DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Ω-ACTX-Hv1a/GNA, a Novel Protein Biopesticide Targeting Voltage-Gated Calcium Ion Channels, on Target and Non-Target Arthropod Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Ω-ACTX-Hv1a/GNA, a Novel Protein Biopesticide Targeting Voltage-Gated Calcium Ion Channels, on Target and Non-Target Arthropod Species Effects of ω-ACTX-Hv1a/GNA, a novel protein biopesticide targeting voltage-gated calcium ion channels, on target and non-target arthropod species Erich Yukio Tempel Nakasu Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering – School of Biology July/2014 Abstract An increasing human population is met with the challenge of feeding over 10 billion people by 2050. Nowadays, over 20% of crop production is lost to insect pests. Chemical control agents, in general, present broad-spectrum activity, killing both pests and beneficial organisms that would contribute to production (i.e. pollinators and natural enemies). Previously, the insecticidal voltage-gated calcium channel blocker peptide -ACTX-Hv1a (Hv1a) was linked to the ‘carrier’ molecule snowdrop lectin (GNA). The resulting fusion protein, Hv1a/GNA, is highly toxic towards lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, presenting potential for use as a biopesticide. Here, the fusion protein was shown to also be toxic to the hemipteran pests Sitobion avenae and Myzus persicae, via artificial diet and when expressed in transgenic plants. However, its effects on non-target arthropods have not been previously evaluated. Therefore, toxicity of Hv1a/GNA was tested against two beneficial insects, the parasitoid wasp Eulophus pennicornis via its host, Lacanobia oleracea, and the honeybee Apis mellifera. The fusion protein did not present any significant tri- trophic negative effects on E. pennicornis, even when injected into host larvae. Honeybee survival was slightly affected when fed on high doses of fusion protein representing a ‘worst-case scenario’, but lead to no detectable effects when dosed with field-relevant levels. The fact that bees internalized Hv1a/GNA led to the hypothesis that the haemolymph-feeding parasitic mite Varroa destructor would be affected by the fusion protein. However, mites were able to digest the protein and hence no effects were recorded. Further attempts to target calcium channels in M. persicae and Tribolium castaneum via RNAi were made. Whilst there were no phenotypic effects, gene expression was down- regulated in T. castaneum. This study shows that Hv1a/GNA is a specific biopesticide, posing low risks against beneficial non-target organisms while being toxic to selected insect pests. i To my parents, Bonifácio and Ricarda Nakasu. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who supported me throughout these four incredible years. Firstly, I am really grateful for having Professor Angharad Gatehouse as my main supervisor, for all the opportunities, guidance and encouragement she gave me to carry out my PhD work. I am also thankful to my other supervisors, Professor John A. Gatehouse, for his constructive remarks and vast knowledge, and to Dr. Martin G. Edwards, for his huge support and patience. Many thanks to Gillian Davison for being so helpful in the lab. I greatly appreciate the financial support provided by Capes foundation (process 0737-10-7). I would like to thank Dr. Howard Bell (FERA, York) for his help in designing the work with parasitoids, and Dr. Prashant Pyati (Durham University) for promptly sending me constructs and clones to express my proteins. Thanks Dr. Elaine Fitches (FERA, York) for all the help you gave me throughout my thesis! Many thanks to Dr. Filitsa Karamaouna and George Partsinevelos from Benaki Institute (Greece), for your friendship and hard work with our parasitoids. I would also like to thank Dr. Sally Williamson and Dr. Geraldine Wright for the work we carried out with the honeybees. I also had a great time working in Italy with Prof. Francesco Pennacchio; Dr. Gennaro Di Prisco; Prof. Emilio Caprio, Paola Varricchio and everyone from the Entomology Lab E. Tremblay from the University of Naples Federico II. It was a very rich experience and I thank you all for that. I wish to thank my examiners, Prof. Linda Field and Dr. Jem Stach for their expertise and time spent improving my thesis. I am indebted to friends who made my time here so special, particularly to Luiza Lessa, Helio Lima and Erica Teixeira. iii Finally, I would like to thank Charline for not only standing me, but also for the love, company and all the delicious food we (you) cook – that will add some years to my lifespan! iv List of Abbreviations °C degrees Celsius Ace acetamiprid ACTX Atracotoxin ANOVA Analysis of Variance BH benidipine hydrochloride BSA Bovine serum albumine Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ca. circa; around CaMV Cauliflower mosaic virus Cav Voltage-gated calcium channels cDNA complementary DNA CNS central nervous system CS conditioned stimulus d.f. degrees of freedom Da Dalton(s) DAI days after injection DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane dsRNA double-stranded RNA DUM dorsal unpaired median DWV Deformed wing virus EC European Comission ECL enhanced luminol-based chemiluminescent EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fera Food and Environment Research Agency FP fusion protein FW fresh weight g gram(s) g gravity GABA gamma-Aminobutyric acid GE genetically engineered GNA Galanthus nivalis agglutinin or Snowdrop lectin GST Glutathione S-transferase h hour(s) ha Hectares HEK human embryonic kidney Hv1a ω-ACTX-Hv1a HVA high-voltage activated IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPM Integrated Pest Management K-M Kaplan-Meyer analysis of survival kDa kilodalton(s) v Km kanamycin l litre(s) L:D light:dark LC50 Median lethal concentration LD50 Median lethal dose lreg binary logistic regression LTM long-term memory LVA low-voltage activated M molar M.p. Myzus persicae mg miligram(s) min minute(s) ml mililitre µl microlitre mm milimetre(s) mRNA messenger RNA µg microgram µM micromolar nAChR nicotinic acetlycholine receptor ng nanogram(s) nM nanomolar OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAGE Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PBS Phosphate-buffered saline PBST phosphate buffered saline - Tween PCR Polymerase chain reaction PER proboscis extension reflex ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million PPO phenylthiocarbamide-phenol oxidase PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride qPCR Quantitative real-time PCR rep replicate RH relative humidity RISC RNA-induced silencing complex RNAi RNA interference rpm rotations per minute s second(s) SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate SE Standard error SEM standard error of the mean ssRNA Single-stranded RNA STM short-term memory Suc sucrose T.c. Tribolium castaneum TMX thiamethoxam UN United Nations vi USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture v volume w weight vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ........................................................................ iii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................... v List of Figures ................................................................................. xi List of Tables ................................................................................ xiv Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................... 1 1.1 General Introduction ................................................................................... 1 1.2 Molecular targets for insect control ........................................................... 2 1.3 Voltage-gated calcium channels as targets for insecticides .................... 6 1.4 CaV blockers – ω-ACTX-Hv1a (Hv1a) ........................................................ 9 1.5 Galanthus nivalis Agglutinin – GNA ........................................................ 11 1.6 GNA as delivery agent for insecticidal peptides ..................................... 15 1.7 Effects of GNA and fusion proteins on non-target organisms ............... 16 1.8 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................. 19 1.9 Synopsis of chapters ................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 Transgenic plants expressing -ACTX-Hv1a and snowdrop lectin (GNA) fusion protein show enhanced resistance to aphids22 2.1 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................... 24 2.3 Material and Methods ................................................................................ 25 2.3.1 Protein Expression and purification ......................................................... 25 2.3.2 Artificial diet bioassays ............................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Uptake of Hv1a/GNA by aphids ............................................................... 26 2.3.4 Plant transformation ................................................................................ 27 2.3.5 Bioassays with transgenic plants ............................................................. 28 2.4 Results ....................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Demonstration of insecticidal activity of Hv1a/GNA against peach-potato aphid M. persicae ................................................................................................ 29 2.4.2 Effects of Hv1a/GNA on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proquest Dissertations
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at tfie upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artx)r, Ml 48106-1346 USA UMI 800-521-0600 Towards a Molecular Analysis of Associative Learning in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, via Massed Conditioning and Genetic Transformation DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kellie Oline Robinson, 8.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects and Insecticides
    House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee Insects and Insecticides Written evidence Only those submissions written specifically for the Committee for the inquiry into Insects and Insecticides and accepted as written evidence are included List of written evidence Page 1 Professor Dave Goulson, Stirling University 4 2 Brighton and Lewes Beekeepers 6 3 William Summers 7 4 Soil Association 8 5 Rosemary Mason and Palle Uhd Jepsen 19 6 Dr C Connolly, University of Dundee 51 7 Bee the Change 54 8 Dr Robert Paxton, Queens University, Belfast 56 9 Friends of the Earth 60 10 Bayer CropScience Ltd. 67 11 The Co-operative 71 12 Sussex Beekeepers Association 75 13 Scottish Wildlife Trusts 78 14 Bedfordshire Beekeepers Association 83 15 Pesticide Action Network UK 86 16 John Hoar 98 17 Dr Nigel Raine, University of London 103 18 National Farmers Union (NFU) 105 19 The Wildlife Trusts 113 20 Crop Protection Association 119 21 Buglife 124 22 Dr James Cresswell, University of Exeter 141 23 Syngenta 146 24 Research Councils UK 158 25 Amanda Williams 166 26 Dr Lynn Dicks, Cambridge University 177 27 RSPB 184 28 Georgina Downs, UK Pesticides Campaign 191 29 Professor Graham Stone, Edinburgh University 245 30 Defra 249 31 Advisory Committee on Pesticides 292 32 Paul Matthews 325 33 John Hoar (further submission) 332 34 Professor Simon Potts 333 35 Bayer CropScience (further submission) 337 36 Nonmenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacologists 339 37 Orchid Apiaries 340 38 Lord de Mauley, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Department
    [Show full text]
  • Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Honey Bees
    Neonicotinoid Pesticides and Honey Bees WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION FACT SHEET • FS122E Introduction noid class of insecticides has become important for use in agriculture and home landscapes. There are currently more Recently, concern has been raised regarding the impact than 465 products containing neonicotinoids (often called of a common class of pesticide known as neonicotinoids “neonics”) approved for use in the state of Washington. (pronounced neo-nih-CAH-tin-oids) on honey bees, (Apis Approximately 150 are approved for use in the home or mellifera, Figure 1) and native bee pollinators. Many people garden. feel the decline in honey bee populations known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is directly linked to the increased Neonicotinoids are relatively safe for use around people, use of these products. animals, and the environment (Mohamed 2009; Tomizawa 2004). Because of their effectiveness and relative safety, In this paper, we will discuss the use of neonicotinoids as neonicotinoids have become one of the fastest growing well as declines in honey bee populations. Finally, we will classes of pesticides used in agriculture as well as in home review what is currently known about the relationship and garden products (Jeschke and Nauen, 2008). between neonicotinoid pesticides and honey bees. One of the main advantages for using neonicotinoid prod- ucts is that they move systemically within the plant, thus reducing the direct pesticide exposure to both the appli- cator and the environment. Ironically, it is this systemic action that makes the neonicotinoids a problem for honey bees and other pollinators: because a neonicotinoid pesti- cide spreads within the entire plant, it can also be found in the nectar and pollen of the flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Board of Pesticides Control Commissioner 28 State House Station Henry S
    STATE OF MAINE MAINE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, CONSERVATION AND FORESTRY WALTER E. WHITCOMB BOARD OF PESTICIDES CONTROL COMMISSIONER 28 STATE HOUSE STATION HENRY S. JENNINGS DIRECTOR PAUL R. LEPAGE AUGUSTA, MAINE 04333-0028 GOVERNOR BOARD OF PESTICIDES CONTROL June 27, 2014 Cafeteria, Madison Area Memorial High School, 486 Main Street, Madison, Maine AGENDA 10:00 AM 1. Introductions of Board and Staff 2. Minutes of the March 28 and May 16, 2014, Board Meetings Presentation By: Henry Jennings Director Action Needed: Amend and/or Approve 3. Public Forum (limited to one hour) At this time, the Board invites anyone interested to address its members with questions or concerns about any pesticide-related issues. Presentation By: Henry Jennings Director Action Needed: None required 4. Interpretation of the Term “food production” in the Context of the Agricultural Basic Pesticide Applicator License Questions have arisen about the term “food production” in the statute that requires certification for a “private applicator of general use pesticides for food production” (Title 22, Sec. 1471-D [2-D]). The staff is asking the Board to interpret the meaning of the term in this context. Presentation By: Gary Fish Manager of Pesticide Programs Action Needed: Provide guidance to the staff on how to interpret the statute 5. Overview of Board of Pesticides Control Posting/Notification Requirements At the March 28, 2014, meeting, the subject of Board of Pesticides Control sign requirements came up as the Board reviewed a complaint filed by Donna Herczeg. There was Board sentiment to review the BPC sign requirements at a future meeting and determine whether they are serving the intended purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 European Symposium for Insect Taste and Olfaction (ESITO
    14th European Symposium for Insect Taste and Olfaction (ESITO) ABSTRACTS September 20-25, 2015 Villasimius (Cagliari – Italy) www.ice.mpg.de/esito Agustina Falibene, Flavio Roces, Wolfgang Rössler Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Germany, [email protected] Odor learning in ants: synaptic plasticity associated with long-term avoidance memory formation Long-term behavioral changes related to learning and experience have been shown to be associated with structural remodeling in the brain. Leaf-cutting ants learn to avoid previously preferred plants after those are experienced to be harmful for their symbiotic fungus, a process that involves long-term olfactory memory. We studied the dynamics of brain microarchitectural changes after long-term olfactory memory formation following avoidance learning in Acromyrmex ambiguus. Quantification of synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in olfactory regions of the mushroom bodies (MB) at different times after learning revealed a transient change in MG densities. Two days after learning, lip MG density was higher than before learning. At days 4 and 15 after learning – when ants still showed plant avoidance – MG densities had decreased to the initial state. Changes were observed in the lip but not in the visual collar in which MG densities remained unaffected. Furthermore, enriched experience such as the simultaneous collection of several, instead of one, non-harmful plant species resulted in a decrease in MG densities (pruning). The results indicate that learning and sensory experience affect the synaptic architecture of the MB calyces via different processes. While sensory experience leads to MG pruning in the MB olfactory lip, long-term memory formation appears to involve growth of new MG followed by the elimination of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Miscellaneous Pesticides Articles June 2014
    Maine Board of Pesticides Control Miscellaneous Pesticides Articles June 2014 (identified by Google alerts or submitted by individuals) Pesticide illness cases show jump this spring in Washington | Walla Walla... http://union-bulletin.com/news/2014/may/13/pesticide-illness-cases-show... By Kate Prengaman of the Yakima Herald-Reupblic - As of Tuesday, May 13, 2014 The state Department of Heath reports a spike in pesticide-related illnesses, with 60 people becoming ill so far this spring. In total, 15 pesticide exposure events have been reported to the Health Department in the past two months, which is as many as the agency normally sees in a year, spokeswoman Kelly Stowe said. All of the recent cases have occurred in Eastern Washington in counties with lots of orchards. Most of the exposures are believed to be the result of pesticide drift — when the chemical spray drifts away due to wind or improper application. Stowe said the two cases reported in Yakima County both affected one person. In one case, an employee was exposed and had to be taken to the emergency room for treatment. In another, a bystander was exposed, but declined medical attention. The state Department of Agriculture is investigating 13 drift complaints as of Monday, including nine that affected two or more people, said spokesman Hector Castro. The highest number of cases are in Grant and Chelan counties, he added. “To see this many pesticide drift cases this early in the season is a concern,” Castro said. The Agriculture Department is only investigating one case in Yakima, in which a fungicide drifted from an orchard onto a neighboring residence.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollinators and Pesticides
    House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee Pollinators and Pesticides Seventh Report of Session 2012–13 Volume II Additional written evidence Ordered by the House of Commons to be published 25 March 2013 Published on 5 April 2013 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited Environmental Audit Committee The Environmental Audit Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to consider to what extent the policies and programmes of government departments and non-departmental public bodies contribute to environmental protection and sustainable development; to audit their performance against such targets as may be set for them by Her Majesty’s Ministers; and to report thereon to the House. Current membership Joan Walley MP (Labour, Stoke-on-Trent North) (Chair) Peter Aldous MP (Conservative, Waveney) Richard Benyon MP (Conservative, Newbury) [ex-officio] Neil Carmichael MP (Conservative, Stroud) Martin Caton MP (Labour, Gower) Katy Clark MP (Labour, North Ayrshire and Arran) Chris Evans MP (Labour/Co-operative, Islwyn) Zac Goldsmith MP (Conservative, Richmond Park) Mark Lazarowicz MP (Labour/Co-operative, Edinburgh North and Leith) Caroline Lucas MP (Green, Brighton Pavilion) Caroline Nokes MP (Conservative, Romsey and Southampton North) Dr Matthew Offord MP (Conservative, Hendon) Mr Mark Spencer MP (Conservative, Sherwood) Paul Uppal MP (Conservative, Wolverhampton South West) Dr Alan Whitehead MP (Labour, Southampton, Test) Simon Wright MP (Liberal Democrat, Norwich South) The following members were also members of the committee during the parliament: Ian Murray MP (Labour, Edinburgh South) Sheryll Murray MP (Conservative, South East Cornwall) Powers The constitution and powers are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152A.
    [Show full text]
  • BH Smith Curriculum Vitae
    Brian Harvey Smith School of Life Sciences P.O. Box 874501 Citizenship: USA Arizona State University telephone: 480-727-0655 Tempe, AZ 85287-450 [email protected] sols.asu.edu/faculty/bsmith.php Education 1978 Juniata College, BS Biology 1985 University of Kansas, PhD Entomology Postdoctoral Training 1988-90 ARL Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson "Neuroethological Studies of Memory In a Model System" with Dr. John G. Hildebrand 1987 Department of Entomology, University of California at Berkeley, "Olfactory conditioning in Honey Bees" with Dr. Wayne M. Getz 1986 Institute for Neurobiology of the Free University of Berlin, West Germany, "Neurophysiological and behavioral analysis of olfactory learning in Apis mellifera." with Dr. Randolf Menzel 1985 Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, West Germany, "Role of learning and pheromonal communication in primitively social bees." with Dr. Wolf Engels Professional Appointments 2011 Director, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University 2009 Faculty Leader, Organismal, Integrative and Systems Biology in the School of Life Sciences at Arizona State University 2008 Director, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University 2007 Research Professor, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 2005 Professor, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University 2002 Professor, Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University 2001 Adjunct Professor, ARL Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona 2001 Professor, Department
    [Show full text]
  • Honeybees Fail to Discriminate Floral Scents in a Complex Learning Task After Consuming a Neonicotinoid Pesticide
    University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ScholarWorks @ UTRGV Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations College of Sciences 3-2020 Honeybees fail to discriminate floral scents in a complex learning task after consuming a neonicotinoid pesticide Julie A. Mustard The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Annie Gott Newcastle University Jennifer Scott Nancy L. Chavarria The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Geraldine A. Wright University of Oxford Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/bio_fac Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mustard, J. A., Gott, A., Scott, J., Chavarria, N. L., & Wright, G. A. (2020). Honeybees fail to discriminate floral scents in a complex learning task after consuming a neonicotinoid pesticide. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223(5). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217174 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Sciences at ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2020) 223, jeb217174. doi:10.1242/jeb.217174 RESEARCH ARTICLE Honeybees fail to discriminate floral scents in a complex learning task after consuming a neonicotinoid pesticide Julie A. Mustard1, Annie Gott2, Jennifer Scott2,3, Nancy L. Chavarria1 and Geraldine A. Wright2,3,* ABSTRACT 2015). While the main intention of the application of these Neonicotinoids are pesticides used to protect crops but with known substances to plants is to target pests, many of the compounds ‘ ’ secondary influences at sublethal doses on bees.
    [Show full text]
  • Honeybees Fail to Discriminate Floral Scents in a Complex Learning Task After Consuming a Neonicotinoid Pesticide Julie A
    © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2020) 223, jeb217174. doi:10.1242/jeb.217174 RESEARCH ARTICLE Honeybees fail to discriminate floral scents in a complex learning task after consuming a neonicotinoid pesticide Julie A. Mustard1, Annie Gott2, Jennifer Scott2,3, Nancy L. Chavarria1 and Geraldine A. Wright2,3,* ABSTRACT 2015). While the main intention of the application of these Neonicotinoids are pesticides used to protect crops but with known substances to plants is to target pests, many of the compounds ‘ ’ secondary influences at sublethal doses on bees. Honeybees use affect non-target organisms such as pollinators like bees. their sense of smell to identify the queen and nestmates, to signal Bees encounter pesticides when they contact flower parts to drink danger and to distinguish flowers during foraging. Few behavioural nectar and collect floral pollen from flowering crops such as fruit, studies to date have examined how neonicotinoid pesticides affect nut and seed crops. Consuming nectar and pollen exposes them to the ability of bees to distinguish odours. Here, we used a differential sublethal concentrations of these compounds that can accumulate in learning task to test how neonicotinoid exposure affects learning, stored foods or in body tissues (Moffat et al., 2016; Osterman et al., memory and olfactory perception in foraging-age honeybees. Bees 2019) and affect behaviours such as foraging (Henry et al., 2012; fed with thiamethoxam could not perform differential learning and Muth and Leonard, 2019; Schneider et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2008), could not distinguish odours during short- and long-term memory navigation (Fischer et al., 2014) and dance (Eiri and Nieh, 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Bna2017 Talk Abstracts Session 2Tuesday 11Th April
    BNA2017 TALK ABSTRACTS SESSION 2TUESDAY 11TH APRIL Symposium 10 – Microglia, neuroinflammation and psychiatric disease: biomarkers and therapeutic potential Theme: Neuronal, glial and cellular mechanisms 10.01. The functions of microglia and their diverse activation states Professor Hugh Perry - University of Southampton, UK The microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain, they are derived from the yolk sac and populate the embryonic brain. They are maintained by local division with little replacement or recruitment from circulating monocytes. Microglia in the adult brain adopt a distinct morphology and phenotype that sets them apart from other tissue macrophages. A growing number of functions in the developing and adult brain have been attributed to microglia including the removal of apoptotic cells, surveillance and removal of supernumerary synapses – so called synaptic stripping- and many others. Apart from these homeostatic functions microglia rapidly respond to perturbations of their local environment and become activated. These activated microglia alter their morphology and phenotype and have often been described in terms of an M1 or M2 phenotype, which is unlikely to reflect the phenotype or potential of these cells in vivo. The microglia are highly plastic cells, and exist in diverse states with the potential to rapidly change in response to other stimuli arising both from within and outside the brain. The relevance of these findings for psychiatric disease will be discussed. Contact email address: [email protected] 10.02. Therapeutic modulation of microglia – opportunities and challenges Dr Irene Knuesel - Roche, Switzerland As the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia play key roles in CNS maintenance, including refinement of synaptic networks, phagocytosis of cellular debris, and secretion of neurotrophic factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Teixeira De Sousa.Pdf
    BEHAVIOURAL REGULATION OF MINERAL SALT INTAKE IN THE ADULT WORKER HONEY BEE, Apis mellifera BY RAQUEL TEIXEIRA DE SOUSA A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INSECT BEHAVIOUR & NUTRITION SUPERVISED BY PROFESSOR GERALDINE WRIGHT FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF NEUROSCIENCE UNITED KINGDOM ii ã 2019 RAQUEL TEIXEIRA DE SOUSA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT xi RESUMO (PORTUGUESE) xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xix DECLARATION xxiii PREFACE xxv LIST OF TABLES xxix LIST OF FIGURES xxxi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND GOALS 1 1.1 Abstract 3 1.2 Animal NutritiOn – The Necessary Intake Of Nutrients 3 1.3 MacrOnutrients: FunctiOn and Basic Requirements 5 1.4 MicrOnutrients: FunctiOn and Basic Requirements 6 1.4.1 Minerals as Essential Nutrients 6 1.5 IntrOducing the HOney Bee, Apis mellifera 11 1.5.1 Colony Structure of a Superorganism 11 1.5.2 Caste Differentiation 12 1.5.3 Behavioural Maturation and Assessment of Colony Needs 15 1.5.4 Delivering Pollination Services 16 1.6 Source Of Nutrients - Honey Bee FOOd 17 1.6.1 Nectar – Energy Food Source 17 1.6.2 Pollen – Prime Source for Non-Carbohydrates 20 1.6.3 Water – Source for Minerals 25 1.7 HOw DO HOney Bees Taste Nutrients in FOOd? 26 1.8 Mineral NutritiOn in HOney Bees 29 1.9 Bertrand’s Rule. Eating Within the Right Range 32 1.10 Mechanisms Regulating Salt Intake 35 1.11 BehaviOural RegulatiOn Of Nutrient Intake in a SuperOrganism 37 1.12 Significance Of this Study 41 1.13 Study GOals and Specific Aims 43 1.14 Experimental ApprOach.
    [Show full text]