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Bab 2 Landasan Teori BAB 2 LANDASAN TEORI 2.1 Tinjauan Umum 2.1.1 Pengertian Olahraga Menurut Undang-undang no.3 tahun 2005, Olahraga adalah segala kegiatan yang sistematis untuk mendorong, membina, serta mengembangkan potensi jasmani, rohani, dan sosial. “Adalah proses sistematik yang terdiri atas setiap kegiatan dan usaha yang dapat membantu perkembangan atau pun membina potensi – potensi jasmaniah dan rohaniah seseorang sebagai perorangan, atau pun anggota masyarakat. Olahraga dapat berupa permainan, pertandingan, serta prestasi puncak di dalam pembentukan manusia yang memiliki ideologi yang seutuhnya dan berkualitas yang didasarkan pada dasar negara dan Pancasila.” (Cholik Mutoir, 1992). Pengertian olahraga menurut WHO , “Kesehatan yang meliputi kesehatan fisik, mental, dan sosial, dan bukan hanya keadaan yang bebas dari penyakit, cacat, dan kelemahan.” Menurut Griwiwijoyo (2005:30 ) “Olahraga adalah serangkaian gerak raga yang teratur dan terencana yang dilakukan orang dengan sadr untuk meningkatkan kemampuan fungsionalnya.” Menurut International Council of Sport and Education yang dikutip oleh Lutan (1992:17) bahwa “Olahraga adalah kegiatan fisik yang mengandung sifat permainan dan berisi perjuangan dengan diri sendiri atau perjuangan dengan orang lain serta konfrontsi dengan unsur alam.” Menurut Ir Soekarno, “Olahraga adalah sebuah alat yang dapat digunakan untuk melaksanakan 3 tujuan revolusi Indonesia, yaitu: Negara Kesatuan RI yang kuat, Masyarakat adil dan makmur dan Tata dunia baru.” Pengertian Olahraga menurut kamus lengkap bahasa Indonesia adalah kata olahraga merupakan kata kerja yang diartikan gerak badan agar sehat. 9 10 Menyimpulkan dari para ahli, maka pengertian olahraga ialah kegiatan fisik dan mental berisi perjuangan, dan permainan guna meningkatkan kesehatan jasmani maupun rohani, serta pembentukan karakter yang baik, dan peningkatan potensi dalam diri seseorang. 2.1.2 Sejarah Kebugaran Tubuh Seperti yang telah dikatakan sebelumnya, olahraga sangatlah penting untuk kesehatan. Kegiatan ini telah ada sejak zaman sebelum masehi, hanya saja pada zaman sebelum masehi, kegiatan olahraga didapat melalui perburuan makanan dan pertahanan hidup. Seiring berjalannya waktu serta perkembangan zaman, maka dunia olahraga pun berkembang. A. Renaissance Gambar 2.1 Vitruavian Man (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Pada Era Renaissance sekitar tahun 1400-1600 minat terhadap anatomi tubuh, biologi, kesehatan, dan pendidikan jasmani sangat tinggi. Pada tahun 1420, Vittorino da Feltre, seorang humanis asal Italia membuka sebuah sekolah yang memeberi penekanan khusus pada pendidikan jasmani. Pada tahun 1553, Cristobal Mendez mengarang buku pertama yang secara eksklusif membahas tentang latihan fisik dan manfaatnya. Dalam buku tersebut terdapat pembahsan tentang latihan, permainan, olahraga yang diklasifikasikan, analisa, serta penjelasan dari sudut pandang medis. Dalam buku ini juga tertulis saran tentang bagaimana mencegah dan pemulihan dari cedera akibat latihan fisik. Beberapa bab bahkan memberikan saran khusus 11 pada latihan dan permainan tertentu untuk perempuan, anak-anak, dan orang tua. Gambar 2.2 De Arte Gymnastica (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) 16 tahun kemudian seorang dokter dari Italia bernama Girolamo Mercuriale menulis buku yang berjudul De Arte Gymnastica. Ini adalah puncak dari studi literature klasik dan medis, khususnya pendekatan Yunani kuno dan Romawi terhadap kebersihan, diet, olahraga, dan penggunaan metode alami untuk penyembuhan penyakit. Dibuku ini tertulis prinsip-prinsip terapi fisik yang disertai dengan gambar ilustrasi. Buku ini dianggap sebagai buku pertama tentang ilmu kedokteran olahraga yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh metode pendidikan dan pelatihan fisik yang mulai muncul di Eropa 2 abad kemudian. B. The Industrial Revolution Revolusi industri adalah masa transisi dari metode produksi manual ke metode manufaktur berbasis mesin. Bermula sekitar tahun 1760 tren yang beredar mempengaruhi sektor-sektor sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya sehingga pola hidup pun berubah. • Eropa Pada tahun 1774, Johann Bernard Basedow yang terpengaruh oleh ide- ide Rousseau tentang ‘Alam Manusia’, membuka Philantropinum di Jerman, hal ini menekankan pada latihan fisik dan permainan termasuk gulat, berlari, lompat, dan menari. Seragam sekolahnya pun dibuat lebih nyaman agar siswa bebas dalam bergerak. 12 Gambar 2.3 Climbing vertical pole or rope, in Gymnastik Für Die Jugend. (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Gamber 2.4 Some of the apparatuses design by Muths, in Gymnastik Für Die Jugend. (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) 20 tahun kemudian, Guth Muths, seorang guru yang berasal dari Jerman mengembangkan prinsip senam artistik yang ia anggap sebagai “Great Grandfather of Gymnastic” . Bukunya yang berjudul Gymnastik Für Die Jugend (Senam untuk Pemuda), adalah buku sistematis pertama dalam senam yang diterbitkan pad tahun 1800 dan menjadi standar acuan bagi pendidikan jasmani dunia. 13 Gambar 2.5 Friedrich Jahn (1778-1852) (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Pada tahun 1810 Friedrich Jahn yang dikenal sebagai “Bapak senam”, adalah seorang pelopor yang penting dalam pendidikan jasmani, ide-idenya pun meneyebar ke seluruh Eropa dan Amerika. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, ia memimpin pemuda-pemuda dalam ekspedisi “ Fresh-air ” serta mengajarkan senam yang berguna untuk memulihkan kekuatan fisik dan moral mereka. Pada tahun 1811, Jahn membuka Turnplatz , yaitu gymnasium terbuka pertama di Berlin. Gerakan senamnya disebut Turnverein , dan tersebar cepat di seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1816 Jahn menerbitkan Die Deutsche Turnkunst (Senam Jerman) yang didedikasikan untuk sistem senamnya. Di Swedia, Pehr Henrik Ling mengembangkan prinsip-prinsip pembangunan fisik yang menekankan pada integrasi pengembangan tubuh yang sempurna dengan keindahan otot. Kontras dengan Jerman, sistem ini di promosikan sebagai “senam ringan” yang berfokus pada senam, pernapasan, dan peregangan, serta pijat. Senam Swedia memiliki 4 katagori yakni, pedagogik, militer, medis, dan estetika. Pada waktu yang hampir sama, Francisco Amoros mendirikan sekolah senam militer di Madrid, Spanyol. Kemudian pindah ke Paris, Perancis dan mendirikan sekolah sipil dan militer tahun 1819. Pada tahun 1830 ia menulis “A Guide to Physical, Gymnastic, and Moral Education”. Setelah dicopot dari jabatannya sebagai 14 pemimpin program pelatihan fisik tentara, ia membuka aula senam yang popular di Paris dan menjadi inisiator pendidikan jasmani di Perancis dan Spanyol. Pada tahun 1847, seorang pioneer kebudayaan fisik Hippolyte Triat, mendirikan sebuah gymnasium besar di Paris dimana kaum borjuis, aristocrat , dan pemuda-pemuda bergabung kedalamnya. Pada tahun 1870-an setelah kehilangan Alsace-Lorraine ke Jerman, kesadaran akan nasionalisme di Perancis meledak. Pendidikan jasmani menjadi fokus utama di sekolah-sekolah Perancis. Gambar 2.6 University of Oxford Gymnasium (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Di Inggris, konsep Charles Darwin, yaitu “Survival of the Fittest” memberikan gerakan budaya fisik yang baru di negara itu. Tahun 1858 Scot Archibald MacLaren membuka gymnasium yang memiliki peralatan lengkap di Universitas Oxford. Di Republik Ceko, organisasi pemuda olahraga dan senam didirikan tahun 1862, terinspirasi dari gerakan senam Jerman. Organisasi ini memberikan pelatihan fisik, moral, dan pelatihan intelektual bagi bangsa melalui program kebugaran seperti latihan marching , angkat besi, perkuliahan, dan senam festival. Pelatihan ini mencakup seluruh laki-laki dari semua kelas, dan pada akhirnya wanita pun turut serta. The Polish Falcons (1867) memiliki aspirasi yang serupa. Selain latihan fisik dan kontes atletik. Di Eropa, masyarakat mengembangkan budaya kebugaran yagng mengakar pada identitas etnis atau nasional mereka. Memasuki abad ke-20, angkatan laut Perancis dan physical educator Georges Hebert, berperan penting dalam menggerakkan 15 physical culture forward yang mengambil isyarat dari budaya pada masa lalu. Setelah mempelajari prinsip-prinsip dari para pendahulunya, termasuk Jahn dan Amoros, ia membuat metodenya sendiri yang disebut “Natural method” . Metode tersebut sepenuhnya didasari oleh kemampuan alami bergerak seperti berjalan, berlari, menyeimbangkan, melompat, merangkak, memanjat, keterampilan manipulatif ( lifting , melempat, dst.), dan mempertahankan diri. Semua hal tersebut dilatih menggunakan segala macam rintangan. Hebert yang bertanggung jawab atas semua pelatihan fisik angkatan laut Perancis, dan kemudian membuka pelatihan indoor/outdoor terbesar dan modern pada jamannya di Reims pada tahun 1913. Gambar 2.7 Herbert’s book (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Hebert menerbitkan buku pertamanya yaitu, L’Education Physique ou I’Entrainement Complet par la Methode Naturelle (Physicl Education or Complete Training by the Natural Method) tahun 1912, lalu diikuti oleh karya- karya lain dengan subjek yang sama. • Amerika Gambar 2.8 Gymnastic 16 (Sumber : http://www.artofmanliness.com/2014/09/24/the-history-of-physical-fitness/ , 2014) Ancaman invasi asing di Amerika Serikat tidak sama besar seperti di Eropa, kebutuhan untuk mempersiapkan perang tidak terlalu besar, maka penekanan pada budaya
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