The Monist, 2019, 102, 84–109 doi: 10.1093/monist/ony023 Article Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/monist/article-abstract/102/1/84/5255707 by
[email protected] on 25 December 2018 The Social Cost of Carbon: Valuing Inequality, Risk, and Population for Climate Policy Marc Fleurbaey, Maddalena Ferranna, Mark Budolfson, Francis Dennig, Kian Mintz-Woo, Robert Socolow, Dean Spears, and Stephane Zuber ABSTRACT We analyze the role of ethical values in the determination of the social cost of carbon, arguing that the familiar debate about discounting is too narrow. Other ethical issues are equally important to computing the social cost of carbon, and we highlight inequal- ity, risk, and population ethics. Although the usual approach, in the economics of cost- benefit analysis for climate policy, is confined to a utilitarian axiology, the methodology of the social cost of carbon is rather flexible and can be expanded to a broader set of social-welfare approaches. 1. INTRODUCTION The Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) is likely the most important economic concept in the design and implementation of climate change mitigation policies. The SCC pro- vides a monetized value of the present and future damages caused by the emission of a ton of CO2. The SCC depends on ethical premises because it depends on how cli- mate change impacts are valued and aggregated. Estimates of the SCC are a crucial component in the cost-benefit analysis of cli- mate policies. Policy makers can use the SCC in either of two ways: to set the opti- mal carbon tax, or to fix the emission reduction target in a cap-and-trade system.