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La Biología Evolutiva Contemporánea: ¿Una Revolución Más En La Ciencia?

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La Biología Evolutiva Contemporánea: ¿Una Revolución Más En La Ciencia? LA BIOLOGÍA EVOLUTIVA CONTEMPORÁNEA: ¿UNA REVOLUCIÓN MÁS EN LA CIENCIA? COLECCIÓN DEBATE Y REFLEXIÓN Comité editorial Marina Garone Gravier Carlos Hernández Alcántara Lev Orlando Jardón Barbolla Ricardo Lino Mansilla Corona Octavio Miramontes Vidal María Elena Olivera Cordóva Mauricio Sánchez Menchero Guadalupe Valencia García Medley Aimée Vega Montiel María del Consuelo Yerena Capistrán La biología evolutiva contemporánea: ¿una revolución más en la ciencia? Julio Muñoz Rubio (coordinador) UNIVERSIDAD NAciONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXicO CENTRO DE INVESTIGAciONES INTERDISciPLINARIAS EN CIENciAS Y HUMANIDADES MÉXICO, 2019 Primera edición electrónica, 2019 D. R. © Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades Torre II de Humanidades 4º piso Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán 04510, México, CDMX www.ceiich.unam.mx Cuidado de la edición: Clara E. Castillo Alvarez Diseño de portada: Martha Laura Martínez Cuevas ISBN de la colección: 978-607-30-1052-8 ISBN del volumen: 978-607-30-1683-4 A la memoria de mi padre, Jerónimo Muñoz Rosas (1926-2016); profesor universitario que, luego de la inevitable pregunta infantil: "¿De dónde venimos todos?" que le formulé cuando contaba con unos cuatro años de edad, me respondió explicándome, por primera vez en mi vida, el fenómeno de la evolución de las especies. No por Mucho Publicar Te consagras Más Temprano EFRAÍN HUERTA ÍNDICE Introducción . 13 La revolución en biología como cuestionamiento de las relaciones esencia-apariencia Julio Muñoz Rubio . 23 La revolución no-darwiniana: ¿es darwiniana la extensión de la Síntesis Moderna? Carlos Ochoa y Ana Barahona . 71 ¿Una revolución científica en biología evolutiva? Juan Núñez-Farfán y Luis E . Eguiarte . 95 Darwin ex machina Álvaro Chaos Cador . 105 Beyond (non)genetics: rethinking inheritance as a complex emergent process Elena R . Álvarez-Buylla, José Dávila-Velderraín, Juan Carlos Martínez García y Jorge A . Verduzco-Martínez . 149 Changing thought styles: the concept of soft inheritance in the 20th century Eva Jablonka y Marion J Lamb . 163 La “Colectividad” desde una perspectiva histórica Snait Gissis . 241 ÍNDICE La Evo-Devo y la articulación de una nueva teoría de la evolución Gustavo Caponi, Maximiliano Martínez . 275 La continua necesidad de reintegrar: de la variación, su herencia y la biología de poblaciones Mariana Benítez y Lev Jardón Barbolla . 285 Teoría de construcción de nicho, “síntesis evolutiva extendida” y filosofía de la ciencia: discusiones pendientes Mario Casanueva López y Francisco Vergara Silva . 299 Crítica al concepto de construcción en la Teoría de Construcción del Nicho Alonso Gutiérrez Navarro . 357 Historia de una exaptación . De “pre-adaptación” a Inferencia a la Mejor Explicación Ivonne Kuri Reyes . 379 Alianzas “revolucionarias” entre las ciencias biológicas y la antropología . Tres estudios de caso Emily Schultz . 405 De revoluciones y contrarrevoluciones: la Teoría de la Selección Social y su impacto en la Ecología de la Conducta y la Ecología Queer Siobhan Guerrero Mc Manus . 443 La revolución médica de la biología: terapéuticas callejeras para el padecimiento del capitaloceno Octavio Valadez-Blanco . 469 12 INTRODUCCIÓN Julio Muñoz Rubio* Éste es un libro que aborda el tema de la revolución . ¿La revolución? n los tiempos que corren hablar de revolución suena para mucha Egente como hablar de lo inexistente, hablar de procesos que fueron imaginados con buenas, con las mejores intenciones pero inaccesibles en la práctica; es hablar de ilusiones y espejismos . Las reacciones ante el mencionado término van de la extrañeza al azoro y aun al escándalo y el rechazo . ¿Es que aún se puede hablar de revoluciones? ¿No ha quedado claro que concebir la revolución es algo anacrónico? Es imprescindible ir por pasos . En primer lugar, es necesario preci- sar, sin pretender definirla, qué se entiende por “revolución”, en general . Y en segundo lugar, es necesario dejar claro a que ámbito o campo de la existencia humana nos estamos refiriendo cuando hablamos de una revolución para saber hasta qué punto podemos admitir la legitimidad del término y si realmente podemos esperar su ocurrencia . La acepción más “popular” de este término, que en el imaginario colectivo se presenta con esa carga de violencia exacerbada e inconte- nible, es la de la revolución social . Pero por supuesto hay otro tipo de revoluciones: revoluciones estéticas, revoluciones ético-morales, revolu- ciones económicas… y revoluciones científicas . Dentro de éstas se pueden hacer subdivisiones: la más general sería la de las ciencias sociales y las * Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . 13 LA BIOLOGÍA EVOLUTIVA CONTEMPORÁNEA: ¿UNA REVOLUCIÓN MÁS EN LA CIENCIA? naturales y dentro de las naturales contamos las ocurridas en un campo específico: física, química, biología, la lista de subdivisiones se puede ampliar más y más . Se ha dicho que no se pretende aquí dar una definición de revo- lución, pues se trata de un concepto y un término que alude a procesos muy complejos que difícilmente pueden explicarse en unas cuantas líneas; sin embargo sí sería posible expresar que estos acontecimientos se caracterizan por la ocurrencia de un trastocamiento sensible de las relaciones que habían estado teniendo lugar en el sistema a analizar hasta antes de llevarse a cabo el proceso revolucionario . Las contradicciones de las relaciones entre los componentes de ese determinado sistema llevan a una síntesis nueva, nuevas propie- dades y entes emergen de sus predecesores y producen el surgimiento de nuevas relaciones, se transgreden los límites dentro de los cuales las antiguas relaciones se estaban desarrollando, se establecen nuevos límites . Epistemológicamente hablando, las leyes y principios con los que se comprendía el sistema analizado, ya no lo pueden explicar, al menos no pueden ser ya la explicación principal . Esto no quiere decir que haya necesariamente una total inconmensurabilidad entre lo nuevo y lo viejo, entre lo que ha surgido y lo que fue superado ni que haya una sustitución total y definitiva de la situación previa por la nueva . Numerosos elementos de las relaciones y los sistemas previos pueden permanecer . Lo que ocurre es que esa permanencia tiene lugar bajo sistemas de relaciones muy transformadas . Otros principios y leyes han tomado el lugar de las anteriores . Cuando se habla de revolución científica se genera algo parecido a un acto reflejo, el cual lleva a pensar inmediatamente en el modelo de Thomas s . Kuhn, pero ése, con toda la seriedad y coherencia que posee y la fascinación que entre muchos de sus lectores provoca, es un modelo entre muchos posibles acerca del tema y no necesariamente tiene que ser el punto de referencia obligado . Para la filosofía de la biología, la referencia a Kuhn si bien puede ser muy útil para algunos casos, es en general más indirecta por cuanto los ejemplos que le sirven para probar su modelo provienen de la física y de la química . Esto por otra parte es un elemento común entre los principales filósofos de la ciencia desde inicios del siglo XX: Duhem, Carnap, Neurath y el resto de los positi- vistas lógicos: Popper, Lakatos, Feyerabend, Toulmin, Quine, etcétera . La biología tiene la característica de referirse a sistemas complejos . Por esa razón, se requiere no sólo de metodologías de investigación 14 INTRODUCCIÓN distintas a las de los sistemas físico-químicos simples . Por ello mismo es necesario un tipo al menos parcialmente diferente de reflexión filosófica . Como parte de esa complejidad, en el mundo vivo, se observa que en éste se produce una profunda autonomización, cuando no una inde- pendencia, con respecto al mundo físico y con ello una evolución propia, no coincidente ni en ritmos ni en entes con los de la evolución física y química . Ése es el campo de estudio de la biología . Aunque haya ramas de la biología que parecen prescindir de la evolución para su estudio, en realidad no pueden ignorarla ni ubicar sus explicaciones por fuera de ella . Esta evolución está marcada por grandes saltos cuantitativo- cualitativos, verdaderas revoluciones, profundos cambios de relaciones en y entre los organismos y de éstos con el ambiente . Grosso modo estas revoluciones dentro del mundo vivo serían: la aparición misma de la vida sobre la Tierra; la diversificación metabólica de los primeros organismos y el origen de la autotrofía; el surgimiento de la célula eucarionte; la aparición de la multicelularidad; la conquista del medio terrestre; la aparición y el desarrollo de la conciencia y, finalmente, la aparición del ser humano y el desarrollo de la cultura . Existen, en la historia de la biología, algunos puntos de inflexión, cambios importantes en la comprensión del mundo vivo y su entorno . Si éstos pueden ser considerados como revoluciones o no, es algo desde luego para el debate, pero lo que es claro es que ha habido aconteci- mientos que han marcado la historia de este amplio campo de la ciencia, han establecido pautas para la investigación y han desarrollado grandes líneas de investigación y dado origen a un volumen muy grande de conocimientos . La cantidad de respuestas que dadas para otras tantas interrogantes encuentran en al menos alguno de estos acontecimien- tos, su referente obligado . Desde luego numerosas verdades han sido determinadas . Muy a grandes rasgos, los principales acontecimientos ocurridos en biología en los últimos dos siglos son: 1809,
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