<<

-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB €

DOI: 10.15503/jecs20162.53.74 Which theory of communication is “political correctness”?

Michael Nnamdi Konye

.DWROLFNL8QLZHUV\WHW/XEHOVNL-DQD3DZOD,, $OHMH5DFãDZLFNLH/XEOLQ E-mail address: NQDPGL#JPDLOFRP

Abstract

7KHSDSHUIRFXVHVRQÅSROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVµZKLFKKDVEHFRPHDODWHWKFHQWXU\ FDWFKSKUDVHLQ:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQDQG1RUWK$PHULFDQOLEHUDOGHPRFUDFLHVEXWDOVR KDVIRXQGFXUUHQF\LQWKHSROLWLFDOFOLPDWHRIWKH$VLDQDQG(DVWHUQFRXQWULHV$KLVWR- ULFDODQGPXOWLFXOWXUDOUHYLHZLVLQWHQGHGDVDQLQWURGXFWLRQWRDEURDGHUSKLORVRSKL- FDODQDO\VLVRIWKH0DU[LVWbackgroundsRISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVDQGLWVQHR0DU[LVW theoretical correctivesLQ-UJHQ+DEHUPDV·VWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ0\DLP LVWRGUDZRXWERWKWKHHGXFDWLRQDODQGFXOWXUDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIOD\LQJRXWWKHHWKRVRI FRQWHPSRUDU\GLVFRXUVHRQWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRIWKHHYROYLQJG\QDPLFVRIWKHUKHWRULF RISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV Key words: &XOWXUDO0DU[LVPHU%HZHJXQJN\ULDUFK\*XWPHQVFKSROLWLTX- HPHQWFRUUHFWH.RWREDJDUL$OODQ%ORRP0F&DUWK\LVP0DR=HGRQJ0D[+RUNKH- LPHU-UJHQ+DEHUPDV

Introduction

7KHWKUXVWRIP\SDSHULVWDLORUHGWRZDUGVDSKLORVRSKLFDODQDO\VLVRIWKH HGXFDWLRQDODQGVRFLRFXOWXUDOimplicationsRIOD\LQJRXWWKHHWKRVRIFRQ- WHPSRUDU\FXOWXUHVRQWKHSDWWHUQRI¶SROLFLHV·DQGODZVLQÁXHQFHGE\SROLWL- FDOFRUUHFWQHVV7KHSDSHUDOVRDLPVDWFDOOLQJRXUDWWHQWLRQWRWKHchallenges RIFRSLQJZLWKWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\SOXUDOLVPRILQWHUHVWVZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]H YDULRXVHWKLFRSROLWLFDOVWUDQGVRIWKHrhetoricRI´SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVµLQWKH VRFLRFXOWXUDODQGSROLWLFRHFRQRPLFGRPDLQVRIOLEHUDOGHPRFUDWLFVRFLHWLHV WRGD\ ,QLWVRXWOD\WKLVDUWLFOHZLOOSURYLGHDKLVWRULFDOEDFNJURXQGLQWHQGHG WRSURMHFW´SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVµDVWKHRUHWLFDOO\HPEHGGHGLQWKHFRPPX- QLFDWLYHVNLOOVRIWKHDQFLHQWVRSKLVWV:LWKRXWSUHMXGLFHWRWKLVDQFLHQWVRXU- FHV,LQWHQGWRDUJXHIRUWKHWKUHDGRIGHYHORSPHQWVRIWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ ZKLFKIRXQGLWVURRWVLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKDQGWZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHV0DU[LVWLGH- RORJLHV0DU[LVPDVWKHSDSHUSURSRVHVDFFRXQWVIRUWKHXQGHUO\LQJVRXUFHV DQGG\QDPLFVRIWKHQHZIDGRISXEOLFVSHHFKPDNLQJZKLFKFRQVLVWVLQWKH SHQFKDQWWREHSHUFHLYHGDVpolitically correct. 2IVLJQLÀFDQWLQWHUHVWIRUPH € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ KRZHYHULVWKHUHELUWKRIDWKHRUHWLFDODFFRPPRGDWLRQRIWKLVWUHQGRIVRFLDO FRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQNIXUWFULWLFDOWKHRULVWV FXOPLQDWLQJLQLWVFRQWHPSRUDU\UHIRUPXODWLRQVE\-UJHQ+DEHUPDV·FUL - WLFDOWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ,VKDOOLQGLFDWHWKHVRXUFHVRILQWH[W FLWDWLRQVIROORZLQJWKHDEULGJHG$3$V\VWHPOHDYLQJRXWWKHGHWDLOVRIDIXOO UHIHUHQFHOLVWWLOOWKHHQGRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQ 7KLV GLVFXVVLRQ LV WLPHO\ DV LW KLJKOLJKWV WKH OLYHGH[SHULHQFH RI PRVW VWXGHQWVDQGSURIHVVRUVWRGD\,QWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHWKHUHIRUHLWLVXQGHUVFR - UHGWKDWWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVWUXFWXUHVRIPRVWXQLYHUVLWLHVUHÁHFWVLJQLÀFDQW XQGHUFXUUHQWVRISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVLGHRORJLFDOO\JUDIWHGLQWRWKHSROLFLHV PDGHE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWIRUKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV7KHFODLPRIWKH SDSHULVWRDVVHUWWKDWDPRUH positive UHDSSUDLVDORIWKHG\QDPLFVRI¶SROL - WLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV·FDQEHIRXQGLQWKHUHPHGLDO corrective LQVLJKWVRI-UJHQ +DEHUPDV·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ÀFDQWWRQRWH DVZHOOWKDWWKLVUKHWRULFKDVEHHQPDUNHWHGWRWKHZLGHUSXEOLFDVLGHRORJLFDO LQÀOWUDWLRQLQWRFXOWXUHVDQGVRFLHWLHV

Political correctness: a panoply of theories for models of rhetoric?

0\ ÀUVW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ LV WR FODULI\ WKH senses, LQ ZKLFK WKH WLWOH RI WKH SDSHUZKLFKUHIHUVWRD¶WKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ·ZLWKUHVSHFWWR political correctness,- FDQEHXQGHUVWRRG .,VKDOOHYHQWXDOO\SUHVHQW-UJHQ+DEHPDV·V WKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQDVDQLQVWUXFWLYHEXWWKHKLVWRULFDOSRLQWRI GHSDUWXUHRIWKHSDSHUZLOOHQJDJHP\DXGLHQFHWKURXJKDQRYHUYLHZRIKRZ +DEHUPDVÀWVLQWRWKHRYHUDOODQDO\VLV $VHDUO\DVWKHODWH th FHQWXU\ZHÀQGLQVWDQFHVRILQDGHTXDWHFRQ - ÁDWLRQRIUHIHUHQFHVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKH6WDWHDQGWKHFLWL]HQVHYHQZLWKLQ WKHKDOORZHGFKDPEHUVRIWKHOHJDOLQVWLWXWLRQV7KLV innocuous FRQÁDWLRQ RI UHIHUHQFH ZDV ÀUVW GHVFULEHG DV EHLQJ ‘politically incorrect’  LQ D 86 6XSUHPH&RXUWVHVVLRQ &KLVKROPYV6WDWHRI*HRUJLD86'DOO   0RUHVRZLWKLQWKHFXUULFXOXPRIVWXGLHVLQLQVWLWXWLRQVRIKLJKHUOHDUQ - LQJZHQRWHWKDWZKLOHWKHUHDUHWUDFHVRIDFDGHPLFLQWHUHVWVLQFRPPXQLFD - -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB  WLRQVWXGLHVEHIRUHWKH th FHQWXU\LWLVDVLJQLÀFDQWO\UHFHQWÀHOGRIVWXG\ ,QDFRQWHPSRUDU\KDQGERRNRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWXGLHVWKHHGLWRUVVLJQLÀ - FDQWO\UHPDUNHGDVIROORZV´&RPPXQLFDWLRQVWXG\LVYHU\PXFKDPRGHUQ GLVFLSOLQH\HWLWDOVRKDVDORQJWUDGLWLRQDQGGHHSURRWVLQSKLORVRSK\DQG UKHWRULF,WZDVRQO\LQWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\WKDWLWGHYHORSHGLQWRDQRUJDQ - L]HGÀHOGZLWKLWVRZQLQVWLWXWLRQDOKLVWRU\LWVRZQDSSRLQWHGSURIHVVRUVDQG DFDGHPLFMRXUQDOV$WWKLVSRLQW¶FRPPXQLFDWLRQVFLHQFH·GHYHORSHGRXWRI VHYHUDOWUDGLWLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKRVHRIWKHDOVRUHFHQWO\GHYHORSLQJSV\FKRO - RJ\DQGVRFLRORJ\µ 6FKXOW] &REOH\  %HLQJVWLOODGHYHORSLQJÀHOGRIVWXG\YDULRXVDWWHPSWVDUHVXJJHVWLYHRI LWVGHÀQLWLYHVXEMHFWPDWWHUDQGIRUPDOREMHFW$VVXFKLWLVXVXDOWRFRQVLGHU VRPHHW\PRORJLFDOUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHQRWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ6FKRODUVKDYH FRQWLQXHGWRPDNHWUDFHVWRFHUWDLQ/DWLQURRWV¶FRPPXQLFDWLRQ·LVYDULRXVO\ OLQNHG WR communicare ² ¶WR VKDUH· RU ¶WR EH LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK· RU DV FRQQRW - LQJ WKH (QJOLVK socio-political QXDQFHV RI ¶FRPPRQ· ¶FRPPXQH· DQG ¶FRP - PXQLW\·RUSHUKDSVVXJJHVWLQJDQDFWRI¶EULQJLQJWRJHWKHU· &REOH\ 5RVHQJUHQ6FKHPHQW%HDWWLH 7KH/DWLQ communicatio – a ¶VKDULQJ·RU¶LPSDUWLQJ·DUJXDEO\PDNHVOHVVHUUHIHUHQFHWR union or unity EXW PRUHIUHTXHQWLQUHODWLRQWRDQRWKHU/DWLQWHUP munus ,QWKLVVHQVHWKH(QJ - OLVKFRQQRWDWLRQVRIÀFHGXW\JLIWHYRNHVWKHURRWVHQVHVRIKDYLQJWRGR ZLWKFKDQJHH[FKDQJHDQGJRRGVSRVVHVVHGE\DQXPEHURISHRSOH 3HWHUV 3HWHUV&UDLJ6FKXO]  0RUHRYHUWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQUKHWRULFSXEOLFVSHHFKFRPPXQLFD - WLRQ DQG SROLWLFV LV REYLRXVO\ DQ LQWHUHVWLQJ GLVFRXUVH IRU DQFLHQW WKLQNHUV HVSHFLDOO\WKH*UHHNSKLORVRSKHUVZKRFRQVLGHUHGWKHVSHHFKIDFXOW\LVWKH SULPRUGLDOQDWXUDOSRWHQWLDOIRUVRFLDOHQFRXQWHU,QWKH th &HQWXU\%&*UHHN WUDGLWLRQRISXEOLFVSHHFKZDVOLQNHGZLWKWKHVRSKLVWVDQGWKHUKHWRULFLDQV GDWLQJDVIDUEDFNDV,VRFUDWHV %& /\VLDV  DQGWKH3UR - WDJRUDV %& $WKHRU\RI´SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVµLQWKH*UHHNFXOWXUH PD\EHWUDFHGWRWKLVWUDGLWLRQRIWKHVRSKLVWVHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKLQWKHFRQWH[W RIWKHGHPRFUDWLF agora. 7KH5RPDQ Senate GXULQJWKHWLPHRIWKH5RPDQ 5HSXEOLFFDQLQIDFWEHFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHVXFFHVVRURIWKH*UHHN Agora MXVW DV+LWOHU·V´VWDWHRIWKHXQLRQµDGGUHVVRIWKH7KLUG5HLFKFDQEHVSRNHQRI as the German Reichstag YHUVLRQRIWKH5RPDQ6HQDWHVSHHFKHV+RZHYHU FRQWHPSRUDU\ QRWLRQV RI WKHRULHV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQV GR QRW VKDUH PDQ\ RI WKH IHDWXUHV WKDW FKDUDFWHUL]HG WKH *UHHN WUDGLWLRQ *UHFR5RPDQ*HU - PDQLF RISXEOLFVSHHFKZKLFKZHUHDLPHGDWZLQQLQJDUJXPHQWVZKHUHDV LQ RXU VRFLHWLHV WRGD\ SXEOLF VSHHFK HYHQ DV UKHWRULF DQG VRSKLVWU\ GR QRWDLPDWZLQQLQJDUJXPHQWVDVPXFKDVLWDLPVDWZLQQLQJRUPDLQWDLQ - LQJSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHV7KLVDUJXPHQWIRUWKH*UHHNDQFHVWU\RIWKHUKHWRULF RISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVDVHYLGHQWLQWKHVRSKLVWV·WKHRU\RISROLWLFDOVSHHFK LV KRZHYHU FRXQWHUEDODQFHG E\ WKH 3ODWRQLF$ULVWRWHOLDQ WUDGLWLRQV 7KLV FRXQWHUFXUUHQWLVDOUHDG\KLJKOLJKWHGE\RQHRIWKHPRVWTXRWHGVHFWLRQV IURP$ULVWRWOH·V Politics, %RRNLVDZKHUHKHOD\VWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRI KLVSROLWLFDOWKHRU\RQWKHQDWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHVNLOOVRIWKHKXPDQEHLQJ € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ ´Dždž ǑǐnjNJǕNJNjǐǎ ǐ ƽǎljǒǚǑǐǓ«ǍƽǕLjǎ LjǗǞǔNJǓ ǑǐNJdžNJnjǝDŽǐǎDždžǍǝǎǐǎƽǎljǒǚǑǐǓ džǘdžNJǕǚǎLJǟǚǎ« Lj ǍdžǎǐǁǎǗǚǎLjǕǐǁnjǖǑLjǒǐǁ NjǂNJ LjDžƾǐǓdžǔǕNJǔLjǍdžǛǐǎ«ǐ DždžnjǝDŽǐǓdžǑNJ ǕǚDžLjnjǐǜǎdžǔǕNJǕǐǔǖǍǗdžǒǐǎ NjǂNJ Ǖǐ ǃnjǂǃdžǒǐǎ , ǟǔǕdž NjǂNJ ǕǐDžǀNjǂNJǐǎ NjǂNJ Ǖǐ ǂDžNJNjǐǎ«ƿ DždžǕǐǞǕǚǎNjǐNJǎǚǎǀǂ ǑǐNJdžNJǐNJNjNJǂǎ NjǂNJ ǑǝnjNJǎµ >PDQ LV E\ QDWXUHDSROLWLFDODQLPDO«IRUQDWXUH«GRHVQRWKLQJZLWKRXWSXUSRVHDQG PDQDORQHRIWKHDQLPDOVSRVVHVVHVVSHHFK7KHPHUHYRLFHLWLVWUXHFDQ LQGLFDWHSDLQDQGSOHDVXUH«EXWVSHHFKLVGHVLJQHGWRLQGLFDWHWKHDGYDQWD - JHRXVDQGWKHKDUPIXODQGWKHUHIRUHDOVRWKHULJKWDQGWKHZURQJ«DQGLWLV SDUWQHUVKLSLQWKHVHWKLQJVWKDWPDNHVDKRXVHKROGDQGDFLW\VWDWH@ ,QWKHVDPHYHLQ3ODWR·VPRVWFHOHEUDWHGWKHRU\RIWKHLGHDOVWDWHLVGHGXFHG IURPKLVDQDORJ\RIMXVWLFHLQRQHPDQDQGMXVWLFHLQWKHFLW\VWDWHDVIRXQGLQ Republic, ERRNVHFWLRQHDFZKHUHLQKHVSHDNVRIWKHVWDWHDV´PDQ ZULWODUJHµ´ƾǎǕLj ǑdžǒNJǕǐDžǀNjǂNJǐǎ«DžNJNjǂNJǐǔǞǎLj , ࢥǂǍƾǎ , ƾǔǕNJǍdžǎ ǂǎDžǒǐǓdžǎǝǓ , ƾǔǕNJDžƾ Ǒǐǖ NjǂNJ ǝnjLjǓ ǑǝnjdžǚǓ «ǐǁNjǐǜǎǍdžNJLJǐǎ ǑǝnjNJǓdžǎǐǓ ǂǎDžǒǝǓ , ǍdžNJLJǐǎ , ƾࢥLjǀǔǚǓ ǑnjdžǀǚǎƽǎDžNJNjǂNJǐǔǞǎLj ƾǎǕǚǍdžNJLJǐǎNJdžǎdžǀǎ NjǂNJ ǒƽǚǎ NjǂǕǂǍǂljdžNJǎµ>ZKDW DQDORJ\GR\RXGHWHFWLQWKHLQTXLU\DERXWMXVWLFH"WKHUHLVDMXVWLFHRIRQH PDQZHVD\DQG,VXSSRVHDOVRRIDQHQWLUHFLW\«,VQRWWKHFLW\ODUJHUWKDQ WKHPDQ"7KHQSHUKDSVWKHUHZRXOGEHPRUHMXVWLFHLQWKHODUJHUREMHFWDQG PRUHHDV\WRDSSUHKHQG@ ,QVSLWHRIWKHDERYHDQFLHQWLQVLJKWVZKDWDFFRXQWVIRUWKHWKHRULHVDQG PRGHOV RI SXEOLFVSHHFK PDNLQJ LQ RXU FRQWHPSRUDU\ VRFLHW\ DUH ODUJHO\ WDNHQIURPWKH th DQG th QHZVFLHQWLÀFGHYHORSPHQWVDQGLQQRYDWLRQVLQ LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV ,&7  %HWKDWDVLWPD\ZLWKLQWKHVSHFLÀFDOO\SKLORVRSKLFDOGLVFLSOLQHVRIPHWD - SK\VLFVDQWKURSRORJ\SV\FKRORJ\RUHSLVWHPRORJ\HWKLFVDQGSROLWLFDOSKL - ORVRSK\WKHQRWLRQRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWHUPVRIEURDGHUDQG PRUHIXQGDPHQWDOTXHVWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH theory of language. $SKLOR - VRSKLFDODSSURDFKFHUWDLQO\H[SDQGVWKHVFRSHRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQWRWKHUHOD - WLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQWKRXJKWZRUGDQGREMHFWDVZHOODVWRWKHFRJQLWLYHLQIHU - HQFHVDQGORJLFDOUXOHVRIUDWLRQDOH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQLQWHUVXEMHFWLYHDJHQWV RIFRJQLWLRQ:KDWPRUH"$SKLORVRSKLFDOLQWHUHVWLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWXGLHV DOVRKDUSVRQWKH theory of meaning HVSHFLDOO\LQDORJLFDOO\PHGLDWHGYLHZ - SRLQWZKLFKDWWHPSWVWRUHODWHVXFKGRPDLQVDVODQJXDJHXVHDVWKHV\QWDFWLF VHPDQWLFDQGSUDJPDWLFOHYHOV )URPWKHD[LRORJLFDOÀHOGVRIFRQVLGHUDWLRQVWKHUH GHYHORSHG FHUWDLQ WKHRULHV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQWR ZKLFK ZH FDQ FDWHJRUL]H WKH rhetoric RI SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV,QWKLVUHVSHFWZHÀQG0LOOHU.DWKHULQH·VWUHDWPHQW RI values TXLWHLQVWUXFWLYH0LOOHUFRQVLGHUVWKUHHOHYHOVRIDSSURDFKWRWKH TXHVWLRQRIYDOXHVLQWKHIRUPXODWLRQRIWKHRULHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKHÀUVW DSSURDFKHPSKDVL]HVWKHYDOXHVRSHUDWLYHLQWKHEDFNJURXQGFXOWXUHVIURP ZKLFKWKHWKHRULVWFRQVWUXFWVKLVRUKHUK\SRWKHVLVWKHVHFRQGDSSURDFK FRQVLGHUVWKHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQRIWKHRULHVZLWKLQYDOXHV\VWHPVRIWKHVRFL - HW\ZKLOHWKHWKLUGD[LRORJLFDODSSURDFKLQVLVWVWKDWYDOXHV\VWHPVDUHSDUW DQGSDUFHORIVFLHQWLÀFWKHRULHVDWHYHU\VWDJHRILWVFRQVWUXFWLRQDSSOLFD - WLRQDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQKHQFHWKHRULHVHPEUDFHWKHLUYDOXHVDQGZRUNWR -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € UHSURGXFHWKRVHVDPHYDOXHVDWHYHU\VWDJHRIUHVHDUFK DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG GHYHORSPHQW7KLVWKLUGDSSURDFKÀWVZHOOZLWKP\DSSUDLVDORIWKHFULWL - FDOWKHRULVWVRIWKH)UDQNIXUW6FKRROLQWKLVSDSHU,QSRLQWRIIDFWUHFHQW VFKRODUVKLSLVDFNQRZOHGJLQJWKDWWKHUROHRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKHRU\LVWR LGHQWLI\RSSUHVVLRQDQGSURGXFHVRFLDOFKDQJH &UDLJ0LOOHU 6LPSKDO 5RJHUV  ,WVKRXOGEHXQGHUVFRUHGWKDWDWWKHEHJLQQLQJWKH th FHQWXU\QHZSKLOR - VRSKLFDOFXUUHQWV WUDGLWLRQV HPHUJHGDPRQJVWZKLFKDUHWKRVHWKDWFRQVLG - HUHGWKHDQDO\VLVRIRXUXVHRIODQJXDJHDVHVVHQWLDOWRXQGHUVWDQGLQJSKLOR - VRSKLFDOSUREOHPV,QWKLVWUDGLWLRQDUHLQFOXGHGPRVWDQDO\WLFSKLORVRSKHUV SURPLQHQWDPRQJVWZKLFKZHVSHDNRI/XGZLJ:LWWJHQVWHLQ:LWWJHQVWHLQ·V ´Sprachspiel >ODQJXDJHJDPH@µK\SRWKHVLVKDVEHFRPHDEX]]ZRUGIRUFRQ - WHPSRUDU\SKLORVRSKHUV$QRWKHURIVXFKQDPHVLV0LFKDHO'XPPHWWZKR KDVPDGHVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHWKHRU\RIPHDQLQJ VHH'XPPHW·V The Seas of /DQJXDJH $VWKHSURJUHVVLRQRILQWHUHVWVLQORJLFDODQDO\ - VLVRIODQJXDJHPRYHGIURPV\QWD[WRVHPDQWLFVDQGÀQDOO\WRSUDJPDWLFV SKLORVRSKLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRQWKHXVHRIODQJXDJHPRYHGIXUWKHUDQGIXU - WKHUDZD\IURPWKHDQFLHQW$ULVWRWHOLDQPRGHOVWKXVZHPD\VSHDNRIDFHU - WDLQGLVFRQWLQXLW\HYHQZLWKLQDKLVWRULFDOOLQHRIDWUDGLWLRQRISKLORVRSKLFDO LQWHUHVWVLQODQJXDJHWKDWGDWHVEDFNWRDQFLHQW*UHHNDQG5RPDQV\VWHPVRI UKHWRULFDQGSXEOLFVSHHFK 1RWDEO\LQGLVFXVVLQJWKHTXHVWLRQRISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVDVDWKHRU\RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQWKLVSDSHUZLOOGUDZPDQ\LQIHUHQFHVIURPWKH)UDQNIXUW &ULWLFDO6FKRRORIWKHHDUO\ th FHQWXU\UDWKHUWKDQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGWUD - GLWLRQRIDQDO\WLFSKLORVRSK\ZKLFKFRQWULEXWHGLPPHQVHO\WRWKHSKLORVR - SK\RIODQJXDJH7KHFKRLFHRIWKLV)UDQNIXUWWUDGLWLRQRYHUWKH$QDO\WLF WUDGLWLRQ LV SXUSRVHIXO QDPHO\ WR KLJKOLJKW -UJHQ +DEHUPDV· FRQWULEX - WLRQVWRWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\GHEDWHVRQWKHRULHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\ LQUHODWLRQWRKLVWKHRULHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLYHFRPSH - WHQFHDQGWKHSULQFLSOHRIUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVH6HFRQGO\+DEHUPDVOLQNVXV PRVWÀWWLQJO\WRWKHKLVWRULFDORULJLQVRIWKHXVHRI political correctness as a WRRORISURSDJDQGDE\WKH0DU[LVWSROLWLFDOOHDGHUVZKRH[SHULPHQWHGZLWK FRPPXQLVPDWWKHWXUQRIWKH th FHQWXU\7KHSDSHUSURMHFWVWKH)UDQN - IXUW&ULWLFDO6FKRROWRZKLFK+DEHUPDVEHORQJVDVDQHR0DU[LVWUHVHDUFK FHQWHUZKRVHSURMHFWLVWRFRUUHFWWKHSHUFHLYHGWKHRUHWLFDOJDSVRIWKHHDU - OLHU0DU[LVWLGHRORJLHV

The Marxist background to the contemporary proclivity to ‘political correctness’

7RZDUGVWKHHQGRIWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHVRFLRFXOWXUDO FRQWH[W RIWKH,QGXVWULDO5HYROXWLRQKDGDOUHDG\GLYLGHGVRFLHW\LQWRWKHFODVVRI ZRUNHUVDQGWKHFODVVRIFDSLWDOLVWV LHWKH´SUROHWDULDWµDQGWKH´ERXUJHRL - VLHµ .DUO0DU[KDGSXEOLVKHGKLV Das Kapital LQ.DUO0DU[KDGZULW - € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ ten Das Kapital DVDQDQDO\VLVRIWKHGLDOHFWLFDOGHJHQHUDWLRQRIWKHFDSLWDOLVW V\VWHPZKLFKHYHQWXDOO\JLYHZD\WRWKHUHYROXWLRQRIWKHSUROHWDULDW7KH FODVVFRQÁLFWPRWLIVXSRQZKLFKWKLVZRUNZDVFRQVWUXFWHGQRWRQO\YLOL - ÀHGWKHFDSLWDOLVWERXUJHRLVLHDQGDULVWRFUDWVEXWLWDOVRSUHGLFWHGWKDWWKLV VDPHFODVVVWUXJJOHZDVWRUHDFKDSRLQWZKHQLWZRXOGEHFRPHWKH¶VHHGRI WKHUHYROXWLRQ·8QIRUWXQDWHO\HYHQWVLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQDQG*HUPDQ\ZKHUH WKH,QGXVWULDO5HYROXWLRQZDVDWLWVSHDNGLGQRWKDSSHQDV.DUO0DU[SUH - GLFWHG1RWDEO\LWZDVSUHFLVHO\GXULQJWKHLQWHUZDUSHULRG LHEHWZHHQ ::DQG:: WKDWWKHDOUHDG\DEKRUUHQWFODVVGLIIHUHQFHVGHJHQHUDWHG LQWRDFODVVFRQÁLFWV7KHQHHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHVRFLRHFRQRPLFTXHVWLRQV EHFDPHPRUHXUJHQWZLWKWKHGHSUHVVLYHUDYDJHVRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU PRVW HYLGHQW LQ WKH *UHDW (FRQRPLF 'HSUHVVLRQ RI WKH  DQG V 7KLVVFHQDULRZDVDSWO\FDSWXUHGLQWZRSDSDOHQF\FOLFDOVRIWKDWSHULRG SXEOLVKHGE\WZRGLIIHUHQWSRSHV´)RUWRZDUGVWKHFORVHRIWKHQLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\WKHQHZNLQGRIHFRQRPLFOLIHWKDWKDGDULVHQDQGWKHQHZGHYHO - RSPHQWVRILQGXVWU\KDGJRQHWRWKHSRLQWLQPRVWFRXQWULHVWKDWKXPDQ VRFLHW\ZDVFOHDUO\EHFRPLQJGLYLGHGPRUHDQGPRUHLQWRWZRFODVVHV 0HQZHUHZLWKRXWTXHVWLRQVLQFHUHO\VHHNLQJDQLPPHGLDWHUHPHG\IRUWKLV ODPHQWDEOHGLVRUJDQL]DWLRQRIVWDWHVDQGDVHFXUHVDIHJXDUGDJDLQVWZRUVH GDQJHUVµ 3RSH3LXV;,  ´7KDWWKHVSLULWRIUHYROXWLRQDU\FKDQJH«VKRXOGKDYHSDVVHGEH\RQG WKHVSKHUHRI politics DQGPDGHLWVLQÁXHQFHIHOWLQWKHFRJQDWHVSKHUHRI SUDFWLFDO economics LVQRWVXUSULVLQJ7KHHOHPHQWVRIWKHFRQÁLFWQRZUDJLQJ DUHXQPLVWDNDEOH«LQWKHFKDQJHGUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ masters DQG work- men «DVDOVRÀQDOO\LQWKHSUHYDLOLQJ moral GHJHQHUDF\7KHPRPHQ - WRXVJUDYLW\RIWKHVWDWHRIWKLQJVQRZREWDLQLQJÀOOVHYHU\PLQGZLWKSDLQ - IXODSSUHKHQVLRQ wise men are discussing it; practical men are proposing schemes  popular meetings, OHJLVODWXUHVDQGUXOHUVRIQDWLRQVDUHDOOEXVLHG ZLWKLW²DFWXDOO\ there is no question which has taken deeper hold on the public mind µ 3RSH/HR;,,,  0RUHVLJQLÀFDQWLVWKHIDFWWKDWVLQFHZKHQWKH Communist Manifesto ZDVSXEOLVKHGYDULRXVVWUDQGVRI0DU[LVWH[SHULPHQWVKDGVSUHDGDFURVV PDQ\(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV7KXVWKHSOXUDOLVWWHQRURIFRQWHPSRUDU\0DU[ - LVWLGHRORJLFDOFXOWXUHRI political correctness GDWHVEDFNWRWKH&RPPXQLVW HUDRIWKHODWH th DQGHDUO\ th FHQWXU\$WWKHWLPHWREH´FRUUHFWµLQD QXPEHURIYDULHGVHQVHVFRQQRWHGWKHDWWLWXGHRUGLVSRVLWLRQRIEHLQJLQ VXSSRUWRULQOLQHZLWKWKH&RPPXQLVWSROLWLFDODJHQGDDQGVRLQYDULDEO\ WREH´LQFRUUHFWµZRXOGPHDQWREHD6RFLDOLVW7KLVV\QRQ\P\RI´SROLWLFDO FRUUHFWQHVV´ZLWKWKH´&RPPXQLVWLGHRORJ\µJUDGXDOO\EHFDPHD¶GRJPD· WREHSURPRWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHPRGHOODLGRXWLQWKHWKHRUHWLFDOSULQFL - SOHVRIFRPPXQLVPGHGXFHGIURPWKH0DQLIHVWRRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\ 7KXVDSURSHUUHYLHZRIRXUFRQWHPSRUDU\QRWLRQRISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV KDVWREHJLQZLWKDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHSROLWLFDOSURJUDPPHRIFRPPXQLVW 0DU[LVPRIWKHODWHVXSWRWKH th FHQWXU\QHR0DU[LVWWKHRULHVRIWKH )UDQNIXUW&ULWLFDO6FKRROLQ*HUPDQ\,WZDVWKHQHR0DU[LVWVZKRODLGWKH -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € IRXQGDWLRQVIRUVXEVHTXHQWSUROLIHUDWLRQVRIWKH0DU[LVWOLEHUDOLVWFXOWXUDO UHYROXWLRQVRIWKHVDQGV7KHPDVVLYHSUROLIHUDWLRQRILWVLGHROR - JLHVKDVEHHQWKHNH\WRWKHVZHHSLQJUHFHSWLRQZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]HG0DU[ - LVPIURPLWVHDUOLHVWGD\VLQGLFDWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJHGLWRULDOQRWHG´7KH ´0DQLIHVWRRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\µZDVZULWWHQE\0DU[DQG(QJHOV« 7KHÀUVWHGLWLRQRIWKH0DQLIHVWRZDVDSDJHSDPSKOHWLQDGDUNJUHHQ FRYHU« %HWZHHQ 0DUFK DQG -XO\  WKH Manifesto  ZDV SULQWHG LQ WKH Deutsche Londoner Zeitung, «$'DQLVKD3ROLVK LQ3DULV DQG6ZHGLVK« HGLWLRQVDSSHDUHGLQ«WKHÀUVW(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQPDGHE\+HOHQ 0DFIDUODQH ZDV QRW SXEOLVKHG XQWLO WZR \HDUV ODWHU EHWZHHQ -XQH DQG 1RYHPEHU …. 7KHJURZLQJHPDQFLSDWLRQVWUXJJOHRIWKHSUROHWDULDWLQ WKH¶VDQGVRIWKH th FHQWXU\OHGWRQHZHGLWLRQVRIWKH Manifesto…. ,QWKH Manifesto ZDVÀUVWSXEOLVKHGLQ$PHULFDLQ :RRGKXOO &ODÁLQ·V Weekly. 7KHÀUVW5XVVLDQHGLWLRQRIWKH Manifesto, «DSSHDUHGLQ*HQHYDLQ >DQG@LQWKHHGLWLRQ WUDQVODWLRQE\*HRUJL3OHNKDQRY «0DU[ DQG(QJHOVZKRDWWULEXWHGJUHDWVLJQLÀFDQFHWRWKHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRI0DU[ - LVPLQ5XVVLDKDGZULWWHQDVSHFLDOSUHIDFH«,QWKHQHZVSDSHU Le Socialiste SXEOLVKHGWKH)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH Manifesto PDGHE\0DU[·V GDXJKWHU/DXUD/DIDUJXHDQGUHDGE\(QJHOVµ 0DU[DQG(QJHOV> HGLWLRQ@ 7KHDERYHFLWHGLQIRUPDWLRQSUHVHQWVXVZLWKWKHHDUOLHVWLGHRORJLFDOGLV - VHPLQDWLRQ RI GRJPDWLF DQG UHYROXWLRQDU\ >WKXV K\SRFULWLFDOO\ DQWLGRJ - PDWLF@FXUULFXODGHVLJQHGIRUDQHPDQFLSDWLRQPRYHPHQWWKDWLVIXQGDPHQ - WDOO\HQPHVKHGLQWKHG\QDPLFVRIFODVVVWUXJJOHEHWZHHQSUROHWDULDWVDQG ERXUJHRLVLH :LWKLQ WKLV FRQWH[W RI SRODUL]DWLRQ RI VRFLHW\ LQWR proletariats DQG bourgeoisie FODVVHVE\WKH ironically classless agenda RIWKH0DU[LVWVWKHUH GHYHORSHGWKHWHQGHQFLHVWRH[WHQGWKHKLWKHUWR VFLHQWLÀF QRUPVDQGYDOXHV RI correctness to the political GRPDLQLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKH th FHQWXU\ DQGWKHHDUO\GHFDGHVRIWKH th FHQWXU\0LFKHO)RXFDXOW·VREVHUYDWLRQVDQG PLVJLYLQJVDERXWWKHQHR0DU[LVWWKHRULVWVRIWKHODWHVLVYHU\UHYHDOLQJ LQ WKLV UHJDUG :KHQ DVNHG DERXW KLV DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV DFWLRQ DQG SROLWLFV >&RPPHQWSRXUDLWRQGpÀQLUYRWUHjO·pJDUGGHO·DFWLRQHWGHODSROLWLTXH"@ KH UHVSRQGHG DV IROORZV ´/D JDXFKH IUDQoDLVH D YpFX VXU OH P\WKH G·XQH LJQRUDQFHVDFUpH&HTXLFKDQJHF·HVWO·LGpHTX·XQHSHQVpHSROLWLTXHQHSHXW être politiquement correcte TXHVLHOOHHVW VFLHQWLÀTXHPHQWULJRXUHXVH (W GDQVFHWWHPHVXUHMHSHQVHTXHWRXWO·HIIRUWTXLHVWIDLWDFWXHOOHPHQWGDQV XQJURXSHG·LQWHOOHFWXHOVFRPPXQLVWVSRXUUppYDOXHUOHVFRQFHSWVGH0DU[ HQÀQSRXUOHVUHSUHQGUHjODUDFLQHSRXUOHVDQDO\VHUSRXUGpÀQLUO·XVDJH TXHO·RQSHXWHWTX·RQGRLWHQIDLUHLOPHVHPEOHTXHWRXWFHWHIIRUWHVWXQ HIIRUWjODIRLV SROLWLTXHHWVFLHQWLÀTXH (WO·LGpHTXHF·HVWVHGpWRXQHUGHOD SROLWLTXHTXHGHVHYRXHUFRPPHQRXVOHIDLVRQVPDLQWHQDQWjGHVDFWLYLWpV SURSUHPHQWWKpRULTXHVHWVSpFXODWLYHVMHFURLVTXHFHWWHLGpHHVWFRPSOHPHQW IDXVVH&HQ·HVWSDVSDUFHTXHQRXVQRXVGpWRXUQRQVGHODSROLWLTXHTXHQRXV QRXVRFFXSRQVGHSUREOHPVWKpRULTXHVVLpWURLWVHWVLPpWLFXOHX[F·HVWSDUFH TX·RQ VH UHQG FRPSWH PDLQWHQDQW TXH WRXWH  IRUPH G·DFWLRQ SROLWLTXH QH € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ SHXWTXHV·DUWLFXOHUGHODPDQLqUHODSOXVpWURLWHVXUXQHUpÁH[LRQWKpRULTXH ULJRXUHXVHµ )RXFDXOW  ,WLVWKXVYHU\SUREOHPDWLFWRMXVWLI\WKLV sense RI´FRUUHFWQHVVµDVDQ ideo- logically sound  DWWLWXGH ZKHQ D SROLWLFDOO\ GRJPDWLF SRVLWLRQ UHVRUWV H[FOX - VLYHO\WRXQSULQFLSOHGSROLWLFDODFWLYLVPDGYRFDWLQJDVLWZHUH boorish SROL - WLFVDVWKHGHFLVLYHPHDVXUHRIVFLHQWLÀFDSSURSULDWHQHVV FRUUHFWQHVV 6XFK FRQÁLFWVRILQWHUHVWVDUHQRWRQO\PDQLIHVWLQWKHSROLWLFDOGRPDLQEXWWKH\ DUHDOVRH[SUHVVO\REYLRXVZKHQVFLHQWLÀFWKHRULHVDUHIRUPXODWHGWRVHUYH HFRQRPLF HQGV ,W LV KRZHYHU QRW FRQWURYHUWHG WKDW LWV SROLWLFDO FXUUHQF\ VHUYHGWKH¶SDUW\OLQH·LGHRORJLHVWKXVDV+HUEHUW.RKOKDGREVHUYHG´7KH WHUP¶SROLWLFDOO\FRUUHFW·ZDVXVHGGLVSDUDJLQJO\WRUHIHUWRVRPHRQHZKRVH OR\DOW\WRWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\OLQHRYHUURGHFRPSDVVLRQDQGOHGWREDG SROLWLFV,WZDVXVHGE\6RFLDOLVWVDJDLQVW&RPPXQLVWVDQGZDVPHDQWWRVHS - DUDWHRXW6RFLDOLVWVZKREHOLHYHGLQHJDOLWDULDQPRUDOLGHDVIURPGRJPDWLF &RPPXQLVWVZKRZRXOGDGYRFDWHDQGGHIHQGSDUW\SRVLWLRQVUHJDUGOHVVRI WKHLUPRUDOVXEVWDQFHµ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´FXOWXUHµ LQ LWV HQWLUHW\KHQFH Cultural ZDVWKHPRWLYDWLRQRIWKHQHR0DU[LVWVDV WKH\UHZRUNHGWKHHVVHQWLDOVRIZKDWWKH\FRQVLGHUHGWREHWKHWUXHVSLULWRI 0DU[LVP7KLVQHZSURMHFWEHFRPHURRWHGDWWKH&ULWLFDO6FKRROLQ)UDQNIXUW

How Marxism spread from Europe to the : from Frankfurt to New York

7KHVRFLRSROLWLFDOXWRSLDQKRSHVDQGHQWKXVLDVPH[SUHVVHGDERXWWKH5XV - VLDQ%ROVKHYLNH[SHULPHQWZLWKFRPPXQLVP LHWKH6RYLHWVRFLDOLVP ZKLFK ZHUH VWLOO SRSXODU DPRQJ WKH OHIWZLQJ FRPPXQLVW SROLWLFLDQV KDG EHJXQ WRZDQHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH th FHQWXU\$PRQJWKH0DU[LVWVDFDGHPLD VFKRODUVDQGWKHRULVWVLQ*HUPDQ\WKHUHZDVWKHFRPPRQLPSUHVVLRQWKDWD

 (QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ> 7KH)UHQFKOHIWKDVOLYHGRQWKHP\WKRIDVDFUHGLJQRUDQFH:KDWFKDQJHV LVWKHLGHDWKDWDSROLWLFDOWKRXJKWFDQEHSROLWLFDOO\FRUUHFWRQO\LILWLVVFLHQWLÀFDOO\ULJRURXV $QGWRWKDWH[WHQW,WKLQNDOOWKHHIIRUWWKDWLVEHLQJGRQHLQDJURXSRIFRPPXQLVWLQWHOOHFWXDOV WRUHDVVHVVWKHFRQFHSWVRI0DU[ÀQDOO\WRUHVXPHDWWKHURRWWRDQDO\]HWRGHWHUPLQHWKH XVHWKDWZHFDQDQGPXVWGRLWVHHPVWRPHWKDWDOOWKLVHIIRUWLVDQHIIRUWERWKSROLWLFDODQG VFLHQWLÀF$QGWKHLGHDLVWRWXUQDZD\IURPWKHSROLF\RIGHYRWLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVZHGRQRZ WRVWULFWO\WKHRUHWLFDODQGVSHFXODWLYHDFWLYLWLHV,EHOLHYHWKDWWKLVLGHDLVFRPSOHWHO\IDOVH7KLV LV QRW EHFDXVH ZH WXUQ DZD\ IURP WKH SROLF\ ZH DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKHRUHWLFDO SUREOHPV VR QDUURZDQGVRPHWLFXORXVLWLVEHFDXVHZHQRZUHDOL]HWKDWDQ\IRUPRISROLWLFDODFWLRQFDQ RQO\DUWLFXODWHWKHPRVWFORVHO\RQDULJRURXVWKHRUHWLFDOUHÁHFWLRQ@ -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € ORWRI%ROVKHYLNDEHUUDWLRQVKDGEHHQLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHRULJLQDOLGHDVRI.DUO 0DU[FRQFHUQLQJVRFLDOFKDQJH,QWKHVDPHYHLQWKH\DOVRIHOWJUHDWGHVSRQG - HQF\ZLWKUHJDUGWR0DR·V&RPPXQLVW&KLQDDQG+LWOHU·V1D]LJRYHUQPHQWLQ *HUPDQ\DOORIZKLFKURVHWRSRZHUDVDUHVXOWRIWKH0DU[LVWUHYROXWLRQDU\ LGHRORJLFDOSURSDJDQGD0RUHGLVWXUELQJLVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHRULJLQDOSUHGLF - WLRQVRI.DUO0DU[ZHUHQRWFRUURERUDWHGE\KLVWRULFDOHYHQWVDQGSHUKDSVD QHZK\SRWKHVLVLVQHHGHGWRFRUUHFWWKHVKRUWIDOOVDQGÀOOLQWKHJDSVRIWKH PRGHOXVLQJWKHVDPHIUDPHZRUNWKDWZDVSURYLGHGE\.DUO0DU[,Q*HU - PDQ\SDUWLFXODUO\WKHSUHGLFWLRQVRI.DUO0DU[ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHUHYROXWLRQ RIWKHSUROHWDULDWGLGQRWUHDOO\WDNHSODFHGHVSLWHWKHULVLQJFRPSHWLWLRQRIWKH FDSLWDOLVWLQGXVWULDOLVWVZKLFKZDVSDUWRIWKHGLDOHFWLFDOURXWHVRIWKHUHYROX - WLRQDVSUHGLFWHGLQ.DUO0DU[·VZRUN Das Kapital. 0DU[SUHGLFWHGWKDW DVFDSLWDOLVWFRPSHWLWLRQVFRQWLQXHWKHQXPEHURIWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHFODVVRI ERXUJHRLVLHZLOOUHGXFHVLQFHWKH¶ORJLFRIJUHHG·HQJHQGHUHGE\WKHFRPSHWL - WLRQZLOOSXWPDQ\RIWKHULFKRXWRIEXVLQHVV,QFRQWUDVWWRWKLVSUHGLFWLRQ PRUHDQGPRUHPLGGOHVL]HGEXVLQHVVHVSURVSHUHGDQGWKHFODVVRIERXUJHRLVLH DQGDULVWRFUDWVGLGQRWH[SHULHQFHVXFKDGLPLQLVKLQJRILWVSRSXODWLRQ ,Q WKH PHDQWLPH PRUH DQG PRUH SHRSOH ZHUH H[SHULHQFLQJ WKH SRVW ÀUVW ZRUOG ZDU KDUGVKLS WKH VHDUFK IRU DGHTXDWH DQVZHUV WR WKH social question EHFDPHTXLWHH[SHGLHQWDVWRSURYLGHDIRGGHUIRUDQ\FDWHJRU\RI 2 LH D QDLYH ´GRJRRGHUµ  ,W ZDV WKHUHIRUH QRW VXUSULVLQJ WKDW WKHÀUVW0DU[LVWRULHQWHGUHVHDUFKFHQWHUZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKLVSHULRGRI DVHDUFKIRUQHZDQVZHUVWRWKHVRFLDOTXHVWLRQ$QLPSRUWDQWSHUVRQDOLW\ ZKRÀWVLQWRVXFKDFDWHJRU\RI Gutmensch LHXQGHUVWRRGLQFRQWH[WRIWKLV TXHVWIRUVRFLDOFKDQJH LV)HOL[:HLOD*HUPDQVWXGHQWRISROLWLFDOVFLHQFH ZKRRUJDQL]HGDQGÀQDQFHGWKH Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche >)LUVW0DU[ - LVW:RUN:HHNLQ,OPHQDX*HUPDQ\@7KDWHYHQWJDYHELUWKLQWKHIROORZ - LQJ\HDUWRWKH Institut fur Sozialforschung >7KH,QVWLWXWHIRU6RFLDO5HVHDUFK@ IRXQGHGE\&DUO*UXQEHUJD0DU[LVWOHJDODQGSROLWLFDOSURIHVVRUDWWKH8QL - YHUVLW\RI9LHQQD &RUUDGHWWL  7KHSULPDU\DLPRIWKLVVRFLDOUHVHDUFKFHQWHUZDVWREULQJWKHYDULRXV0DU[ - LVWDOWHUQDWLYHPRGHOVWRJHWKHUVRDVWRKDUPRQL]HWKH0DU[LVWWUDGLWLRQLQWRD VFKRRORIWKRXJKWWKDWZLOODFFRPPRGDWHDV\QWKHVLVRIWKH critical SKLORVRSK\RI .DQWWKH psycho-sexual SV\FKRORJ\RI6LJPXQG)UHXGDQGWKH dialectical his- WRU\RI+HJHO7KHLQLWLDOVWHSVZHUHWKH´SROLWLFDOUHYLVLRQµ LQ RIWKHLPSOL - FDWLRQVRIKLVWRULFDO0DU[LVWLQVLJKWVIURP*\RUJ\/XNDFVRQHRIWKHDWWHQGDQWV RIWKH)LUVW0DU[LVW:RUN:HHN6RDOVRZDVWKHSUHVVXUHRQWKHSKLORVRSKLFDO 0DU[LVWLGHDVRI.DUO.RUVKZKRSXEOLVKHG)HOL[:HLO·VGRFWRUDOWKHVLVDVZHOO DVZURWHDPRQRJUDSKRQ Marxism and +HOG)LQOD\VRQ  7KLV,QVWLWXWHIRU6RFLDO5HVHDUFKZDVSRSXODUL]HGE\RQHRILWVODWHUGLUHF - WRUVQDPHO\0D[+RUNKHLPHUZKRWRRNRYHUWKH,QVWLWXWHLQSXEOLVKLQJ LQWKHVDPH\HDU 0DU[·V(FRQRPLF3KLORVRSKLFDO0DQXVFULSWV DQG The German Ide- ology. +HZDVDOVRUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHSXEOLFDWLRQLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRIWKHLU

 7KHZRUG*XWPHQVFKUHIHUVWR´GRJRRGHUµLHSHUVRQRUJURXSRISHUVRQVZKRPD\KDYH JRRGLQWHQWLRQV²*XWVHLQZROOHQVEXWZKRDUHVR]HDORXVDVWRDGYRFDWHXWRSLDQVROXWLRQV € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ MRXUQDO Zeitschrift fur Sozialforschung UHQDPHGODWHUDV Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, ZLWKZKLFKWKH\JDLQHGDZLGHUDXGLHQFHSRSXODULW\DQGIDYRXU - DEOHUHFHSWLRQZLWKLQ$PHULFDDQGWKH(QJOLVKDFDGHPLD+HQFH+RUNKHLPHULV SURPLQHQWO\VLJQLÀFDQWLQVRZLQJWKHVHHGVRI0DU[LVWVSHFLHVRISROLWLFDOFRU - UHFWQHVVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV +HOG 5REHUW06HLOHUSUHVHQWVDFRUURERUD - WLYHQDUUDWLYHRIWKHFKHFNHUHGKLVWRU\RIWKLVWUDGLWLRQRIQHR0DU[LVWWKHRULVWVLQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDVIROORZV´,QWKH)UDQNIXUW6FKRRORI&ULWLFDO7KHRU\ZHVHH RQHRIWKHORQJHVWDQGWKHPRVWIDPRXVWUDGLWLRQVRI0DU[LVP«>WKDW@JUHZRXW RIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI6RFLDO5HVHDUFKZKLFKZDVIRXQGHGLQDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\ RI)UDQNIXUWE\)HOL[:HLO«2QHRIWKHPDMRUSXUSRVHVRIWKHLQVWLWXWHZDVWR VWXG\ DQGHYHQWXDOO\H[SODLQ WKHG\QDPLFVRIVRFLDOFKDQJH&DUO*UXQEHUJ SROLWLFDOVFLHQWLVW VHUYHGDVGLUHFWRUIRUWKH\HDUVVWUHVVLQJWKH his- torical FRQWH[WWRUHVHDUFK«0D[+RUNKHLPHUVWUHVVHGWKH interdisciplinary QDWXUHRIWKHLQVWLWXWH·VUHVHDUFKSURJUDPPH+LVFROODERUDWRUVLQFOXGHG7KHR - GRU$GRUQR SKLORVRSKHUVRFLRORJLVWDQGPXVLFRORJLVW (ULFK)URPP SV\FKRO - RJLVW )UDQ]1HXPDQQ SROLWLFDOVFLHQWLVW DQG)ULHGULFK3ROORFN HFRQRPLVW  2YHU WKH \HDUV PDQ\ FHOHEUDWHG WKLQNHUV VXFK DV +HUEHUW 0DUFXVH SKLORVR - SKHU :DOWHU%HQMDPLQ HVVD\LVWDQGOLWHUDU\FULWLF DQG/HR/RZHQWKDO OLWHUDU\ FULWLF ZHUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHJURXS:KHQ1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVPFDPHWRSRZHU WKH LQVWLWXWH ÁHG LQ   WR *HQHYD DQG WKHQ LQ   WR 1HZ 1RQHWKHOHVVIURPYDULRXVSDUWVRI WKH86WKH\ZHUHV\QHUJLVWLFDOO\FRRUGLQDWHGDVVKRZFDVHGLQWKHLUSXEOL - FDWLRQRI Dialectic of Enlightenment, XQGHUWKHOHDGHUVKLSRI+RUNKHLPHU@,Q +RUNKHLPHU$GRUQRDQG3ROORFNUHWXUQHGWR*HUPDQ\DQGLQWKH\UH HVWDEOLVKHGWKH,QVWLWXWHIRU6RFLDO5HVHDUFKZLWK+RUNKHLPHUDVGLUHFWRU0DU - FXVHDQG/RZHQWKDODPRQJRWKHUPHPEHUVUHPDLQHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV7KH LQVWLWXWHGLVEDQGHGLQEXWLWVLQÁXHQFHFRQWLQXHGLQWKHZRUNRI-UJHQ +DEHUPDVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHVHFRQGZDYHRI&ULWLFDO7KHRU\µ 6HLOHU  ,WLVOLWWOHZRQGHUWKHQZK\GHFDGHVDIWHUWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUDQGSUH - FLVHO\IURPWKHVRQZDUGV political correctness EORVVRPHGLQ$PHULFDLQ DQHZUKHWRULFRIFODVVVWUXJJOH2IQRWDEOHVLJQLÀFDQFHLQWKLVUHJDUGVLVWKH UHPDUNVRI5RJHU.LPEDOO )HEUXDU\ th  ZKRKLPVHOILVLPSUHVVHGE\ WKHWUDGLWLRQRIVXFKWKLQNHUVDV3ODWR$ULVWRWOH,PPDQXHO.DQW0D[6FKHOHU

 5RJHU.LPEDOO )HEUXDU\ th  PDLQWDLQHGWKHVHYLHZVLQDQLQWHUYLHZJUDQWHGWR0U %ULDQ /DPE RI WKH %22.79 67$7,21  ´+RZ 3ROLWLFV KDV FRUUXSWHG +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ &ROOHJH8QLYHUVLW\+XPDQLWLHV3URJUDPµWRSURPRWHKLVERRN Tenured Radicals DVIROORZLQJ WKHOLQHVRIDUJXPHQWFRQWDLQHGLQ$OODQ%ORRP·V Closing of the American Mind +HH[SODLQVWKDW WKHWLWOH² Tenured Radical UHIHUVWRDFDGHPLFSURIHVVRUVZKRVHWHQXUHFRQWUDFWDUHJXDUDQWHHG EXW ZKR LURQLFDOO\ XQGHUPLQH WKH YHU\ LQVWLWXWLRQV WKH\ DUH VXSSRVHG WR SURWHFW +H DOVR PDNHV FODULÀFDWLRQV RQ KLV NH\ WHUPV LQFOXGLQJ ¶KXPDQLVW· ¶QLKLOLVP· DQG ¶GHFRQVWUXFWLRQ· LQUHIHUHQFHWRKLVDVVHUWLRQVWKDW´ODQJXDJHLVDQLPSHUIHFWPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQZKLFK QHYHUUHDOO\UHDFKHVUHDOLW\DQGLVVHOIUHIHUHQWLDOLQLWVGHHSHVWHVVHQFHµ.LPEDOODOVRKROGV WKDW´ZHFDQQRWXQGHUVWDQGRXUVHOYHVRXUFLYLOL]DWLRQXQOHVVZHXQGHUVWDQGZKDWPDGHXV ZKHUHZHFDPHIURPWKHODUJHSDUWRIZKLFKLVWKH*UHFR5RPDQWUDGLWLRQµ 6HHUHWULYHG 0DUFKIURP KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y S:*J';)*  -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € :LOOLDP 6KDNHVSDUH DQG 'DQWH .LPEDOO PDLQWDLQV WKDW WKH EDFNJURXQG WR KLVFULWLTXHRI$PHULFD·VKLJKHULQVWLWXWLRQVFXOWXUDOFULVLVLVWUDFHDEOHWRKLV VFKRROGD\VLQWKHVZLWKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIUDGLFDOIHPLQLVPDQG WKHUHVKDSLQJRIWKHHGXFDWLRQDOFXUULFXODWRZDUGVWKHUDGLFDOLGHRORJLHV .LP - EDOO 7KLVQHZUKHWRULFVXSSOLHGE\+HUEHUW0DUFXVH·V)UHXGLDQ psycho- sexual LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRI0DU[LVPZKLFKKDGUHSODFHGWKH economic LQWHUSUH - WDWLRQVRIWKH0DU[LVWSUROHWDULDWERXUJHRLVLHGLYLGH 0DUFXVH :LWKD QHZLGHRORJLFDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWRIWKLV ¶VXEVWUDWD· E\WKHOLEHUDOFRQVHUYDWLYH UHSXEOLFDQGHPRFUDW  GLYLGHV LW VXEVHTXHQWO\ GHYROYHG LQWR RWKHU cultural IRUPVRIFODVVGLYLGHVVXFKDV and race WDNLQJWKHFHQWHUVWDJHRISXEOLF GHEDWHVLQWKHV$VDW$OODQ%ORRPKDGSXEOLVKHG The Closing of the American Mind, WRZKLFKDQXPEHURIUHVSRQVHVÁRRGHGWKHPHGLDDQGUHYLHZV LQDFDGHPLFMRXUQDOV 6FKXO]3HWHU6DOO\ :LWK5RJHU.LP - EDOO·V Tenured Radicals  PRUHUHDFWLRQVZHUHQRWHG 6FKXO]:LOVRQ 3HWHU DQGVRDOVRZDVWKHUHFHSWLRQWR'·6RX]D·V Illiberal Edu- cation: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus ( :KLWQH\HWDO6FKXO]  These cultural UHDOLJQPHQWVLQWKHXQLYHUVLWLHVFXOPLQDWHGLQWKH/*%7 LH /HVELDQV *D\V %LVH[XDOV DQG 7UDQVJHQGHUV  GHPRQVWUDWLRQV ZLWQHVVHG LQ PDQ\XQLYHUVLWLHVLQ$PHULFDDWWKHWXUQRIWKLVst FHQWXU\3HUKDSVWKHPRVW FRQWHPSRUDU\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOLPDJHRIWKLVQHR0DU[LVWLQÁXHQFHGFXOWXUHRI SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFDLV McCarthyism %HWZHHQ DQG-RVHSK5D\PRQG0F&DUWK\VHUYHGDVD5HSXEOLFDQ6HQDWRURI :LQVFRQVLQDQGKHKDGEHFRPHWKHPRVWYLVLEOHSXEOLFIDFHRIWKHWHQVLRQVRI WKH&ROG:DU(UDLQUHODWLRQWRWKHZLGHVSUHDG&RPPXQLVWVXEYHUVLRQV,Q UHIHUHQFHWR0F&DUWK\·VSUDFWLFHRIPDNLQJXQVXEVWDQWLDWHGFODLPVLQRUGHU WRZKLSXSDQWL&RPPXQLVWVHQWLPHQWV LHWKH5HG6FDUH²IHDURIDSRWHQ - WLDOULVHRIFRPPXQLVPRUUDGLFDOOHIWLVPLQWKH86$ WKHWHUP0F&DUWK\LVP EHFDPHSRSXODUL]HGLQWKHV$PRUHSKLORVRSKLFDOLFRQRIFXOWXUDO0DU[ - LVPLQ$PHULFDLV7KRPDV0F&DUWK\DWKLUGJHQHUDWLRQQHR0DU[LVWZKRVH  of Jürgen Habermas HPERGLHVWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FRQWLQX - DWLRQRIWKHWUDGLWLRQRIWKH)UDQNIXUW&ULWLFDO6FKRROLQDQHYHQPRUHFRJHQW SHUVSHFWLYHVWKDWLVDWWXQHGWRDSHUFHSWLYHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIFRQVHTXHQFHVDQG LPSOLFDWLRQVRIYDULRXVWKHRULHVRISXEOLFGLVFRXUVH

Political correctness in Asia: Mao Zedong’s cultural revolution of the 1960s and the left-right divide

7KH FRQQRWDWLRQ RI WKH WHUP ¶SROLWLFDO FRUUHFWQHVV· ZLWK WKH Left-Wing 3ROLWLFDO3DUWLHVLVQRWH[FOXVLYHWRWKH:HVWHUQ/LEHUDO'HPRFUDFLHV7KHKLV - WRU\RIWKH*UHDW/HDS(FRQRPLF3ROLF\E\0DRDIRUPHU&KLQHVH+HDGRI 6WDWHLVRQHRIWKHFODVVLFDOLOOXVWUDWLRQVRIWKH0DU[LVW&RPPXQLVW8WRSLDV,Q DIWHU&KLQD·VÀUVW)LYH

 .\ULDFK\ UHIHUV WR D VRFLDO V\VWHP RU VHW RI FRQQHFWLQJ VRFLDO V\VWHPV EXLOW DURXQG GRPLQDWLRQ LQWLPLGDWLRQ RSSUHVVLRQ DQG VXEPLVVLRQ 7KH WHUP ZDV FRLQHG E\ (OLVDEHWK 6FKXVVOHU)LRUHQ]D LQ  WR GHVFULEH KHU WKHRU\ RI LQWHUFRQQHFWHG LQWHUDFWLQJ DQG VHOI H[WHQGLQJ V\VWHPV RI GRPLQDWLRQ DQG VXEPLVVLRQ LQ ZKLFK D VLQJOH LQGLYLGXDO PLJKW EH RSSUHVVHGLQVRPHUHODWLRQVKLSVDQGSULYLOHJHGLQRWKHUV,XVHWKHWHUPKHUHWRUHIHUWRWKH JUDGXDOLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQRI0DR·VDPELYDOHQWHQLJPDRIIRUWXQHVDQGZRHVIRUWKH&KLQHVH QDWLRQGXULQJWKHGHFDGHRI&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQLQ&KLQD  ,QDPRUHEURDGVHQVH WKH WHUP N\ULDFK\ FDQ EH HPSOR\HG DV D UHIHUHQW XPEUHOOD WHUP WKDW HQFRPSDVVHV VH[LVP UDFLVPKRPRSKRELDFODVVLVPHFRQRPLFLQMXVWLFHFRORQLDOLVPHWKQRFHQWULVPPLOLWDULVPDQG RWKHUIRUPVRIGRPLQDWLQJKLHUDUFKLHVLQZKLFKWKHVXERUGLQDWLRQRIRQHSHUVRQRUJURXSWR DQRWKHULVLQWHUQDOL]HGDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € LQJSRSXODWLRQRI&KLQHVH«@WRFKDQJHWKHRXWORRNRIVRFLHW\&XUUHQWO\RXUREMHF - WLYHLVWRVWUXJJOHDJDLQVWDQGFUXVKWKRVHSHRSOHLQDXWKRULW\ZKRDUHWDNLQJ WKHFDSLWDOLVWURDGWRFULWLFL]HDQGUHSXGLDWHWKHUHDFWLRQDU\ERXUJHRLV aca- demic “ DXWKRULWLHVµDQGWKHLGHRORJ\RIWKHERXUJHRLVLHDQGDOORWKHUH[SORLW - LQJFODVVHVDQGWR transform education, literature and art, DQGDOORWKHUSDUWV RIWKHVXSHUVWUXFWXUHWKDWGRQRWFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHVRFLDOLVWHFRQRPLFEDVH VRDVWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHFRQVROLGDWLRQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVRFLDOLVWV\VWHPµ &HQWUDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQ*URXS  1RRQHZDVOHIWLQGRXEWFRQFHUQLQJWKHXOWLPDWHGLUHFWLRQRIWKH&XOWXUDO 5HYROXWLRQLQ0DR·V&KLQD,WFDPHWRDFOLPD[ZLWKWKHFDPSDLJQIRUWKH GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH¶)RXU2OGV·QDPHO\ROGFXVWRPVROGFXOWXUHROGKDELWV DQGROGLGHDV 1LDQ\L0DFWDUTXKDUHWDO 7KH5HG*XDUGVWKHP - VHOYHVOHDGWKHHSLVRGLFYDQGDOLVPDQGGHVWUXFWLRQRIVLJQLÀFDQWFXOWXUDODQG UHOLJLRXVPRQXPHQWVLQDEUD]HQPDQQHUWKDWVPDFNVRI cultural xenocen- tricism  LHDUHSXGLDWLRQRIRQH·VFXOWXUHLQSUHIHUHQFHWRDIRUHLJQFXOWXUH  $W %HLMLQJ 1RUPDO 8QLYHUVLW\ IRU LQVWDQFH WKH\ GHVHFUDWHG DQG GDPDJHG WKHEXULDOSODFHRI&RQIXFLXV %& WKHKLVWRULFDOO\DFFODLPHG&KL - QHVH$QFLHQWWKLQNHUDQGIRXQGHURIWKH5X6FKRRORI&KLQHVHSKLORVRSK\ 7HPSOHV FKXUFKHV PRVTXHV PRQDVWHULHV RYHU  %XGGKLVW PRQDVWHU - LHVDW7LEHW DQGFHPHWHULHVZHUHFORVHGGRZQORRWHGDQGGHVWUR\HG0RUH VR%XGGKLVPZDVGHSLFWHGE\WKH0DU[LVWSURSDJDQGDDVVXSHUVWLWLRQDQG UHOLJLRQZDVORRNHGXSRQDVDPHDQVRIKRVWLOHIRUHLJQLQÀOWUDWLRQDQGWKH LQVWUXPHQWRIWKHUXOLQJFODVV 6P\HU  ,Q HIIHFW EHLQJ politically correct  LQ 0DR·V &RPPXQLVW logocracy  LH njǐDŽǐǓ + NjǒǂǕǐǓJRYHUQPHQWE\ZRUGV GXULQJWKH&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQ   EHFDPHV\QRQ\PRXVZLWKZKDWWKH-DSDQHVHUHIHUUHGWRDV 姧吰䋐͢, kotobagari ZKLFKOLWHUDOO\PHDQV´ZRUGKXQWLQJµ7KH-DSDQHVHDOVRXVHWKH term kotobagari LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHUHOXFWDQFHWRXVHRUHYHQLQVLQXDWHWKH PHQWLRQRIZRUGVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREH politically incorrect. 7KXV0DR =HGRQJEHJDQDFDPSDLJQRIZKDWZDVUHIHUUHGWRDVWKH 㕮㕾 ,wendou LHWKH verbal struggle XVLQJ ⤎⬾㊌, dazibao LHELJFKDUDFWHUSRVWHUVVORJDQVDQG UKHWRULFVXFKDV´VWULNHWKHHQHP\GRZQRQWKHÁRRUDQGVWHSRQKLPZLWK  7UDQVJUHVVLRQ DIRRWµ´ORQJOLYHWKHUHGWHUURUµ´7KRVHZKRDUHDJDLQVW&KDLUPDQ0DR ZLOOKDYHWKHLUGRJVNXOOVVPDVKHGLQWRSLHFHVµRUSHUKDSVVLPLODUVORJDQVDV 怇⎴㛰䏭]jRIĆQ\žXOŭLHWRUHEHOLVMXVWLÀHG 6KDRUXQJ  ,W ZDV D ¶YLUWXH· RI SROLWLFDO FRUUHFWQHVV WR XVH WKHVH VORJDQV LQWHQGHG SULPDULO\ DV D ´VDYH\RXUOLIHµ astute OHYHUDJH RI VXSSRUWLQJ WKH &KLQHVH &RPPXQLVW6HSWXDJHQDULDQ 0DR=HGRQJ DQGKLV&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQ7KH SURSDJDQGDRIZRUGVPDGHWKHSHRSOHWREHOLHYHWKDWLWZDV´QRELJGHDOµ LI5HG*XDUGVZHUHEHDWLQJ´EDGSHRSOHµWRGHDWK 0DF)DUTXKDU 6KRHQ - KDOV $PRQJRWKHUFXOWXUDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKLVUHYROXWLRQDU\HWKRV RISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVZDVWKHYLUWXDOKDOWRI&KLQD·VHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPDV VFKRROVZHUHFORVHG8SWLOOWKHHDUO\VDOOXQLYHUVLWLHVGLGQRWUHRSHQ DQGRQO\YHU\IHZXQLYHUVLWLHVFRXOGEHJLQWKHLUDFDGHPLFVHVVLRQDVDW $QGUHDV 

A New Rhetoric from Jürgen Habermas: For or Against Political Correctness? )URPLWVHDUOLHVWEHJLQQLQJVLQWKHVWKHJRDORIWKH)UDQNIXUW&ULWLFDO 6FKRROKDVEHHQWRH[SDQGWKHHFRQRPLFXQGHUSLQQLQJVRI0DU[LVPWRRWKHU DVSHFWVRIFXOWXUHDQGDVVXFKZHPD\VSHDNRIWKHEHJLQQLQJVRI&XOWXUDO 0DU[LVPLQWKH&ULWLFDO6RFLDO7KHRULHVRIWKH)UDQNIXUW6FKRRO7KLV&XOWXUDO 0DU[LVP LV LQWHQGHG WR VHUYH DV D FRUUHFWLYH WR WKH SHUFHLYHG GHÀFLHQFLHV RIWKH0DU[LVWLGHRORJ\$QLPSURYHGWKHRUHWLFDOEDVHLQWKHPLQGRIWKH QHR0DU[LVWVZRXOGPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\GHDOZLWKWKHVRFLDOSDWKRORJLHVRIWKH HFRQRPLFVWUXFWXUHVLQWKHFDSLWDOLVWV\VWHP,WFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKLVSURMHFW RIWKHFULWLFDOWKHRULVWVZDVFRQVWDQWO\EHLQJXSGDWHGE\VXFFHVVLYHOHDGHUV RIWKH)UDQNIXUW¶FULWLFDO·WKLQNHUVLQWDQGHPZLWKWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVRIWKH FXOWXUDO VWUXFWXUHV RI VRFLHWLHV RYHU WKH \HDUV :H FDQ LQ IDFW VSHDN RI WKH ÀUVWJHQHUDWLRQRIWKH)UDQNIXUW&ULWLFDOWKHRULVWVDVWKRVHZKRZHUHLGHQ - WLÀHGZLWKWKLVQHR0DU[LVWSURMHFWIURP)HOL[:HLO·V Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche >)LUVW0DU[LVW:RUN:HHN@XQWLOZKHQWKHVWXGHQWV·DFWLYL - VWVPRYHPHQWVVZHSWWKURXJKWKHPDMRULW\RI(XURSHDQDQG$PHULFDQXQL - YHUVLWLHV7KHUHFRUGHGD´KDUYHVWµRIFROOHJHVWXGHQWV·UHYROWVDVPRVW VWXGHQWVKDGHPEUDFHGWKH1HZ/HIWLVWUDGLFDOLVWLFPRYHPHQWVFKDUDFWHUL - ]HGE\VRFLDOLVWOHDQLQJVDQGGLVWUXVWRIDXWKRULWLHV7KHVHLQFOXGHWKH-DQX - DU\GHPRQVWUDWLRQVRIWKHVWXGHQWSURWHVWHUVIURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DUVDZ 3RODQG WKH )HEUXDU\ SURWHVWV E\ SURIHVVRUVIURP WKH *HUPDQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI%RQQGHPDQGLQJWKHUHVLJQDWLRQRIXQLYHUVLW\·VSUHVLGHQWGXH WRKLVLQYROYHPHQWLQEXLOGLQJRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVGXULQJWKHZDUVDPH )HEUXDU\ VWXGHQWV IURP +DUYDUG 5DGFOLIIH DQG %RVWRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ KHOG D IRXUGD\DQWL9LHWQDPHVH:DUKXQJHUVWULNH,Q0DUFKWKHEDWWOHRIEDWWOHRI *LXOLDWRRNSODFHEHWZHHQVWXGHQWVDQGSROLVKLQWKHIDFXOW\RIDUFKLWHFWXUH LQWKH6DSLHQ]D8QLYHUVLW\RI5RPH0DUWLQ/XWKHU.LQJ-U·VDVVDVVLQDWLRQ LQ$SULO th VSDUNHGYLROHQWSURWHVWVLQPRUHWKDQ$PHULFDQFLWLHVDQG -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € VWXGHQWV IURP &ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\ SURWHVWHG WKH VFKRRO·V DOOHJHGO\ UDFLVW SROLFLHVWDNLQJWKUHHVFKRRORIÀFLDOVKRVWDJHIRUKRXUVWKH6XPPHU 2O\PSLFVIHDWXUHGWKHLVVXHRI$SDUWKHLGDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\6RXWK$IULFDQ WHDPZDVEDQQHGEULQJLQJWKH%ODFN0RYHPHQWLQWRSXEOLFYLHZ0D\ VDZWKHSURWHVWVRIVWXGHQWVRYHUXQLYHUVLW\UHIRUPVLQ)UDQFHDQGLQ6WRF - NKROP 6ZHGHQ VWXGHQWV RFFXSLHG WKH 6WXGHQW 8QLRQ %XLOGLQJ IRU WKUHH GD\V ,Q 6RUERQQH 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ 3DULV VWXGHQWV DOVR SURWHVWHG DJDLQVW WKH WKUHDWHQHGH[SXOVLRQRIVHYHUDOVWXGHQWVRI1DQWDUUH,Q-XQHSURWHVWLQJVWX - GHQWVGHPRQVWUDWHGLQ%HOJUDGHDQGIURPWKHPHGLD@ZKLOHZDWFKLQJWHOHYLVLRQµ *DVVHUW 6WH - LQZHLV  :KDWLVQRWDEOHKHUHLVWKDW-UJHQ+DEHUPDVZKRLQKDGUHWXUQHG WR)UDQNIXUWWRWDNHRYHUWKHFKDLURISKLORVRSK\DQGVRFLRORJ\DWWKH,QVWLWXWH IRU6RFLDO5HVHDUFK DQGWKH-RKQDQQ:ROIJDQJ*RHWKH8QLYHUVLW\LQ)UDQN - IXUWDP0DLQ FDQEHVDLGWREHORQJUDWKHUWRWKHVHFRQGJHQHUDWLRQRIWKH )UDQNIXUWQHR0DU[LVWFULWLFDOWKHRULVWV7KLVFODVVLÀFDWLRQDVVXPHVWKDWWKH À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€ 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ VWDQGLQJRIWKHFRQGLWLRQVRI action coordination WKURXJKWKHXQGHUSLQQLQJV RIWKH conditions of validity for speech-acts.  ,QWKHIROORZLQJSDUDJUDSKV,VKDOOVDPSOHRXWWZRRIVXFK+DEHUPDVLDQ LQVLJKWVZLWKDYLHZWRDSKLORVRSKLFDODQDO\VLVRILWVSRVVLEOHLPSOLFDWLRQV IRUDUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHRQWKHPHDQLQJRI¶SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV·,WLVP\KRSH WKDWVXFKDQDQDO\VLVZLOOFODULI\WKHVRXUFHRIWKH¶XQFDQQ\·IHHOLQJRI incor- rectness LQKHUHQWLQRXUF\QLFDOXVHRIWKHEX]]SKUDVH political correctness. 7KLVF\QLFDOXVHRI¶FRUUHFWQHVV·LVHPEHGGHGLQWKHUHIHUHQFHWRSROLWLFDOVHQ - VLWLYLWLHVWKDWLVLQWHQGHGWRDFFRPPRGDWH¶QHZOHIWLVW·DWWLWXGHVRQWKHRQH KDQGZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHVXIIRFDWLQJ¶ULJKWFRQVHUYDWLVW·YDOXHV ,Q  +DEHUPDV SXEOLVKHG KLV KDELOLWDWLRQ WKHVLV  Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit; Untersuchungenzueiner categories Burgerlichen der Gessellschaft [The 6WUXFWXUDO7UDQVIRUPDWLRQRIWKH3XEOLF6SKHUH5HÁHFWLRQVRQWKH&DWHJRU\RI %RXUJHRLVLH6RFLHW\@ZKLFKZDVRULJLQDOO\ZULWWHQDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI0DUEXUJ LQ7KDWSXEOLFDWLRQFRLQFLGHGZLWKWKHIDOORIWKHFRPPXQLVWUHJLPHVLQ (DVWHUQ(XURSH$VIURPWKHVDQHZDSSURDFKWRWKHVRFLDOTXHVWLRQZLWKLQ WKH)UDQNIXUWWUDGLWLRQZDVXVKHUHGLQE\DUREXVWVHULHVRI+DEHUPDVLDQK\SR - WKHVHVWZRRIZKLFKZHVKDOODQDO\]HLQWKHIROORZLQJOLQHV:HLQWHQGWRGUDZ RXWZKDWLPSOLFDWLRQVWKH\HQWDLOIRUDSKLORVRSKLFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI´SROLWLFDO FRUUHFWQHVVµDQGWRDFFHQWXDWHWKDWUDWLRQDOYDOLGLW\DQGRULQYDOLGLW\LVWKH NH\WRDFRPSDWLEOHGLVFRXUVHSULQFLSOHIRUSROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVLQWKHFRQWH[W RI+DEHUPDV·VWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ

Theory of Communicative Action

$WZRYROXPHPRQRJUDSKWLWOHG Theorie des komunikativenHandelns DSSH - DUHGLQLQZKLFK-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¶SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV·LVWLHGWRWKHFODVVVWUXJJOH ZKLFKFRQGHQVHVLQWRLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGVWUXFWXUHVDIWHUDZKLOH7KHRSSRVLWLRQ GLYLGHVDUHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRQHZIRUPVRI¶ERXUJHRLVLHSUROHWDULDW·VWUXFWXUHV DQGFDWHJRULHVZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH0DU[LVW´GXDOLVWµV\VWHPV+DEHU - PDV·PDLQLQWHUHVWLVWR´EULGJHµWKLVGLYLGH :HQRWHWKDWLQWKHSXEOLFVSKHUH¶SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV·LVXQGHUVWRRGDVD F\QLFDOFDWFKSKUDVHFRQYH\LQJDQHJDWLYHFRQQRWDWLRQ7KLVVDUFDVPLVGXHWR -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € WKHFRQVSLFXRXVODFNRIDFRPPRQSODWIRUPRIGLVFRXUVHDWWKH substrata RIWKH FODVVVWUXJJOHPRWLIVLUUHVSHFWLYHRILWVYDULHJDWHGIRUPV LH¶SUROHWDULDW·¶IHPL - QLVP· /*%7 UDFLVP OHIWLVW VRFLDOLVWFRPPXQLVW OLEHUDOLVPFRQVHUYDWLVP GHPRFUDWUHSXEOLFDQHWF ,QWKLVUHVSHFW+DEHUPDV  DGYRFDWHVD´SKLOR - VRSKLFDOGLVFRXUVHRIPRGHUQLW\µLQDVHDUFKIRUDFRPPRQ substrata RISUDFWLFDO rationality >IRUFRPSDWLELOLW\@ZKLFKLVVKDUHGE\DOOKXPDQEHLQJV+HLQWHQGV WKHRXWFRPHRIVXFKDGLVFRXUVHSULQFLSOHWRVHUYHDVDFRUUHFWLYHSODWIRUPWR GLDORJLFDOO\HQJDJHDOOFODVVHVRISDUWLFLSDQWVLQD´SROLWLFDOO\ correct” URXWHRI DUULYLQJDWDFRPSDWLELOLW\FRQVHQVXVRILQWHUHVWV7KLV substrata RIUDWLRQDOLW\LV WKHEDVLFLQJUHGLHQWLQKLVWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ´+DEHUPDV·VKDO - OPDUNFRQFHSWRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQUHIHUVWRWKHOLQJXLVWLFDOO\PHGLDWHG LQWHUDFWLRQRIVRFLDODJHQWVRULHQWHGWRZDUGVUHDFKLQJ mutual understanding. 7KHQRWLRQVRIYDOLGLW\DQGLQWHUVXEMHFWLYLW\SOD\DFHQWUDOUROHLQWKLVDFFR - XQW+DEHUPDVDUJXHVWKDWLQRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGRQHDQRWKHU·VXWWHUDQFHV ZHPXVWNQRZZKDWPDNHVWKHPDFFHSWDEOH7KDWLVZHPXVWXQGHUVWDQGWKH UHDVRQVWKDWZRXOGEHJDUQHUHGWRPDNHJRRGRQWKHFODLPVZHUDLVHH[SOLFLWO\ RULPSOLFLWO\LQZKDWZHVD\,QWKLVZD\ rationality LVHPERGLHGLQOLQJXLVWLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQµ KWWSSODWRVWDQIRUGHGXHQWULHVKDEHUPDV  7RSUHVHUYHUDWLRQDOLW\RIFRPSDWLEOHFRQVHQVXVLQWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRI GLVFRXUVHDQGWRPDLQWDLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHWZROHYHOVRIVWUDWH - JLFDFWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ+DEHUPDVGUDZVIURP7DOFRWW3DUVRQ·V FRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKH6RFLDO$FWLRQ7KHRU\DQGVRLQVLVWVWKDWDVRFLDO´DFWµ involves an agent ZKHWKHUSUROHWDULDWRUERXUJHRLVLH , ZKRKDVDQ interest, ZKLFKLVGLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPWKH context RUWKHVWDWHRIDIIDLUV SROLWLFDOUHOL - JLRXVPRUDOHFRQRPLFHWF ZLWKLQZKLFKLW LHDVRFLDODFWLRQ LVSHUIRUPHG *UDWWRII 7KH compatibly YDOLGFRQGLWLRQVREWDLQDEOHIRUWKHSUDFWL - FDO UDWLRQDOLW\ RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH DFWLRQ political correctness, economic cor- rectness, moral FRUUHFWQHVV GHSHQGVRQWKHSDUWLFXODUVRFLDOFRQWH[WXQGHU UHYLHZKHQFH+DEHUPDVGLIIHUHQWLDWHVWKHYDULRXV types of discourses DWSOD\ LQKLVWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQE\PHDQVRIDWUDQVFHQGHQW RYHUDU - FKLQJ SULQFLSOHRIUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVH

Principle of rational discourse and validity criteria for compatibility in diverse contexts

,QKLVZRUN Faktizität und Geltung [Between Facts and Norms], SXEOLVKHGLQ +DEHUPDVVHHNVIRUD neutral SULQFLSOHWKDWFDQJXDUDQWHHDQLPSDUWLDO DVVHVVPHQW RI ZKDW VKRXOG DFFRXQW IRU correctness ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR action norms LQJHQHUDOLUUHVSHFWLYHRIZKHWKHUZHDUHLQWKHFRQWH[WRISROLWLFVPRUDO - LW\OHJDOLW\RUGHPRFUDF\ LHSROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVPRUDOFRUUHFWQHVVOHJDO FRUUHFWQHVVHWF +HZDVFRQYLQFHGWKDWVXFKDSULQFLSOHVKRXOGEH´DSDU - VLPRQLRXV discourse principle H[SUHVVLQJWKHPHDQLQJRISRVWFRQYHQWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQWV RI MXVWLÀFDWLRQµ +DEHUPDV   7KHVH SRVWFRQYHQWLRQDO UHTXLUHPHQWV RI MXVWLÀFDWLRQV DUH H[SUHVVHG DSWO\ E\ ( :  %|FNHQIRUGH € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ ZKR DYHUV WKDW ´'DV PRGHUQ 5HFKWYHUVFKLHEW GLH QRUPDWLYH =XPXWXQJHQ - YRPPRUDOLVFKHQWODVWHWHQ (LQ]HOQHQ DXI GLH *HVHW]H GLH GLH Kompatibilität GHU +DQGOXQJVIUHLKHLWHQVLFKHUQ >0RGHUQ ODZV VKLIWV WKH QRUPDWLYH LPSRVL - WLRQVIURPPRUDOO\UHOHYDQWGHWDLOVWRWKHODZVWKDWHQVXUH compatibility RI OLEHUWLHV@µ %|FNHQI|UGH +HQFH+DEHUPDVGHÀQHVWKHGLVFRXUVHSULQFL - SOHDVIROORZV´ D: *OWLJVLQGJHQDXGLH+DQGOXQJVQRUPHQGHQHQDOOHP|JOL- FKZHLVH%HWURIIHQHQDOVWHLOQHKPHUDQUDWLRQDOH'LVNXUVHQ]XVWLPPHQN|QQWHQ 'HÀQLWLRQ-XVWWKRVHDFWLRQQRUPVDUHYDOLGWRZKLFKDOOSRVVLEO\DIIHFWHGSHU - VRQVFRXOGDJUHHDVSDUWLFLSDQWVLQUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHµ +DEHUPDV  7KLVGHÀQLWLRQKLJKOLJKWVFHUWDLQFDWHJRULHVWKDWQHHGWREHVSHFLÀHG)RU LQVWDQFH+DEHUPDVPDNHVDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFDWHJRULHVRI¶DIIHFWHGSHU - VRQV·,QDPRUDOGLVFRXUVHZHPD\VSHDNRIDIIHFWHGSHUVRQV as all moral DJHQWVZKHUHDVLQDSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVH OLEHUDOGHPRFUDF\IRULQVWDQFH ZH are limited WRVSHDNRIDIIHFWHGSHUVRQVRQO\DVFLWL]HQVRIDGHPRFUDWLFVRFL - HW\DVGHÀQHGOHJDOO\E\FRQVWLWXWLRQDOSURYLVLRQV ,QWHUSUHWLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIWKLVOLPLWHG political FRQWH[WIURPWKHPRUH LQFOXVLYH moral FRQWH[W+DEHUPDVHYRNHVD legal PRGHORISUDFWLFDOUDWLRQDO - LW\7KLVGLIIHUHQFHLVLOOXVWUDWHGZLWKD.DQWLDQDSSURDFKWRWKHXVHRIPRUDO DQG OHJDO FRQFHSWV DQG LQWXLWLRQV +DEHUPDV H[SODLQV WKDW ZKHQHYHU ZH ¶VZLWFK·IURPPRUDOWROHJDOFRQWH[WVWKHIRUPHUPRUDOFRQFHSWVXQGHUJRFHU - WDLQRSHUDWLRQDOLQYHUVLRQVRI practical UDWLRQDOLW\LQWKHQHZ ODWWHU FRQWH[WRI OHJDOGLVFRXUVH(VVHQWLDOO\WKLVLPSOLFDWHVWKDWFHUWDLQ limitations DUHLPSRVHG RQ WKRVH PRUDO FRQFHSWV E\ WKH YDOLGLW\ QRUPV RI ´UDWLRQDOLW\GLVFRXUVHµ ZKLFK DUH compatibly  UHGHÀQHG E\ OHJDO SULQFLSOHV ´,Q VHLQHU Einleitung in die Metaphysik der Sitten, .DQW  JHKWYRP*UXQGEHJULIIGHVPRUDOLVFKHQ - )UHLKHLWVJD]HWWHVDXV XQG JHZLQQWGDUDXV GLH MXULGLVFKHQ*HVHW]HGXUFK Ein- schränkung. 'LH 0RUDOWKHRULHOLHIHUW GLH 2EHUEHJULIIH Wille  XQG :LOONU +DQGOXQJXQG Triebfeder 3ÁLFKWXQG Neigung, *HVHW]XQG*HVHW]JHEXQJ - GLHQHQ]XQlFKVW]X %HVWLPPXQJ GHV PRUDOLVFKHQ 5HFKWV XQG +DQGHOQV ,Q GHU 5HFKWVOHKUHHUIDKUHQGLHVHPRUDOLVFKHQ*UXQGEHJULIIH(LQVFKUlQNXQJHQ LQ drei 'LPHQVLRQHQ1DFK.DQWEH]LHKWVLFKGHU%HJULIIGHV5HFKWVQLFKWSULPlU DXIGHQIUHLHQ:LOOHQVRQGHUQDXIGLH$GUHVVDWHQHUVWUHFKWVLFKIHUQHUDXIGDV äußereVerhältnis HLQHU 3HUVRQ JHJHQHLQHDQGHUH XQG VFKOXVVHQGOLFKPLWMHQHU - Zwangsbefugnis DXVJHVWDWWHWGLHGHUHLQHUJHJHQEHUGHPDQGHUHQLP)DOOHHLQHV 8EHUJULIIHDXV]XEHQEHUHFKWLJWLVW'DV5HFKWVSULQ]LSVFKUlQNWXQWHUGLHVHQGUHL *HVLFKWVSXQNWHQGDV0RUDOSULQ]LSHLQµ +DEHUPDV    (QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQ>,QKLV Introduction to the Metaphysics of Morals .DQW  VWDUWVZLWKWKH EDVLFFRQFHSWRIWKHPRUDOODZDQGREWDLQVMXULGLFDOODZVIURPLWE\ZD\RIOLPLWDWLRQ0RUDO WKHRU\VXSSOLHVWKHRYHUDUFKLQJFRQFHSWVµ will DQGIUHHFKRLFHDFWLRQDQGLQFHQWLYH> internal PRWLYDWLRQV@ GXW\ DQG inclinations >SHUVRQDO habits GHRQWRORJLFDO FRQVLGHUHG@ ODZ DQG OHJLVODWLRQVHUYHLQWKHÀUVWSODFHWRFKDUDFWHUL]HPRUDOMXGJHPHQWVDQGDFWLRQ,QWKHOHJDO WKHRU\WKHVHEDVLFFRQFHSWVXQGHU limitations in three GLPHQVLRQV$FFRUGLQJWR.DQWWKH FRQFHSWRIODZGRHVQRWUHIHUSULPDULO\WRIUHHZLOOEXWWRWKHIUHH choice RIWKHDGGUHVVHHV IXUWKHUPRUHLWSHUWDLQVWRWKH external UHODWLRQVRIRQHSHUVRQWRDQRWKHUÀQDOO\LWLVIXUQLVKHG ZLWKWKH coercive SRZHUWKDWRQHSHUVRQLVHQWLWOHGWRH[HUFLVHZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQRWKHULQWKH FDVHRILQIULQJHPHQW8QGHUWKHVH three DVSHFWVWKHSULQFLSOHRIODZVHWVWKH limits on the PRUDOSULQFLSOH@ -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € $PRQJ RWKHU RI VXFK QHZ LQVLJKWV +DEHUPDV GHYHORSV KLV DUJXPHQWV IRU¶ deliberative GHPRFUDF\· UDWKHUWKDQ liberal GHPRFUDF\ LQWKHORJLFRID UDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHWKDWÀWVFRPSDWLEO\LQWRD´FULWLFDOµDQDO\VLVRIZKDWVHQVH RI´FRUUHFWQHVVµLVREWDLQDEOHZKHQZHLQYRNHWKHH[SUHVVLRQ´ to be politically correct” ,QFRPSDULVRQWRPRUDOGLVFRXUVHWKHSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHRIDGHOLE - HUDWLYHGHPRFUDF\LV VKRXOGEH JRYHUQHGE\WKHSULQFLSOHRIOHJLWLPDWHODZ PDNLQJRULHQWHGWRZDUGVDUULYLQJDWDFRPSDWLEOHFRQVHQVXVRI allcitizens EHORQJLQJWRDOHJDOO\FRQVWLWXWHGSROLWLFDOFRPPXQLW\ ,Q RUGHU WR QDYLJDWH WKURXJK WKH ¶DOPRVW LPSRVVLEOH democratic  XWRSLD· LH DFKLHYLQJ WKH FRQVHQVXV RI all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“consensus RISROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVµGRHVQRWVHHNWRLPSRVHDORSVLGHGLGH - RORJ\RIDQ\SHUFHLYHGGRPLQDQWJURXSQHLWKHUGRHVLWVHHNWRDSSHDVHWKH VHQVLWLYLWLHVRIDQ\SHUFHLYHGRSSUHVVHGJURXSEXWLWLVJXLGHGRQO\E\WKRVH limitations ZKLFKWKHOHJDOSULQFLSOHVHWVRQWKHQRUPVDQGYDOXHVRIRWKHU GRPDLQVHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHGRPDLQRIPRUDOLW\ 1RWDEO\DIXQGDPHQWDOSUREOHPLQWKLVPRGHOLVFUHDWHGZKHQWKHH[LVW - LQJOHJDOVWUXFWXUHVDUHWKHPVHOYHVVNHZHGWRIDYRXURQHRIWKHFRQWHQGLQJ LQWHUHVWJURXSVEXWLIZHFRQVLGHUD¶FRQWUROH[SHULPHQW·IRUDQLGHDOGHOLE - HUDWLYHGHPRFUDF\LQWKLV+DEHUPDVLDQWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQZH VKDOOFHUWDLQO\KRSHIRUDFORVHUDSSUR[LPDWLRQWRWKHDXWKHQWLFH[SUHVVLRQRI SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVDVDVRFLDOYDOXH6LQFHVXEMHFWVRIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQ are rationally accountable LQLQWHUDFWLRQVLWVKRXOGQRWUHDOO\PDWWHULIWKH FRQWH[WLVDPRUDOGLVFRXUVHRISHUVRQVRUDSROLWLFDOGLVFRXUVHRIFLWL]HQV,Q WKH+DEHUPDVLDQPRGHO political correctness LVVRYDOXHGWRWKHH[WHQWWKDW WKHUHLVQRXQGXHGHIHUHQFHWRDQ\SDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWJURXSRUSDUW\7KH RQO\´WUDQVPLVVLRQEHOW´ZKLFKHQVXUHVYDOLGLW\FODLPV>*HOWXQJVDQVSUXFK@ IRUWKHFRPSDWLEOHHQJDJHPHQWRIWKHGLIIHUHQWJURXSVLQDFRPPXQLFDWLYH DV ZHOODVDIXQFWLRQDO IRUPRIVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQLVWKHUDWLRQDOLW\SULQFLSOHRI GLVFRXUVH3UDFWLFDOUDWLRQDOLW\DORQHDGMXGLFDWHVWKHOHJLWLPDF\DQGFRPSDW - LELOLW\RIFRQWHVWLQJQRUPVLQDSOXUDOLVWLFPRGHORIVRFLDODFWLRQ7KHUHIRUH WKH+DEHUPDVLDQWKHRU\RIFRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQDQGWKHSULQFLSOHRIUDWLRQDO GLVFRXUVHHQWDLOVWKDW´RSSRVLWLRQVEHWZHHQLQWHUHVWVUHTXLUHDUDWLRQDOEDO - DQFLQJRIFRPSHWLQJYDOXHVRULHQWDWLRQVDQGLQWHUHVWSRVLWLRQVµ +DEHUPDV   € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ Conclusion

7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHOHJDODQGSROLWLFDOVWUXFWXUHVRIRXUFRQWHP - SRUDU\OLEHUDOGHPRFUDWLFVRFLHWLHVLVPRVWHYLGHQWLQ+DEHUPDVLDQWKHRU\RI FRPPXQLFDWLYHDFWLRQZKLFKULJKWO\KLJKOLJKWVWKH.DQWLDQ limitation RIWKH PRUDOVSKHUHE\WKHOHJDOSULQFLSOH7KHLPSOLFDWLRQLVREYLRXVVLQFHWKHSROLWL - FDOSULQFLSOHRIUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHOHJDOIRXQGDWLRQVXSRQ ZKLFKWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIVRFLDOFRQVHQVXVLVUHDOL]HG7KHQHZVRFLDO UHDOLWLHVRIRXUWLPHLVQRORQJHUWKRVHRIGXDOLVWLFRUHYHQ¶WULDGLVWLF·FROOHFWLYH VWUDWLÀFDWLRQVEXWWKH\DUHIDFWXDOO\SOXUDOLVWLFDQGDVVXFKKLJKO\IUDJPHQ - WHG,QWKLVUHVSHFWWKHUHIRUHLWLVQRWDEOHWKDW´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µ +DEHUPDV  7KHVHUHDOLWLHVRIRXUWLPHGRHVQRWPDNHPRUDOYDOXHVUHGXQGDQWQRUGR WKH\LPSO\WKDWWKHVHQVHLQZKLFK-UJHQ+DEHUPDVLQWHUSUHWVWKH.DQWLDQ OHJDOlimitation RIWKHPRUDOVSKHUH>LHWKHVKULQNLQJRIWKHNLQJGRPRIPRUDO FRQVFLRXVQHVVLQWKHSXEOLFDUHQD@WUDQVODWHVLQWRWKH replacement RIPRUDOLW\ E\ OHJDOLW\ ´7R EH VXUH PRUDO DQG OHJDO TXHVWLRQV UHIHU WR WKH VDPH SUR - EOHPVKRZLQWHUSHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVFDQEHOHJLWLPDWHO\RUGHUHGDQGDFWLRQV FRRUGLQDWHGZLWKRQHDQRWKHUWKURXJKMXVWLÀHGQRUPVKRZDFWLRQFRQÁLFWV FDQ EH FRQVHQVXDOO\ UHVROYHG DJDLQVW WKH EDFNJURXQG RI LQWHUVXEMHFWLYHO\ UHFRJQL]HGQRUPDWLYHSULQFLSOHVDQGUXOHV%XWWKH\UHIHUWRWKHVHVDPHSUR - EOHPVLQGLIIHUHQWZD\V'HVSLWHWKHFRPPRQUHIHUHQFHSRLQWPRUDOLW\DQG ODZGLIIHUSULPDIDFLHLQDVPXFKDVSRVWWUDGLWLRQDOPRUDOLW\UHSUHVHQWVRQO\ DIRUPRIFXOWXUDO knowledge, ZKHUHDVODZKDVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKLVDELQGLQJ FKDUDFWHUDWWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHO/DZLVQRWRQO\DV\PEROLFV\VWHPEXWDQ DFWLRQV\VWHPDVZHOOµ +DEHUPDV  7KH SOXUDOLVWLF UHDOLWLHV RI RXU WLPH H[SRVHV WKH IUDJLOH QDWXUH RI RXU liberal GHPRFUDWLFVRFLHWLHV/LEHUDOGHPRFUDF\FDQQRWEHSUHVHUYHGDWWKH LQVWLWXWLRQDOOHYHORQWKHVWDWXWRU\ substrata RIWKHOHJDOV\VWHPH[FHSWZLWK WKH LQFRUSRUDWLRQ RI GHOLEHUDWLYH SULQFLSOHV LH ZKDW +DEHUPDV FDOOV WKH ´GLVFRXUVHSULQFLSOHµ :KLOHWKHOHJDO substrata LVFDSDEOHRILQVWLWXWLRQDOL - ]LQJGHPRFUDWLFSULQFLSOHVLWLVRQO\ZLWKLQD´ deliberative GHPRFUDF\µWKDW ERWK compatibility QRUPVRISROLWLFVDQG rational YDOXHVRI¶ correctness’ FDQEH HVWDEOLVKHG7KLVLVWKHFDVHVLQFHWKHGHPRFUDWLFSULQFLSOHLWVHOILVEDVHGRQ WKHSULQFLSOHRI XQTXDOLÀHG PDMRULW\UDWKHUWKDQRQWKHSULQFLSOHRID privi- leged PDMRULW\$SULYLOHJHGPDMRULW\HYHQZKHQOHJDOO\LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HGE\ XQLYHUVDOVXIIUDJH RUH[WHQVLYHIUDQFKLVH SURYHVWREHDSRURXVIRXQGDWLRQ IRU¶SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV·VLPSO\EHFDXVHLWFRQVWDQWO\VZD\VIURPRQHVRFLDO -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB € JURXSWRDQRWKHUDFFRUGLQJWR demographic YDULDEOHV7KHYDOLGLW\FRQGL - WLRQVRIFRPSDWLELOLW\IRUUDWLRQDOGLVFRXUVHUHVWVRQGHOLEHUDWLYHGHPRFUDF\ 7KHUHIRUHLI political correctness LVWREHHIIHFWLYHO\UHDOL]HGDVD social value LWKDVWREHFULWLFDOO\UHPRGHOOHGRQWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRI rational acco- XQWDELOLW\DVSURSRVHGE\+DEHUPDVLQKLV theory of communicative action. 7KLVLVLQWHUSUHWHGLQWKHOLJKWRIKLVGHÀQLWLRQRIWKH discourse principle VXFK WKDW´SUDFWLFDOUHDVRQµJXDUDQWHHVWKHVRFLDOYDOXHVRIERWK political FRPSD - WLELOLW\DQGUDWLRQDO correctness. ,QRWKHUZRUGV political compatibility DQG rational correctness LQVXFKD+DEHUPDVLDQPRGHOWUDQVFHQGVERWKWKHOHJDO DQGWKHPRUDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDVPXFKDVLWLVVRFLRFXOWXUDOO\FRQWH[WXDOL - ]HG7KLVLVSRVVLEOHE\YLUWXHRILWVLPSDUWLDOGHOLQHDWLRQRIFRPSDWLELOLW\IRU VRFLRSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDQWV PRUDOSHUVRQVRUSROLWLFDOFLWL]HQV ZKRHQJDJHLQ HDFKW\SHRIGLVFRXUVH,WDOVRHQVXUHVWKDWWKHSROLWLFDOVHQVHRI correctness is UDWLRQDOO\FRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKHDOUHDG\VSHFLÀHGVRFLRFXOWXUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ RIWKHFRQWHVWLQJLQWHUHVWJURXSV)LQDOO\LWJXDUDQWHHVWKHSURWHFWLRQRIWKH LQWHUHVWVRIUDWLRQDOO\QRQSULYLOHJHGJURXSVVLQFHUDWLRQDODFFRXQWDELOLW\LV H[SHFWHGRIWKHSULYLOHJHGSDUWLFLSDQWV,QWKLVZD\D+DEHUPDVLDQPRGHORI SROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVVHQFRPSDVVHV¶DOOSRVVLEO\DIIHFWHGSHUVRQV>DOOHP|JOL - FKZHZHLVH%HWURIIHQHQ@ZLWKRXWLQIULQJLQJXSRQWKHOHJLWLPDWHDXWRQRP\ LQWHJULW\DQGLGHQWLW\RIDQ\LQWHUHVWJURXS +DEHUPDV 

References

>@ $QGUHDV-  5LVHRIWKH5HG(QJLQHHUV7KH&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQDQGWKH2ULJLQVRI&KLQD·V1HZ Class. &DOLIRUQLD6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV >@ %ORRP$   The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has Failed Democracy and ,PSRYHULVKHGWKH6RXOVRI7RGD\·V6WXGHQWV 1HZ@ %|FNHQI|UGH(  . Staat, Gesellschaft, Freiheit, >6WDWH6RFLHW\DQG/LEHUW\@)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ 6XKUNDPS9HUODJ >@ &DOKRXQ & *HUWHLV - 0RRG\ - 3IDII 6  9LUN , (GV   . Contemporary Sociological Theory, 3 rd edition. 2[IRUG:LOH\%ODFNZHOO >@ &HQWUDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH&XOWXUDO5HYROXWLRQ*URXS  . Decision Concerning the Great Prole- tarian Cultural Revolution. Perkin Review Files. 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSVZZZPDU[LVWVRUJVXEMHFW FKLQDSHNLQJUHYLHZ35JKWPO >@ &KHQ*0 6WDURVWD:-  &KLQHVHFRQÁLFWPDQDJHPHQWDQGUHVROXWLRQRYHUYLHZ DQGLPSOLFDWLRQV Intercultural Communication Studies, 7(1),  >@ &ODXGLRP&  7KH)UDQNIXUW6FKRRODQG&ULWLFDO7KHRU\,Q Internet Encyclopedia of Philoso- phy. 5HWULHYHG IURPKWWSVZZZLHSXWPHGXIUDQNIXUWKWPO >@ '·6RX]D'  . Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. 1HZ@ 'XPPHWW0   The Seas of Language, 86$2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV >@ )LQOD\VRQ-*  . Habermas: A Very Short Introduction. 2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV . >@ )RXFDXOW0  )RXFDXOWUpSRQGj6DUWUH HQWUHWLHQDYHF-3(ONDEEDFK  La Quinzainelitté- raire, >7KH)RUWQLJKW/LWHUDWXUH@ 46  >@ *DVVHUW3 $ODQ(6 (GV   . Coping with the Nazi Past: West German Debates on Nazism DQG*HQHUDWLRQDO&RQÁLFW 1HZ@ *UDWWRII5 (G   . The Theory of Social Action: The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Talcott Parson. /RQGRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV . >@ +DEHUPDV- D  Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne: Zwolf Vorlesungen >7KH3KLORVRSKLFDO 'LVFRXUVHRI0RGHUQLW\7ZHOYH/HFWXUHV@)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS9HUODJ >@ +DEHUPDV- E . Die nachholende Revolution. >7KHFDWFKXS5HYROXWLRQ@)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ 6XKUNDPS9HUODJ € 7UDQVJUHVVLRQ >@ +DEHUPDV - F . Faktizität und Geltung: BeiträgezurDiskurstheorie des rechts und des demok- ratischenRechsstaats. >%HWZHHQ)DFWVDQG1RUPV&RQWULEXWLRQVWRD'LVFRXUVH7KHRU\RI/DZDQG 'HPRFUDF\@)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS9HUODJ >@ +DEHUPDV- G . Theorie des komunikativen Handelns (Band 1 und 2). >7KHRU\RI&RPPXQLFD - WLYH$FWLRQYROVDQG@)UDQNIXUWDP0DLQ6XKUNDPS9HUODJ >@ +HOG'  . Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas. &DOLIRUQLD8QLYHUVLW\RI &DOLIRUQLD3UHVV . >@ .LPEDOO5  . Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education. 1HZ@ .RKO+  8QFRPPRQ'LIIHUHQFHV2Q3ROLWLFDO&RUUHFWQHVV&RUH&XUULFXOXPDQG'HPRF - UDF\LQ(GXFDWLRQ The Lion and the Unicorn, 16 (1) GRLXQL >@ /LQG%  7KH2ULJLQVRI3ROLWLFDO&RUUHFWQHVV An Accuracy in Academy Address at the 2000 Conservative University Conference. :DVKLQJWRQ'&$PHULFDQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV >@ /XNDFV*   Geschischte und Klassenbewusstsein: Studien uber marxistische Dialektik >+LVWRU\ DQG&ODVV&RQVFLRXVQHVV6WXGLHVLQ0DU[LVW'LDOHFWLFV@ , %HUOLQ0DOLN9HUODJ >@ 0DF)DUTXKDU5 6KRHQKDOV0  0DR·V/DVW5HYROXWLRQ 0DVVDFKXVHWWV+DUYDUG8QLYHU - VLW\3UHVV >@ 0DU[. (QJHOV)  0DQLIHVWRRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\,Q,QVWLWXWHRI0DU[LVP/HQLQ - LVP   Marx/Engels Selected Works, vol. 1  SS 0RVFRZ3URJUHVV3XEOLVKHUV >@ 0DUFXVH+  . Eros and : A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud. %RVWRQ0DVVDFKXVVHWWV %HDFRQ3UHVV . >@ 0F&DUWK\7  . The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas, 0DVVDFKXVVHWWV7KH0,73UHVV >@ 0LOOHU .   Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts, QG  HG %RVWRQ 0F*UDZ+LOO >@ 1LDQ\L:   1949-1989: nian de Zhingguo: Dadongluan de niandai >&KLQD7KH@ 3RSH/HR;,,,   Rerum Novarum >1HZ7KLQJV@5RPH/LEHULD(GLWULFH9DWLFDQD >@ 3RSH3LXV;,   Quadragessimo Anno >)RUW\@ 5REHUW3 D . 3DXOR)UDLUHDQGSROLWLFDOFRUUHFWQHVV Educational Philosophy and Theory, 29(2), GRLMWE[ >@ 5REHUW3 E . 3DXOR)UDLUHDQGXWRSLDQHGXFDWLRQ The Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cul- tural Studies, 37 (5),  >@ 6DOO\5  . Marked Men White Masculinity in Crisis. 1HZ@ 6FKXO]'/  . To Reclaim a Legacy of : Analyzing the ‘Political Correctness Debates in Higher Education. 1HZ@ 6FKXO]3 &REOH\3 (GV    Handbook of Communication Science: Theories and Models of Communication, %RVWRQ:DOWHUGH*UX\WHU >@ 6FUXWRQ 5   Why the Left Hate  5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRP ZDWFK"Y G-2DZRPSX-4 >@ 6HLOHU5  . Human Communication in the Critical Theory Tradition  Course Materials on Com- munication Studies 441: Cultural Studies in Communications Files. 5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSSHRSOH XFDOJDU\FDaUVHLOHUFULWLFDOKWP >@ @ :HLO)   Socialization: An Attempt at a Conceptual Foundation, with a Critique of the Plans for Socialization, 'RFWRUDOWKHVLVDW8QLYHUVLW\RI)UDQNIXUW >@ :KLWQH\' :DUWHOOD(  . 0HGLDFRYHUDJHRIWKH¶3ROLWLFDO&RUUHFWQHVV·GHEDWH Journal of Communication, 42(2). GRLMWE[ >@ :LJJHUVKDXV5   7KH)UDQNIXUW6FKRRO,WV+LVWRU\7KHRULHVDQG3ROLWLFDO6LJQLÀFDQFH Mas- VDFKXVVHWWV0,73UHVV >@ :LOVRQ -  . The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on Higher Education. 'XUKDP1RUWK&DUROLQD'XNH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV . >@ :RUGHQ56DYDGD$ 'RODQ5 (GV   . A Country Study: China. 6HULHVLQ&RXQWU\6WXG - LHV$UHD+DQGERRN3URJUDP:DVKLQJWRQ'&)HGHUDO5HVHUYH'LYLVLRQ/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV