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Status of the U.S. Pacific Sanddab Resource in 2013

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Status of the U.S. Pacific Sanddab Resource in 2013 by Xi He1, Donald E. Pearson1, John C. Field1, Lyndsey Lefebvre1 and Meisha Key2 August 2013 1Fisheries Ecology Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service 110 Shaffer Road Santa Cruz, CA 95060 [email protected] 2Meisha Key California Department of Fish and Wildlife c/o1 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................ 4 Stock........................................................................................................................... 4 Catches ...................................................................................................................... 4 Data and assessment ................................................................................................ 5 Stock biomass ........................................................................................................... 6 Recruitment ................................................................................................................ 7 Exploitation status ................................................................................................... 10 Ecosystem considerations ..................................................................................... 12 Management performance ...................................................................................... 12 Unresolved problems and major uncertainties ..................................................... 13 Research and data needs ........................................................................................ 14 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Basic Information .......................................................................................... 17 1.2 Map................................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Life History .................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Ecosystem Considerations .......................................................................... 19 1.5 Fishery Information ....................................................................................... 22 1.6 Management History and Performance ....................................................... 22 1.7 Fisheries off Canada, Alaska, and Mexico .................................................. 23 2 Assessment ................................................................................................ 23 2.1 Data ................................................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Fishery Independent Survey .................................................................... 24 2.1.2 Biology ..................................................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Fishery Dependent Data .......................................................................... 31 2.2 History of Modeling Approaches Used for This Stock ............................... 38 2.3 Model Description ......................................................................................... 38 2.3.1 Basic Model Structures ............................................................................ 38 2.3.2 Fishing Fleets and Surveys ...................................................................... 38 2.3.3 Modeling software .................................................................................... 38 2.3.4 General Model Specifications ................................................................... 38 2.3.5 Estimated and Fixed Parameters ............................................................. 39 2.3.6 Data Weighting ........................................................................................ 39 2.4 Model Selection and Evaluation ................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Key Assumptions and Structural Choices ................................................. 40 2.4.2 Alternative models considered ................................................................. 41 2.4.3 Model Convergence, Jitter and Phase Analysis and Repeated Model Runs 41 2.5 Response to STAR Panel Recommendations ............................................. 41 2.6 Base-Model Results ...................................................................................... 44 2.7 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses .......................................................... 45 2.7.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Discard Rates........................................................ 46 2.7.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Historical Catch Data ............................................. 46 2.7.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Steepness Prior..................................................... 46 2.7.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Maturity Schedules ................................................ 46 2.7.5 Sensitivity Analysis on excluding Triennial and Recreational Survey Indices 46 2.7.6 Sensitivity Analysis on Lorenzen natural mortality estimation ................... 47 2 2.7.7 Sensitivity Analysis on applying dome-shaped selectivity to surveys ........ 47 2.7.8 Sensitivity Analysis on excluding conditional age-at-length data .............. 47 2.7.9 Likelihood Profiles .................................................................................... 47 2.7.10 Retrospective Analysis ............................................................................. 48 3 Regional management considerations ..................................................... 48 4 Research Needs ......................................................................................... 48 5 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................... 49 6 Literature cited ........................................................................................... 50 7 Tables .......................................................................................................... 57 8 Figures ........................................................................................................ 84 Appendix A. History of Management Measures Affecting the Pacific Sanddab Fishery ............................................................................................. 235 Year ................................................................................................................... 237 Area ................................................................................................................... 237 Gear ................................................................................................................... 237 Period ................................................................................................................ 237 Cumulative Landing Limits ................................................................................... 237 Appendix B. Summaries of Field and Laboratory Studies on Reproductive Biology of Pacific Sanddab ............................................................................ 244 Appendix C. Base Model Fits to Length and Age Frequency Data by Year, Fleet and Sex for All Surveys and Fisheries ................................................ 264 Appendix D. Input Files of the Base Model to the SS3 Program ................ 284 Appendix D.1. Data File (SDB1.dat) ...................................................................... 284 Appendix D.2. Control File (SDB1.ctl) .................................................................. 332 Appendix D.3. Starter File (starter.ss) .................................................................. 342 Appendix D.4. Forecast File (forecast.ss) ............................................................ 343 3 Executive Summary Stock Pacific sanddab (Citharichthys sordidus) is a left-eyed flounder of the family Paralichthyidae and is widely distributed along the Pacific west coast from the Bering Sea to Cabo San Lucas, at the tip of Baja California. This assessment reports the stock status off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington, and it is the first time that the stock is being assessed. The stock is considered a single stock as there are no genetic studies or other evidences of stock structure along the U.S. coast. Catches Although Pacific sanddab has not historically been a primary target in commercial fisheries, it has been commonly caught, mostly by bottom trawl gears. The earliest reported catch was recorded in 1892. Total landings were close to 1,200mt in the late 1910s (Figure a). Landings were at relative low levels (~400mt) between the late 1930s and the early 1970s, with an increasing trend from the early 1970s to the late 1990s. Since then, landings have been declining and total landings in recent years were around 200 mt (Table a). Discards of Pacific sanddab were generally high, primarily due to its small size, but larger sanddabs are highly prized by the commercial and recreational fisheries for their excellent edibility. Recreational landings, mostly taken by hook and line, were at the highest levels in the early 1980s (just over 20 0mt), ranging between 20 mt and 80 mt in recent years. Recreational landings averaged about 7% of total landings between 1981 and 2012, but increased
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