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Ig Light Chain Precedes Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement During Development of B Cells in Swine

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Ig Light Chain Precedes Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement During Development of B Cells in Swine Ig Light Chain Precedes Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement during Development of B Cells in Swine This information is current as Marek Sinkora, Jana Sinkorova and Katerina Stepanova of September 27, 2021. J Immunol 2017; 198:1543-1552; Prepublished online 9 January 2017; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601035 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/198/4/1543 Downloaded from Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2017/01/06/jimmunol.160103 Material 5.DCSupplemental References This article cites 43 articles, 20 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/ http://www.jimmunol.org/content/198/4/1543.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists by guest on September 27, 2021 • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2017 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Ig Light Chain Precedes Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement during Development of B Cells in Swine Marek Sinkora, Jana Sinkorova, and Katerina Stepanova The current mammalian paradigm states that 1) rearrangements in the IgH locus precede those in IgL loci, 2) IgLl genes rearrange only when IgLk genes are consumed, and 3) the surrogate L chain is necessary for selection of productive IgH gene rearrange- ments. We show in swine that IgL rearrangements precede IgH gene rearrangements, resulting in the expression of naked IgL on a surface of precursor B cells. Findings also suggest that there is no dependency on the surrogate L chain, and thus the authentic IgL proteins may be used for selection of the IgH repertoire. Although rearrangement starts with IgLk genes, it is rapidly replaced by IgLl rearrangement. Fast replacement is characterized by occurrence of IgLlloIgLklo dual-expressing precursors in which IgLk expression is a remnant of a previous translation. Most IgLk+ B cells are then generated later, indicating that there are two waves k l of IgL synthesis in different developmental stages with IgL gene rearrangements in between. In the absence of stromal cells, the Downloaded from stepwise order of rearrangements is blocked so that IgLl gene rearrangements predominate in early B cell development. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that some mammals can use an inverted order of Ig loci rearrangement. Moreover, a situation in which the generation of BCR-bearing IgLk is delayed until after IgLl becomes the dominant isotype may help explain the extreme deviations in the IgLk/IgLl ratios among mammals. The Journal of Immunology, 2017, 198: 1543–1552. mmunological textbooks and reviews (1–4) describe the locus is rearranged in the surviving small preB-II cells until a http://www.jimmunol.org/ rearrangement in Ig loci as a tightly controlled sequential productive IgLk gene rearrangement creates an authentic BCR (5, I process regulated by the surrogate L chain (SLC), which is 6). The current paradigm further states that gene rearrangement in composed of l5 (CD179b) and the invariable Ig i-chain of SLC the IgLl locus only begins after all possible Vk/Jk segments have (CD179a). According to this paradigm, the first step in the rear- been exhausted and/or when Vk or the recombining element (RE) rangement leading to the formation of the BCR occurs in the IgH rearranges to the k deleting element (KDE), leading to deletion of locus of proB cells by combinatorial joining of DH to JH segments the Ck gene segment (7). on both chromosomes. The resulting preB-I cells subsequently There are a few deviations from above described paradigm but rearrange certain VH segments with one of these partial VDJ gene none are substantial. For example, VH to DH rearrangement may rearrangements for the IgH (DJH) combinations to the complete precede DH to JH rearrangement in rabbits (8). In chickens, multiple by guest on September 27, 2021 VDJ gene rearrangement for the IgH (VDJH) rearrangement, DH to DJH rearrangements may occur before subsequent rear- which is then tested for its ability to form a proper pre-BCR by rangement to the VH gene (9). Also, B cells in transgenic mice can association with SLC. There is no IgL gene rearrangement at this develop through an alternative pre-BCR–independent pathway in developmental stage. When the pre-BCR fails to fold correctly, the which the IgL genes rearrange independently of the IgH genes (10– cell has a second chance using the second chromosome. The large 14). Such findings indicate that sequential rearrangement of IgH preB-II cells die when they fail to produce a productive pre-BCR before IgL genes need not be essential. This is superimposed in whereas successful cells survive, expand, and consecutively be- birds in which IgH and IgL gene rearrangements can occur com- come small preB-II cells. petitively very early in fetal life (9, 15, 16). Currently, no homologs The importance of the SLC in selection of IgH gene rearrange- of mouse l5 have been identified in chickens or swine (17, 18), and ments is considerable because as many as 50–70% of productive IgH SLC may be lost or does not develop in other species (4). proteins do not pair with SLC and become apoptotic (4). The IgLk Our previous work disproved that the ileal Peyer’s patches are a site of primary B cell lymphogenesis in swine (19–22). Rather, Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of porcine B cells are developed throughout life in the bone marrow Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic (BM), the primary lymphoid organ also for mice and humans (23). Received for publication June 16, 2016. Accepted for publication December 6, 2016. B cell development in swine was characterized according to ex- This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation Grant 15-02274S and by pression of MHC class II (MHC-II), CD2, CD21, CD25, CD45RC, the Institutional Research Concept of Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy CD172a, and IgHm Ags, and seven subpopulations developing from of Sciences RVO 61388971. subset 0 to subset 6 were identified (23). These studies also showed Address correspondence and reprint request to Dr. Marek Sinkora, Laboratory of Gno- tobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Doly 183, that all seven subsets can be unambiguously identified by cell size 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic. E-mail address: [email protected] and decreasing expression of CD172a on MHC-II+ BM cells as bri/hi The online version of this article contains supplemental material. B cell precursors differentiate (Fig. 1A). Thus, CD172a ex- Abbreviations used in this article: BM, bone marrow; DJH, partial VDJ gene rearrange- pression is limited to early precursors until incomplete DJH rear- ment for the IgH; FCM, flow cytometry; FSC, forward side scatter; GF, germ-free; rangements, and CD172alo expression remains on the surface until KDE, k deleting element; MHC-II, MHC class II; PBS-GEL, PBS containing 0.1% 2 sodium azide and 0.2% gelatin from cold water fish skin; RAG, recombination activa- complete VDJH rearrangement(s) and CD172 cells re-present late tion gene; RE, recombining element; SJC, signal joint circle; SLC, surrogate L chain; preB-II and immature B cells (23). In this study, we characterize the VDJH, complete VDJ gene rearrangement for the IgH; VJk, VJ gene rearrangement for rearrangement and expression of IgL genes in context of IgH genes the IgL k;VJl, VJ gene rearrangement for the IgLl. and show that B cells develop in the porcine BM by a process that Copyright Ó 2017 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/17/$30.00 is yet another deviation from the textbook paradigm. Analysis of www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1601035 1544 IgL PRECEDES IgH GENE REARRANGEMENT IN SWINE developing B cells in the swine BM revealed that IgL genes rear- intracellular staining for IgH and IgL, cells that had been indirectly stained range before IgH genes and that there is no dependency on SLC, for cell surface molecules were subsequently intracellularly stained using which is consistent with the failure to recover l5 from the porcine an IntraStain kit according to a protocol recommended by the manufac- turer (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark). In experiments designated genome and the observation that the invariable Ig i-chain of the for cultures, PBS-GEL was replaced by cultivation medium and/or PBS. surrogate L chain is expressed in many nonlymphoid tissues in swine (18, 24). Whereas these initial studies suggested that ex- FCM and cell sorting pression of IgLl genes appeared before IgLk,inthisstudywe Samples were measured or sorted on standard FACSCalibur or FACSAria provide evidence that rearrangement starts with IgLk genes but then III flow cytometers, respectively (BD Immunocytometry Systems, Moun- rapidly shifts to IgLl before IgH gene rearrangements and the tain View, CA). Sorted cells were collected to 1) 1 ml of inactivated FBS formation of a BCR. Therefore, the first Ig+ cells are IgH+IgLl+ (PAA Laboratories, Pasching, Austria) if for cultivation, or 2) empty tubes + + if for PCR amplification from bulk-sorted cells. Electronic compensation whereas IgH IgLk cells are generated later.
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