Timeline of the behaviourist approach

1920 John Watson demonstrates classical conditioning in a human; Little Albert 1984 McCormick and Thompson demonstrate the role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning

Alexander Mitiuc/Fotolia

perytskyy/Fotolia 1924 1961 Mary Cover Jones demonstrates demonstrates desensitisation to a phobic stimulus of aggression by 1948 imitation of a model B. F. Skinner demonstrates

‘superstitious’ behaviour in petarg/Fotolia pigeons who repeated whatever behaviour they were performing when fed

cynoclub/Fotolia 1991 1931 Richardson and DeLong demonstrate the role of B. F. Skinner demonstrates the 1968 the neurotransmitter 1901 use of the ‘Skinner Box’ in which Ayllon and Azrin use the first acetylcholine in operant animals are rewarded with food token economy system to improve Ivan Pavlov teaches dogs to salivate conditioning at the sound of a metronome for particular behaviours behaviour in a psychiatric hospital

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Classical conditioning Social learning theory Neuroscience Early behaviourists focused on classical conditioning; Later behaviourists focused on learning by reward Neo-behaviourists emphasised learning by imitation Much of the modern research into learning as proposed learning to respond to a new (neutral) stimulus in the () and . Operant conditioning of selected others (models) and by witnessing their by the behaviourists centres on how learning takes place same way as an existing (unconditioned) stimulus. is applied in token economy systems. reinforcement and punishment. in the brain. Classical conditioning is applied in desensitisation and aversion therapies. Matt Jarvis is an associate fellow of the BPS. He is the online editor for REVIEW and leads the psychology team at PsychologyReviewOnline Totton College, Hampshire.

Go to www.hoddereducation.co.uk/psychologyreviewextras for a printable pdf of this poster. 16 Psychology Review September 2013 17

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