The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More Information
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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information Index Abakumov, Viktor, 247 Civil War, 24–25 Abwehr, 47–48, 56, 105 credibility, 204–207 Acción Democrática, 328 effectiveness as a counterinsurgency agrarian policies method, 195–196, 200–202 Agrarian Law of 1944, 144, 150, 151 German collaborators, 197–198 antihomestead campaign, 154–155 in 1941, 196 as a populist measure, 142, 144, 146, motivations, 196–198 161–162 scale, 198, 202 as motivation for resistance, 104, 161–163 Anders, Wladyslaw, 91 collectivization, 1929–33, 28 Andrusiak, Vasyl’, 237 collectivization, 1940–41, 41, 142–143 Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 18 collectivization, 1947–49, 157–161 Arajs, Viktors, 70 Decree on Land, 15, 24, 33, 141, 146 Arsenych, Mykola, 108, 238 persecution of kulaks, 28, 147–153, Atlantic Charter, 89 177–179 Audrini, 71 persecution of seredniaks, 153 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Poland, reforms of 1939–40, 140–144 42, 43 reforms of 1944, 144–146, 156–157 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukraine, resentment toward collectivization, 65–66, 84, 271 142–143, 158–159, 162–163 collaboration with Germany, 72, 73 strategy in the borderlands, 139–140 demise, 263 taxation, 143, 149–151, 155 Autonomous Orthodox Church, Ukraine, 66, Aizsargi, 39, 70, 76, 185, 276 84, 257, 263 AK (Armija Krajowa) Bataliony Chlopskie, 92 Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem, 318, 331 cooperation with the Red Army, 118–119 Backe, Herbert, 63 ethnic violence, 87 Baltic region ideology, 49 agrarian reforms during the interwar in Lithuania, 123 period, 37, 141 Operation Tempest, 92, 118–119 attitude to the German occupation, 75, 90 origin, 49 attitude to the Red partisans, 75 policy toward the Red Army, 119–121 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1940–41, 40 relations with Red partisans, 93 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation in 1944, Soviet policy in 1944, 118–120, 122–123 95, 116 strategy, 92–93, 137–138 communist party, 38, 40, 186–187 strength, 92, 117–118 ethnic profile, 186 struggle against UPA, 123 evacuation to Russia in 1941, 54 Union for Armed Struggle, 49 Komsomol, 40 Warsaw Uprising, 121–122 national guards, 38–39 Aleksii (Gromadskii), Archbishop, 66, 84 self-administrations, 62, 68, 69, 72, 76, amnesties, 130, 175 77, 90 361 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information 362 Index Baltic region (cont.) Civil War Soviet invasion of 1940, 39 amnesties, 24–25 Soviet reforms of 1940–41, 40 counterinsurgency doctrine, 26–27 tensions during the interwar period, 37–38 covert operations, 26 Bandera, Stepan, 47, 56, 58, 60, 84, 107 deportations, 20 Basaev, Shamil, 311 hostage-taking, 18–20 basmachi, 21, 23, 25, 27 militia, 25–26 Batista, Fulgensio, 323 peasant rebellions, 16–27, 173 bedniaks, Bolshevik definition,14 plunder, 21 Begma, Vasilii, 205, 287 random violence, 20–21 Belorussia, Western. See also borderland Red Terror, 18–20 populations religious policies, 22–23 attitude to the German invasion, 60 repressions against kulaks, 16–17 attitude to the German occupation, 74–75 War Communism, 15 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1939–41, class struggle theory, 13–15, 20, 22, 24, 48–49 27–28, 31 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation collaboration with Germany. in 1944, 95, 117 See also Holocaust attitude to UPA, 117 Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 72, 73 communist party, 48 Belorussian auxiliary police, 72 Soviet invasion of 1939, 39 Estonian 20th Waffen SS Division, 68 Soviet reforms of 1939–41, 39 Estonian auxiliary police, 72 Beria, Lavrentii, 55, 120, 169, 249, 342 Estonian Erna unit, 56 Blums, Karlis, 115 Galizien Waffen SS Division, 67, 73, 94 borderland populations Latvian 15th Waffen SS Division, 68 attitude to the German occupation, 66–67, Latvian 19th Waffen SS Division, 68 74–75, 90, 93–96 Latvian auxiliary police, 68, 71–72 attitude to the Red partisans, 73–74 Latvian SS Jagdtverband Ostland, 99 attitude to the Soviet regime in 1939–41, Lithuanian auxiliary police, 68 39–42, 44, 52 Omakaitse, 56, 69, 76 attitude to the Soviet reoccupation in 1944, OUN-B, 82–83 93–96, 116–117, 138 OUN-M, 94 attutude to the German invasion, 54 Ukrainian auxiliary police, 69 identity, 2–4 Uniate Church, 72–73 Jews, 40–41 UPA, 105 motivations for anti-Soviet resistance, collectivization. See agrarian policies 103–105 Colson, Charles, 324 poliarisation under German occupation, communist insurgencies, global context, 78–79 313–314 religion, 42 communist party Bor-Komorowski, Tadeusz, 92–93, Baltic region, 40, 186–187 120, 122 Poland, interwar period, 36 Borovets, Taras, 79–82, 88, 108 western Belorussia, 48 Bukš, Peteris, 115 western Ukraine, 127 Burmak, Petr, 222 Cossacks, 17, 20, 23 Bush, George W., 329 counterinsurgency a global context, 324–326 Calley, William, 334–335 class view of insurgency, 16–17, 99, Carl, Heinrich, 70 146–147, 151–152, 163, 177–179, 196, Catholic Church, 65 214, 228–229 in counterinsurgency, 259–262 democracies, 319, 321–324, 327, 329–332, interwar period, 30 334–336 participation in resistance, 259, 262 friction, 5–6 repressions, 44, 265 general theories, 5 Soviet policy, 263–265 German, 318–319, 321–322, 324–326, Čekaitis, Juozas, 235 330–333 Cheka, 21, 26 Latin America and South-East Asia, 319, Chiang Kai-shek, 323 323–324, 328–329, 331 Churchill, Winston, 121 Soviet doctrine during the Civil War, 26–27 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information Index 363 Soviet model in a global context, 318–323, Erna unit, 56 328–330, 333–338 Estonian Republic National Committee, 90 covert operations in 1941, 56 Civil War, 27–28 insurrection in Tartu, 56 district police, 238–240 Omakaitse, 56, 115 interwar period, 29–30 strength, 115 Operation Trust, 30 Union for Armed Struggle, 116 spetsgruppy, 240–246 ethnic policies Declaration of Rights of the Peoples, 15 Decree on Land. See agrarian policies end of “indigenization,” 28 deportations interwar period, 28–29 as a preventive security measure in 1941, violations, 294–295 166–168 xenophobia, 29 Baptists, Evagelists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, executions 269–270 Estonian auxiliary police, 72 Civil War, 20 Latvian auxiliary police, 71 diasporas, 29, 165–166 Nazis, 64, 75 during the collectivization of 1947–49, Omakaitse, 56, 69 177–178 UPA, 82, 124–132, 246–247 effectiveness as a counterinsurgency executions, Soviet method, 169–171, 173–176, 178–179, clergy, 254 183, 194 guerrilla prisoners, 285–288 ethnic cleansing, 172 hostages during the Civil War, 18–20 genocide debate, 168, 183–193 in public, 249–251 global context, 164–165 insurgents in Riga in 1941, 57 guerilla families, 173–176 Katyn affair, 49 interwar period, 29, 184 kulaks, 184 Jews, 166, 168, 182, 193 OUN insurgents in 1941, 56, 59 kulaks, 152, 177–179 prisoners during the evacuation, 54–56 labour draft to eastern Ukraine, 183 random, 288–290 motivations, 165–166, 168–169, 171, 172, 180, 193 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces Operation Wisla, 182 of Colombia), 314 Operation Zapad, 177 Fedorov, Aleksei, 214 quotas, 174–175 FMLN (Farabundo Martí National repatriations, 171, 180–182 Liberation Front), 314 scale, 165, 168, 174, 176, 177, 182, 184, 190 Frank, Hans, 72 vital statistics, 189–193 destruction battalions. See militia Galicia, 43, 44, 46, 58, 62, 73, 88, 94, 228 Diakon, Iaroslav, 69 Galitskaia, Artemiziia, 244 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 319, 323 Gapon, Georgii, 23 Dimanis, Janis, 149, 155 German occupation policies district police administrative structure, 62 ethnic composition, 213 agrarian policy,, 63–65 missions, 7 colonization, 64–65 random violence, 280–284 counterinsurgency, 318–319 Dontsov, Dmytro, 45–46, 85 General Plan Ost, 63 labour draft, 63–64 Eidimtas, Adolfas, 114 military draft, 75 Einsatzgruppe A, 59, 171 mobilisations into collaborator ELAS (Greek People’s Liberation Army), 314 units, 77 Engels, Friedrich, 13 racial theories, 62–63 Eremenko, Andrei, 295 religious policies, 65–66 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 308 reprisals, 64, 122 Estonia. See Baltic region; borderland Gil’-Rodinonov, Vladimir, 198 populations Gravars, Antons, 201 Estonian Lutheran Church, 258, 263 Grushetskii, Ivan, 147, 157, 307 Estonian resistance GUBB (Glavnoe upravlenie po bor’be s decline, 134 banditizmom), 7, 215 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76833-7 - The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands Alexander Statiev Index More information 364 Index Guevara, Ernesto, 310–311, 324 Kotovskii, Grigorii, 26 GULAG, 188–189 Krzyzanowski, Alexander, 120 Gusarov, V., 248 Kuk, Vasyl’, 134 kulaks, Bolshevik definition,14 , 27–28 Halasa, Vasyl’, 107, 134, 243 Kundt, Ernst, 60 Hasin, Oleksa, 243 Kutepov, Alexandr, 29 Himmler, Heinrich, 67, 74 Hitler, Adolf, 35, 62, 65, 198, 318, 331 La Higuera, 310 Holocaust Laba, Vasyl’, 73 Estonian auxiliary police, 69 LAF (Lithuanian Activist Front) LAF, 59–60 collaboration with Germany, 50, 167 Latvian auxiliary police, 69, 70 ideology, 50 Lithuanian auxiliary police, 69–70 insurrection in Kaunas, 1941, 57 Omakaitse, 69 origin, 50 OUN, 58–59 suppression by Germans, 61 Ukrainian auxiliary police, 69 Latgale, 71, 77 UPA, 85 Latvia. See Baltic region; borderland Hukbalahap Movement, 314 populations Latvian Lutheran Church, 261–263 identity Latvian resistance nested, 2–4 decline, 134 simple, 2–4 in 1941, 57, 167 Illarion (Ogienko), Archbishop, 72 insurrection in Riga, 57 Imperial Russia Latvian Central Council, 71, 90, 115 and the Uniate Church, 43 Latvian National Partisan Union, 115, 224, security policies, 16 243 Iraq War, 322 Latvian Partisan Union for the Defence of Irbe, Karlis, 261 the Motherland, 91, 115, 132, 262 Latvian Self-Defence, 115 Jäger, Karl, 70 Partisans of Northern Latvia, 115 Jews.