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Akutan Airport and Transportation Plan 2007 BIOLOGICAL OPINION On the Effects of the Akutan Airport Project on Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) Table Of Contents: DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED ACTION................................................................................ 4 STATUS OF THE SPECIES - Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri).............................................. 7 Species Description........................................................................................................................................................7 Life History ....................................................................................................................................................................7 Longevity....................................................................................................................................................................7 Energetics...................................................................................................................................................................7 Age to Maturity ..........................................................................................................................................................7 Reproductive Strategy................................................................................................................................................8 Recruitment................................................................................................................................................................8 Seasonal Distribution Patterns..................................................................................................................................8 Site Fidelity ..............................................................................................................................................................12 Population Structure ...............................................................................................................................................13 Food Habits..............................................................................................................................................................13 Predators ..................................................................................................................................................................13 Population Dynamics ..................................................................................................................................................14 Population Size ........................................................................................................................................................14 Population Variability .............................................................................................................................................18 Population Stability .................................................................................................................................................18 Status and Distribution...............................................................................................................................................18 Reasons for Listing..................................................................................................................................................18 Range-wide Trend....................................................................................................................................................19 Threats Not Assessed At the Time Of Listing .........................................................................................................20 STATUS OF THE SPECIES - Northern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) ........................ 27 Species Description......................................................................................................................................................27 Life History ..................................................................................................................................................................27 Longevity..................................................................................................................................................................27 Energetics.................................................................................................................................................................27 Age to Maturity ........................................................................................................................................................27 Reproductive Strategy..............................................................................................................................................27 Recruitment..............................................................................................................................................................28 Distribution ..............................................................................................................................................................28 Movement Patterns ..................................................................................................................................................29 Site Fidelity ..............................................................................................................................................................29 Population Structure ...............................................................................................................................................29 Habitat......................................................................................................................................................................30 Food Habits..............................................................................................................................................................30 Predators ..................................................................................................................................................................30 1 Population Dynamics ..................................................................................................................................................31 Population Size ........................................................................................................................................................31 Population Variability .............................................................................................................................................34 Population Stability .................................................................................................................................................35 Status and Distribution...............................................................................................................................................35 Reasons for Listing..................................................................................................................................................35 Range-Wide Trend...................................................................................................................................................38 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE .............................................................................................. 38 Assumptions Used in Analysis of Past, Present and Future Effects........................................................................38 Proportion of Wintering Steller’s Eiders from Listed Population .........................................................................38 Temporal Distribution - Northern Sea Otters.........................................................................................................39 Life of the Project ....................................................................................................................................................39 Determination of Action Area ....................................................................................................................................39 Status of the Species within the Action Area.............................................................................................................39 Steller’s eiders.........................................................................................................................................................39 Northern sea otter...................................................................................................................................................40 Factors Affecting Species’ Environment in the Action Area...................................................................................41 Seafood Processor Organic Waste ..........................................................................................................................41 Petroleum Spills.......................................................................................................................................................42 Collisions with Vessels and Harbor-Related Structures.........................................................................................42 Incidental Take Of Steller’s Eiders Permitted For Other Federal Actions ...........................................................43
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