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Soil Seed Banks and Regeneration of Neotropical Dry Deciduous and Gallery Forests in Nicaragua

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Soil Seed Banks and Regeneration of Neotropical Dry Deciduous and Gallery Forests in Nicaragua 5PtsUas299:280doschun 02/03/09 18:34 Page49 BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2009, N° 299 (1) 49 RÉGÉNÉRATION DE LA FORÊT NÉOTROPICALE / LE POINT SUR… Soil Seed Banks and Regeneration of Neotropical Dry Deciduous and Gallery Forests in Nicaragua Augusto Uasuf1 Mulualem Tigabu2 Per Christer Odén2 1University of Freiburg 79085 Freiburg Germany 2 Faculty of Forest Sciences Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre PO Box 44 230 53 Alnarp Sweden Photograph 1. Firewood extraction from the Chacocente Wildlife Refuge, Nicaragua, which is a typical anthropogenic disturbance of tropical dry forests Photo by Guillermo Castro-Marin. 5PtsUas299:280doschun 02/03/09 18:34 Page50 50 BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2009, N° 299 (1) FOCUS / REGENERATION OF NEOTROPICAL DRY FORESTS A. Uasuf, M. Tigabu, P. C. Odén RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN RÔLE DES BANQUES DE SEMENCES SOIL SEED BANKS AND PAPEL DE LOS BANCOS DE SEMILLAS DU SOL DANS LA RÉGÉNÉRATION REGENERATION OF NEOTROPICAL DEL SUELO EN LA REGENERACIÓN DE DES FORÊTS SÈCHES DE FEUILLUS DRY DECIDUOUS AND GALLERY BOSQUES SECOS DE FRONDOSAS ET DES FORÊTS-GALERIES EN ZONE FORESTS IN NICARAGUA Y DE GALERÍA EN LA ZONA NÉOTROPICALE DU NICARAGUA NEOTROPICAL NICARAGÜENSE Le déclin des forêts sèches tropicales et la Today, the depletion of tropical dry El declive de los bosques secos tropicales y nécessité de les restaurer sont aujourd’hui forests and the need for their restora- la necesidad de restaurarlos son realida- des réalités largement reconnues. Pour la tion are well recognized. In restoring des ampliamente aceptadas hoy en día. restauration de forêts dégradées, la pre- degraded forests, the first step is to Para la restauración de bosques degrada- mière étape consiste toujours à quantifier quantify the actual and potential levels dos, la primera etapa sigue consistiendo les niveaux réels et potentiels de régénéra- of natural regeneration, examining the en cuantificar los niveles reales y potencia- tion naturelle, en analysant le rôle des role of soil seed banks as propagule les de regeneración natural, analizando el banques de semences du sol dans la dis- donors. In this study, we assessed the papel de los bancos de semillas del suelo sémination de propagules. Pour cette composition, density and spatial distri- en la diseminación de propágulos. Para étude, nous avons évalué la composition, bution of the soil seed bank and este estudio, se evaluó la composición, la densité et la distribution spatiale de la seedling populations in dry deciduous densidad y distribución espacial del banco banque de semences du sol et des popu- and gallery forests of the Chacocente de semillas del suelo y de las poblaciones lations de jeunes plants dans les forêts Wildlife Refuge in Nicaragua. A total of de plantitas silvestres en los bosques sèches de feuillus et les forêts-galeries du 17 species were found in the soil seed secos de frondosas y los bosques de gale- refuge de Chacocente au Nicaragua. Au bank of the deciduous forest, with a ría del refugio de Chacocente en Nicaragua. total, 17 espèces ont été repérées dans la viable seed density of 466 seeds/m2. Se identificó un total de 17 especies en el banque de semences du sol dans la forêt In the gallery forest, a total of 24 banco de semillas del suelo en el bosque de feuillus, avec une densité de semences species were found in the soil seed de frondosas, con una densidad de semi- viables de 466 semen ces/m2. Dans la bank with a viable seed density of llas viables de 466 semillas/m2. En el bos- forêt-galerie, 24 espèces ont été repérées 1257 seeds/m2. The spatial analysis of que de galería, se identificaron 24 especies dans la banque de semences du sol, avec the soil seed bank revealed clumped en el banco de semillas del suelo, con una une densité viable de 1 257 semences/m2. and uniform distributions in both densidad viable de 1257 semillas/m2. El Une analyse spatiale de la banque de forests, depending on the species. The análisis espacial del banco de semillas semences a révélé des répartitions par total seedling density in the deciduous reveló distribuciones agrupadas o unifor- paquets ou uniformes dans les deux types and gallery forests was 6250 and 6600 mes en ambos tipos de bosque, depen- de forêts, suivant les essences. La densité individuals/ha, respectively. The spa- diendo de las especies. La densidad global globale des jeunes plants dans les forêts à tial distribution of seedling popula- de plantas jóvenes en los bosques de fron- feuillus et les forêts-galeries s’établissent tions varied from clumped to uniform dosas y en los de galería es, respectiva- respectivement à 6 250 et 6 600 indivi- depending on the species. The similar- mente, de 6250 y 6600 individuos/ha. En dus/ha. En termes de distribution spatiale, ity between the soil seed bank, cuanto a la distribución espacial, los roda- les peuplements de jeunes plants sont seedling layer and above-ground vege- les de plantas jóvenes se reparten por gru- répartis par paquets ou uniformément, tation was low in both forest sites. It pos o uniformemente, dependiendo de las suivant les essences. La similitude entre may be concluded that the number of especies. El índice de similitud entre el banque de semences du sol, couche de seed bank species and the quantity of banco de semillas del suelo, la capa de jeunes plants et végétation aérienne est soil-stored seeds are relatively low. plantas jóvenes y la vegetación aérea es faible sur les deux sites. Cela permet de Regeneration was abundant in some bajo en ambos sitios. Esto permite concluir conclure que le nombre d’espèces dans species, but poor in many others. The que el número de especies en los bancos les banques de semences du sol et la natural regeneration process should de semillas del suelo y la cantidad de semi- quantité de semences stockées dans le therefore be assisted through direct llas almacenadas en el suelo es relativa- sol sont relativement faibles. La régénéra- seeding, planting seedlings and mente escaso. La regeneración es abun- tion est abondante pour certaines manipulation of the site to improve dante en algunas especies, pero baja en essences mais faible pour d’autres. Il environmental conditions for seedling otras. Por ello, es conveniente ayudar al convient donc d’assister le processus de establishment and growth. proceso de regeneración natural mediante régénération naturelle par ensemence- siembra directa, establecimiento de plan- ment direct, établissement de jeunes Keywords: tropical dry forest, tas jóvenes y adecuación de los sitios para plants et aménagement des sites afin seedling bank, spatial pattern, mejorar las condiciones de arraigo y creci- d’améliorer les conditions de prise et de Morisita’s index, restoration. miento de las plantas jóvenes. croissance des jeunes plants. Palabras clave: bosque tropical seco, Mots-clés : forêt tropicale sèche, banco de semillas del suelo, distribu- banque de semences du sol, distri- ción espacial, índice de Morisita, res- bution spatiale, index de Morisita, tauración. restauration. 5PtsUas299:280doschun 02/03/09 18:34 Page51 BOIS ET FORÊTS DES TROPIQUES, 2009, N° 299 (1) 51 RÉGÉNÉRATION DE LA FORÊT NÉOTROPICALE / LE POINT SUR… Introduction 1997; Vallejo et al., 2006). Natural regeneration is the cheapest approach Tropical dry forests are among for rehabilitating degraded forest the most severely degraded and ecosystems, provided that the previ- threatened forest ecosystems in Cen- ous disturbance has left some residu- tral America (Janzen, 2002). Histori- als (e.g. soil seed banks, mother trees cally, these forest formations have or root shoots) that can serve as “suc- been extensively converted into other cession primers”. The first step in any Photograph 2. land uses, such as crop fields and/or forest restoration endeavour is there- A typical Neotropical dry forest formation in range lands (Gillespie, 1999). Forest fore a site assessment to quantify the Chacocente Wildlife Refuge, Nicaragua remnants probably represent less actual and potential levels of natural Photo by Guillermo Castro-Marin. than 2% of the original dry forest regeneration, to examine the presence along the Pacific coast of Mesoamer- of “succession primers” and to deter- This study was carried out at Cha- ica, an area extending from Panama to mine whether intervention is needed cocente Wildlife Refuge in Nicaragua, western Mexico (Sabogal & Valerio, to accelerate the natural regeneration which was established in 1983 to pro- 1998). Nicaragua is the largest coun- process (Wijdeven & Kuzee, 2000). tect the remaining fragments of tropical try in Central America (land area ca. In the restoration of plant commu- dry forest along the Central American 130 000 km2), and its tropical dry for- nities in degraded forests, the idea of Pacific coast as well as the nesting est areas cover ca. 2 500 km2, repre- exploiting soil seed banks may sound beaches of endangered species of senting 2.1% of the total forest cover attractive. The soil seed bank refers to marine turtles, the olive ridley (Lepi- (Roldan, 2001). Tropical dry forests all viable seeds and fruits present on or dochelys olivacea) and leatherback have been under heavy pressure from, in the soil and associated litter/humus. (Dermochelys coriacea) (Anonymous, among others, extensive ranching dur- Soil seed banks can be either transient, 2002). Despite natural and anthro- ing the 1960s and 1970s (Janzen, with seeds that germinate within a year pogenic disturbances (photograph 1) 2002). In addition, since the begin- of initial dispersal, or persistent, with due to commercial timber extraction (of ning of the last century, there has seeds that remain in the soil for more species such as Swietenia humilis, been extensive harvesting of commer- than 1 year (Simpson et al., 1989). Cedrela odorata, Bombacopsis quinata, cially valuable species for export, They exhibit spatial and temporal varia- Dalbergia retusa, Guaicum sanctum), such as Swietenia humilis, Guaiacum tions, reflecting their initial dispersal illegal felling for local consumption, sanctum, Cedrela odorata, Dalbergia onto the soil and subsequent move- conversion to agricultural lands and fire retusa and Bombacopsis quinatum.
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