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Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Male (23-V). ( vulga- ris )

IDENTIFICATION Common Starling. 20-22 cm. Black , with purple, green Spring. Adult. Pattern of and blue gloss in breeding plumage; strongly wing, breast and upper- spotted pale in winter; yellow bill in breeders, parts. dark in winter; short . Wing formula : the 9th primary is the longest (sometimes 8th and 9th similar). Juveniles are grey brown; pale superci- lium poorly pronounced; cheek mottled dark. 9ª

8ª 9ª 8ª 7ª 7ª

Common Starling. Juvenile. Wing formula and head pattern.

Common Starling. Win- ter. Wing formula and pattern of breast and upperparts.

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SIMILAR Recalls that of a male Blackbird which has lon- ger tail and lacks glossy plumage or white spots. is very similar but lacks green and purple gloss in breeding plumage and wing lacks buff edges. Juvenile of Spotless Starling is almost indistinguishable by plumage but with pale supercilium quite pro- nounced and cheek poorly mottled dark; wing formula is different being the 8th primary the

Spotless Starling.

9ª

Blackbird. Male 8

7

Spotless Starling. Winter. Spotless Starling. Juvenile.Wing formula and head pattern. 9ª 8ª SEXING In breeding season, base of the lower mandible is 7ª grey-blue in males and white-pinkish in females . uniformly dark brown in males and dark with a narrow pale outermost circle in females . Most of the juveniles can be sexed by iris colour (CAUTION: males and females can have iris dark brown, but only females have the iris with a pale circle). http://blascozumeta.com Write your website here Page 2 Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Sponsor is needed. Write your name here 416 Common Starling Put your logo here

Common Starling. Spring. Sexing. Pattern of bill: top male; bottom female Common Starling. Winter. Sexing. Pattern of iris: top male; bottom female

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Length of the lon- gest on the neck base: left male; right female

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Length of the longest feather on the neck base: left male; right fe- Common Starling. Juvenile. Sexing. Pattern of iris: male top male/female; bottom female

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Common Starling. Winter. Sexing. Pattern of flank: top male; bottom female Common Starling. Spring. Ageing. Male. Pattern of AGEING/SEXING bill and brightness of plumage: top adult; bottom 4 types of age can be recognized: probably 2nd year. Juvenile with grey brown plumage; whitish throat; underparts with pale streaked; greyish bill. 1st year autumn/2nd year winter with roun- ded tail feathers, the outermost with buff narrow edge not interrumped at the tip; cental tail feat- hers with matt subterminal bar. Male with the longest feather in the lower part of the throat between 15-20 mm; underparts with pale spots on feathers with a black line in the middle (sometimes missing). Female with the longest feather in the lower part of the throat between 13-17 mm; underparts with broad pale spots on feathers without a black line in the middle. 2nd year spring very difficult to age certainly because of overlap in length of the longest feat- hers of throat and wear of tail feathers; usually males and females with less bright than adults ; 2nd year males usually with some white spots. Adult with pointed tail feathers, the outer- Common Starling. Spring. Ageing. Female. Bright- most with distinct buff edge which is interrup- ness of plumage: top adult; bottom probably 2nd ted in the tip by dark colour of the feather; cen- year. tral tail feathers pointed, with a glossy subtermi- nal band. Male with the longest feather in the lower part of the throat between 20-26 mm; in winter , underparts with narrow pale spots on feathers always with a black line in the middle. Female with the longest feather in the lower part of the throat between 15-20 mm; in winter , underparts with broad pale spots on feathers always with a black line in the middle. In spring ageing is very difficult; usually, adult have a brighter plumage than those of the 2nd year ; Common Starling. Spring. Ageing. Juvenile: pattern adult males usually unspotted white. of plumage and colour of bill. http://blascozumeta.com Write your website here Page 4 Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Sponsor is needed. Write your name here 416 Common Starling Put your logo here

Common Star- ling. Spring. Ageing. Adult: pattern of tail feathers.

Common Starling. Winter. Ageing. Female. Pattern of flank: top adult; bottom 1st year.

Common Star- ling. Spring. Ageing. Proba- bly 2nd year: pattern of tail feathers. Common Star- ling. Winter. Ageing. Adult. Male: tail pat- .

Common Star- ling. Winter. Ageing. Adult. Female: tail pattern.

Common Starling. Winter. Ageing. Male. Pattern of flank: top adult; bottom 1st year.

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Common Star- ling. Winter. Ageing. 1st year. Male: tail pattern.

Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Female (23-V).

Common Star- ling. Winter. Ageing. 1st year. Female: tail pattern.

Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Male (11-VI).

MOULT Complete postbreeding and postjuvenile moults, finished in November.

PHENOLOGY

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

STATUS IN ARAGON Resident, with contribution of wintering Euro- pean birds. Breeds only in Alta and Baja Ribagor- Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Fe- za. male (11-VI).

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Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Male/female (23 -V)

Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Head pattern and colour of iris and bill: top male (11-VI); bottom female (11-VI)

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Female (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Head pattern and colour of iris and bill: top male/female (23-V); bottom female (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Head pattern and colour of iris and bill: top male (23-V); bottom fe- male (23-V)

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Common Starling. Spring. Pro- bably 2nd year. Pat- tern of flank: top male (11- Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Breast pattern: left VI); bottom male (23-V); right female (23-V) female (11- VI)

Common Starling. Spring. Ju- venile. Pat- tern of flank: top Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Breast male/female pattern: left male (11-VI); right female (11-VI) (23-V); bottom fe- male (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Breast pattern: top male/female (23-V); bottom female (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Pat- tern of flank: top male (23- Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Upperparts pattern: V); bottom left male (23-V); right female (23-V) female (23- V)

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Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Fe- male: tail pattern (23- V).

Common Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Up- Starling. perparts pattern: left male (11-VI); right female (11- Spring. Pro- VI) bably 2nd year. Male: tail pattern (11-VI).

Common Starling. Spring. Pro- bably 2nd year. Female: tail pattern (11-VI). Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Upperparts pat- tern: top male/female (23-V); bottom female (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Juve- nile. Male/ Common Star- female: tail ling. Spring. pattern (23- Adult. Male: V). tail pattern (23 -V).

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Common Starling. Spring. Juve- nile. Female: tail pattern (23-V).

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Pattern of un- dertail coverts: top male/female (23-V); bottom fe- male (23-V)

Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Pattern of undertail coverts: left male (23-V); right female (23-V) Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Male: pattern of wing (23-V).

Common Starling. Spring. Adult. Female: pattern of wing (23-V). Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Pat- tern of undertail coverts: left male (11-VI); right female (11-VI)

Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Male: pattern of wing (11-VI). http://blascozumeta.com Write your website here Page 10 Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Sponsor is needed. Write your name here 416 Common Starling Put your logo here

Common Starling. Spring. Probably 2nd year. Fe- male: pattern of wing (11-VI).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Male (15-XII).

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Male/female: pattern of wing (23-V).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Female (11-XII).

Common Starling. Spring. Juvenile. Female: pattern of wing (23-V).

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Male (15-XII).

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Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Length of the longest feather on the neck base: left male (15-XII); right female (15-XII).

Common Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Female (15-XII). Starling. Winter. Adult. Pat- tern of the Common neck Starling. mottled: Winter. top male Adult. Iris (15-XII); colour and bottom head pat- female (11- tern: top XII). male (15- XII); bot- tom female (11-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. 1st Common year. Pat- Starling. tern of the Winter. 1st neck year. Iris mottled: colour and top male head pat- (15-XII); tern: top bottom male (15- female (15- XII); bot- XII). tom female (15-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Pattern of breast Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Length of the lon- mottled: left male (15-XII); right female (11-XII). gest feather on the neck base: left male (15-XII); right female (15-XII). http://blascozumeta.com Write your website here Page 12 Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Sponsor is needed. Write your name here 416 Common Starling Put your logo here

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Pattern of breast mottled: left male (15-XII); right female (15-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Upperpart pattern: left male (15-XII); right female (11-XII). Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Pat- tern of the flank mottled: top male (15-XII); bottom female (11- XII).

Common Starling. Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Upperpart pat- Winter. 1st tern: left male (15-XII); right female (15-XII). year. Pat- tern of the flank mottled: top male (15-XII); Common bottom Starling. female (15- Winter. XII). Adult. Male: tail pattern (15 -XII).

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Common Starling. Winter. Common Adult. Starling. Male: pat- Winter. tern of Adult. Fe- undertail male: tail coverts (15 pattern (11 -XII). -XII).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Fe- male: pat- tern of undertail Common coverts (11 Starling. -XII). Winter. 1st year. Male: tail pattern (15-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Male: pattern of undertail coverts (15 -XII). Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Fe- male: tail pattern (15 -XII). Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Fe- male: pat- tern of undertail coverts (15 -XII).

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Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Male: pattern of wing (15-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. Adult. Female: pattern of wing (11-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Male: pattern of wing (15-XII).

Common Starling. Winter. 1st year. Female: pattern of wing (15-XII).

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