Programme for Interconnecting, Infrastructure integrating and Development transforming a in Africa continent

African Union Table of contents

Foreword iii

Africa’s time for action 1 PIDA’s outcomes: development through regional integration 2 Establishing priorities: a new approach to an old problem 4 Programme costs: determining financing and investments 5 Financing strategy: rising to the challenge of investment and project preparation 6 Implementation: identifying actors, responsibilities and required actions 8 The way forward: embracing Africa’s shared responsibility 10

Annex 1. PIDA’s energy impact 12

Annex 2. PIDA’s transport impact 13

Annex 3. PIDA’s transboundary water impact 14

Annex 4. PIDA’s ICT impact 15

Annex 5. PIDA Priority Action Plan: summary tables of sector projects and programmes 16

ii Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Foreword

Through its ambitious plans for the conti- Bank and NEPAD Planning and Coordi- nent, the African Union placed Integration, nating Agency, in cooperation with all Afri- Socioeconomic Development and Coopera- can stakeholders. We would like to take this tion in the second pillar of its 2009–2012 opportunity to pay tribute to the Regional Strategic Plan. Delivering on this pillar Economic Communities, member states and requires good regional infrastructure. specialized agencies for their substantial con- The African Union Commission, in part- tributions, without which this result would nership with the United Nations Economic not have been achieved, and to the Panel of Commission for Africa, African Develop- Experts for their independent peer reviews. ment Bank and the NEPAD Planning and We would also like to thank the African Coordinating Agency, recently completed for- and international donor community, partic- mulating the Programme for Infrastructure ularly the African Development Fund, the Development in Africa (PIDA). This conti- Nigeria Technical Cooperation Fund, the nental initiative, based on regional projects African Water Facility, the NEPAD Infra- and programmes, will help address the infra- structure Project Preparation Facility Special structure deficit that severely hampers Africa’s Fund, the European Union, the Islamic De- competitiveness in the world market. velopment Bank and the U.K. Department PIDA provides a common framework for International Development for their fi- for African stakeholders to build the infra- nancial contributions. structure necessary for more integrated trans- Implementing PIDA will require solid co- port, energy, ICT and transboundary water ordination structures and mobilizing all rele- networks to boost trade, spark growth and vant funding sources, both public and private. create jobs. Implementing it will transform PIDA attaches more importance to member the way we do business, help deliver a well- states to drive delivery of projects, as well as connected Africa and realize the building of acknowledging the important role of the the African Economic Community, outlined Regional Economic Communities and the in the 1991 Abuja Treaty. To put this ambi- NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency. tion into practice we need strong political We invite Africa’s various development leadership and ownership. partners and the private sector to consider PIDA’s complex and long-term strategic supporting PIDA’s delivery. That support planning for Africa’s regional infrastructure would help realize the Africa Union’s Vision (2012–40) has been conducted under the and Strategic Plan for an integrated, prosper- coordination of the African Union Com- ous and peaceful Africa, driven by its citizens mission, United Nations Economic Com- and standing as a dynamic force on the world mission for Africa, African Development scene.

Dr. Jean Ping Dr. Donald Kaberuka Mr. Abdoulie Janneh Chairman President Executive Secretary African Union Commission African Development Bank Economic Commission for Africa

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent iii

Africa’s time for action

Africa commands a powerful position on the programme, existing or previous continental world stage. It is seen as a land of opportunity­ infrastructure initiatives such as the NEPAD —­an emerging destination of choice for Short Term Action Plan, the NEPAD Me- many investors and development actors as dium to Long Term Strategic Framework they look for high-growth markets, despite and the AU Infrastructure Master Plans. It the ongoing economic turmoil and the lin- fills in gaps and, based on previous lessons, af- gering effects of the financial crisis and reces- fords proper weight to the value of local own- sion. In this rapidly changing global environ- ership, the necessity of both hard and soft ment, Africa needs to seize the initiative and interventions, the need for diverse financing take advantage of these emerging conditions and the importance of sound implementa- that will substantially boost trade, spark tion strategies. Underpinned by an extensive growth and create jobs. But right now, it is consultation and analytical process, PIDA not capable of seizing the initiative or reap- provides an agenda of sensible, affordable pri- ing the full benefits of its resources. A major ority projects aligned with Africa’s long-term problem: infrastructure. The solution: PIDA. goals. Simply put, PIDA will be different The 12th Assembly of Heads of State and from previous regional infrastructure inte- Government adopted Declaration Assembly­/ gration initiatives because it will produce ef- AU/Decl.1 (XII) requesting the African fective investments. Union Commission (AUC) to formulate PIDA assumes that the average economic the Programme for Infrastructure Develop- growth rate for African countries will be ment in Africa (PIDA), which was officially 6% a year between 2010 and 2040, driven launched in Kampala, Uganda, in July 2010. by a surging population, increasing levels This Executive Note consolidates the out- of education and technology absorption.1 comes of the work and encapsulates what This growth implies that, over the 30 years Africa needs to do to capitalize on its mo- to 2040, the GDP of African countries will mentum and reach its potential­—­act boldly multiply sixfold, and the average per capita by investing in its regional infrastructure. income will rise above $10,000 for all coun- Africa’s leading continental organizations, tries. This continuing growth and prosperity including AUC, NEPAD Planning and Co- will swell the demand for infrastructure, al- ordinating Agency (NPCA) and the African ready one of the continents greatest impedi- Development Bank (AfDB), have worked for ments to sustainable development. Assuming years to address the infrastructure deficit. that this growth is achieved, Africa’s infra- In addition, the G20 Infrastructure Action structure needs are starkly apparent: Plan, Infrastructure Consortium for Africa • Power demand will increase from 590 (ICA), EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund terawatt hours (TWh) in 2010, to more and Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnos- than 3,100 TWh in 2040, corresponding tic all highlight the importance of regional infrastructure for Africa’s growth. 1. This growth rate would be similar to India’s PIDA provides new analysis and in- over the past three decades. Since 2005, the average sights to bring together, under one coherent annual rate of growth in Africa has exceeded 5%.

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 1 to an average annual growth rate of nearly geography is particularly challenging, and 6%.2 To keep pace, installed power gen- because its infrastructure needs are so great, eration capacity must rise from present regional integration is the best, and perhaps levels of 125 gigawatts (GW; comparable only, way for Africa to realize its growth po- with the United Kingdom) to almost tential and equitably share the benefits of an 700 GW in 2040. increasingly connected world marketplace. • Transport volumes will increase 6–8 times, with a particularly strong increase PIDA’s outcomes: development of up to 14 times for some landlocked through regional integration countries. Port throughput will rise from 265 million tons in 2009, to more than 2 The importance of regional integration for billion tons in 2040. supporting Africa’s economic development • Water needs will push some river basins­ has long been recognized by African leaders, —­including the Nile, Niger, Orange and who have consistently expressed their desire Volta basins­—­to the ecological brink. to build a common market for goods and ser- • Information and communications tech- vices. PIDA’s overall strategic objective is to nology (ICT) demand will swell by a fac- enable Africa to finally build that common tor of 20 before 2020 as Africa catches up market. By improving access to integrated with broadband. Demand, around 300 regional and continental infrastructure net- gigabits per second in 2009, will reach works, PIDA will allow countries to meet 6,000 gigabits per second by 2018. forecast demand for infrastructure services This growing infrastructure demand pres- and boost competitiveness by: ents a critical challenge for Africa as it com- • Increasing efficiencies petes in global and regional trade markets • Accelerating growth that rely on just-in-time production and flexi- • Facilitating integration in the world ble, speedy and reliable delivery. By just about economy any measure of infrastructure coverage­—­ • Improving living standards whether road density, telephone density, gen- • Unleashing intra-African trade. eration capacity or service coverage­—­African The essential benefits of a regionally -in countries are lagging behind. In addition, the tegrated approach to infrastructure develop- AfDB’s Private Sector Development Strategy ment are to make possible the formation of estimates that infrastructure services in Af- large competitive markets in place of small, rica cost twice as much on average as those in isolated and inefficient ones—­ ­and to lower other developing regions and notes that tar- costs across production sectors. Despite ro- iffs are exceptionally high. East Asian firms bust GDP gains by many countries in recent save close to 70% in transportation costs years, Africa’s staggering infrastructure inef- relative to their African counterparts, while ficiencies have been choking integration ef- Latin American and South Asian firms save forts, stunting growth and sapping national approximately 50%. resources, public and private. Closing the infrastructure deficit is vital In the energy sector, for instance, more for economic prosperity and sustainable de- than 20 countries have national power sys- velopment. But it is a regional and continen- tems below the minimum efficient scale of a tal problem that requires a regional and con- single plant. The creation of power pools rec- tinental solution. Because Africa’s economic ognizes that regional cooperation, by shar- ing large-scale, cost-effective energy resources 2. According to the International Energy Agency across countries, will reduce the cost of elec- Key World Energy Statistics 2009, demand of tricity. The consumer gains from full integra- 590 TWh approximates that of Germany in 2007, tion of power systems are about 150% of the and 3,100 TWh that of China in 2007. investment cost. Some of the proposed PIDA

2 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa projects could be realized relatively cheaply if Power access will rise from 39% in 2009 countries reduce inefficiencies. to nearly 70% in 2040, providing access Part of the problem is that Africa’s frame- to an additional 800 million people. work of regional and continental policies is • Slash transport costs and boost intra- fundamentally sound, but those policies have African trade. Transport efficiency gains not been thoroughly and consistently written will be at least $172 billion in the African into national legislation, even after treaties Regional Transport Integration Network are signed and ratified. And where policies (ARTIN), with the potential for much do appear in national legislation, they too larger savings as trade corridors open. often are not enforced. An extensive review Steady advances in regional integration of more than two dozen regional projects and and services will finally create a shift from development programmes revealed that weak overseas trade to trade between countries policy alignment and harmonization, not and within and across regions, helping just inadequate funding, were the principal fulfil the promise of the 2028 African drags on efficiency. And in many instances, Common Market. these inefficiencies are costing Africa bil- • Ensure water and food security. Africa lions of dollars­—­money needed to close the has the lowest water storage capacity and financing gap in infrastructure development irrigated agriculture in the world, and (box 1). about half the continent faces some sort Implementing PIDA will help solve this of water stress or water scarcity­—­and problem. It will enable African leaders to demand is going to surge. To deal with speak with one voice and reach for common the coming crisis, PIDA will enable the goals. It offers policymakers a ready-made list water storage infrastructure needed for of priorities that address physical infrastruc- food production and trade. ture needs and the soft issues of governance. • Increase global connectivity. PIDA Most important, PIDA is based on a com- will boost broadband connectivity by mon vision of regional integration and a long- 20 percentage points. Increasing broad- term agenda that will support the objectives band penetration by 10%, which can be of the Africa Union’s (AU) Abuja Treaty. expected by 2018, will increase GDP PIDA will enable countries to: by 1% by strengthening connections • Reduce energy costs and increase between goods and markets and between access. Africa will reap savings on elec- people and jobs. tricity production costs of $30 billion Trade and competitiveness are not the a year, or $850 billion through 2040. only considerations when planning Africa’s

Box 1 The high cost of inefficiencies

Nowhere are Africa’s vicious inefficiencies more evident than in due to soft failures­—­the nonimplementation of trade facilita- the African Regional Transport Infrastructure Network (ARTIN), tion measures and trade policies, or ineffective and tangled intended to link the largest commercial centres with each other­—­ bureaucracy, by member states. One key issue, for example, is and with the rest of the world­—­with modern and efficient networks the customs facilities at borders and ports, where too much and gateways. The PIDA evaluation of Africa’s transport sector time is lost in waiting. revealed the total economic cost of ARTIN’s inefficiencies to be African countries can and should take sizeable steps to re- $172 billion. These inefficiencies include corridor and air transport alize efficiency gains­—­liberalizing trade policy, eliminating non- costs, as well as suppressed air transport and freight demand. tariff barriers and implementing previous agreements. Tackling While the need for better physical infrastructure plays a the soft side of regional integration will produce a financial role (such as the necessary completion of the four-decade old windfall for Africa and strengthen regional infrastructure devel- Trans-Africa Highways system), the negative costs are primarily opment in the process.

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 3 infrastructure future. Without investing in short- and medium-term implementation­ itself, Africa will not be in position to gener- —­the Priority Action Plan (PAP)­—­lies at ate the jobs its growing population will need. the heart of PIDA. Although the entire pro- In 2010 Africa had 51 cities with more than gramme can be considered the pipeline for a million residents, and 2 (Cairo and Lagos) Africa’s long-term regional infrastructure with more than 10 million. In 2040 it is ex- development, the PAP details the immediate pected to have more than 100 cities of more way forward by presenting actionable proj- than a million residents and at least 7 topping ects and programmes that promote sound 10 million. Implicit in this surging popula- regional integration between 2012 and 2020. tion forecast is the rising number of Africa’s Most important, the PAP represents what workforce. The continent is poised as a man- makes PIDA unique and what will help en- power reservoir for Africa’s economic growth sure its continuing relevance and support­—­ and the world economy­—­and with PIDA African ownership. The priority project list is providing the infrastructure base, Africa will the result not only of intense analytical work have a powerful vehicle for strong, shared and but also of a thorough consultation process sustainable growth. from the outset with the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), the power pools, the Establishing priorities: a new lake and river basin organizations, special- approach to an old problem ized agencies, sector ministers and other rel- evant development stakeholders. PIDA draws on lessons from regions such Two-day consultations were held with as Asia, Europe and South America. Its each REC and the related regional agencies method of establishing priorities for such a to discuss selection criteria, debate potential large-scale and complex programme relied projects and reach consensus on programme on an in-depth 18-month research and diag- details (box 2). Altogether, more than 300 nostic review­—­and on a detailed analy- representatives from African states attended. sis of needs and gaps in the short, medium Sector minister’s meetings were held consid- and long terms, distinguishing PIDA from ering and endorsing PIDA outcomes. This what’s been tried before. The resulting broad participation, which led to a conti- framework is a direct response to the gaps, nent-wide consensus, laid the foundation for challenges and needs identified across four continuing ownership through all phases of key target sectors: energy, transport, water implementation. This bottom-up process in- and ICT. fused PIDA with specialized quantitative The detailed analytical process gives measurements, such as national and regional PIDA its empirical foundation for action. investment programme details, as well as crit- The study yielded a macro-outlook for in- ical qualitative inputs, such as community frastructure demand in each sector through desires and preferences. 2040 (or 2020 for ICT), the projected gaps The result is the PAP­—­about 50 projects and bottlenecks created by mismatched sup- and programmes grouped into a set of general ply and demand, the institutional inefficien- categories, though a number offer cross-sec- cies previously highlighted and the options tor benefits. The groupings are: for identifying, preparing and funding proj- • Energy: hydropower, interconnections, ects. The programme is organized so that op- pipelines (annex 1) tions are presented for the short and medium • Transport: connectivity, corridor mod- term (through 2020 and 2030) but with a ernization, ports and railways modern- long-term view for additional projects to ization, air transport modernization meet demand through 2040. (annex 2) Given Africa’s urgent infrastructure • Water: multipurpose dams, capacity needs, the project and programme list for building, water transfer (annex 3)

4 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Box 2 How were projects chosen?

PIDA priorities are driven by the programme’s strategic ob- Projects were prioritized based on three criteria categories: jective and by the African Union’s 2004 vision statement, (1) eligibility and regional integration, (2) feasibility and readi- which called for “an integrated Africa, a prosperous and ness and (3) development impacts. These detailed criteria were peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens and representing discussed and agreed as part of the extensive PIDA consulta- a dynamic force in the international arena”. PIDA projects tion process with stakeholders. Projects selected for the pro- adhere to the overall goals of regional infrastructure develop- gramme have been assessed, selected and ranked based on ment and are in alignment with the AU vision and the priori- subcriteria within each of these three groupings and were vali- ties of the RECs. dated during the regional consultations, review processes and endorsement from sector ministerial meetings.

• ICT: capacity building, land intercon- and will be continually reflected as PIDA is nection infrastructure, internet exchange delivered over the next three decades. points (annex 4). Africa is already making significant prog- Programme costs: determining ress on regional infrastructure through proj- financing and investments ects such as the Mombasa-Nairobi-Addis Road Corridor, Tema-Ouagadougou-Ba- While it’s difficult to accurately project the mako Road Corridor, Trans-Maghreb Road capital cost of PIDA’s long-term implemen- Corridor (TAH 1), Kazangula Bridge and tation through 2040 (currently estimated Bamenda-Enugu Road Corridor. Projects at more than $360 billion), the overall capi- and programmes under the PAP represent tal cost of delivering the PAP from 2012 the first batch of agreed priorities resulting through 2020 is expected to be nearly $68 from the analysis, criteria review and con- billion, or about $7.5 billion annually for the sultations on the REC master plans. It rep- next nine years (figure 1, box 3 and annex 5). resents the priority pipeline required to meet Energy and transport projects and pro- the PIDA outcomes. Projects that are on- grammes represent around 95% of the total going or that have reached financial close are cost, demonstrating the critical need for not included. The PAP is not static and will transformative investments in these sectors be updated regularly to reflect progress and to support African trade, promote growth make way for new priorities as Africa’s needs and create jobs. Investment needs for ICT continue to evolve. This reflects the need to and water represent lower percentages. The ensure coherence with REC master plans and consistency with the PIDA strategic frame- Figure 1 Total capital cost of PIDA’s PAP by sector and work. Therefore, the PAP should be viewed region: $67.9 billion through 2020 not as a single list cast in stone, but as the first (and necessary) step in a dynamic process for By sector By region delivering the PIDA programme over the (US$ billions) (US$ billions) next three decades. Southern Africa During the consultations, the particular $12.6

conditions of island states and fragile coun- Energy Central Africa $40.3 $21.5 tries were acknowledged. The PAP includes Transport $25.4 East Africa maritime traffic and ports as essential ele- $23.3 ments in planning the transport corridors West Africa linking island states to the mainland and trade $6.2 routes. The specific regional infrastructure North Africa $1.3 ICT $0.5 Water $1.7 Continental $3.0 needs of fragile countries are acknowledged

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 5 Box 3 Sector priorities­—­what PIDA will accomplish

Using the PIDA study’s macroeconomic projections on growth of ARTIN components up to best world practice in effi- and demand, the priority action plan was developed around a ciency, cost, reliability and safety. core set of vision statements and objectives, in alignment with Africa’s long-term continental and regional strategies. PIDA’s Water vision: Promoting integrated water resource man- agement to develop transboundary water infrastructure proj- PIDA’s Energy vision: PIDA will develop efficient, reliable, cost- ects, strengthen transboundary management frameworks for effective and environmentally friendly infrastructure for the regional integration and ensure water security for the socio- physical integration of the continent and enhance access to economic development of Africa by: modern energy services for the majority of the African popula- • Strengthening institutions for efficient cooperation on tion by: shared water resources • Developing regional and continental clean power genera- • Developing transboundary water infrastructure to meet in- tion and transmission projects creasing water demands while protecting people and the • Implementing high-capacity oil refineries and oil and gas environment pipeline projects • Strengthening finances for transboundary water develop- • Developing renewable energy resources. ment and management • Improving knowledge on transboundary water basins and PIDA’s Transport vision: To work towards an integrated conti- shared aquifers. nent where the transport infrastructure and services enable the free movement of goods and passengers by: PIDA’s ICT vision: To enable Africa to build an information so- • Improving the connectedness of African capitals and ciety and an integrated digital economy in which every govern- major centres with modern paved roads and modern rail ment, business and citizen has access to reliable and afford- systems able ICT networks by: • Satisfying demand on the African Regional Transport Infra- • Doubling ICT’s contribution to GDP from 5% to 10% by structure Network (ARTIN) routes at the least economic 2025 cost, with priority for landlocked countries, while minimiz- • Satisfying African broadband demand at the least cost, ing the environmental impact of transport infrastructure and while increasing accessibility and security of access services • Promoting intra-African e-commerce • Developing modern ARTIN corridors, including gateway • Increasing physical integration at the regional and conti- ports and air transport services, to bring the performance nental levels.

focus in the ICT sector is on enabling-envi- Regional infrastructure will benefit all ronment reforms to promote private sector countries through economies of scale. But investment, along with investments to im- some will bear a higher cost than others, and prove broadband connectivity. Fibre-optic the regional financing differences reflect the investments along power transmission lines, scale of investment required in certain coun- road and railways are included in the energy tries and regions, such as the optimal devel- and transport sector PAP. Many of the large opment of the Inga site and associated trans- water sector projects and programmes, such mission (in the Democratic Republic of the as hydropower facilities, are included among Congo). The principle of solidarity will be an the energy sector costs. All projects and pro- important element of PIDA’s success. grammes in the PAP include accompanying soft measures to unlock the necessary invest- Financing strategy: rising to ment requirements. the challenge of investment The capital investment required for 2020 and project preparation is far below 1% of African GDP. And some of the actions have almost no financial cost The cost dynamics are clear. Under business- but require political will and willingness to as-usual scenarios, funding sources for infra- act. structure for the PAP could optimistically

6 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa amount to about $30 billion by 2020. But transparency in procurement. Also needed business-as-usual is not an option. PIDA will are more competitive markets and banking cost $68 billion through 2020. How will the systems. The absence of enabling legislation gap be closed? Where will the money come and regulations, a lack of local skills and a from? poor understanding of public-private part- Funding will rely on strong and commit- nership (PPP) risk allocation are all bottle- ted national leadership to meet the expected necks currently preventing many countries financing gap. According to study estimates, from fully unlocking private sector interest, financing expected from domestic sources particularly on regional projects. But if put to (public or private) may represent over 50% broader use, PPPs hold the potential for true of total PIDA funding as soon as 2020. The transformational impact. share would grow to about two-thirds in In addition to bringing in more private 2030 and as much as 75% in 2040. Official sector funds, Africa’s visionary leaders must development assistance (ODA) will con- also embrace new and innovative sources tinue to play an important role, and major of financing, critical to PIDA’s success. In- actors such as members of the ICA­—­which novative thinking is already at work. In re- includes G20 countries, the EU-Africa In- cent years, some African institutions have frastructure Trust Fund, multilaterals, re- proven nimble in mobilizing finance to take gional development banks and targeted advantage of the improving macro environ- funds, among other contributors­—­are ment, putting important­—­and in some cases called on to continue to increase assistance interrelated­—­funding instruments in place through 2040. But these ODA resources for development. will not be enough, and they need to be used • Infrastructure bonds are used by many innovatively to leverage investments. They countries today. With them, South Africa should not be relied on solely for a coherent finances toll roads, while Kenya has financing strategy. raised nearly US$1 billion over the last Countries will have to mobilize their own four years to fund road, energy, water and public and private domestic resources and at- irrigation projects. The Southern Africa tract foreign private investment (box 4). Pri- Development Community, Common vate sector commitments to all infrastructure Market for East and Southern Africa and in Africa were nearly $14 billion in 2010, re- East African Community (Tripartite) is bounding to levels last seen in 2008, before considering issuing regional infrastruc- the financial crisis. To attract private invest- ture bonds in 2012. ment there is a need for countries to ensure a • Loan guarantees, which help assure pri- competitive market based on clear legislation vate investors, are crucial to implement- with enforcement of commercial law and ing productive PPPs, as shown by the

Box 4 The role of public-private partnerships

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are no longer a novel con- or all of the risks associated with investing large amounts of cept, and motivated governments can make PPPs a successful, money in these projects. Second, private partners are compen- sustainable and viable part of regional infrastructure develop- sated directly by governments for their work rather than by user ment, says the ICA. The absence of enabling legislation and fees from customers, who may be unwilling or unable to pay. With regulations, a lack of local skills and a poor understanding of the help of donors and development banks, such projects are PPP risk allocation are all bottlenecks currently preventing Af- becoming more common in low-income countries. Although they rica from fully unlocking private sector interest. are not widespread yet in Africa, PPPs are driving some regional Viewed simplistically, PPP risk allocation normally takes one projects such as the Ruzizi III hydropower plant. Put to broader (or both) of two forms. First, private partners are relieved of some use, they hold the potential for true transformational impact.

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 7 Maputo Development Corridor. When The efficiency of regional project prepara- financing one of its toll-road projects, a tion needs to substantially improve. For most road between Johannesburg and Maputo, African infrastructure initiatives, regional South Africa found equity investors will- project preparation funding remains ad hoc ing to put money in the project, but not and opportunistic, resulting in significant without guarantees. Working with the delays or repeated postponement of major Development Bank of South Africa, the projects. African countries and partners need South African government issued subor- to ensure that project preparation finance is dinated debt to underwrite the risk, giv- aligned—­ and­ if necessary, consolidated—­ to­ ing equity investors the comfort to invest avoid duplication of products and facilities in the first PPP in South Africa. that will continue to act as a brake on project • At the regional level, the RECs can also development and ultimately delivery. play an important role in innovative financing. The Economic Commission Implementation: identifying for West African States (ECOWAS) has actors, responsibilities been implementing a 0.25% community and required actions levy for decades. Most other RECs just rely on ODA funding or member con- Implementation will rely on all actors at tributions, neither of which is being con- all levels of the African development pro- stantly replenished like the ECOWAS cess taking coordinated action­—­AUC and excise tax, which yields a steady revenue NPCA at the continental level, the RECs at stream deposited into the general fund. the regional level and, at the national level, Simply put, the scale of the required in- the individual countries on whose territory vestments means that all possibilities need the projects will be constructed and whose to be leveraged, including non–Organisa- populations should benefit from them. tion for Economic Co-operation and Devel- The process is grounded in the Institu- opment sources such as Arab Funds, Brazil, tional Architecture for Infrastructure Devel- China and India. Opportunities for financial opment in Africa (IAIDA), the implementa- innovation, such as climate finance, must be tion strategy for the PIDA programme and recognized and seized. its related projects. Based on IAIDA, the Regional infrastructure development will continental bodies (AUC, NPCA) will be fo- not move forward without a sharper focus on cused on monitoring and advocacy of the im- project planning and preparation. The vol- plementation process at the continental level. umes of project preparation finance required At the project level, implementation progress for PIDA’s transformative projects are sub- will be monitored by RECs according to in- stantial. The annual expenditures to prepare dividual sector arrangements. The RECs have PIDA PAP projects are expected to be more a key responsibility in assuring the harmoni- than $500 million, assuming that prepara- zation and implementation of “soft” policy tion costs average 7% of total investment measures across countries. They will also in- costs. Preparation costs starting in 2012 will form the continental bodies responsible for be smaller, at around $200 million a year, and keeping policymakers and Heads of State and will build up progressively. A concerted ef- Government informed of overall progress. fort is needed to ensure that an adequate vol- The responsibility for devising master ume of project preparation resources is made plans and identifying integrative regional in- available from African domestic funding and frastructure lies at the regional and national other sources, such as multilateral develop- levels. The responsibility for updating PIDA ment banks and project preparation facilities rests with the NPCA in close cooperation like the NEPAD Infrastructure Project Prep- with the RECs and their specialized insti- aration Fund. tutions. This periodic planning exercise will

8 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa be undertaken at least every five years and who must provide political leadership and set include a revised outlook for the future and the agenda. Country governments and finan- PAP. cial institutions, such as the African Devel- As Africa’s regional building blocks, opment Bank, must provide financial leader- RECs are considered the linchpins in plan- ship. Political leadership, as well as financial ning and monitoring PIDA projects. With leadership, is required to avoid the mistakes their long-term visions and regional inter- of past regional infrastructure efforts. And at ests at heart, they and their agencies are well the regional level, RECs and the selected im- positioned to plan and monitor. Because plementing agencies must ensure that coun- the RECs and their agencies lack adequate tries involved are united and that project de- human and technical capacity to fulfil their velopers are skilled. role, the Institutional Architecture and other The requirements for different projects in ongoing programmes are helping address different regions will naturally differ. Given this. Because RECs are not structured as im- these realities, PIDA’s impact will rely on a plementing agencies, it is countries that will few key success factors in the implementation have to rely on experienced developers, pub- process: lic or private, to carry out implementation on • Adherence to AU values of subsidiarity the ground. It is countries that will drive and and solidarity. Decisions in a hierarchical own projects. And it is countries that will system are best taken at the lowest level create the special purpose vehicles needed possible, where accountability should for each project. That is why countries will also reside. For PIDA, this means that have to marshal the resources and build the continental bodies should not under- capacity essential for preparing, implement- take actions better handled by the RECs. ing, operating and maintaining projects. This The RECs in turn will defer to member process will not always be easy, but it is neces- states on items they are better equipped sary, and it has already proven successful in to handle. The actions at all levels should Africa (box 5). be complementary. Implementing infrastructure is always • Strong local ownership. PIDA will avoid complex­—­more so for regional projects with previous traps associated with regional many stakeholders. For PIDA implementa- infrastructure development, whereby tion to succeed, coordinated action must be projects ended incomplete or without taken all along the project chain, starting adequate ownership responsibility for with the Heads of State and Government, continued work and maintenance. All

Box 5 A model of successful implementation

The Ruzizi III project­—­a $450 million, 145-megawatt hydro plant entity formed by the three beneficiary countries to develop projects located on the Ruzizi River flowing between Lake Kivu and of common interest, the framework for Ruzizi III has been success- Lake Tanganyika­—­offers more than much-needed electricity to fully developed, despite its complex public-private structure, over Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It a period of 18 months for a number of key reasons, perhaps none also offers a blueprint for successful infrastructure development more important than effective project preparation and management. through regional integration. The project, part of the PIDA PAP, offers many valuable les- The first regional PPP power project in Africa, Ruzizi III is ex- sons for how sound structuring can attract commercial financing pected to leverage more than 50% commercial financing (debt and and lead to timely implementation, including: installing a dedi- equity), with majority private ownership. With a high level of interest cated and experienced predevelopment team, good communica- from major international investors and financing institutions, the proj- tion with countries to maintain support, targeted capacity build- ect can boast of a finance plan that is practically complete and of a ing, rapid execution of preparatory studies and the availability of true regional partnership at its foundation. Overseen by a regional substantial preparation funds.

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 9 PIDA projects are aligned with regional spectrum of mainstream activities, includ- priorities and are the result of extensive ing agriculture and manufacturing bottom-up consultation and review. • Africa’s share of world trade will be much • Quick starts and early wins. Programme higher, at least twice today’s share of 2% sponsors are interested in seeing quick • Up to 15 million new jobs will be created progress on the ground in construc- for the construction, operation and main- tion and commissioning of facilities. tenance of PIDA projects, with many Several shovel-ready projects that are more millions created indirectly through well advanced are included in the PAP: the increased economic activity they will hydropower generation projects such enable as Rusumo Falls, Ruzizi III, Kaleta • Intra-African trade shares will double and Sambagalou, transport projects from the current levels of 11–12% such as Gambia Bridge, and ICT land • Water resources and basins will be infrastructure. secured for future generations • Shared responsibilities. PIDA is for all • ICT bandwidth will handle demand Africans. All Africans, in turn, must sup- swells by a factor of 20 port it by whatever means they are capa- • Access to electricity will be no less than ble. Obviously, the greatest weight of this 60% in any African country, provid- responsibility falls on the shoulders of ing access to an additional 800 million leaders. The sense of well-studied prag- people. matism and African ownership under- The positive outcomes are endless. With lying the programme will be validated a robust regional trade system powering ad- and affirmed only if Heads of State and vanced international trade, and with sus- Government accept a strong leadership tained economic growth and job creation to role and move Africa to the next level of meet the demands of a surging population, regional integration. Africa will reach new heights. But it all starts with making the right infrastructure invest- The way forward: embracing ments, in the right place, at the right time. Africa’s shared responsibility The time for action is now, and PIDA offers the only path forward. Today, Africa is the least integrated continent The programme’s ultimate success­—­and in the world, with low levels of intraregional thus Africa’s infrastructure future­—­will economic exchanges and the smallest share depend on Heads of State and Govern- of global trade. Infrastructure inefficiencies ment serving as champions for these proj- are costing tens of billion dollars annually ects. Heads of State and Government must and stunting growth. For Africa to reach its set the tone, keep the momentum alive potential there must be a shared commit- and provide critical national leadership by ment by all countries and by all stakehold- working together and showing an unwav- ers to work together on this common agenda ering commitment to integrated policies, and speak with one voice, so that the difficul- projects and goals. They should create an ties in launching and implementing a large- enabling environment for the private sector, scale regional infrastructure project can be and they should ensure that priority com- addressed. mitments filter down through top execut- Here is what Africa will look like by 2040 ing agencies and ministries. The progress of if regional integration is pursued effectively the Presidential Infrastructure Champion and if all countries and leaders embrace the Initiative has shown how involvement at shared responsibility of PIDA. the highest level can move complex regional • Africa’s competitiveness will be estab- projects forward by removing barriers to lished in niche markets and in a growing progress.

10 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Successfully implementing PIDA also sovereignty choices, including increased reli- means tackling the soft governance issues ance on neighbours, which can understand- necessary for true regional integration­—­ ably be difficult and politically sensitive. This harmonization, facilitation, monitoring, is why visionary leadership is required at the maintenance and peer review­—­and, when highest levels of government, and why all Af- necessary, establishing a legal framework for rican leaders are asked to accept their mutual action through legislation. Regional trade responsibility. agreements already in place need to be en- For Africa, the issue is not whether coun- acted, while regulatory reform should address tries should pursue a regional integration standards and policies that currently restrict strategy; there is a political consensus and free trade and the flow of goods and services. socioeconomic impetus to do so. The chal- These actions are urgent and need to move lenge is to implement policies and projects in parallel to physical infrastructure develop- and to create conditions that will result in ment. They depend on building coherent pol- stronger markets, enhanced trade integration icies and institutions, while working through and sustainable growth to benefit the people differences and across borders to ensure that and nations of Africa. PIDA, as the African- PIDA stays on track. In some cases, countries owned and African-led programme initiative, may be faced with the need to make difficult is a way to meet that challenge.

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 11 Annex 1 PIDA’s energy impact

The energy infrastructure programme focuses on major hydroelectric projects and interconnects the power pools to meet the forecast increase in demand. Regional petro- leum and gas pipelines are also included.

North Africa Transmission

Gourbassi Nigeria–Algeria Fomi Gas Pipeline Sudan–Ethiopia Pipeline [88 MW] Millennium Dam Sambagalou [5,250 MW] Gibe III Dam [64 MW] [1,870 MW] Gibe IV Dam [1,479 MW] Kaleta II Rusumo Falls [117 MW] [61 MW] Ruzizi IV Dam Bumbuna 3 Dam [210 MW] [350 MW] Ruzizi III Dam Soubré Lom Pangar Dam [145 MW] [300 MW] [120 MW] Tanzania– West Africa Power Kenya Transmission Corridor Pipeline Memve Ele Dam Stiegler's Gorge Dam [2,100 MW] [200 MW] North–South Optimal Development of INGA Transmission [43,200 MW] Corridor

PIDA PAP 2020 Central Africa Cahora Bassa Dam Transmission [1,245 MW] PIDA 2040 Corridor Mphamda-Nkuwa [1,500 MW] Lesotho HWP Phase II Batoka Gorge Hydropower Component South Africa– [1,600 MW] [1,200 MW] Mozambique Pipeline

12 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Annex 2 PIDA’s transport impact

The transport programme links the major production and consumption centres, pro- vides connectivity among the major cit- ies, defines the best hub ports and railway routes and opens the land-locked countries to improved regional and continental trade.

CD13

CD3

CD4 CD13 / Cicos CD5

Corridor 2020 Corridor 2040 TAH 2020 TAH 2040 Hub Port Programmes ECCAS Connectivity

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 13 Annex 3 PIDA’s transboundary water impact

The transboundary water programme targets the development of multipurpose dams and builds the capacity of Africa’s lake and river basin organizations so that they can plan and develop hydraulic infrastructure. It would also help address the looming food deficit.

North-West Sahara Aquifer System

Gourbassy Dam Feasibility Study for Better Usage of the Lullemeden Transboundary Aquifer NIGER SENEGAL LAKE CHAD NILE

VOLTA Strategy for Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System Fomi Dam Noumbiel Dam

Palombo Dam CONGO

ZAMBEZI Multisectoral Investment Opportunity Studies of the Okavango Basin OKAVANGO

Basin boundaries Studies ORANGE-SENQU Multipurpose dam

Lesotho Highlands Water Project Phase II Water Transfer Component

14 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Annex 4 PIDA’s ICT impact

The ICT programme will establish an enabling environment for completing the land fibre-optic infrastructure and installing internet exchange points in countries with- out them. It will connect each country to two different submarine cables to take advantage of the expanded capacity.

Terrestrial connectivity Priority IXP

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 15 PIDA Priority Action Plan: summary

Annex 5 tables of sector projects and programmes

Projects and programmes under the PAP plans and consistency with the PIDA strate- represent the first batch of agreed priorities gic framework. Therefore, the PAP should be resulting from the analysis, criteria review viewed not as a single list cast in stone, but and consultations on the REC master plans. as the first (and necessary) step in a dynamic It represents the priority pipeline required to process for delivering the PIDA programme meet the PIDA outcomes. Projects that are over the next three decades. ongoing or that have reached financial close PAP project stages are defined as follows: are not included. The PAP is not static and • S1 – early concept proposal will be updated regularly to reflect progress • S2 – feasibility/needs assessment and make way for new priorities as Africa’s • S3 – programme/project structuring and needs continue to evolve. This reflects the promotion to obtain financing need to ensure coherence with REC master • S4 – implementation and operation.

16 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Table 5.1 PIDA PAP—energy sector

Cost Project Description Stage (US$ millions) Countries REC Region 1. Great Millennium Develop a 5,250 MW plant to S4 8,000 Ethiopia, Nile basin COMESA/ Eastern Renaissance Dam supply domestic market and export IGAD electricity on EAPP market 2. North–South Power 8,000 km line from Egypt through S2 6,000 Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, COMESA/EAC/ Southern Transmission Corridor Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, SADC/IGAD Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Zimbabwe to South Africa South Africa 3. Mphamda-Nkuwa Hydroelectric power plant with a S2 2,400 Mozambique, SADC Southern capacity of 1,500 MW for export on Zambezi basin the SAPP market 4. Lesotho HWP phase II Hydropower programme for power S2 800 Orange-Senqu River Basin SADC Southern hydropower component supply to Lesotho and power export to South Africa 5. Inga III Hydro 4,200 MW capacity run of river S2 6,000 DRC Congo River ECCAS Central hydropower station on the Congo river with eight turbines 6. Central African 3,800 km line from the DRC to S1 10,500 South Africa, Angola, ECCAS Central Interconnection South Africa through Angola, Gabon, Namibia, Ethiopia Gabon, Namibia and to the north to Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and Chad 7. Sambagalou 128 MW of hydropower capacity, S3 300 Senegal, OMVG ECOWAS Western 930 km from the mouth of the Gambia River to supply Senegal, Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Gambia 8. West Africa Power 2,000 km line along the coast S2 1,200 Guinea, Guinea ECOWAS Western Transmission Corridor connecting with the existing Ghana– Bissau, Gambia, Sierra Nigeria line with a capacity of 1,000 Leone, Liberia, Côte MW d’Ivoire, Ghana 9. North Africa 2,700 km line from Morocco to S2 1,200 Morocco, Algeria, AMU Northern Transmission Egypt through Algeria, Tunisia and Tunisia, Libya, Egypt Libya 10. Kaleta Hydropower generation of 117 MW S3 179 Guinea – OMVG ECOWAS Western 11. Batoka Hydroelectric plant with a capacity S3 2,800 Zambia/Zimbabwe COMESA/EAC Eastern of 1,600 MW to enable export of Zambezi basin electricity 12. Ruzizi III Hydroelectric plant with a capacity S3 450 Rwanda/DRC COMESA/EAC Eastern of 145 MW to share power among Rwanda, Burundi and DRC promoted by CEPGL 13. Rusumo Falls Hydropower production of 61 MW S3 360 Nile River Basin COMESA/EAC Eastern for Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania 14. Uganda-Kenya Petroleum 300 km long pipeline for a lower S4 150 Uganda, Kenya COMESA/EAC Eastern Products Pipeline cost mode of transport of petroleum products 15. Nigeria–Algeria Pipeline 4,100 km gas pipeline from Warri S2 NA Nigeria, Niger, Algeria UMA/ECOWAS Northern, to Hassi R’Mel in Algeria for export Western to Europe

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 17 Table 5.2 PIDA PAP—transport sector

Cost Programme Description Stage (US$ millions) Countries REC Region 1. TAH programme This is phase I of the continental connectivity S2/S3 2,150 Africa Continental Continental programme that focuses on completion and standardization of the TAH missing links by 2030 2. Single African Sky Single African Sky is a continental programme S3 275 Africa Continental Continental phase 1 (design and that will create a high-level, satellite-based air initial implementation) navigation system for the African continent 3. Yamoussoukro Decision Accelerate Yamoussoukro Decision S4 5 Africa Continental Continental implementation implementation by identifying countries that are ready to fully implement it, and discussing and agreeing with both their governments and airlines to launch the voluntary club on a full membership basis 4. Smart corridor This programme includes both the development of S1 100 Africa Continental Continental programme phase I model smart corridor technology and the design and the implementation of a continental and regional corridor efficiency monitoring system 5. Northern Multimodal This programme is designed to modernize the S3/S4 1,000 Kenya, Uganda, COMESA/EAC Eastern Corridor highest priority multimodal ARTIN corridor on Rwanda, Burundi modern standards (climbing lanes and urban bypasses) in East Africa. This programme aims to facilitate travel by people and goods across the borders between Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and DRC with a spur to South Sudan 6. North-South This programme is designed to modernize the S3/S4 2,325 DRC, Zambia, COMESA/EAC/ Eastern Multimodal Corridor highest priority multimodal ARTIN corridor Zimbabwe, South SADC in Southern Africa on modern standards and Africa, Mozambique facilitate travel of people and goods across the borders between South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi and DRC 7. Djibouti-Addis Corridor This programme would resuscitate the rail system S3/S4 1,000 Djibouti, Ethiopia COMESA/IGAD Eastern in a high priority multimodal ARTIN corridor in Eastern Africa and increase the flow of goods across the border between Djibouti and Ethiopia. It would also design and implement a smart corridor system for both road and rail transport 8. Central Corridor This programme would modernize the third priority S3/S4 840 Tanzania, Uganda, COMESA/EAC Eastern ARTIN corridor in East Africa and facilitate travel Rwanda, Burundi, DRC for people and goods across the borders between Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and DRC 9. Beira-Nacala Rehabilitation/reconstruction of railway and road S3/S4 450 Mozambique, COMESA/SADC Eastern Multimodal Corridors links, including one-stop border posts along the Malawi, Zimbabwe corridors. Improvement of capacity at the ports, including capital dredging at Beira Port. Natural resources development, including Moatize Coal Field in the Zambezi Valley will use the ports as main export gateways 10. Lamu Gateway This programme aims at responding to the S3/S4 5,900 Kenya, Uganda, COMESA/SADC/ Eastern Development Eastern Africa challenge in developing sufficient Rwanda, Burundi EAC port capacity to handle future demand from both domestic sources and landlocked countries. The priority action will be to develop the Lamu gateway 11. Southern Africa Hub Port This programme aims at responding to Southern S1 2,270 REC members SADC Southern and Rail Programme Africa challenge in developing sufficient port capacity to handle future demand from both domestic sources and landlocked countries 12. Abidjan-Lagos This programme would modernize the most S3/S4 290 Nigeria, Benin, Toga, ECOWAS Western Coastal Corridor heavily travelled ARTIN corridor in West Africa Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire (trade facilitation, OSBPs, capacity enhancement and implementation of PPP) for five countries: Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria 13. Dakar-Niamey This programme is designed to modernize the S3/S4 590 Senegal, Mali, ECOWAS Western Multimodal Corridor most heavily travelled ARTIN corridor in West Burkina Faso, Niger Africa (trade facilitation, OSBPs, capacity enhancement and implementation of PPP) for four countries: Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger

18 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa Table 5.2 PIDA PAP—transport sector (continued)

Cost Programme Description Stage (US$ millions) Countries REC Region 14. Praia-Dakar-Abidjan This programme would improve marine transport S2 to S4 150 Cape Verde, Senegal, ECOWAS Western Multimodal Corridor and the connection between island and mainland Gambia, Guinea countries by creating a new maritime service Bissau, Guinea, between regional ports and facilitating this with a Sierra Leone, Liberia, modern information system that links the maritime Côte d’Ivoire service with ports and road corridor in the Dakar- Abidjan Corridor. This programme would also modernize one of the most heavily travelled ARTIN corridor in West Africa (trade facilitation, OSBPs, capacity enhancement possibly through PPP) for eight countries: Cape Verde, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire 15. Abidjan-Ouagadougou/ This programme would modernize and rehabilitate S3/S4 540 Côte d’Ivoire, ECOWAS Western Bamako the multimodal corridor that suffered during civil Burkina Faso, Mali war in Côte d’Ivoire 16. West Africa Hub Port This programme aims at responding to the future S1 2,140 15 countries, ECOWAS Western and Rail Programme capacity problems in West African ports. This PMAWCA programme has two components: (a) a regional hub port and rail linkage master plan and (b) port expansion 17. West Africa Air Transport This programme aims at increasing the air S1 420 15 countries ECOWAS Western transport service levels in West Africa, which are currently limited by the lack of a regional air hub 18. Pointe Noire, Brazzaville/ This multimodal programme would resuscitate S3/S4 300 Congo/DRC/ ECCAS Central Kinshasa, Bangui, the river transport in the Congo-Ubangi River Central African N’djamena Multimodal Basin and modernize road transport along the Republic Corridor corridor 19. Kinshasa- This programme would provide infrastructure S2 1,650 Congo/DRC ECCAS Central Brazzaville to improve the regional transportation and Bridge Road trade systems through the construction of a and Rail fixed crossing linking Kinshasa and Brazzaville, Project & Rail to Ilebo ensuring continuity in railway traffic from Matadi and Pointe-Noire to the eastern border of the DRC and, beyond that towards the eastern and southern parts of Africa 20. Douala-Bangui This programme would modernize the highest S3 290 Cameroon/ ECCAS Central Douala-Ndjamena priority multimodal ARTIN corridor in Central Central African Corridor Africa and facilitate travel for people and goods Republic/ across the borders between Cameroon, Chad and Chad the Central African Republic 21. Central African Inter- This programme is specially designed for Central S2 800 Cameroon/Chad/ ECCAS Central Capital Connectivity Africa, where one of the key issues for regional Central African integration is the missing links in several inter- Republic/Congo/DRC/ capital connectors Gabon/Burundi/ Angola 22. Central Africa This programme aims at increasing the air S1 420 ECCAS Central Air Transport transport service levels as well as airport improvement in Central Africa, which are currently limited by the lack of a regional air hub 23. Central Africa Hub Port This programme aims at responding to the future S1 1,400 Cameroon/Chad/ ECCAS Central and Rail Programme capacity problems in Central African ports. This Central African programme has two components: (a) a regional Republic/Congo/DRC/ hub port and rail linkage master plan and (b) port Gabon/Burundi, expansion PMAWCA 24. Trans-Maghreb Highway This programme is designed to improve travel S3/S4 75 Morocco to Egypt AMU Northern for people and goods across the Maghreb through Algeria, countries, which have had their trade and travel Tunisia and Libya limited by artificial barriers between countries at the borders. This programme would design and implement a smart corridor system along the highway and install one-stop border posts

Interconnecting, integrating and transforming a continent 19 Table 5.3 PIDA PAP—transboundary water resources sector

Cost Project Description Stage (US$ millions) Countries REC Region 1. Palambo Regulation dam to improve navigability S2 155 Congo River Basin ECCAS Central of Obangui River with added hydropower component 2. Fomi Hydropower station in Guinea with irrigation S3 384 Niger River Basin ECOWAS Western water supply for Mali and regulation of the Niger river (nine countries) 3. Multisectoral Investment Identification and preparation of investment S1 1 Okavango River Basin SADC Southern Opportunity Studies programmes in the basin 4. Lesotho HWP Phase Water transfer programme supplying water to S3 1,100 Orange-Senqu SADC Southern II – water transfer Gauteng Province in South Africa River Basin component 5. Gourbassy Multipurpose dam located in Guinea: regulation S2 NA Senegal River Basin ECOWAS Western of the Senegal river (four countries) 6. Noumbiel Multipurpose dam with hydropower generation S1/S2 NA Volta River Basin ECOWAS Western (for Burkina Faso and Ghana) component 7. Nubian Sandstone Implementation of regional strategy for the use S4 5 Nubian Sandstone UMA Northern Aquifer System of the aquifer system Aquifer System 8. North-West Sahara Prefeasibility studies for improved use of the S2 2.5 North West Sahara UMA Northern Aquifer System aquifer system Aquifer System 9. Lullemeden Prefeasibility studies for improved use of the S2 10 Lullemeden and UMA Northern Aquifer System aquifer system Taoudeni/Tanezrouft Aquifer System

Table 5.4 PIDA PAP—ICT sector

Cost Programme Description Stage (US$ millions) Countries REC Region 1. ICT Enabling Environment This programme would improve the environment S2 25 Continental Continental Continental for the private sectors to invest in high-speed broadband infrastructure 2. ICT Terrestrial for This programme has two main components: S3 320 Continental Continental Continental Connectivity secure each country connection by at least two broadband infrastructure and ensure the access to submarine cable to all landlocked countries 3. Internet Exchange Point The aim of this programme is to provide Africa S3 130 Continental Continental Continental (IXP) programme with adequate internet node exchange to maximize internal traffic

20 Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa