Restrukturierungszwänge Internationaler Fluggesellschaften Und Die Regulierung Grenzüberschreitender Airline-M&As

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Restrukturierungszwänge Internationaler Fluggesellschaften Und Die Regulierung Grenzüberschreitender Airline-M&As Restrukturierungszwänge internationaler Fluggesellschaften und die Regulierung grenzüberschreitender Airline-M&As Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschaftswissenschaften durch die Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms- Universität Münster Vorgelegt von Tobias Huld Münster, 2015 Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Theresia Theurl Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl-Hans Hartwig Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Ehrmann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 24. Juni 2015 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................... I Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................... III Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................ V Abkürzungsverzeichnis........................................................................................ VII I. Einleitung ......................................................................................................... 1 II. Restrukturierungszwänge internationaler Luftverkehrsgesellschaften ............. 3 A. Marktsituation internationaler Luftverkehrsgesellschaften..................... 3 1. Wachstum des weltweiten Luftverkehrs ............................................... 3 2. Profitabilität der weltweiten Luftverkehrsgesellschaften ...................... 5 3. Mögliche Ursachen für die geringe Profitabilität ................................ 14 B. Marktstruktur im internationalen Luftverkehr ...................................... 46 1. Triebkräfte des Wettbewerbs nach Porter ........................................... 46 2. Marktkonzentration ............................................................................. 56 C. Restrukturierungsmaßnahmen der Luftverkehrsgesellschaften ............ 59 1. Kooperationen ..................................................................................... 60 2. Strategische Allianzen ......................................................................... 61 3. Merger und Akquisitionen................................................................... 64 III. Ökonomische Erklärungsansätze und Motive für Merger und Akquisitionen im Luftverkehr ................................................................................................ 81 A. Allgemeine Erklärungsansätze für Merger und Akquisitionen zwischen Fluggesellschaften ................................................................................. 82 1. Neue Institutionenökonomik ............................................................... 82 2. Strategieforschung ............................................................................... 91 3. Portfoliotheorie .................................................................................. 105 B. Spezifische Motive und Ziele von Unternehmenszusammen- schlüssen ............................................................................................. 107 I 1. Fundamentale Motive ........................................................................ 108 2. Spekulative Motive............................................................................ 117 3. Agency-Motive .................................................................................. 119 4. Hybris ................................................................................................ 122 5. Sonstige Motive ................................................................................. 123 IV. Bewertungsmethoden und empirische Befunde europäischer Airline-M&As .............................................................................................. 125 A. Allgemeine Erfolgsaussichten für M&As ........................................... 125 B. Methoden zur empirischen Bewertung von M&As ............................ 128 1. Befragungen von Unternehmensvertretern ....................................... 128 2. Analyse von Wiederverkaufsraten .................................................... 130 3. Vergleiche von Jahresabschlusszahlen .............................................. 131 4. Untersuchungen von Aktienkursreaktionen ...................................... 132 5. Tobins q-Analysen ............................................................................ 135 C. Empirische Analysen ausgewählter Airline-M&As in Europa ........... 142 1. Analyse der Jahresabschlusszahlen ................................................... 142 2. Ereignisstudie .................................................................................... 146 3. Untersuchung anhand Tobins q ......................................................... 156 V. Der Regulierungsrahmen für grenzüberschreitende Airline-M&As in Europa ...................................................................................................... 162 A. Vorschriften über die Nationalitäten von Airlines .............................. 163 B. Stillstandsvereinbarungen mit Verkäuferstaaten................................. 169 C. Analyse des Regulierungsrahmens ..................................................... 171 1. Formen staatlicher Regulierung ........................................................ 171 2. Normativ-theoretische Begründung .................................................. 171 3. Positiv-theoretische Begründung ...................................................... 181 VI. Fazit ............................................................................................................. 185 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................ VIII II Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Wachstum des weltweiten Luftverkehrs und des Bruttoinlandsprodukts 1970 – 2011 ................................................. 5 Abbildung 2: Nominale Nettogewinne der weltweiten Luftverkehrs- gesellschaften 1970 – 2011 .............................................................. 6 Abbildung 3: Kumulierte Nettogewinne der weltweiten Luftverkehrs- gesellschaften 1970 – 2011 (in Preisen von 2011) .......................... 7 Abbildung 4: Nettoumsatzrendite der weltweiten Luftverkehrsgesellschaften 1970 – 2011 ...................................................................................... 8 Abbildung 5: Economic Value Added der US-Luftverkehrsgesellschaften 1980-2003 ........................................................................................ 9 Abbildung 6: Grundstruktur der Wertschöpfungskette ........................................ 10 Abbildung 7: Mittelwerte der Kapitalrenditen der Wertschöpfungsstufen im Luftverkehr 2004-2011 .................................................................. 11 Abbildung 8: Durchschnittliche Kapitalrenditen nach Regionen und Geschäftsmodellen ......................................................................... 12 Abbildung 9: Prozentuale Veränderung der jährlichen Luftverkehrsleistung (RPK) und des weltweiten BIP 1970-2011 ............................................... 24 Abbildung 10: Entwicklung des Kerosinpreises 1990-2011 zu Preisen von 2011 ....................................................................... 28 Abbildung 11: Anteil der Ausgaben für Landegebühren an den Gesamtbetriebskosten der US-amerikanischen Airlines 1990-2011 ...................................................................................... 32 Abbildung 12: Tobins q im internationalen Luftverkehr 2002-2011 .................... 46 Abbildung 13: Die fünf Triebkräfte des Wettbewerbs .......................................... 48 Abbildung 14: Marktanteile nach Umsatz der zehn größten Fluggesellschaften weltweit 2011 ................................................................................. 57 Abbildung 15: Formen von Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen ........................... 65 Abbildung 16: Struktur der Air France-KLM Group 2012 ................................... 71 Abbildung 17: Holdingstruktur der Lufthansa-Swiss-Akquisition 2005............... 74 Abbildung 18: Holdingstruktur der Lufthansa-Swiss-Akquisition seit 2007 ........ 75 Abbildung 19: Holdingstruktur der Lufthansa-Austrian-Akquisition 2009 .......... 77 Abbildung 20: Holdingstruktur des British Airways-Iberia-Mergers 2011 .......... 79 III Abbildung 21: Systematisierungsrahmen für Motive und Ziele von Unternehmenszusammenschlüssen .............................................. 108 Abbildung 22: Transaktionsvolumina weltweiter M&As 1995 - 2012 ............... 126 Abbildung 23: Lage von Schätz- und Eventfenster im Rahmen der Ereignisstudie ............................................................................... 147 Abbildung 24: CAR innerhalb des Eventfensters der Air France- KLM-Transaktion ........................................................................ 150 Abbildung 25: CAR innerhalb des Eventfensters der Deutsche Lufthansa-Swiss- Transaktion................................................................................... 151 Abbildung 26: CAR innerhalb des Eventfensters der Deutsche Lufthansa-Austrian Airlines-Transaktion .................................................................... 153 Abbildung 27: CAR innerhalb des Eventfensters der British Airways-Iberia- Transaktion................................................................................... 154 Abbildung 28: Williamson trade-off ................................................................... 179 IV Tabellenverzeichnis Tabelle 1: Prognostizierte Nettoumsatzrenditen
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