Ralphs Grocery EC-Diesel Truck Fleet Start-Up Experience
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RalphsRalphsRalphs GroceryGroceryGrocery EC-DieselEC-DieselEC-Diesel™ TruckTruckTruck FleetFleetFleet Start-UpStart-Up ExperienceExperience Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy DOE/NRELDOE/NREL TruckTruck Laboratory (NREL), a U.S. DOE national laboratory DELIVERING CLEANER AIR WITH THE GROCERIES The drivers of the grocery trucks say “the exhaust ■ Collect maintenance, mileage accumulation, Ralphs, a 450-store grocery chain head- is a whole lot cleaner.” Their manager comments fuel economy, and operating cost data for the quartered in Compton, CA, is a division of the that “this is the future.” What they’re referring to retrofitted trucks fueled with ECD over twelve Kroger Company, the largest supermarket chain Tis the special fleet of trucks from Ralphs Grocery months of service in the United States. The Kroger Company is Company currently delivering cleaner air along ■ Compare the retrofitted trucks with control based in Cincinnati, Ohio. Ralphs employs with the groceries in southern California. trucks equipped with the original factory approximately 25,000 people. EC-Diesel™ Technology Validation Program Ralphs has three operating facilities in the Los Angeles area—in Compton, Glendale, and Number of Vehicles Operating On Riverside. The validation program includes ARCO ECD™ CARB Fuel 20 Ralphs delivery trucks based at the Riverside Fleet Fleets With With Without Without Total facility. Each truck is used seven days a week, Managers Participating Johnson Engelhard Filter Filter Vehicles makes two to three trips per day, and is driven by Matthey DPX™ Retrofit Retrofit CRT™ Filter Filter two or three drivers a day on separate Retrofit Retrofit routes. International San Diego 5 5 10 10 30 Trucks leave the Riverside School District ARCO ARCO Distribution 5 5 9 10 29 distribution center loaded with NREL Ralphs Grocery 5 5 5 5 20 products and groceries Cummins LA City Sanitation 5 5 2 3 15 Detroit Diesel Shuttle Vehicles 5 5 10 0 20 destined for Ralphs- ARCO Los Angeles MTA 2 2 8 8 20 owned Ford Hertz Equipment 5 5 5 5 20 Rental (LA) stores in Total Vehicles 32 32 49 41 154 the Los Ralphs volunteered to participate in the muffler and fueled with a typical California Angeles ARCO EC-Diesel™ Technology Validation diesel fuel. area. Program, which is being conducted with the “Everyone’s in favor of having clean air,” These National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in said Jim O’Day, Ralphs Group Vice President of trucks aver- collaboration with federal and state agencies and Distribution. “The quandary is how— age from industry partners. NREL is a U.S. Department of practically—to do that.” 7,000 to Energy (DOE) laboratory. The program is “It’s the future of trucks—cleaner diesel 12,000 miles per supported by DOE’s Office of Transportation and new technologies,” said Greg Peterson, month and have average speeds of 37 to Technologies (OTT), Office of Heavy Vehicle Ralphs manager of fleet services. Tom Anderson, 39 miles per hour. They return to the distribution Technologies (OHVT). Ralphs fleet manager at the Riverside facilities center at Riverside nearly empty, except for The purpose of the validation program is to added: “The demonstration test has gone very empty pallets and products being returned evaluate trucks retrofitted with catalyzed diesel smoothly from our point of view—the type of because of spoilage or damage. particulate filters and fueled with a new ultra-low fuel and the catalyzed filters have been essentially Ralphs test fleet is divided into four groups sulfur diesel fuel called ECD™, which was transparent to the drivers.” of five vehicles each, operating on (1) typical developed by ARCO, a BP Company*. The California diesel fuel (CARB diesel) without a objectives are to: *ARCO was recently acquired by BP Amoco, now BP, filter, (2) ARCO ECD™ fuel without a filter, and plans to continue to provide ultra-low sulfur ■ Assess the performance and emissions of the (3) ECD™ fuel and equipped with Engelhard diesel fuel in California. retrofitted trucks fueled with ECD DPX™ filters, (4) ECD™ fuel and equipped 1 with Johnson Matthey CRT™ filters. DELIVERING CLEANER AIR WITH THE GROCERIES All 20 trucks are 1999 Sterling Class 8 “From the EC-Diesel Technology Validation Program trucks equipped with Detroit Diesel Series 60 beginning of our engines. Fifteen trucks in the Ralphs test fleet discussions, Ralphs began using the ECD™ fuel in mid-January management and staff 2000. The filters were installed on 10 trucks said this program looked during January and February 2000 and the official like an appropriate and start of the evaluation was March 1, 2000. The cost-effective way to Glendale evaluations continued through February 2001. reduce emissions from Compton Riverside The start-up phase and early experiences heavy-duty trucks,” Mr. Vertin provided several lessons learned by Ralphs said, “and all the partners see this as a practical way to improve air quality.” Once Ralphs executives gave the green light, fleet managers and maintenance filters. Ralphs staff personnel expedited on-site ensured that maintenance and fuel changes, from selecting data needed for the analysis were easily Riverside Service Center the trucks and drivers to retrievable from the company’s allocating space for the new computerized maintenance database system. ECD™ fuel storage tank Access to maintenance worksheets and other and the mobile emissions information was also provided. laboratory from West Virginia Another major contribution was the fuel. University (WVU). The fuel storage ARCO Products developed the first commercially tank was required for test purposes available ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel in California— transportation and maintenance managers and only and would not be required if the entire called ARCO ECD™—and guaranteed to provide by engineers conducting the test. Key lessons truck fleet was operated on ECD™. ample quantities for the evaluation program. learned were: (1) the need to obtain and main- Ralphs agreed to have 10 of the trucks ARCO ECD™ is produced from a typical crude tain upper management support; (2) the value of in the test retrofitted with diesel particulate oil using a conventional refining process and has a committed, multidisciplined team; and (3) the a maximum sulfur content of 15 parts importance of investigating other possible Fuel Properties per million (ppm). funding sources to help defray some of the start- Property ARCO Typical ARCO’s goal is to meet today’s up costs. ECD™ CARB Diesel environmental challenges by engineering “A strong team approach has led to a Sulfur,ppm 15 Max 120 cleaner fuels that improve air quality Aromatics,%v 12 Max 18.9 successful fleet start-up experience,” said NREL’s PNA,%wt 1.0 Max 2 while ensuring vehicle and fuel Keith Vertin. “Ralph’s commitment to the project Natural Cetane Number 57 Min 53.2 performance. Nitrogen,ppmw 10 Max 98 has been outstanding, our government and API Gravity 42.5 Max 36.3 ARCO points to studies indicating that industry partners have been very cooperative.” Distillation IBP (D-86),deg.F 350 Min 358 catalyzed particulate filters operate Cloud Point,deg.F 32 10.4 2 DELIVERING CLEANER AIR WITH THE GROCERIES more efficiently when sulfur in the diesel is The mobile laboratory uses sampling and emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. The lab limited to 15 ppm. measurement practices developed for heavy-duty measures PM, HC, CO, CO2 , and NOx. The company coordinated the installation of engine certification labs to analyze exhaust the on-site refueling infrastructure, including the Start-up Lessons Learned mufflers. The larger filters may require a 2,000-gallon temporary fuel storage for ECD™ Obtain corporate commitment to support different mounting bracket design, and the fuel. ARCO agreed to absorb the difference in participation in the program. Earlier test sites possible visual obstruction of the right-side cost between its ECD™ fuel and regular CARB have found that the benefits of converting to mirrors had to be considered. cleaner fuels may not be immediate or diesel, approximately 5 to 10 cents per gallon. Use lockable fuel caps to avoid accidental universally recognizable. Fuel for the fifteen test trucks is provided refueling with any other fuel, because high-sulfur Identify a “champion” in the company. The content in other fuels can “poison” the catalyst “on demand,” with deliveries scheduled four Riverside operations staff received the initial and cause unscheduled maintenance or repairs. to five times a week. The temporary tank would go-ahead from the group vice president. not be required if the entire Ralphs fleet had Periodic updates are provided to the group vice Consider particulate filter maintenance been converted to ECD™. president and line managers. procedures and work with the filter suppliers to determine service intervals and procedures for ARCO is currently marketing an ultra-low Be prepared to explain the value of the fleet. sulfur diesel fuel called ECD-1™ in California. participating in a cleaner fuels demonstration. ECD-1™ is a different fuel formulation then the Check Web sites for other active companies and Establish early and continuing communica- projects (http://www.ctts.nrel.gov/heavy_vehicle, tions with drivers, refuelers, maintenance, and ECD™ test fuel being used in the DOE/NREL http://www.ott.doe.gov or http://www.afdc.doe.gov). scheduling personnel. Initially, at Ralphs, memos Evaluation Project, but it also has a maximum were sent to crews explaining the program and sulfur content of 15ppm. Take a “team approach.” Select drivers periodic updates have been provided. “Everyone The catalyzed filters used in the Ralphs test interested in the test program and build a involved here knows what’s happening,” said the support team (e.g., drivers, maintenance crew, fleet manager. fleet were provided by Engelhard (model DPX™) managers) willing to work together.