59 kulaks, 152, 177–179 prisoners during the evacuation, 54–56 labour draft to eastern Ukraine, 183 random, 288–290 motivations, 165–166, 168–169, 171, 172, 180, 193 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces Operation Wisla, 182 of Colombia), 314 Operation Zapad, 177 Fedorov, Aleksei, 214 quotas, 174–175 FMLN (Farabundo Martí National repatriations, 171, 180–182 Liberation Front), 314 scale, 165, 168, 174, 176, 177, 182, 184, 190 Frank, Hans, 72 vital statistics, 189–193 destruction battalions. See militia Galicia, 43, 44, 46, 58, 62, 73, 88, 94, 228 Diakon, Iaroslav, 69 Galitskaia, Artemiziia, 244 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 319, 323 Gapon, Georgii, 23 Dimanis, Janis, 149, 155 German occupation policies district police administrative structure, 62 ethnic composition, 213 agrarian policy,, 63–65 missions, 7 colonization, 64–65 random violence, 280–284 counterinsurgency, 318–319 Dontsov, Dmytro, 45–46, 85 General Plan Ost, 63 labour draft, 63–64 Eidimtas, Adolfas, 114 military draft, 75 Einsatzgruppe A, 59, 171 mobilisations into collaborator ELAS (Greek People’s Liberation Army), 314 units, 77 Engels, Friedrich, 13 racial theories, 62–63 Eremenko, Andrei, 295 religious policies, 65–66 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 308 reprisals, 64, 122 Estonia. See Baltic region; borderland Gil’-Rodinonov, Vladimir, 198 populations Gravars, Antons, 201 Estonian Lutheran Church, 258, 263 Grushetskii, Ivan, 147, 157, 307 Estonian resistance GUBB (Glavnoe upravlenie po bor’be s decline, 134 banditizmom), 7, 215

364 Index

Guevara, Ernesto, 310–311, 324 Kotovskii, Grigorii, 26 GULAG, 188–189 Krzyzanowski, Alexander, 120 Gusarov, V., 248 Kuk, Vasyl’, 134 kulaks, Bolshevik definition,14 , 27–28 Halasa, Vasyl’, 107, 134, 243 Kundt, Ernst, 60 Hasin, Oleksa, 243 Kutepov, Alexandr, 29 Himmler, Heinrich, 67, 74 Hitler, Adolf, 35, 62, 65, 198, 318, 331 La Higuera, 310 Holocaust Laba, Vasyl’, 73 Estonian auxiliary police, 69 LAF (Lithuanian Activist Front) LAF, 59–60 collaboration with Germany, 50, 167 Latvian auxiliary police, 69, 70 ideology, 50 Lithuanian auxiliary police, 69–70 insurrection in Kaunas, 1941, 57 Omakaitse, 69 origin, 50 OUN, 58–59 suppression by Germans, 61 Ukrainian auxiliary police, 69 Latgale, 71, 77 UPA, 85 Latvia. See Baltic region; borderland Hukbalahap Movement, 314 populations Latvian Lutheran Church, 261–263 identity Latvian resistance nested, 2–4 decline, 134 simple, 2–4 in 1941, 57, 167 Illarion (Ogienko), Archbishop, 72 insurrection in Riga, 57 Imperial Russia Latvian Central Council, 71, 90, 115 and the Uniate Church, 43 Latvian National Partisan Union, 115, 224, security policies, 16 243 Iraq War, 322 Latvian Partisan Union for the Defence of Irbe, Karlis, 261 the Motherland, 91, 115, 132, 262 Latvian Self-Defence, 115 Jäger, Karl, 70 Partisans of Northern Latvia, 115 Jews. See also Holocaust; borderland strategy, 115 populations strength, 115 Babii Yar, 72 structure, 115 overrepresented among communists, 41 Tevijas sargi, 167 pogroms, OUN, 46, 58–59 Lawrence, Thomas, 315, 329 Soviet deportations, 166, 168, 182, 193 Lebed’, Mykola, 85 Jiménez, Marcos Pérez, 323 Lebedev, Ivan, 150 Jokubauskis, Stanislovas, 259 Lenin, Vladimir, 14, 15, 17, 20, 89 Juhnevičs, Antons, 115, 206, 261–262 Lenkavskyi, Stepan, 59 Lithuania. See Baltic region; borderland Kaitseliit, 38, 56, 171 populations Kalnberziņš, Janis, 157, 204, 214, 295 Lithuanian resistance. See also LAF Karotamm, Nikolai, 158, 160 (Lithuanian Activist Front) Katyn affair. See Poland decline, 134 Keitel, Wilhelm, 64, 331 Holocaust, 59–60 Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan, 46 hopes on Britain and the USA, 90–91 Khomyshin, Hrygorii, 265 in 1941, 57, 167 Khrushchev, Nikita, 7, 102, 151, 160, 173, in a global context, 313–314 179, 183, 200, 213, 233, 237–238, 240, Iron Wolf, 98 246, 265, 267, 268, 288–289, 292, 296, Kestutis, 114 304–305, 324 Lithuanian Freedom Fight Movement, 114, Kliachkivs’kyi, Dmytro, 85–86, 107, 129, 134, 237 130, 144, 205 Lithuanian Partisan Union, 114, 235 Kobulov, Bogdan, 254, 260 LLA (Lietuvos Laisves Armija), 90–91, Koch, Erich, 63 112–114, 132, 224 Koch, Hans, 66 military tactics, 112 Komsomol, 40, 211, 215, 218, 225, 234, 294 origin, 90–91 Konovalets, Evhen, 29 provisional government, 57–61 Kostel’nyk, Havryil, 267–269 repressions against civilians, 132–134

Index 365

strategy, 90–91, 111–112, 114, 137–138 NEP (New Economic Policy), 26, 27, 34 strength, 111, 113 Nikolai (Iarushevich), Exarch, 66, 259 structure, 113–114 Nin, Andrés, 29 Vampiras unit, 113 NKVD Special College, 32 VLIK (Vyriausias Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komitetas), 90, 111–112 OBB (Otdely po bor’be s banditizmom), 7 Loi Tek, 330 Okhrimovych, Vasyl’, 243 Lon Nol, 323 Okulicki, Leopold, 122 Lukša, Juozas, 277 Omakaitse, 98, 185 Lvov, 56, 59, 118, 119, 268 counterinsurgency, 76 Lytvynchuk, Ivan, 107, 246 executions, 56 Holocaust, 69 Maide, Jaan, 115 origin, 56 Makhno, Nestor, 17 osadniks, 36, 166, 194, 326 Maksimavičius, Vacys, 280 OUN (Organization of Ukrainian Manuil (Tarnavskii), Bishop, 84 Nationalists). See also OUN-B; OUN-M; Mao Tse-Tung, 314 UPA Markulis, Juozas, 237, 330 collaboration with Germany, 47–48, Marx, Karl, 13 55–56, 67, 69 Massu, Jacques, 329 First Congress, 45 Mastauskas, Matas, 235 Holocaust, 58–59 Matkiukhin, Ivan, 26 ideology, 45–46 Matulionis, Teofilis,257 Nachtigall battalion, 56, 58, 67 Medvid’, Mykhailo, 243 origin, 36–37 Mel’nikov, Leonid, 160 pogroms of Jews, 46 Mel’nyk, Andrii, 47, 81 pogroms of Polish intelligentsia in 1941, 59 Mel’nyk, Makar, 237 purges, 129 Mel’nyk, Mykhail, 268 resistance in 1940–41, 47, 56, 167 Merkulov, Vsevolod, 168, 169 Roland battalion, 56, 67 Militant Godless League, 30, 42, 254 strategy, 37 militia structure, 47 actions in Estonia in 1941, 212 terrorism during the interwar period, 37 casualties, 216 Ukrainian Military Organization, 29, 47 Civil War, 26 OUN-B. See also OUN; UPA 47 combat efficiency, 222, 225 agrarian reform, 144 command structure, 211, 215 clashes with OUN-M, 81 composition, 211, 215, 218–219, clashes with Polis’ka Sich, 81–82 225, 226 collaboration with Germany, 82–83 missions, 209–210, 213–216, 228–229 contacts with Britain and the USA, 106 morale, 221–222, 225 hopes on Britain and the USA, 88–89 motivations, 218–219 ideology, 58–59, 81 NKVD Destruction Battalion proclamation of Ukraine’s independence, Headquarters, 211, 215 55–56 origin, 211 propaganda, 107 purge, 222–223, 225 purges, 204, 246–247 random violence, 227–228 religious policy, 84, 268–269 strength, 127–128, 211, 219, 224 SB (Sluzhba bezpeky), 84, 124–126, structure, 215 128–129, 246–247 training, 219–220 Second Congress, 46, 48, 81 typical problems, 210 strategy, 48, 80–84, 88–89 weapons, 211, 221 suppression by Germans, 60 Miller, Evgenii, 29 Third Congress, 80, 84, 88 Molotov, Viacheslav, 342 torture, 129 Montesinos, Vladimiro, 311 OUN-M, 67, 78, 106, see also OUN My Lai, 334–335 about OUN-B, 130, 131 clashes with OUN-B, 81 Naumov, Mikhail, 74 collaboration with Germany, 61, 94 Nazi-Soviet Pact, 35 strategy, 48 Nechaev, Sergei, 44 suppression by Germans, 61

366 Index

Paleckis, Justas, 152, 155 Red Army, 276–279 Paltarokas, Kaziemiras, 260, 265 Red partisans, 275–276 Pan’kiv, Ivan, 126 scale, 284–285 Panteleimon (Rudyk), Primate, 84 security troops, 283, 305–306 Päts, Konstantin, 37 Soviet reaction, 21, 275–276, 279, 281, Pečiulionis, Motiejus, 114 284–288, 290–293, 295–301, 306–307 Petliura, Symon, 46 spetsgruppy, 291–293 Petrauskas, Juozas, 235 under the influence of alcohol, 227, Petrauskas, Zigmas, 235 276–277, 282–284, 291 Pirčiupis, 75 rapes. See random violence Pius XII, 263 Red Army plunder. See random violence 16th Lithuanian Rifle Division,77 Poland. See also borderland populations 201st Latvian Rifle Division,77 communist party, 36 22nd Estonian Territorial Rifle Corps,54 Generalgouvernement, 62, 94 249th Estonian Rifle Division, 77 government-in-exile, 91–93, 119–122 24th Latvian Territorial Rifle Corps,54 Katyn affair, 49, 91, 92 29th Lithuanian Territorial PCNL (Polish Committee of National Rifle Corps,54 Liberation), 91, 119–120 308th Latvian Rifle Division,77 relations with the USSR, 92 8th Estonian Rifle Corps,77 Sanacja, 36 conscription, 104, 182 tensions during the interwar period, 36 random violence, 276–279 Poles in the borderlands Stavka, 120, 122 attitude to the Red Army, 122 Warsaw Uprising, 121–122 attitude to the Red partisans, 88, 94 Red partisans, 67, 109, 312–313 ethnic cleansing by UPA, 85–88 Baltic region, 75–77 privileges in the interwar period, 36 Central Partisan Headquarters, 197, 255, Soviet repressions in 1939–41, 49 275, 313 Polianskii, Ivan, 265–266 clashes with UPA, 83–84 police agents ethnic composition, 75–76 infiltrators,236 –237 in counterinsurgency, 213–214 informer network, 233–235, random violence, 275–276 237–238, 244 relations with AK, 93 spetsgruppy, 240–246 western Belorussia, 74–75 Polis’ka Sich, 85 western Ukraine, 73–74 clashes with OUN-B, 81–82 Reichskommissariat Ostland, 62 clashes with Red partisans, 79–81 Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 62, 94 origin, 79–80 religious policies Polykarp (Sikorskyi), Primate, 72, 256 1939–41, 42–44 Ponomarenko, Panteleimon, 197 after reoccupation of the borderlands, Prado, Gary Salmon, 311 257–258, 262–263 Prapuolenis, Leonas, 61 Civil War, 22–23 purges concordat with the Russian Orthodox 1936–38, 31–33 Church, 255 OUN, 129, 204, 246–247 interwar period, 30–31 UPA, 84, 130 policy toward the Vatican, 263–264 Reshetin, G., 69 Ramanauskas, Adolfas, 134 Rezev, Aleksandr, 214 random violence Riasnoi, Vasilii, 200, 221 administrators, 151, 293–295 Riazanov, Vasilii, 148 Civil War, 20–21 Romzha, Teodor, 268 district police, 280–284 Roosevelt, Franklin, 321 illegal executions, 288–290 Rosenberg, Alfred, 63 militia, 227–228 Russian Liberation Army, 57 murders, 282–283, 305–306 Russian Orthodox Church, 65, 258 penalties, 298–301 borderlands, 42, 43 plunder, 21, 151, 227, 275–279, 281 Civil War, 22 prosecutor control, 306–307 concordat with the state, 255, 270–271 rapes, 279, 282 cooperation with partisans, 256–257

Index 367

interwar period, 30 Sydor, Vasyl’, 243 policy toward the Vatican, 267 Szumuk, Danylo, 129 repressions, 22 support of the Soviet war effort, 254–257, Tehran Conference, 92 270–271 Thieu, Nguyen Van, 323 Thompson, Robert, 311, 315 Saburov, Alexandr, 256 Tikhon (Bellavin), Patriarch, 30 Sanacja, 36 Tkachenko, Ivan, 257, 277 Sandanski, Iane, 310 torture Šauliu Sajunga, 38 CIA, 329 SB (Sluzhba bezpeky). See OUN-B during the purges of 1936–38, 33 Schwung, Friedrich, 71 French counterinsurgents, 329 security troops in Soviet counterinsurgency, 247–249, 292 Civil War, 25 SB, 129 random violence, 283 Stalin’s opinion, 32–33 strength, 8, 213, 229 Transnistria, 62 tactics, 230–233 Trotsky, Leon, 17 Sendero Luminoso, 311, 313, 314, 328 Trujillo, Rafael, 323 seredniaks, Bolshevik definition,14 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 17–20, 26, Sergii (Stragorodskii), Metropolitan, 254–255 173, 174 Sergii (Voskresenskii), Metropolitan, 256 Shatalin, Nikolai, 200, 225 Ukraine, Eastern, 94–95 Shcherbakov, Vladimir, 113, 147 Ukraine, Western. See also borderland Sheptyts’kyi, Andrei, 72–73, 84, 87, 258, populations 265–266 attitude to the German occupation, 94 Sheptyts’kyi, Klymentii, 162, 266 attitude to the Soviet re-occupation in show trials, 249–251, 301 1944, 94, 126–128 Shukhevych, Roman, 85, 107, 126, 131, 134 attitude to UPA, 126–127, 134–137 Škirpa, Kazys, 50, 57, 167 communist party, 127 Sladkevich, Moisei, 291 Soviet invasion of 1939, 39 Slipyi, Iosif, 73, 265–266, 269 Soviet reforms in 1939–41, 39 Slon’, Mikhail, 287 Ukrainian People’s Republic, 1919–20, 46, 89 Slutsk, 70 Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council, 106 Smetona, Antanas, 37 Ul’rikh, Vasilii, 32–33 Sniečkus, Antanas, 199, 203, 260, Ulmanis, Karlis, 38 278, 295 Uniate Church, 43, 65, 84, 144, 254 Sokolov, A., 241–242 and Imperial Russia, 43 Somoza, Anastasio, 321, 323 collaboration with Germany, 72–73 Soviet POWs, 69 conversion to Orthodoxy, 266–269, 271 spetsgruppy in counterinsurgency, 201, 261, 265–266 converted guerrillas, 241–246 interwar period, 42 efficiency,241 , 243, 245 repressions, 44, 267, 268 missions, 240, 242–244 Soviet policy after re-occupation of the police commandos, 240–241 borderlands, 265–266 Springovičs, Antonijs, 261–262 UPA (Ukrains’ka Povstans’ka Armiia). Stahlecker, Franz, 60, 171 See also OUN; OUN-B Stalin, Joseph, 27, 31, 32, 35, 255, 266, 287, against collectivization, 132 304, 308, 342 and East Ukrainians, 108–109 Stankevičius, Juozas, 264 anti-Nazi resistance, 80–81 Starinov, Il’ia, 126 bunkers, 231–232 Stel’mashchuk, Iurii, 86, 129, 205 clashes with Red partisans, 83–84 Stets’ko, Iaroslav, 36, 56, 60, 84, 107 collaboration with Germany, 105 Stolze, Erwin, 47 conscription, 104, 129 Strods, Peteris, 262 decline, 137 Strokach, Timofei, 204, 223, 282, 287 ethnic cleansing of Poles, 85–88, 193 Stupnyts’kii, Leonid, 69 executions, 82 Sudoplatov, Pavel, 134, 268 Holocaust, 85 Supe, Peteris, 115, 243 in a global context, 313–314 Suslov, Mikhail, 214 in western Belorussia, 117

368 Index

UPA (cont.) Vatutin, Nikolai, 108 military tactics, 109 Veverkis, Kazys, 114 origin, 79–80 Vietnam War, 319, 321, 331–332,334–335 repressions against Russians and East Vilnius, 117, 119 Ukrainians, 124–126 Vistula, 120–122 repressions against Soviet Vizgirda, Vincentas, 264 POWs, 126 Vorobets’, Fedir, 243 repressions against Uniate converts, Vyshinskii, Andrei, 32, 248, 307 268–269 repressions against West Ukrainians, Warsaw Uprising. See AK (Armija Krajowa) 128–134 strategy, 108, 128, 137–138 Zeitzler, Kurt, 198 strength, 106 Zelčans, Janis, 91, 115 structure, 107 Žemaitis, Jonas, 134 weapons, 1 Zlochev, 59