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The Pershing Punitive Expedition and Its Diplomatic Background

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The Pershing Punitive Expedition and Its Diplomatic Background The Pershing punitive expedition and its diplomatic background Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Fain, Samuel S., 1909- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 08:45:28 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347634 THE PERSHING PUNITIVE EXPEDITION AND ITS DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND by Samuel S. Fain '! A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of History and Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate College University of Arizona 1951 Approved: V / i / J / Director of Thesi Tati TABLE OF OONTEMTS Page MAP OF PART- OF CHIHUAHUA, ' MEXICOs SHOWING THE AREA COVERED BY THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION - « 0 , . '»■ «,» . < El Chapter • ' I0 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, X5IOb“*TS^I5 o O o Q o' O O O O © © © O O O O O , O < 1 H o THE IMMEDIATE ORIGINS, 1915-1916, OF THE' . PUNITIVE EXPEDITION © V © 0 ' © © © © © © , © ■© < 32 III© THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION IN MEXICO © © © © 59 ."IV, • THE- AFTERMATH OF THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION © © © 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY © © © ... © © © . ©. © © ® © © © © © © . © © © © 95 ' ''MAR OF PA RT OF CHIHUAHUA, HEX/CO, SHO W m THE AREA COJEREDBY7EEPOM/VEEXFEPITW Bt- PASO UNITED LAS PM<3MAS STATES : / i EX/CO CARMXAL. ■ CASAS © £ E \ 1 £&£/< REJRQ a TOM At ti ic* to < @ /© «*&' .®\S'M-8 0 ZJA \ '0eif£y£&rT0 MAYS. \ roLloW EP BY. W UA THE COLUMBUS fiA /D IT A. p£ CPVT, <*& P* CHAPTER I RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES . ' AND MQEKICO, 1910-1915 The tense situation between Mexico and the United . ' States which resulted in the United States sending a military, expedition'into Mexican territory in 1916 was the outgrowth of a number of years of ■unsatisfactory relations between the : two countries^ The punitive expedition was the climax of a period of industrial$, social, and diplomatic strife@ Infiltration by United States citizens had reached very substantial proportions in Mexico by IglO# The railway builders were the vanguard of this peaceful invasion^ : Mr@ Jay Oould, Russell Sage, .and'E0 H a Harriman werd preminent among the business men who had received grants "for.railway : ' ' ' . / ^ ' - . : construction from the government of Porfirio Diaz® The Santa . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■ ' ■ : . v / : a :-; . ■ Ee, the Southern Pacific, and the Denver and Rio Grande were the railroads controlled in the United States which did most of the construction work in Mexico9 In 1902 holdings by United States citizens in Mexican railways were somewhat over three hundred million dollars, and by 1912 they were close to . ;; . ■ '• ■ ■ ■ ■ . • T. :' . "-i-t . - six hundred and: fifty millions^ v // '■ :- . ■ ^J.e Fred Hippy 9 The United States and Mexico, p» 312» . vv :: ^ ■ 2: ■■■ ■■ ' ' Mining Interests also:were in the foreground of this movement' into Mexiodo The Hearst estate^ the Guggen­ heim Sg the Anaconda group9 and the United States Steel:Cor­ poration were among the organisations which owned more than ninety-five million dollars worth of mining property in ' Mexico by 1902j ‘ nine years later, the figure was two hundred and fifty million dollars^2 . ' .. Along with the railroad men and the miners came ranchmen and■farmersQ Sometimes ranching, •farming and timber lands were bought by large companies; sometimes the lands were purchased by specialists in real estate, "ranching or, faraingo The large holding was the rulet ; • A.similar concentration of possessions took place in oil and other industries0 Money from the United .States poured into various Mexican projects so- rapidly that Mthe estimated value of'American investments in Mexico increased from- ■ #5 0 0,00 0 ,0 0 0 (gold) in 1902 to nearly #1 ,5 0 0,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 by 1912, including ownership of 78 per cent of the mines, 72 per cent of the smelters, 58 per cent of the oil and 68 per.cent of the rubber business, and exceeding the total investments, of all other foreigners in Mexico011 Oolonists and missionaries also found their way into ■ : . : : . - # . - ' " - . ■ ' - the7 country south of the Rio Grandee By 1911 "between forty y 2 lb Id a:-a . ppo 312°157o ' . \ y " y ; ^IbidoW Po 3131 ' y . ' ' '' . ' ' : / ' i . ' . ;; . - . ' 'James Morton Callahan9 American Foreign Policy in Mexican Relations,. p 0 5190 y"?7- - ■ ■' 3 and seventy-five ihousand Amefiqanshad established their homes in Mexicoa 0 ? In 1916 s in . spite of five years of revolution, there were in llexiGO six. hundred Protestant churches 0 => • and more than four hundred Sunday -schools,"1 with more than forty thousand participants in their religi- R ous activities,) Thus, United States interests in Mexico were vast in extent and varied in nature when, in 1 9 1 0 , a revolution ■ ' ' . ' ' ' ' : ■ : . ■ ■ z began against the government of Porfirio Diaz0• This revo™. lution aggravated the already disturbed situation in Mexico and inaugurated an era when governments succeeded each other • with great rapidity0 : . 3:' ' - The frequent change, in governments from 1910 to 1916' did not constitute a unique period in Mexican history.e;; Since' .v' Mexico had gained her independence from Bpain in 1821 there had been ’seventy”two Mexican governments, . nearly all. of them . - 6 de facto, and fifty-five- -of -them purely military = ■ - Some acquaintance with the internal conditions which produced this rapid succession of governmental authority is necessary for an understanding of relations between the United States and Mexico0 / . - - " ■ When Diaz came into power in 1876 there were two . principal classes of Mexicans! the large landholders, or __ - - — —” — ; . - - — ; - : : : ; Hippy, opo clt09 p 6 318b f' ' Herbert I0 Priestley,“Mexican Literature on the Recent Revolution,M Hispanic American - Historiml Review, Vol0 .11, lo0 ’ 2, lay, 1919, P.306* . hacendadosj and the .peoneSe. dtle : haoendados ruled over large estated 18known as "daoiendas, the mlnlm-um size of vrblohg as ; legally defined ? wa s 21»94-5 a ore s ^88 ' The communal lands ■ of the/ peones9 csdled e.iIdoa9 were: admin 1 gtered "by' the , v villages in. which the peones lived,s During the. administra™: tion of Diaz - that; id,- between 1876: and 1910 » over one- fourth of the national domain ? in eluding some; of the eommu- / nal land s^ was disposed of to form new hacienda s' or indrease- . the size ' of those- already in existence,, During the same "' \ period "between nine million and ten million of the peones: had lost • their freedom:hpi;h©aome. agricultural laborers In - ■ debh service's,' nr peonehMe/hampb:! /. f i ..f: ' ■ " As ■. had been Indihated ^ -hhi ted States^ inf ersst s : in Mexico InoreaSed ;rpp idly whil ©"thisre allotment of land s and increasing servitude of the■ poorer class were 'taking• place» Special privileges granted to citizens of the United- ; States' in connection with. landed;;faxes, mines^ and .; -, rubber were some of the - reasons advanced .for the revolt - - against'Diaze - ' ' . - ^ ; - Animosifyftoward pebjple aerhs's ,the-border was: i: i-l evidently an..important, element;in the Mexican .situation^ :: I ” It was. clear■ to all that the mere' existehce of; this . anti- ; American feeling was one of the. strongest asset s ' of the - - " ■ .revolution xMadero. agaiiist Diazjs, The; reydlutibnisfs hoped to embarrass, the zuEazigovermeht in . t he - ey e-s of the United • ‘ Charles W , . hacket.t j -The. Mexican Revolution, anci, the- United'States, p» 3.40 .p" " - “ • •5: . 8tattaqks upon odo.sulates * sulW" -to the; flag, ;:v.d . f- 'assaialts- 'upon the persons ^of .ImerCoan ; :;aitlsens and dd" ' ■ ; - struct ion of 'their property' xer-e acts" calculated to hinder ' 'V / the. 'government of Dias^ sine© it could; do no less "than at- - tempt to suppress such demonstrations9 'ana thus be-'put in - - . -; vthe,position of appearing to;favor s^nd support Americanism _ . - ' ' / -in-Mexicd@“p ' - ' i/;.i ; ;.>;1 " :: ; ' .; . ’ ihe,"traffic in mtihitIons' over 'toe Mexican ."border ; ' , ; ' was. signif icant in -this phase' of ;;the;::revolution and;alsd . v ' - . 'laten® n When; the : Diaz - government .protested': against ..shipments . .... of prm.s :to.,;the Hadero f orces,. the 'Department, of ' 8tato of ; • the. Unit edStates replied that this -trade in munitions was inot a vdoiafion of neutrality^ ;; £tvleasftone writer -felt ; that ■ the-United States j. hehlnd a screen of : impartialityg : , - was actively opposing D.laz# as witnessVhis statement. that ;. : !Sthe revolt, against him «, » was; planned in the American ; Department of State,|: <, 6 -1. Ih©; war which hroke put in 1910 P.- was .hegun prdsustained iy Merican capitaiist.s.$fwith, the . f:-; >; full consent of Secretary Knox and President Taft."^ This ■ - ; pr ohahlyrepresent s a-, som ewhat extreme' View of - Anerl.can In- ' I terference/ln Mexiban''affairs® .Howevers. piiice :there' is no - ' .; Indication' that- Madero was dissatisfied with, the policy of ' ' ; ; the; United States -regardlegMexi co g ; one -may assume ;that he: - ; v. • •.. John E a MacSohoughy Henry -Lane ¥11 sons ambassador ' ' . to Mexico a 19Q9 to 19151 PP @ 15-16 ^ v: (M g A s the si s y Msc 9 v; -1 University of Jlrizdna lihrary^ 1940) : ' . ’ ' ; "t .: atehan'Maqueo Castellanos9 quoted in Priestleya opt :e:ifg : 6 felt that' the United States
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