Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System
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Technical Report
Establishing a WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System Regional Node for West Asia: Current Capabilities and Needs Technical Report For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/wwrp_new_en.html WMO-No. 1121 Establishing a WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System Regional Node for West Asia: Current Capabilities and Needs Technical Report NOVEMBER 2013 Cover photogtraph:Soil Solutions Ltd. © United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 General disclaimers The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are not the responsibility of the author, and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorsement of the United Nations Environment Programme. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or the editors, nor are they an official record. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP or contributory organizations. Technical content disclaimers While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. -
Drought and Effect of Vegetation on Aeolian Transport in the Aralkum
Drought and effect of vegetation on aeolian transport in the Aralkum Timon Smeets 1 2 Drought and effect of vegetation on aeolian transport in the Aralkum MSc Thesis November-2020 Author: Timon Smeets Student number: 5559650 E-mail: [email protected] First supervisor: Geert Sterk Second supervisor: Gerben Ruessink MSc Programme: Earth Surface and Water Faculty of Geosciences Department of Physical Geography Utrecht University 3 Abstract This study focusses on the effects of the desiccation of the Aral Sea, which occurred ~50 years ago. The desiccation of the Aral Sea began a shift in climate and transformed the Aral Sea. The Aral sea that once was the livelihood of many changed into the Aralkum, a dessert which to this day destroys the lives of many. This study focusses on the shift in climate that occurred due to the desiccating of the Aral Sea, the dust storms originating from the Aralkum, and vegetation strategies that can limit the magnitude of these dust storms. This study used precipitation data and satellite imagery to analyse the shift in the meteorological climate and the resulting changes in vegetation. Using the Aerosol optical depth and local wind speed data, the temporal variation of dust storms and high wind events were analysed and linked. The effect of different types of vegetation on reducing wind erosion in the form of suspension and saltation was modelled using a cellular automaton approach. The climate has shifted into a wetter but warmer climate. The regions affected by this are the rangelands in proximity(0-500 km) to the Aral sea, which experienced soil salination and a significant loss in vegetation density. -
Climate Change in the Post-Soviet Space
ISPI DOSSIER April 2021 CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE edited by Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti CLIMATEUNRAVELLING CHANGE THE SAHEL: IN THE STATE, POST-SOVIET POLITICS AND SPACE ARMED VIOLENCE MarchApril 2021 2021 ITALIAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL STUDIES everal post-Soviet states are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Furthermore, two of the worst environmental disasters of our times – the Chernobyl Snuclear accident and the Aral Sea desertification – happened in the post-Soviet region, with implications that have crossed state and time boundaries. This dossier highlights the major environmental and climate-change-related crises affecting the area and the diverse national and regional approaches to tackle them. What is the approach of Russia — one the biggest energy producers and polluters in the world — with regards to climate change? Can transboundary crises spur regional cooperation in the South Caucasus and Central Asia? What is the role of civil society in holding governments accountable in this domain? * Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti is a research fellow at the Russia, Caucasus and Central Asia Centre at ISPI. Her areas of interest include Russian foreign policy, EU-Russia and Russia-Turkey relations, and EU neighbourhood policies (especially with Eastern neighbours). She is a member of WIIS (Women in International Security), an international network dedicated to increasing the influence of women in the field of foreign and defence policy. | 2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE April 2021 ITALIAN INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL STUDIES Table of Contents 1. TIME TO TALK CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE POST-SOVIET REGION Eleonora Tafuro Ambrosetti (ISPI) 2. -
Episodic Dust Events of Utah's Wasatch Front and Adjoining Region
1654 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY VOLUME 51 Episodic Dust Events of Utah’s Wasatch Front and Adjoining Region W. JAMES STEENBURGH AND JEFFREY D. MASSEY Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah THOMAS H. PAINTER Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California (Manuscript received 4 January 2012, in final form 4 April 2012) ABSTRACT Episodic dust events cause hazardous air quality along Utah’s Wasatch Front and dust loading of the snowpack in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains. This paper presents a climatology of episodic dust events of the Wasatch Front and adjoining region that is based on surface weather observations from the Salt Lake City International Airport (KSLC), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imag- ery, and additional meteorological datasets. Dust events at KSLC—defined as any day [mountain standard time (MST)] with at least one report of a dust storm, blowing dust, and/or dust in suspension with a visi- bility of 10 km or less—average 4.3 per water year (WY: October–September), with considerable in- terannual variability and a general decline in frequency during the 1930–2010 observational record. The distributions of monthly dust-event frequency and total dust flux are bimodal, with primary and secondary maxima in April and September, respectively. Dust reports are most common in the late afternoon and evening. An analysis of the 33 most recent (2001–10 WY) events at KSLC indicates that 11 were associated with airmass convection, 16 were associated with a cold front or baroclinic trough entering Utah from the west or northwest, 4 were associated with a stationaryorslowlymovingfrontorbaroclinictroughwestof Utah, and 2 were associated with other synoptic patterns. -
An American Haboob U.S
S. B. Idso, R. S. Ingram, and J. M. Pritchard an american haboob U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory and National Weather Service, Phoenix, Ariz. 85040 1. Introduction by thunder and/or rain after a time interval varying up One of the world's most awesome displays of blowing to 2 hr. dust and sand is the legendary "haboob" of Khartoum in Satellite photographs have shown that the squall line the Sudan. Raised by strong winds often generated storms that develop south and east of Tucson appear by the outflow of rain-cooled air from a cumulonimbus to originate from large dense masses of clouds over the cloud, the leading edges of these storms take on the Sierra Madre Occidental of northern Sonora, Mexico. appearance of "solid walls" of dust that conform to These cloud masses over Sonora seem to form some the shape of a density current head and rise on the days rather explosively in the deep semi-tropical air average to between 1000 and 2000 meters (Sutton, 1925; mass. During this season of the year, the Bermuda High Lawson, 1971). The average speed of advance of the often extends westward into eastern Arizona, and during Khartoum haboobs is 32 mph, with the greatest speed the afternoon some of the Mexican activity has been seen being about 45 mph (Sutton, 1925). Maximum duration to move northwestward, steered by variations in the approaches 6-1/2 hr with a peak between 30 min and easterly flow (possibly easterly waves) on the bottom side one hour, the average duration being about 3 hr (Free- of the lobe of the Bermuda High. -
National Weather Service Reference Guide
National Weather Service Reference Guide Purpose of this Document he National Weather Service (NWS) provides many products and services which can be T used by other governmental agencies, Tribal Nations, the private sector, the public and the global community. The data and services provided by the NWS are designed to fulfill us- ers’ needs and provide valuable information in the areas of weather, hydrology and climate. In addition, the NWS has numerous partnerships with private and other government entities. These partnerships help facilitate the mission of the NWS, which is to protect life and prop- erty and enhance the national economy. This document is intended to serve as a reference guide and information manual of the products and services provided by the NWS on a na- tional basis. Editor’s note: Throughout this document, the term ―county‖ will be used to represent counties, parishes, and boroughs. Similarly, ―county warning area‖ will be used to represent the area of responsibility of all of- fices. The local forecast office at Buffalo, New York, January, 1899. The local National Weather Service Office in Tallahassee, FL, present day. 2 Table of Contents Click on description to go directly to the page. 1. What is the National Weather Service?…………………….………………………. 5 Mission Statement 6 Organizational Structure 7 County Warning Areas 8 Weather Forecast Office Staff 10 River Forecast Center Staff 13 NWS Directive System 14 2. Non-Routine Products and Services (watch/warning/advisory descriptions)..…….. 15 Convective Weather 16 Tropical Weather 17 Winter Weather 18 Hydrology 19 Coastal Flood 20 Marine Weather 21 Non-Precipitation 23 Fire Weather 24 Other 25 Statements 25 Other Non-Routine Products 26 Extreme Weather Wording 27 Verification and Performance Goals 28 Impact-Based Decision Support Services 30 Requesting a Spot Fire Weather Forecast 33 Hazardous Materials Emergency Support 34 Interactive Warning Team 37 HazCollect 38 Damage Surveys 40 Storm Data 44 Information Requests 46 3. -
DUST DEVIL METEOROLOGY Jack R
NOAA~NWS /1(}q, 3~;).. ~ . NOAA Technicai ·Memoran_dlim Nws·CR-42 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminlstretian National Weather Service DUST 1DEV-IL... ,. METEOROLOGY.. .. ... .... - 1!. Jack ,R. .Cooley \ i ,. CiHTRAL REGION Kansas City.. Mo. () U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NOAA Technical Memoran:l.um NWS CR-42 Il.JST DEVIL METEOROLOGY Jack R. Cooley CENTRAL REJJION KANSAS CITY, MISSOORI May 1971 CONTENTS () l. Page No. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Some Early Accounts of Dust Devils 1 1.2 Definition 2 1.3 The Atmospheric Circulation Family 2 1.4 Other Similar Small-Scale Circulations 2 1.41 Small Waterspouts 3 l. 42 Whirlies 3 1.43 Fire 1-!hirhdnds 3 1.44 Whirlwinds Associated With Cold Fronts 4 l. 5 Damage Caused by Dust Devils 4 1.51 Dust DeVils Vs. Aircraft Safety 5 2. FORMATION 5 2.1 Optimum Locations (Macro and Micro) 5 2.2 Optimum Time of Occurrence (During Day and Year) 6 2.3 Conditions Favoring Dust Devil Formation 7 2.31 Factors Favoring Steep Lapse Rates Near the Ground 7 A. Large Incident Solar Radiation Angles 7 B. Minimum Cloudiness 7 C. Lmr Humidity 8 D. Dry Barren Soil 8 E. Surface Winds Below a Critical Value 9 2.32 Potential Lapse Rates Near the Ground 9 2.33 Favorable Air Flow 12 2 ,34 Abundant Surface Material 12 2.35 Level Terrain 13 2.4 Triggering Devices 13 2.5 Size and Shape 14. 2.6 Dust Size·and Distribution 14 2.7 Duration 15 2.8 Direction of Rotation 16 2.9 Lateral Speed and Direction of Movement 17 3. -
NWSI 10-1701, “Text Product Formats and Codes,” Dated March 29, 2018
Department of Commerce • National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration • National Weather Service NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INSTRUCTION 10-1701 OCTOBER 29, 2019 Operations and Services Dissemination Services NWSPD 10-17 TEXT PRODUCT FORMATS AND CODES NOTICE: This publication is available at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/directives/. OPR: DIS (A. Hardy) Certified by: W/DIS (M. Mainelli-McInerny) Type of Issuance: Routine SUMMARY OF REVISIONS: This directive supersedes NWSI 10-1701, “Text Product Formats and Codes,” dated March 29, 2018. Changes were made to reflect the addition of Section 8 – 11 to address actions to take when inadvertent messages are sent by NWS or by a third party. Content changes were made to: 1. Throughout the document, updated titles and sections for formatting, section reference numbers and web links to correct sites. 2. Add Section 8, Recommended Actions to Take Following the Inadvertent NWS Dissemination of Messages by NWS Offices. 3. Add Section 9, Steps to Take After a Correctly-Formatted NWS Message is Incorrectly Disseminated by a Third Party 4. Add Section 10, Steps to Take for Messaging After an Inadvertent Dissemination of Test Alerts by a Third Party 5. Add Section 11, Role of NWS Rapid Response Team 6. Updated Appendix B, Section 2.3 to rewrite message example in mixed case. /signed/ 10/15/19____ Michelle Mainelli-McInerney Date Director, Office of Dissemination NWSI 10-1701 OCTOBER 29, 2019 Text Product Formats and Codes – Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Mission Connection ...........................................................................................................5 1.2 Text Products in Languages Other Than English ............................................................. 5 1.3 Format of Text Examples ..................................................................................................5 2. -
KJAX 2018 Product Criteria.Xlsx
Product Criteria Coastal Products Coastal Flood Statement Used to describe coastal hazards that do not meet advisory, warning or watch criteria such as minor beach erosion & elevated (Action) water levels. Coastal Flood Advisory Highlight minor flooding like tidal overflow that is imminent or possible within 12 Hours& if confidence is high (equal to or greater than 50%), then may extend or set to begin within 24 hrs. Coastal Flood Watch Significant coastal flooding is possible. This includes Moderate and Major flooding in the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) product. Coastal Flood Warning Significant coastal flooding is occurring, imminent or highly likely. This includes Moderate and Major flooding in AHPS. High Surf Advisory Breaker heights ≥ 7 Feet Rip Current Statement When a high risk of rip currents is expected Marine Products Small Craft Exercise Caution Winds 15-20 knots and/or seas 6 Feet Small Craft Advisory Winds 20-33 knots and/or seas ≥ 7 Feet Small Craft Advisory (seas only) Winds< 20 knots & seas ≥ 7 Feet (usually with a swell) Gale Watch Wind speed 34-47 knots or frequent gusts 34-47 knots Gale Warning Wind speed 34-47 knots or frequent gusts 34-47 knots Storm Watch Wind speed 48-63 knots or gusts of 48-63 knots Storm Warning Wind speed 48-63 knots or gusts of 48-63 knots Marine Dense Fog Advisory Widespread visibility < 1 nautical mile in fog Marine Dense Smoke Advisory Widespread visibility < 1 nautical mile in smoke Marine Weather Statement Update or cancel at Special Marine Warning (SMW), a statement on non-severe showers & thunderstorms, short-lived wind/sea increase that could be dangerous for small boats, significant conditions prevailing for 2+ Hours that could impact marine operations including: rough seas near inlets/passes, dense fog, low water events, HAZMAT spills, rapidly increasing/decreasing or shifting winds, or details on potential water landings. -
From Aral Sea to Aralkum Problems of and Solutions for a Lost Lake
From Aral Sea to Aralkum Problems of and solutions for a lost lake Siegmar-W. Breckle Dept. Ecology / Bielefeld The disappearance of the Aral Sea within the last half of the former century Universität Bielefeld Berlin Lake Urmia Middle Asia : endorrheic areas With 3 erosion basins: Kaspian Sea, Aral Sea and Balkhash Sea htpp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov „The lost Aral Sea Very shallow coastline, NW of Barsa Kelmes, 28m asl, background Kulandi peninsula (phot: SWBr, July 2004) Lake Urmia Very shallow Eastern coastline, 1268m asl, during strong spring rains (phot: SWBr, April 2004) Strong spring rains in Kandovan village (2240m asl) (phot: SWBr, April 2004) Strong rains and floods in Kandovan village (2230m asl) (phot: SWBr, April 2004) Strong spring rains in pittoresque Kandovan village (phot: SWBr, April 2004) From Aral Sea to Aralkum Problems of and solutions for a lost lake Contents Introduction / Aral <> Urmia Problems and actual present situation recent history Actual Aralkum salt dust, sand storms Solutions and future development Acknowledgements (www.na.unep.net) Aral Sea Landsat- Scene 1973 (www.na.unep.net) Aralkum from space: NASA-Satellite image 16.08.2009 NASA.gov/images/imagerecords/39000/39944/aral_sea_20090816_lrg.jpg Aralkum from space: NASA-Satellite image 26.08.2010 earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/images/aral/aral_sea_20100826_lrg.jpg The lost Aral Sea: year area volume salinity 1960 100% 100% 0,9% 1971 90% 89% 1,0% 1982 76% 59% 1,7% 1993 66% 26% 3,5% 2004 40% 19% 4,3% 2010 12% 6% 7-10% AS(WB) The new desert: Almost 60.000 km2 Larger than the Netherlands [41.500km2] Syrdarya, Amudarya: Main tributaries to the Aral Sea From Aral Sea to Aralkum – Loss of c. -
Session III. CAUSES and EFFECTS of CENTURIES-OLD DYNAMICS of CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
102 Session III. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CENTURIES-OLD DYNAMICS OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Секция III. ПРИЧИНЫ И СЛЕДСТВИЯ ВЕКОВОЙ ДИНАМИКИ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF LANDSCAPES’ DEVELOPMENT IN INNER ASIA IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND IN THE HOLOCENE ПАЛЕОГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ЛАНДШАФТОВ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ АЗИИ В ПОЗДНЕМ ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНЕ И ГОЛОЦЕНЕ N.I. Dorofeyuk Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia, [email protected] In the article there are traced the stages of after glacial changes of landscapes in Inner Asia ― vast intercontinental area, wrap-round the out-of-glacier part of the Asian continent. These territories are united by remoteness from oceans, common geological development during all the Quaternary period, and common, rhythmically directed change of climatic conditions. The territory of Mongolia is the central part of Inner Asia; it lies in the knot of interface of contrasting geological structures and on the joint of the systems of atmosphere circulation on the global level. At the same time this territory can be considered as an original ecotone area on which a border passes between the boreal forests of Southern Siberia and deserted ecosystems of Gobi. The changes of climate during the studied period were reflected in the dynamics of vegetation change in Inner Asia ― from cold tundra steppes of end of Pleistocene to dry or desertificated flat steppes and mountain forest- steppes of late Holocene. On the territory of Mongolia in this period four main types of vegetation co-operated in different correlations: tundra steppe, taiga, steppe, and desert under permanent prevailing of steppes. -
International History Bowl – Round 4
IHBB 2019 Asian History Bowl Championships Bowl Round 4 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter (1) This person created a polar area diagram divided into months, known as the “Rose” diagram. The run-down facilities at Selimiye prompted this person to work with Isambard Brunel to create Renkioi, a facility that lessened mortality rates by 90%. At this person’s request, Scutari hospital was investigated by the Sanitary Commission. This person’s treatment of wounded soldiers led her to be known as the “Lady with the Lamp.” For ten points, name this nurse active in the Crimean War. ANSWER: Florence Nightingale (2) After forming the “Unholy Alliance” with Francis I, this man sent the corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa to patrol European waters. This man worked with Ebussuud Effendi in order to reconcile the Kanun code with Sha’ria, earning the title Lawgiver. For ten points, identify this longest reigning Ottoman sultan who brought the empire to its territorial height. ANSWER: Suleiman the Magnificent (accept Suleiman I) (3) This politician issued a namesake Moratorium in an attempt to give Germany more time to catch up on reparation payments. In another postwar role, this man organized Belgian food relief efforts. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff was signed by this man, who promised “a chicken in every pot” during his presidential campaign. As unemployment peaked, shantytowns became named for, for ten points, what president who led the US into the Great Depression? ANSWER: Herbert Hoover (4) This medium was created by Otto von Guericke’s Magdeburg hemispheres, a demonstration of the strength of air pressure. Inverting a barometer onto a dish of mercury proved to Torricelli that this medium was created when internal and external atmospheric pressure reached equilibrium.