Department of Botany & the U.S. National Herbarium The Plant Press
New Series - Vol. 17 - No. 2 April-June 2014 Botany Profile New Endowment Honors Lyman Smith Legacy By Nancy Khan and Warren Wagner he Department of Botany is especially the bromeliads (Bromeliaceae). this new endowment Christopher Smith pleased to announce that a gener- Over the course of his lengthy career he has expressed his desire to honor “their Tous gift in 2013 from Christopher published prolifically, authoring over exemplary dedication to the exploration, C. Smith, Professor Emeritus in the Divi- 1,700 new taxa and 519 publications, with study, and understanding of plants” and sion of Biology at Kansas State Univer- his seminal work being a reorganization hopes “that the recipients of the Lyman sity and son of Lyman and Ruth Smith, of the Bromeliaceae in Flora Neotropica B. and Ruth C. Smith Endowment will has created a new endowment in support which he completed between 1974 – 1979 carry on their tradition of the passion- of early career research fellows in botany. during his tenure as an Emeritus Curator ate and earnest pursuit of taxonomic The endowment, named the Lyman B. in the Department. He was founding mem- research in botany.” We look forward and Ruth C. Smith Endowment Fund, ber of the Bromeliad Society and accumu- to announcing the first recipient of this is designed to provide career develop- lated many awards for his contributions to award within the year. ment opportunities for young scientists Bromeliad research (Taxon 46: 819-824; to further their research and education 1997). At least 50 species have been his new gift is particularly excit- through studies of plants at the U.S. named in his honor, including two bro- ing as it is the first the Depart- National Herbarium (US) and through meliads discovered in South America as Tment has received specifically interactions with our research staff. This recently as 1999. Tillandsia lymanii Rauh in support of research scholarship thus charitable gift will be held in a permanent and Mezobromelia lyman-smithii Rauh & enabling the Department to expand its fund with an annual award made to sup- Barthlott are fitting tributes in recognition opportunities for young botanists to port and sustain the work of fellows in of his legacy of exceptional scholarship in develop and pursue their research inter- residence within the department. the field of tropical plants. ests. In addition, it broadens the Depart- Through this endowment Christopher While largely unrecognized for her ment’s growing suite of endowments Smith has created an enduring award that efforts, Ruth Smith provided invaluable secured by gifts received over the past will continue to recognize the important assistance and support throughout her 80 years. The Department’s endowments contributions that Lyman Smith and his husband’s career. She proof-read countless currently exceed $2.6 million and are wife Ruth made to the field of botanical papers and classification keys, collected managed by the Office of Investments in research. Lyman Smith began his dis- specimens with him on multiple trips to accord with the investment goals, objec- tinguished career at Harvard University South America, supplied photographs, and tives, and policies of the Smithsonian where as a doctoral candidate he made co-authored the volume on “Begoniaceas” Institution. A brief review of the suite his first collecting trip to South America in the series “Flora Ilustrada Catarin- of eight discrete funds dedicated to the to collect bromeliads and other tropical ense” edited by P. Raulino Reitz. Together Department of Botany reveals a genuine plants in Brazil. In 1947 he joined the Ruth and Lyman raised five children, at and unwavering munificence by donors Smithsonian’s Department of Botany least two of whom have actively pursued who have contributed greatly to the and worked as a Research Botanist in careers in the natural sciences. Christo- longevity and ability of the Department the museum for over 40 years, including pher Smith taught evolutionary biology to pursue its core mission of scientific many years after his retirement. at Kansas State University for 33 years. research and collections development. Lyman Smith was a dedicated taxono- Stephen Smith became the second in the The earliest source of support for the mist who studied and identified plants family to pursue a career at the National department, the Albert S. Hitchcock from a broad range of areas and groups Museum of Natural History working to Fund, was established in 1937 as a and was widely recognized as a world identify, catalog, and care for herbarium memorial fund to maintain the Hitch- authority on many tropical families, specimens from 1978 – 2012. Through cock-Chase Library and Collections. By Continued on page 11 Travel Vicki Funk traveled to Cape Town, Laurence Skog traveled to Sarasota, student committee meeting and a student South Africa (1/7 – 1/27) to present a Florida (2/18 – 2/28) to work at Marie symposium. paper at a meeting of the Association Selby Botanical Garden on the unmounted Kenneth Wurdack traveled to Bronx, for the Taxonomic Study of the Flora of specimens of Gesneriaceae; and to Hono- New York (2/19) to use the herbarium, Tropical Africa (AETFAT) and to partici- lulu, Hawaii (3/22 – 3/29) to visit the library, and archives at the New York pate in a field trip to collect Compositae Foster Botanical Garden, the herbaria at Botanical Garden for research relating to for research; and throughout northern the University of Hawaii, and the Bishop Euphorbiaceae, Malvales, and Guyana Chile and southern Peru (2/28 – 3/21) to Museum, as well as to attend the iDigBio floristics. collect specimens of Werneria (Composi- workshop at the East-West Center at the tae) for research. University. Rusty Russell traveled to New Haven, Alain Touwaide traveled to Messina, Connecticut (3/8 – 3/13) to co-organize Italy (3/1 – 3/31) to teach an intensive and speak at an iDigBio workshop on course on the classical scientific tradition digitization of source materials for at the University of Messina, to present a biodiversity at Yale University; and to talk at Locri, the local branch of the Inter- the Honolulu, Hawaii (3/17 – 3/23) to national Association for Classical Studies, present an invited lecture at an Ethnobiol- to present a talk at Messina Academy, ogy Society meeting at the University of and, with Emanuela Appetiti, to visit the Hawaii-Manoa, and to visit collections archeological sites of Kaulonia and Ger- and collaborate with staff at the Bishop ace, both rich in archeobotanical material. Museum and Lyon Arboretum. Warren Wagner traveled to Hawaii Eric Schuettpelz traveled to Chin (2/10 – 2/26) to attend a meeting of the State, Myanmar (3/1 – 3/21) as part of an Smithsonian Institution National Board, expedition to survey the flora of Natma to attend a meeting on the Flora of the Taung National Park. Marquesas Islands, and to a attend plan- ning meeting for Dimensions of Biodiver- The Plant Press sity, a multi-institution NSF grant to study Onagraceae and evolution of scent. New Series - Vol. 17 - No. 2 Jun Wen traveled to Raleigh, North Chair of Botany Carolina (2/28 – 3/2) to attend a graduate Warren L. Wagner ([email protected]) Visitors
EDITORIAL STAFF Carlos García-Robledo, Smithsonian Dara Meekins, George Mason University; Fellow; Plant-herbivore interaction Ethnobotany internship (1/6-1/20). Editor (7/20/10-7/17/14). Gary Krupnick Harlan Svoboda, Ohio University; Pas- ([email protected]) Janelle Burke, New York Botanical Gar- sifloraceae (1/6-1/10). den; Tropical Polygonaceae and Plumbag- Copy Editors inaceae (8/1/12-12/31/14). Caetano T Oliveira, Universidade de Robin Everly, Bernadette Gibbons, Rose São Paulo, Brazil; Mikania (Asteraceae) Gulledge Ning Zhang, Pennsylvania State Univer- (1/7-1/31). sity; Vitaceae (1/7/13-6/30/15). News Contacts Tom Kaye, Institute for Applied Ecology; MaryAnn Apicelli, Rusty Russell, Alice Maria Kaye, University of Aberdeen, Orobanchaceae (1/8-1/9). Tangerini, and Elizabeth Zimmer United Kingdom; DNA barcoding Yongli Fan, Xishuangbana Tropical The Plant Press is a quarterly publication pro- (11/25/13-3/25/14). vided free of charge. To receive notification of Botanical Garden, China; Pollination stud- when new pdf issues are posted to the web, please subscribe to the listserve by sending a message Niclas Engen, Smithsonian Marine Sta- ies (1/13/14-1/12/15). to [email protected] containing only the tion at Fort Pierce; Cyanobacteria (1/1- following in the body of the text: SUBSCRIBE 1/16). Dave Gammon and 12 students, Elon PLANTPRESS-NEWS Firstname Lastname. University; Plant conservation and her- Replace “Firstname Lastname” with your name. Harvey Ballard and Juliana Paula barium tour (1/16). If you would like to be added to the hard-copy Souza, Ohio University; Violaceae (1/6- mailing list, please contact Dr. Gary Krupnick at: Kevin Parker, Center for International Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, 1/10). PO Box 37012, NMNH MRC-166, Washington, Environmental Law; Ancient Mediterra- DC 20013-7012, or by E-mail: krupnickg@ Sarah Kyle, University of Central nean environment (1/20). si.edu. Oklahoma; Medieval history of botany Gloria Batista de Vega, Smithsonian Web site: http://botany.si.edu/ (1/6-1/9). Tropical Research Institute; Eucheuma
Page 2 A New Opportunity to Increase Workforce Diversity Chair he call for diversity in the workforce is often assist with collections duties in the Core Collec- followed by varying degrees of action and tions Management Unit. Ted comes to us from With Tinaction. However, in 2013 the Smithsonian a recent assignment at the National Air & Space Institution “walked the talk” and issued a policy Museum. As with other program participants, Ted A statement which is designed to promote efforts to will be on-site each school day for six hours over address diversity in all categories. One new program the next ten weeks with the possibility of an exten- View has made significant in-roads in broadening employ- sion. Our collections staff, Andrew Clark, Melinda ment opportunities for learning disabled young adults. Peters and Meghann Toner, have enthusiastically Project|SEARCH Smithsonian is a one year transi- welcomed Ted and will be providing daily training. tion program designed for those with intellectual and Another participant is Zachary Bergold developmental disabilities who are either in their last Lynch, who is working in the Office for Human year of high school or are recent graduates. The pro- Resources, the Hirschhorn’s Registrar’s office, and Warren gram targets individuals whose main goal is employ- now the Department of Botany for the next ten L. ment and involves total immersion, extensive training, weeks. Zachary has a very busy day! In Botany, job coaching and feedback from coaches and employ- he is scanning pollen micrographs created by Joan Wagner ers. Nowicke for her palynological research. Botany’s One of the participants in the program is a very Information Technology crew will be watching and engaging young man named Edward “Ted” Dalpino wondering at his fast progress. who has just arrived in the Department of Botany to Their Project|SEARCH job coach, Kristina Nabors, is also part of the initial training and will be on-call to Ted, Zachary, and our staff. This opportunity results from the initiative of Botany staff members Sylvia Orli and Rusty Rus- sell in exploring these opportunities and expressing our willingness to participate in this program and demonstrate our Department’s commitment to a diverse workforce. What does the future hold for Ted and Zach- ary? Well, mostly that’s up to them. Their commit- ment, work ethic, and goals will ensure a brighter future far more than our willingness to provide an opportunity. But we are proud to be a part of their journey and support diversity efforts in the Institu- tion.
Ted Dalpino and Zachary Bergold Lynch. (photos - Rusty Russell, by Melinda Peters) Collections Manager and Kappaphycus (Solieriaceae) (1/23- Madison Downe, Mount Allison Univer- lina University; Herbarium tour (3/10). 1/31). sity, Canada; Cuatrecasas photo project (2/23-2/28). Ethan Temeles, Amherst College; Schol- Lynn Gillespie, Canadian Museum of arly research (3/17-3/18). Nature; Poaceae (1/28). Melissa Pevey, University of Maryland, College Park; ARC/GIS maps (2/24-3/22). Orestes Mendez, Los Villos Central John Benedict and Selena Smith, Univer- University, Cuba; Anacardiaceae, Flora of sity of Michigan; Zingiberales (2/3-2/8). Vinicius Souza, University of São Paulo, Cuba (3/18-3/19). Brazil; Neotropical Scrophulariaceae Bridget Wood, Southern Arkansas Uni- (2/27-3/1). Rob Naczi, New York Botanical Garden; versity; Ethnobotany internship (2/3-2/21). Vascular plants of the northeastern United Nancai Pei, Research Institute of Tropical States and adjacent Canada (3/25-3/26). Charles Fenster, University of Maryland, Forestry, China; Plant reproductive traits College Park; Arabidopsis thaliana (Bras- (3/1-9/1). sicaceae) (2/7). Windhoffer Eva, Mark Frey, Liz Mat- Gaurav Kandlikar, University of Min- thews and Ryan Tietjen, National Park nesota; Isoetes (Isoetaceae) (2/12-2/13). Service; DC flora (3/4). Westley Knapp, Maryland Natural Heri- Todd Fraley and 10 students, East Caro- tage; Juncaceae (2/20).
Page 3 in Washington, DC. The conference have slipped out the door. Staff brought together ArcGIS users from It is out of the question to even pretend throughout the Federal Government to to chronicle their specific achievements Research & learn ways to better integrate ArcGIS into over this period. Debbie arrived in 1975, Activities their work environment. Toner was one having been recommended by Kittie of a group of individuals representing the Parker at George Washington University. Smithsonian Institution. Linda arrived about four years later. They On January 8, Gary Krupnick orga- arrived at a time when most activities nized and spoke at the public program, Awards & required manual effort, and left at a time “How Do Botanical Collections Advance Grants when full length motion pictures could fit Conservation Action?” at the National on a small disk in your pocket. They didn’t Museum of Natural History. The program Warren Wagner is part of a multidis- simply endure the transitions that occurred was presented in collaboration with the ciplinary team of collaborators led by in the interim; they embraced and incor- Plant Conservation Alliance, a consortium researchers at the Chicago Botanic Garden porated them into Department routines, of ten federal government agencies and researchers, who has received a $1.54 improving efficiency at a time when staff over 290 non-federal organizations that million Dimensions in Biodiversity grant size was shrinking. work together to solve problems related from the National Science Foundation to They outlasted an entire generation of to native plant extinction and native study the way flowers use scent to attract research scientists and welcomed in an habitat restoration. Joining Krupnick were the pollinators they need to reproduce and entirely new research staff. Their knowl- speakers Peggy Olwell from the Bureau survive. The floral scent may also draw edge of collections at both the Natural of Land Management, Megan Haidet from flower predators, and this can play an History Building and the Museum Support Seeds of Success, and Tom Kaye from the important role in the evolution and diversi- Center made them the go-to staff for Institute for Applied Ecology. The session fication of plant species. Chicago Botanic answers to questions, resolution to prob- focused on how botanical collections con- Garden conservation scientist Krissa Sko- lems, or simply help when it was needed. tribute to conservation assessments and gen is heading the team focusing on four It is a tribute to them and their lack of ego management strategies that safeguard our main players: flowers, pollinators, preda- that so much of their work went unnoticed. planet’s biodiversity. tors and scent. The flowers belong to the I have been trying to write this piece Alice Tangerini, for the seventh year in evening primrose family, Onagraceae, one for two months, but I kept putting it aside a row, gave a presentation on botanical of the most diverse plant families grow- because a) how do you summarize a illustration to the fifth grade students at the ing throughout the western United States. person’s entire outstanding career in one annual event known as “The Big Draw” Their pollinators are hawkmoths and bees article, and b) I’ve been in denial. Debbie that took place at North Chevy Chase native to the arid lands. Acting as foe are and Linda are not simply colleagues, they Elementary School on February 28. The Mompha micromoths, the only known are good friends. Debbie arrived the same morning snow did not deter the other 26 group of lepidopterans to prey specifically day as I (ten minutes earlier which, techni- participating artists or the students from on evening primroses. Both friend and cally, gives her seniority). We’ve been attending the four morning classes of vari- foe are attracted to the plant by the heavy essentially joined at the hip ever since. Her ous art projects. Tangerini gave a presenta- scent produced by the flower. Skogen approach to helping staff has always been tion and a lesson on drawing plants to 140 suspects that scent directs the interplay of nurturing, and she talked me off the ledge students. flower, friend and foe, and may be a key on multiple occasions. We could argue On March 8 Tangerini presented two driver of evolutionary changes in all three. like spouses and party like best friends, lectures and drawing lessons to 60 stu- but it was always in the best interest of dents at the Annandale campus of North- Departures the collections. More than anyone I’ve ern Virginia Community College as part ever known … anyone! … she cared for collections. You can’t teach that. You can’t of the American Association of University By Rusty Russell Women (AAUW) STEMtastics Career replace that. Day for Middle School Girls. AAUW In her book, The Mind and The Eye, Linda took on every job that no one sponsors the event to the students in order morphologist, anatomist, and historian of else wanted. She is wired for precision to stimulate interest in the sciences. Along botany Agnes Arber alluded to the criti- and eats detail for breakfast. She reads with 23 other presenters, Tangerini, who cal nature of science support activities in blueprints better than many architects, and has been participating in this event since successful scientific outcomes. Earlier this her tape measure should go to the National 1994, gave a talk on her background lead- year, support for critical collections and Museum of American History. When ing up to a career in the sciences. The stu- research activities for the United States major facilities projects were done, Linda dents were supplied sample drawings by National Herbarium were dealt a serious was behind it. And she has handled and Tangerini to use as subjects for practicing blow upon the retirement of Debbie Bell moved more specimens that anyone in the pen and ink techniques used in scientific and Linda Hollenberg. With a combined history of the U.S. National Herbarium … illustration. service record of 75 years, half the his- guaranteed. Oh, by the way, she ran our tory of our herbarium, their departure has operations at the Museum Support Center In early February, Meghann Toner meant that multiple generations of Depart- in her “spare” time. When it was time to attended the Esri Federal GIS Conference ment knowledge and Institutional memory get something done, we were lucky that Page 4 ing in Houston, Texas. Both students received travel awards to the two meetings and Khan placed second in the Biological Sciences oral presentation section at the Houston conference. Khan is a graduating senior and will continue her research at the graduate level. Wellman is a junior and will be continuing his research at UDC and the Smithsonian this summer and the next academic year. American Botanicals: Mid- Atlantic Native Plants Alice Tangerini is one of 41 artists with her work on display as part of the Debbie Bell (right) provides in-depth training in plant collecting techniques in Mt. exhibit, “American Botanicals: Mid-Atlan- Popa Park. Bell was one of several participants from the Department of Botany to tic Native Plants” at the U.S. Botanic Gar- organize and coordinate a botanical training workshop in Myanmar in 1997. dens from February 15 through June 15, Linda was on our team. genera within Leguminosae subfamily 2014. As a member of Botanical Artists Thankfully, and not surprisingly, Linda Caesalpinioideae. Using a phylogenetic for Education and the Environment she and Debbie have continued their rela- approach, Khan has been exploring the submitted two works, Dirca palustris and tionship with us as Collaborators. Why? floral morphology of the diverse genus Yucca filamentosa as a contribution to the Because they know they can still help. Eperua while Wellman has been inves- book produced to accompany the exhibit. Good luck, you two. And welcome to the tigating the diversity and distribution of The book features 60 original works of second half of your life! Dicymbe. juried art from 41 artists, including text Both interns presented their results describing each plant and how each plant Bean Sprout Interns at two national conferences: Emerg- and insect is beneficial to gardeners and Bloom at National ing Researchers National Conference the environment. Proceeds from the sale in STEM in Washington, DC, and the of the book will go to non-profit organiza- Conferences National Institution of Science/Beta tions working on native plant education, Kappa Chi Honor Society Annual meet- conservation and horticulture. Over the past year University of the District of Columbia student interns, Christopher Wellman and Samira Khan, have been conducting research on legume systematics with Department of Botany Research Associate, Karen Red- den. These students are part of the NSF- HBCU-UP (Historically Black Colleges and Universities Undergraduate Program) funded STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) Center for Research and Development. The UDC STEM Center is designed to enhance the quality of undergraduate STEM educa- tion and research at UDC, and serves as a means to broaden participation in the nation’s STEM workforce. Using the botanical collections and the molecular facilities at both UDC and the Laboratories of Analytical Biology at the National Museum of Natural History, Wellman and Khan used morphological and molecular characters to better under- Research Associate Karen Redden (center) with student interns Christopher stand the evolutionary relationships of two Wellman and Samira Khan. Page 5 Identifying ley in the Flora of the District of Colum- to the genetic material housed within its bia and Vicinity (Contributions from the own collections or collections the institu- the Grasses of United States National Herbarium 21: tion wishes to acquire? The issue of legal 1-329 & 42 plates.1919). Recently, the title and commercial property rights has Washington, D.C. topic of plant conservation has gained entered the very cutting edge of collec- Kamal M. Ibrahim and Paul M. acceptance by the public to preserve tions management, and the growing pains Peterson have recently authored “Grasses biodiversity since a ‘morphological form’ are significant. According to theSmith - of Washington, D.C.” (Smithsonian Con- or species has an intrinsic value based on sonian Institution’s policy on museum tributions to Botany 99: 1-128. 2014). This ethical, moral, ecological, and economic acquisitions, the licit quality of an acces- new publication was written for anyone grounds. Ultimately, the preservation of a sion should be as complete as possible who has an interest in learning the names suitable habitat is paramount to preserving and should be a matter of public record. of local grasses, and includes a vegeta- a species. Most of the grasses in this new Objects with incomplete provenance tive key, glossary of terms, descriptions, flora occur in and among the least dis- should not be acquired. The guidance is and illustrations for the identification of turbed habitats left in DC, primarily along very clear—either the institution owns the 182 native and naturalized grasses that are the Potomac and Anacostia drainages object clearly and without encumbrance or known to occur in the District of Colum- and their tributaries. The easy to use keys it does not. bia. coupled with illustrations of all the grasses After years of watching their natural The grass family includes more than allows an uncomplicated way for amateurs wealth benefit others, many developing 12,000 species worldwide and is a ubiq- and trained biologists alike to perform a nations have become more proactive in uitous feature of many ecosystems. The basic science inventory. establishing a legal framework by which most accurate way to identify grasses is they can protect their diverse biologi- to use floral characteristics; however, it is Progress is made cal patrimony. Many of these countries often necessary to identify grasses without contain some of the world’s most naturally mature plants or only portions of those in Agreements diverse areas on the planet, and as a result plants without complete spikelets. Under are a hotbed of research and potential such conditions conventional botanical to Transfer exploitation. manuals offer little assistance. Moreover, Material between In 1992, the Convention on Biological identification using floral characteristics Diversity increased the sense of urgency requires special training in grass taxonomy Smithsonian and for many countries to formulate ways to that is not available to most agronomists, Brazil protect their natural resources and biologi- technical field staff, and interested ama- cal diversity while still allowing the “fair teurs. Of all the issues encountered on a daily and equitable sharing of benefits arising Floras offer a snapshot of the current basis over the past decade while attempt- from genetic resources.” This greater self- knowledge about plants from a particular ing to expand and refine the collection at awareness has led to the adoption of laws region. The last major work for grasses the National Museum of Natural History, and regulations that attempt to control the for the Washington area was completed by one issue stands out for its complexity: ownership and dissemination of a nation’s Albert Spear Hitchcock and Paul C. Stand- How does a museum establish legal title biological resources. More specifically the natural history community has seen the advent and adoption of regulations that govern the transmittal and legal title of plant and animal specimens from these countries in an ever increasing and com- plex manner. In 2001, the Federative Republic of Brazil adopted Genetic Heritage Man- agement Council Resolution No. 20, (Provisional Act No. 2.186-16/2001). The resolution includes the establishment of “contracts” between research/collecting groups and a sponsoring institution or the Brazilian government. These contracts would later be given a more specific title: Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) in the USA or Termo de Transferência (TTM) in Brazil. The resolution that was passed by the Brazilian government did not stipulate the content of the agreement nor who had Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O.Yates. (photo by Rob Soreng) authority to sign said agreement. Since Page 6 range of university, museum, and gov- ernmental officials to seek a positive and efficient resolution to each agreement. As a result of hard work and determi- nation, agreements have been established with an additional 40 separate Brazilian institutions. In addition to the new agree- ments put in place in the last two years, Clark has also established 19 retroactive agreements that allow the processing and acquisition of roughly a decade’s worth of exchange and gifts sent to the Department of Botany that had been suspended due to the lack of an MTA. Dealing with this issue has been and continues to be a learning experience. What has become apparent is that this issue is not peculiar to Brazil; in fact many nations (Colombia, Peru, South Africa, Kenya, and Indonesia) are now beginning the process of crafting their own legal agreements that cover national patrimony of natural history materials. In addition Andrew Clark displays a case of herbarium specimens collected from Brazil that to overt actions, many countries and can now be processed due to the valid establishment of Material Transfer Agree- individual institutions have inserted legal ments. (photo by Melinda Peters) phrasing into their loan agreements that 2001 this issue has plagued the move- of 1,260 specimens, and the Department establish some of the same legal expecta- ment of Brazilian collections to and from sent out 81 loans to Brazilian institu- tions (i.e. United Kingdom, Australia, and the Smithsonian Institution. Collections tions totaling 2,538 specimens. Of these Indonesia). loaned, exchanged, or gifted from Brazil- transactions an additional 65 acquisitions ian institutions languished under dubi- remain unresolved representing 3,020 ous legal title and as such they could not specimens, and 35 outgoing loans repre- be researched or accessioned. In addi- senting 923 specimens had to be cancelled tion, loan requests, exchanges, and gifts due to the absence of a valid MTA with from the Smithsonian piled up awaiting the requesting institution. shipment to Brazil. To add further com- After years with little progress Carol plication, Brazilian material previously Butler (NMNH Supervisory Collections acquired by other non-Brazilian institu- Management Specialist) asked that author- tions could not be given or transferred to ity be delegated to her to act as the official the Smithsonian Institution unless the ini- with authority to pursue and approve all tial receiving institution possessed a valid MTAs for the entire Smithsonian Institu- agreement MTA with either the Brazilian tion. With this new authority, and with government or a Brazilian institution from additional assistance provided by Kath- which the material had been acquired. erine B. Barker (Program Coordinator, To give some perspective on the size NMNH Research & Collections), Butler of the issue, according to Index Herbari- designated Andrew P. Clark (Museum orum, there are 149 separate institutions Specialist, Department of Botany) to that interact with the Smithsonian Institu- negotiate and establish MTAs quickly and tion. Each institution would require a two efficiently so that research and collecting part agreement (one for outgoing material could continue unimpeded throughout A specimen of Coutarea alba Griseb. from Brazil, and one for incoming mate- NMNH. (Rubiaceae) from a bundle that will rial to Brazil) and a separate agreement Clark constructed a document that now be processed. The collector, Gerdt covering material collected within the was sent to each Brazilian institution that Hatschbach, was a prolific collector United States sent from the Smithsonian stated the intentions of the Smithsonian, and botanist from Brazil who passed Institution to a Brazilian counterpart. For and reiterated the Institution’s desire to away last year. Being able to incorpo- the period of 2001-2014 the Department continue a long and fruitful research col- rate these specimens into the collections of Botany accepted 209 Brazilian acqui- laboration. Clark doggedly pursued each at the U.S. National Herbarium is an sitions totaling 11,041 specimens, the agreement up the chain of command at important and valuable endeavor. Department requested 132 Brazilian loans each institution, reaching out to a broad
Page 7 China Expedition 2013: A Tale of Typhoon-Tossed Kudzu By Ashley N. Egan Plants can eat things – large things! Well – figuratively anyway. One of the hungriest plants in the United States is kudzu (Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & Almeida), a large leguminous vine that can grow up to 60 feet in a growing season, and is often seen engulfing whole structures and damaging forest margins. I first became interested in kudzu while working as a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell University studying the phylogenetics and systemat- ics of Phaseoloid legumes, a group of Kudzu engulfs a house. (photo by Jon Van Buren 2006) nearly 2,000 species mostly comprised of vines. During a phylogenetic investiga- tions, we boarded a train towards Anshan, locality, we collected a variety of kudzu tion of subtribe Glycininae, we confirmed Liaoning Province, one of the most that had most likely been cultivated for massive polyphyly within Pueraria. It was industrial cities of China, at the northern hundreds of years within the ancient vil- then that I determined to study the genus. edge of kudzu’s native range. There, we lage of Au Tau, south of Wugang, Hunan, Kudzu was introduced into the United collected our first kudzu population of the China. On several occasions during the States in the late 1800s and touted by the season in the Qianshan Mountains. After expedition, we were approached by curi- U.S. government as an excellent forage returning to Beijing by train and preparing ous villagers who, learning of our interest crop and soil erosion solution. However, our specimens for travel, we flew to Xi’an, in kudzu, would launch into the virtues after escaping cultivation, efforts soon Shaanxi province for the second leg of the and uses of the plant. turned from advocacy to eradication, but expedition. The economic significance ofPueraria with little success. Even today, kudzu Our expedition team usually consisted species has been documented since ancient continues to make headway across the of at least four people, with a driver, times, with kudzu mentioned in Chi- American landscape, now occupying more translator, and various number of field nese literature dating as far back as 500 than 15,000 square miles, costing the U.S. assistants in tow. In Xi’an, we were met B.C. (Econ. Bot. 28: 391-410; 1974) and government hundreds of millions of dol- and assisted by a crew from Northwest Japanese literature around 600 A.D. where lars annually in control measures. University, including Ni-Shifeng, who kudzu was said to be a source of fibers for This invasive species, along with 20 or was indispensable in helping us prepare paper, clothing, cordage, and construction so congeners, is native to Southeast Asia for our next foray that would include over materials. Various species have been heav- where it grows from sea level to around 750 miles of collecting sites spread across ily tapped as starch sources anciently and 2000 m in elevation in temperate and (sub) the province. Kudzu grows quickly both in present day cultures across Indo-China tropical climes. To investigate the intro- clonally and through seed, spreading over and Southeast Asia (The Book of Kudzu, duction history and genetic diversity of the landscape in large patches that can be a culinary and healing guide, 1977). kudzu in the U.S. as compared to native miles long. To ensure that we were collect- Pueraria species have long been used in ranges, and to decipher the extent of poly- ing separate individuals and not clones, we traditional Chinese herbal medicine (Puer- phyly in the genus, I set out on my second sampled ‘by car’ – collecting one indi- aria: The Genus Pueraria, pg 59-69; 2002) Asian expedition to collect Pueraria. vidual every 1-2 km. Over the next five for treating numerous complaints, includ- On 1 September 2013, just two weeks days, we collected ~150 individuals from ing skin rashes, dysentery, alcoholism, after starting as an Assistant Curator at seven roughly-defined populations with and hypertension. For thousands of years, the Smithsonian Institution, I and my individuals at least 1 km from each other Chinese herbalists have prescribed flower Ph.D. student, Matthew Hansen, flew to and each population about 100 km apart. and root concoctions of kudzu as a means Beijing, China – the first stop on a three From Xi’an, we flew to Changsha of curing alcoholism. Preclinical studies month expedition that would cover three where the next leg of our journey took us showed extracts to significantly decrease countries. In Beijing, we met up with Liu nearly 1000 miles across the lush land- free-will consumption of alcohol by the Luxian, a first-year Ph.D. student from scape of Hunan province. Along the way, golden hamster, an alcohol-craving rodent, Zhejiang University studying in Chengx- we encountered ancient temples, floating via the action of daidzin, an isoflavone ian Fu’s lab. After two days of prepara- mountains, and quaint villages. In one (PNAS 92: 8990-8993; 1995), as well as to
Page 8 decrease the effects of alcohol hangovers (Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 18: 1443-1447; 1994). Human trials of kudzu preparations have been conducted (Pueraria: The Genus Pueraria, pg 159-179; 2002). From Changsha in Hunan province, we were to fly to Guangzhou, the eco- nomic center of Guangdong province in the South of China. Enter Super-Typhoon Usagi, the first of five typhoons that would in some way impact my three-month expe- dition. Just hours before we were to land in Guangzhou, super-typhoon Usagi was bearing down on Hong Kong. Because of the intensity of this storm (equivalent to our category 5 hurricane) and the potential for widespread flooding, road washouts, and disruptions, we decided to reroute and spend our remaining time in southeastern provinces. From Changsha we flew to Hangzhou where we were met by our col- laborator Fu. Over the next two weeks, we made Satellite radar image of Typhoon Fitow (center) and Typhoon Danas (lower right). three forays into neighboring provinces, taking a number of Fu’s students with Most of our collections in China were anything of it. I had never heard of a white us for the ride. Our first foray was near Pueraria, with the hope of collecting sam- kudzu. I was seeing things, surely. But the Huangshan Mountain range in Anhui ples of every species in the genus. Perhaps after the fourth such encounter, I real- province, which includes the famed Yel- the most interesting Pueraria we found in ized I was in an area where I was allowed low Mountain, one of China’s most impor- China was on our second foray out from to collect – I loudly yelled “Ting!” Ting tant heritage sites and now designated as Hangzhou, a loop that included collecting means ‘park the car’ in Chinese and was a UNESCO world natural and cultural in three provinces over the course of over the universal signal for the driver to pull heritage site. This area provides protection 1000 miles. After four weeks in the car, over as soon as possible. I or my student to a number of threatened plant and animal the endless movement as the landscape had yelled Ting over 500 times on this trip. species. We were hoping to collect Puer- skimmed by became monotonous. So I jumped out of the car and – sure enough aria stricta based on historical localities much so, that at one point I began to see – a white variant of kudzu was staring me from the Hangzhou herbarium. This would ghosts – phantom images of what I swore in the face. We had likely found a white represent a disjunct population from a spe- was a white kudzu. We were moving fast form of Pueraria tonkinensis Gagnep., cies I had tried and failed to collect in the along the national highway where we a synonym of P. montana (Lour.) Merr. wild in 2012. Alas, we failed yet again. couldn’t stop to collect so I didn’t think described from Jiangxi province. Our third and final foray was to Zhoushan, a collection of islands off the east coast of China in the East China Sea. These islands were an important collec- tion locality as they are the closest to Japan, where kudzu is also native and widespread. This foray was threatened yet again by not one – but two typhoons – Fitow and Danas. We ended up cutting our trip short by a day as we raced back to the mainland to avoid the storm surge from Fitow. Danas had pushed Fitow inland towards Hangzhou, just before turning towards Japan, where it would eventually slam into Fukuoka, my next destination. The next three days were spent inside as rains pummeled the city, causing local- ized flooding and road closures. After a Pueraria montana var. thomsonii (Benth.) Wiersema ex. D.B. Ward. (photo by successful five weeks in China in which Ashley N. Egan) Continued on page 10 Page 9 the image of “The Lima Bean Monster” conjured by Sammy’s repeated attempts to slyly rid his dinner plate of the endless lima beans put there by his mother for dinner day in and day out. And yet, it was only after Camilla Cream admits her love of lima beans that she is cured of her col- orful illness brought on by conformity and peer pressure in “A Bad Case of Stripes.” Are lima beans really that bad? As an adult, have you overcome your fear of lima beans? If not, you should! Lima beans are nutritious. They are an excellent source of fiber, and as such, can help to significantly decrease cholesterol levels and lower risk of heart disease. Further- more, lima beans are an excellent source of folate and magnesium. Folate lowers blood levels of homocysteine, an amino acid often found in elevated levels in patients with heart disease. Magnesium helps to dilate blood vessels, promoting the flow of blood through the body and Map showing Pueraria collections across Southeast Asia (Japan not shown). Red decreasing risk of heart attack and stroke. tear drops represents 2012 expedition, yellow pushpins are 2013 expedition. As you can see lima beans can promote healthy futures, and they also have an new volunteers are Sara Ulfhielm Rekic, Kudzu interesting past. Continued from page 9 Ardith Harle, Pat Zangrillo, and Ken- Lima beans comprise a number of vari- neth Fitzpatrick. eties that differ in size, color, and shape. we had collected nearly 500 samples We have been working hard on mount- Evidence suggests that lima beans have each separated by no less than 1 km, our ing curator material, plus some interesting been cultivated for thousands of years in journey was coming to an end. The next material from our legacy collections. Due Central and South America. Archeological morning I was to put my student on a to Andrew Clark’s hard work on helping evidence puts lima beans in cultivation by plane back to the U.S. while I was to con- the Department obtain Material Transfer indigenous peoples of North America by tinue on to Japan to collect kudzu across Agreements with various Brazilian institu- the three largest islands. I went to sleep tions (see page 6), we have been able to wondering if my flight was going to be accession more material from Brazil and canceled, dreaming of collecting kudzu in are working on getting it mounted for the gale force winds and torrential downpours. permanent collection. We have stressed Little did I know how soon that nightmare how important these agreements are, and would become reality…but that’s a story being able to add this material to the col- for another time. lection is demonstrated in the following example. The featured specimen here is a Notes from the specimen of Fabaceae that one of our new curators Ashley Egan studies. Egan put Plant Mounting together the following story: Lima Beans! These two simple words Room: Lima Beans are usually followed by a silent or audible By Melinda Peters ‘ew!’ – at least by kids. It seems that most children universally hate lima beans – how I have been here over a year now and and where such loathing originated is – I it is thrilling to see the plant mounting believe – impossible to trace. And yet, program continue to grow and contrib- it is portrayed in the literature again and ute to the permanent collection of the again. Perhaps all kids have read the book U.S. National Herbarium. It was a long “Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, winter with many snow days, but the plant No Good, Very Bad Day” in which poor mounting crew forged on and prepared Alexander experiences a number of trying US 3669621 is a recently mounted some 1,876 specimens for the collection. things, only to be served lima beans for specimen of Phaseolus lunatus var. We also have a number of additions to dinner. Or maybe kids just can’t overcome limenanus (Fabaceae), collected from the plant mounting crew this year. Our São Paulo, Brazil, in 1935. Page 10 1300 AD with cultivation spreading to the Old World by the 1500s (Motta-Aldanaa et al., Crop Science 50: 1773-1787; 2010). A number of hypotheses concerning the domestication of lima beans exist, with some researchers postulating domes- tication of the large-type beans taking place around 2000 BC in the region of Ecuador and northwestern Peru, with the small-type limas being domesticated in Mesoamerica around 800 AD (Motta- Aldanaa et al. 2010). Some research even suggests multiple domestication events in the Mesoamericas (Andueza-Noh et al., Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60(3): 1069-1086; 2013). This variety is of the large-type and variably called lima bean or butterbean in the U.S. Native Orchids Need is a mosquito, Aedes communis, pollinat- figures in the founding of the Section of Their Pollinators ing the blunt-leaved orchid, Platanthera Grasses and subsequent growth of the The week of June 16-22 has been obtusata, a wildflower found in wet grass herbarium in the Smithsonian’s U.S. designated as Pollinator Week to mark forests, sphagnum bogs and true tundra National Museum as it was called in the a necessary step toward addressing the of Alaska, Canada, and New England. early 1900s. Hitchcock was initially hired urgent issue of declining pollinator and Krupnick, co-chair of the NAPPC orchid- by the U.S. Department of Agriculture plant populations. Each year the Pollina- pollinator Task Force, led the scientific (USDA) as an agrostologist in 1901, but tor Partnership, along with a wide range advisory team in overseeing the produc- quickly moved into a position as taxono- of partners (including federal agencies, tion and scientific content of the poster. mist and curator of the grass herbarium non-profits, and for-profits), design and Posters are available to order for free in 1905. Soon thereafter, in 1912 he was distribute an educational pollinator poster (except for shipping and handling) on appointed by the Smithsonian as a custo- to promote Pollinator Week. The posters the Pollinator Partnership website, http:// dian without remuneration of the Section are one of the most popular outreach mate- pollinator.org/posters.htm. Posters are of Grasses. Although the USDA herbarium rial items offered. The Pollinator Partner- for educational purposes only and are was officially transferred and merged with ship is the largest non-profit organization not intended for resale. The website also the Smithsonian collections in 1896 it in the world dedicated to the protection features information about the important wasn’t until Hitchcock joined the staff of and promotion of pollinators and their eco- role of pollinators and the dangers they both the USDA and the Smithsonian that systems. It manages the North American face. Further information on the orchid the first-rate grass collection was finally Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC), species represented in the poster can be transferred to the Smithsonian. a consortium of more than 120 affiliated found on NAOCC’s Go Orchids website, Hitchcock travelled widely and made organizations, working to implement, a tool to explore orchids native to the U.S. extensive field collections, eventually promote and support a clear, continent- and Canada. depositing over 25,000 specimens at US. wide coordinated action plan to coordinate NMNH and other members of NAPPC In addition to his personal collections projects in the areas of pollinator research, will also be hosting events at their institu- deposited at US he facilitated the acquisi- education and awareness, conservation tions to mark Pollinator Week. NMNH tion of the private herbarium of Lamson- and restoration. The National Museum of will feature a variety of public programs Scribner in 1913, increasing the holdings Natural History (NMNH) has been a part- including lectures and family friendly and importance of the grass herbarium ner of NAPPC since its inception in 1999, activities that will focus on orchids and significantly by adding numerous type and NMNH conservation biologist Gary their pollinators during the week of June specimens. Hitchcock was also influential Krupnick serves on the NAPPC Steering 16. Be sure to check the museum’s cal- in educating botanists to adopt the type Committee. endar of events
Page 13 Endowments a thorough and systematic review of all plant family Asteraceae, was devoted to Continued from page 12 relevant literature, existing herbarium the discovery, classification, biogeogra- specimens including all type specimens, phy, and ecology of plants of the páramo Beauregard Memorial Fund, was cre- and his substantial field collections culmi- and subpáramo regions of Andean South ated. As per his wishes, funds support nating in five monographs revising many America. José Cuatrecasas spent his early the mission of the Botany Department’s groups of Cyanobacteria. Throughout his career in Spain, Colombia, and at the library and meet other Departmental career he frequently sent specimens to US Chicago Field Museum of Natural History objectives if the primary goals have been and maintained professional associations before joining the Department of Botany fulfilled. Archer’s affiliation with the with many former Smithsonian curators in 1955. Department of Botany was not formal- including E. Yale Dawson, Mason Hale, During his long career Cuatrecasas ized until 1964 after his retirement from and Lyman Smith. published more than 250 research papers, a career with USDA and the National Although Drouet added thousands including 3,308 new taxa of plants. He Arboretum when he was appointed as a of specimens to ANSP while on staff he spent much of his time in the Depart- Research Associate. The main body of his chose to deposit his personal herbarium ment working to complete a massive active research focused on plant explora- of over 39,000 specimens and 5,000 type monographic manuscript on the subtribe tion and collection primarily in Central specimens from around the world at US. Espeletiinae of the Compositae (sunflower and South America and Africa for crops, His friend and colleague, Harold B. Loud- family). In addition to his monograph, ornamentals, and medicinal plants. He erback, frequently assisted Drouet on col- which was published posthumously in collected over 10,000 specimens, most of lecting trips and in his research activities. 2013
Page 14 old, have been organized with sponsorship species list for the Gesneriaceae of Cuba. Sainge, M.N., D. Kenfack and G.B. from this endowment. Selbyana 31(2): 186-227. Chuyong. 2013. Two new species of This fund has benefited greatly from Afrothismia (Thismiaceae) from southern the generosity of many donors, including Diazgranados, M. and V. Funk. Cameroon. Kew Bull. 68(4): 591-597. a separate but matching Challenge Grant 2013. IAPT participation at the VII http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S12225-013- received from the Andrew W. Mellon Congreso Colombiano de Botánica. 9478-5 Foundation which is used primarily to Taxon 62(5): 1087-1089. http://dx.doi. extend the scope of activities and projects org/10.12705/625.38 Stuessy, T.F. and V.A. Funk. 2013. New trends in plant systematics—Introduction. as relevant to the Cuatrecasas Botani- Ibrahim, K.M. and P.M. Peterson. 2014. cal Endowment Fund. The Department Taxon 62(5): 873-875. http://dx.doi. Grasses of Washington, D.C. Smithson. org/10.12705/625.11 receives an annual gift from the Cuatreca- Contrib. Bot. 99: 1-128. http://dx.doi. sas Family Foundation that supports either org/10.5479/si.19382812.99 Touwaide, A. 2013. Epidemiology and the Smithsonian Botanical Symposium or treatment of kidney conditions in antiq- the continued growth of the endowment. Liu, R.-R., L.E. Skog, J.-P. Liao, T.-J. uity. J. Nephrol. 26(Suppl. 22): 175-179. The Department of Botany is Zhou and F. Wen. 2013. New chromosome http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jn.5000380 extremely appreciative of the many counts and their taxonomic implications friends, colleagues, and associates who in Primulina sensu lato. Plant Divers. Touwaide, A. 2013. Translation. A case have given so generously of their encour- Resour. 36(1): 13-21. http://journal.kib. study in Byzantine science. Medievalia agement and assets to establish these ac.cn/ynzwyj/EN/abstract/abstract3280. 16: 165-170. shtml endowment funds over the past eight Touwaide, A. 2013. Tractatus de Her- decades. These gifts have become a criti- Mandel, J.R., R.B. Dikow, V.A. Funk, bis, Sloane MS. 4016. Volume of study cal source of support for Departmental R.R. Masalia, S.E. Staton, A. Kozik, R.W. accompanying the facsimile reproduction programs and operations. While the early Michelmore, L.H. Rieseberg and J.M. of manuscript London, British Library. M. endowment gifts received by the Depart- Burke. 2014. A target enrichment method Moleiro, Barcelona, Spain. ment have historically been dedicated to for gathering phylogenetic information the preservation of literature or physical from hundreds of loci: an example from Touwaide, A. and E. Appetiti. 2013. collections there is an increasing interest the Compositae. Appl. Plant Sci. 2(2): Knowledge of Eastern materia medica by donors to support the pursuit of pio- 1300085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ (Indian and Chinese) in pre-modern neering research and the communication apps.1300085 Mediterranean medical traditions: a of significant results. Current or potential study in comparative historical ethnop- donors who are interested in establishing Martin, M.D., E.A. Zimmer, M.T. Olsen, harmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 148: or contributing to an endowment in the A.D. Foote, M.T. Gilbert and G.S. Brush. 361-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Department of Botany should contact the 2014. Herbarium specimens reveal a his- jep.2013.03.068 Department directly at (202) 633-0920 or torical shift in phylogeographic structure inquire of Warren Wagner, Chair, (202) of common ragweed during native range Wagner, W. 2014. The correct name for 633-0968, [email protected]. disturbance. Mol. Ecol. 23(7): 1701-1716. a subspecies of Oenothera fruticosa L. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12675 (Onagraceae). Phytokeys 34: 15-17. http:// dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.34.7040 Publications Novy, A. and L. Nagarajan. 2014. Pro- ducer choice, pp. 229-246. In K. Lud- Wen, J., L.M. Lu and J.K. Boggan. 2013. low, S.J. Smyth and J. Falck-Zepeda, Diversity and evolution of Vitaceae in the Appetiti, E. 2013. Translatio Studiorum in eds. Socio-Economic Considerations in Philippines. Philipp. J. Sci. 142(Special the activity of the Institute for the Preser- Biotechnology Regulation. Springer, New Issue): 223-244. vation of Medical Traditions. Medievalia York. 16: 13-21. Wen, J., J. Zhang, Z. Nie, Y. Zhong and Penland, L., B. Brooks and E. Ochoa. H. Sun. 2014. Evolutionary diversifica- Amaya Márquez, M., L.E. Skog and 2013. Long-term methods for high-defini- tions of plants on the Qinghai-Tibetan L.P. Kvist. 2013. Columnea caudata and tion image maps of benthic surveys. Mar. Plateau. Front. Genet. 5. http://dx.doi. Columnea megafolia, two new species of Technol. Soc. J. 47(6): 7-15. http://dx.doi. org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00004 Gesneriaceae. Caldasia 35(2): 273-280. org/10.4031/MTSJ.47.6.2 Yang, J., N.G. Swenson, M. Cao, G.B. Chin, S., J. Shaw, R. Haberle, J. Wen Rojas-Sandoval, J., E.J. Meléndez- Chuyong, C.E.N. Ewango, R. Howe, D. and D. Potter. 2014. Diversification of Ackerman, J. Fumero-Cabán, M.A. Kenfack, D. Thomas, A. Wolf and L. Lin. almonds, peaches, plums and cherries – García-Bermúdez, J. Sustache, S. Aragón, 2013. A phylogenetic perspective on the molecular systematics and biogeographic M. Morales and D.S. Fernández. 2014. individual species-area relationship in history of Prunus (Rosaceae). Mol. Effects of hurricane disturbance and feral temperate and tropical tree communities. Phylogenet. Evol. 76: 34-48. http://dx.doi. goat herbivory on the structure of a Carib- PloS One 8(5): e63192. http://dx.doi.org/ org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.024 bean dry forest. J. Veg. Sci. http://dx.doi. 10.1371/journal.pone.0063192 Clark, J.L., J. Matos, S. Suárez T., S. Gin- org/10.1111/jvs.12160 zbarg and L.E. Skog. 2013. An annotated
Page 15 Art by Alice Tangerini
Lymania alvimii (L.B. Sm. & Read) Read
Named in honor of Lyman B. Smith, the genus Lymania (Bromeliaceae) consists of nine species native to the Bahian coast of the Brazilian rain forest. Robert W. Read published the new genus in the Journal of the Bromeliad Society 34(5): 213 in 1984 to celebrate Smith’s 80th birthday. Alice Tangerini’s drawing of Lymania alvimii was made from photographs and living specimens in Read’s home greenhouse that he collected on a trip to Bahia, Brazil in 1975. This illustration was first published in Harvard Papers in Botany 4(1) in 1999 as part of the festschrift in honor of Lyman B. Smith, edited by Jason R. Grant.
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