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MCG Test-Bed: an Experimental Test-Bed for Mobile Cloud Gaming MCG Test-bed: An Experimental Test-bed for Mobile Cloud Gaming Wei Cai Conghui Zhou Minchen Li University of British Columbia We Software Limited Zhejiang University Vancouver, Canada Hong Kong Hangzhou, China [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Xiuhua Li Victor C.M. Leung University of British Columbia University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Vancouver, Canada [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT games, which is responsive to the variety of players' screen Conventional cloud gaming benefits from many aspects by sizes, device hardware capacity, operating systems and inter- executing the game engine in the cloud and streaming the actional controllers. This demand has significantly soared, gaming videos to players' terminals through network. How- along with the arising number of mobile terminals in mod- ever, this type of cloud gaming service can not guarantee ern society. The cloud, well recognized as the next genera- stable Quality of Service (QoS) in mobile scenarios, subject tion computing modality, has attracted attentions in video to the diversity of end-user devices and frequent changes in gaming service provisioning. Conventional cloud gaming so- lutions, including industrial systems (e.g. OnLive1, Gaikai2, network quality. To address this issue, a component-based 3 cloud gaming platform for mobile devices has been proposed, G-Cluster , etc.) and research test-beds (e.g. GamingAny- where the decomposed game can be partially offloaded to where[1]), exhibit a streaming-based approach, in which the the cloud, achieving load balancing between cloud and ter- video games are executed in cloud servers and the gaming minals. In this work, we implemented the very first experi- videos are streamed to the players' terminals over network. mental test-bed for component-based mobile cloud gaming. In reverse, the players' inputs are transmitted to the cloud Three game prototypes are built on our test-bed, in order to server to replicate the players' actions. [2]. The streaming- demonstrate its feasibility and efficiency. Experiments have based cloud gaming platform brings many advantages, such been conducted to show that intelligent partitioning leads to as cross-platform distribution, anti-piracy, overcoming the better system performance, such as lower response latency hardware restriction of terminals, reducing the development and higher frame rate. and maintenance fee, etc. Nevertheless, things go different when the scenario turns to portable terminals with mobile networks. Even though Categories and Subject Descriptors stream-based cloud gaming service providers claim that stream- C.5.0 [Computer System Implementation]: [General]; ing gaming videos to mobile devices can eliminate the hard- D.2.10 [Software Engineering]: Design|Methodologies; ware constraints of mobile devices, they also have to admit K.8.0 [Personal Computing]: General|Games that the quality of service of the existing system can not be guaranteed, since real-time video transmission requires Keywords low-latency and high-bandwidth network access, while we are still suffered from the unstable quality of Internet in- Cloud Gaming, Mobile Games, Test-bed frastructure [3][4]. On the other hand, the capacity of mo- bile terminals has made remarkable enhancement, thanks to 1. INTRODUCTION the rapid development of hardware design and technologies. Consequently, [5] has stated that there shall be alternatives Gaming industry is evolving itself to a new stage that toward gaming as a service (GaaS). Our previous work [6] aims to provide mobile gaming experience anywhere any- has proposed a component-based cloud gaming framework, time to their customers. Researchers, developers and oper- which consider game application as decomposed software ators are eager for novel cross-platform solutions to video to be dynamically allocated between cloud and terminals, according to terminals' computational power and network Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or quality. In other words, the system will dynamically and classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full cita- partially offload the game to the cloud [7], so that the mo- tion on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than bile terminal utilizes the rich resources from the cloud to ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or re- publish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. 1http://www.onlive.com/ MobiGames’15, May 19, 2015, Florence, Italy. 2http://www.gaikai.com/ Copyright c 2015 ACM 978-1-4503-3499-0/15/05 ...$15.00. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2751496.2751501. http://www.g-cluster.com/ 25 enhance its functionality. Thus, mobile cloud gaming be- which function as cooperative modules via inter-component comes possible. message transfer. In other words, a game application is de- However, there is still no existing experimental environ- composed into a number of pieces, which either executed ment for component-based cloud gaming platform. In this in the cloud or the players' terminal, according to the sta- work, we develop the world's very first test-bed for component- tus of devices and network quality. Consequently, the test- based mobile cloud gaming, which learns about the status bed is required to be capable in perceiving the application of terminala´rsenvironment, and adapts the cloud gaming runtime environment, making decisions of workload alloca- service to these evaluations. With the test-bed, we devel- tion, and facilitating the dynamic inter-connectivity between op 3 game prototypes to demonstrate the efficiency of the cloud/terminal components. Due to the limitation of paper proposed framework. The remainder of the paper is as fol- length, we would not mention the detailed algorithms and lows. We review related work in Section 2 and briefly intro- mechanisms for the framework design, which has been de- duce the test-bed implementation in Section 3, respectively. scribed in [13]. Afterwards, we develop three game prototypes to conduct experiments in Section 4. Section 5 concludes the paper. 2. RELATED WORK 2.1 Cloud Gaming Architecture Adaptive mobile video streaming architectures have been widely studied for mobile cloud games. The framework in [8] monitors the end-to-end network status and alters the video encoding parameters for cloud games accordingly. This work considers dynamic video encoding adaptation fo- cusing on improving the user-perceived quality of a Gaming- on-Demand service, which is a highly demanding interactive multimedia application based on a client-server infrastruc- ture and video streaming. Similarly, a recent work [4][9] proposes a Remote Server Based Mobile Gaming (RSBMG) architecture and develops a set of application layer optimiza- tion techniques to ensure acceptable gaming response time and video quality in the remote server based approach. The techniques include downlink gaming video rate adaptation, uplink delay optimization, and client play-out delay adap- tation. Figure 1: Sequence Diagram for Cognitive Engine 2.2 Partitioning Solution of MCG Test-bed To facilitate intelligent resource allocation, the cloud games should support dynamic partitioning between cloud and mo- To help readers of this paper understand the core work- bile terminal. There has been some work on partitioning flow of MCG test-bed, we illustrate a sequence diagram for of mobile applications. [10] first introduces a K-step algo- its cognitive engine in Fig. 1. To start the gaming, the cloud rithm as a dynamic solution where the partition is calcu- server first dispatches a JavaScript engine (including small lated on-the-fly, once a mobile connects and communicates portion of game instance) to the terminal, while launching its resources. Furthermore, according to [11], there is no the game instance in the cloud. During the gaming ses- single partitioning that fits all due to environment hetero- sion, the gaming instance in terminal keep sending status geneity (device, network, and cloud) and workload. Conse- statistics to the Cognitive Engine, which analyze the sys- quently, they proposed a system that can seamlessly adap- tem performance and acknowledge the Partitioning Coordi- t to different environments and workloads by dynamical- nator its decision of partitioning. This decision will instruct ly instantiating what partitioning to use between weak de- the Partitioning Coordinator to redirect all control-messages vices and clouds. An implementation [12] called CloneCloud and inter-component messages, in order to facilitate dynam- is a flexible application partitioner and execution runtime ic partitioning. In other words, this is the key mechanis- that enables unmodified mobile applications running in an m that enables the proposed environment-aware adaption. application-level virtual machine to seamlessly off-load part Note that, there is an optional onloading process when Par- of their execution from mobile devices onto device clones titioning Coordinator receives decisions from Cognitive En- operating in a computational cloud. However, these works gine. This process works if the terminals are lack of sufficient requires the application to be completely installed in both components to perform optimal partitioning. the mobile terminal and the virtual machine residing in the 3.2 Test-bed Development cloud. To develop the MCG test-bed, a programming model that 3. TEST-BED IMPLMENTATION facilitates code migration and execution between cloud and terminals is in need. This requirement leads us to JavaScrip- 3.1 Component-based Framework t, which exhibits as scripts in client-side and also power- ful back-end language in Node.js4 software system that de- As stated in our previous work [6], the proposed test- bed considers game software as inter-connected components, 4http://nodejs.org/ 26 Figure 2: Deployment Directory of MCG Test-bed signed for writing scalable Internet applications, notably we- • /application: for our application developers, their ap- b servers.
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