Journal of Global Biosciences Peer Reviewed, Refereed, Open-Access Journal ISSN 2320-1355 Volume 9, Number 9, 2020, pp. 7937-7953 Website: www.mutagens.co.in URL: www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.09/09/090905.pdf

Research Paper DIVERSITY OF LORANTHACEAE (GUIS) AND HOST OF THE JEAN LOROUGNON GUEDE SITE (DALOA, CÔTE D'IVOIRE)

AMON Anoh Denis-Esdras, KOULIBALY Annick Victoire and MRANKPA Agnero Stephane

UFR Agroforesterie, Université Jean Lorougnon Guedé, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire.

Abstract formations are an important natural source of products of interest to populations. However, these formations are subject to constant anthropogenic disturbances and parasitic pressures due to attacks in particular of the hemiparasitic vascular plants of the Loranthaceae family which weaken their ecological equilibrium. The present study was carried out in order to inventory the different species of Loranthaceae and their woody host plants on the site of the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University. Itinerant surveys and direct observation methods were used for data collection. In total, 4 species of Loranthaceae have been inventoried. These are: Globimetula braunii (Engl.) Van Tiegh., Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Ballé, Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. and K. Krause) Danser and T. globiferus (A. Rich.). The taxonomic diversity of hosts is 43 distributed in 36 genera and 20 families. The families richest in parasitized taxa are Fabaceae (18.60%), Apocynaceae, Mavalceae and Rutaceae, each with 9.30% of host taxa. Among the parasitic species, T. bangwensis and P. capitata are the parasites with broad host spectra. The pairs of infestation values (rate and intensity) of the host plants increase numerically according to their Diameter Breast Height (DBH). The average infestation rate for all host plants is 46.92% and the intensity of infestation is 7.52 tufts/plant. Key words: Loranthaceae; host plants; rate and intensity; Jean Lorougnon Guédé University; Côte d'Ivoire; West Africa.

INTRODUCTION Tropical regions are the most diverse biological areas in the world (Myers et al., 2000). In West Africa and Côte d'Ivoire in particular, plant formations are an important natural source of products of interest to people (IPGRI, 1999). Indeed, they provide fertile land for cultivation, firewood, timber and products with food, commercial, medicinal and

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Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 9(9), 2020 pp. 7937-7953 ISSN 2320-1355 cultural value (Piba et al., 2011). However, these formations subjected to considerable anthropogenic disturbances which weaken their ecological balance (Koulibaly et al., 2016). In addition, parasite pressures due to attacks by vascular plants, chlorophyll hemiparasites of the Loranthaceae family which parasitize many spontaneous woody species and other cultivated plants (Amon, 2006). These hemiparasitic plants in the form of small shrubs live and thrive in abundance on many spontaneous woody species and other cultivated plants which they parasitize with variable intensities, within the same population of woody species (Traoré et al., 2003; Amon, 2014). According to Boussim (2002), these hemiparasitic plants, once implanted on the branches of their hosts, negatively affect the growth, lifespan and production of parasitized subjects. They divert to the harm of the host, using a sucker, water and mineral salts for its development (Salle, 2004). However, according to Soro et al. (2009), any effective struggling to be waged against these plant parasites, a prerequisite to knowing the manifestation of their infestation on their different hosts. In addition, few studies have been carried out on Loranthaceae and host plants in the Central-West of Côte d'Ivoire (Mrankpa, 2019). It therefore appeared appropriate to conduct this study on the site of the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, where several plantations are infested with Loranthaceae. This study is a contribution to a better knowledge of Loranthaceae and woody host plants. Specifically, it will involve: (1) identifying the species of Loranthaceae, (2) inventorying the woody plants hosting the parasites and (3) evaluating the state of infestation (rate and intensity) of the woody plants.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Study area The study was carried out in the Department of Daloa with geographical coordinates 6°27′00'' north Latitude and 5°56'00'' west Longitude, precisely on the site of the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University (Fig. 1), in the Central-West of Côte d'Ivoire, located 408 km from Abidjan. The climate is equatorial with 2 rainy seasons which alternate with two dry seasons. Average annual rainfall over the past 30 years has been 1 550 mm. The vegetation belongs to the mesophilic sector of the Guinean domain (Guillaumet and Adjanohoun, 1971), consisting of forest mosaics and Guinean savannas.

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Fig. 1 : Location of study site in Daloa

MATERIALS The biological material composed of Loranthaceae and woody plants on the site. The technical equipment consists of a geographic positioning device (GPS), a digital camera, a pair of binoculars, a tape measure, survey plugs, pruning shears and twine. METHODS The inventory of Loranthaceae species and woody plants was done using the itinerant urvey method associated with that of direct observations after a field visit. The itinerant surveys were carried out for more exhaustive data. It consisted of covering the plantations in all directions, through tracks, development trails, layouts for monitoring anthropogenic activities and other routes created according to the circumstances to identify the plants parasitized, those not parasitized and to collect the measurements Diameter Breast Height (DBH) at 1.30 m from these woody plants. Also, by direct observations, the count of tufts of parasites on the host species. For the enumerating of tufts, it consisted in counting all the tufts of the species or parasite species. The

www.mutagens.co.in 7939 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 9(9), 2020 pp. 7937-7953 ISSN 2320-1355 identification of Loranthaceae species was made by comparison with the samples of Loranthaceae kept at the Herbarium of the National Floristic Center (CNF) in Abidjan and those listed by certain authors (Traoré et al., 2003; Soro, 2010; Amon, 2014). For the determination of the host plants of Loranthaceae, it was made using of Aké-Assi (2002), Biodiversity of West Africa Forest (Bongers et al., 2005) and by comparing the Flora of the 'Herbarium of the National Floristic Center (CNF) and the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University. The data collected made it possible to calculate:

- Infestation rate (Txi): with Txi - Infestation rate; Nip - Number of individuals infected; Nti - Total number of individuals identified;

- Intensity of infestation (Ii) :

with Ii - Intensity of infestation; Nt - Total number of tufts of Loranthaceae; Ntii - Total number of infested individuals identified; - Parasite specificity rate (Psr) according to Hoffmann (1994):

Parasite specificity is high if a substantial number of hosts are parasitized and weak if a small number of species are parasitized. The parasites have been classified as follows: very strong parasitic specificity: [0 to 5 %], average parasitic specificity: ] 5 to 10%] and weak parasitic specificity: > 10%; - Parasitic sensitivity of species It was assessed by the number of parasites per host subject: not very sensitive (1 to 2 parasites), sensitive (3 to 4 parasites) and highly sensitive (5 to 6 parasites).

The results of the calculations were analyzed by variance using SPSS 11.0 software. The Tukey test at the 5% threshold was carried out to distinguish the statistical groups at the 5% threshold.

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RESULTS Diversity of Loranthaceae A total, 4 Loranthaceae species have been iventoried and identified on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site. These are: Globimetula braunii (Engl.) Van Tiegh. (Fig. 2a), Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Ballé (Fig. 2b), Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. and K. Krause) Danser (Fig. 2c) and T. globiferus (A. Rich.) Fig. (2d). They are divided into 3 genera namely Globimetula, Phragmanthera and Tapinanthus. The Tapinanthus genus contains 2 species, either 50% of the parasites inventoried. It is the most important genre. The other two genera are monospecific with each a species (25% parasites).

Fig. 2: Loranthaceae species: leafy twigs and of G. braunii (a), Inflorescences of P. capitata (b), Inflorescences of T. bangwensis (c) and leafy twig of T. globiferus (d) Diversity of host woody plants Forty-three (43) woody host species of Loranthaceae are listed on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site (Table 1). They are divided into 36 genera and 20 botanical families. The family richest in parasitized species is Fabaceae with 8 species, or 18.60% (Fig. 3). Next come the Apocynaceae, and Rutaceae, each with 4 species (9.30%). They are followed by Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae and Rubiaceae with each 2 species (4.65%). Albizia and Citrus with 4 species each (11.11%) are the most diverse genera. They are followed by the genus Annona with 2 taxa (5.56%). The thirty-three (33) other genera each have a taxon (2.78%). These include Alstonia, , Ceiba, Cola, Ficus, Gmelina, Margaritaria, Morinda, Newbouldia, Persea, Spathodea, Trema and Trichilia (Table 1). These 33 monospecific genera represent 91.67% of all the genera of the inventoried host species. Considering the biological types, 3 groups of parasites are distinguished (Table 1). Group I consists of megaphanerophytes with 20 species, or 46.51% of the parasitized species. They are predominant. Group II includes microphanerophytes with 15 species (34.88 %) and group III consists of mesophanerophytes (8 species, or 18.61%). www.mutagens.co.in 7941 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 9(9), 2020 pp. 7937-7953 ISSN 2320-1355

Table 1: Diversity of taxa and spectra of host plants of the Loranthaceae identified Nb Nb Ttl Parasitic species Inftn Intsty Species, genera & families Biol. type Phytg. Pstc nb Pste snty ttl inft nb rate infstn Gb Tb Tg Pc plts plt tufts Anacardiaceae

Lannea acida A. Rich mp GC-SZ - - - + 1 ps 56 13 49 23.21 3.77 Spondia mombin Linn. mP GC - + - - 1 ps 10 3 8 30 2.67 Annonaceae

Annona muricata Linn. mp GC - + - - 1 ps 21 15 123 71.43 8.20 Annona senegalensis Linn mp GC - + - - 1 ps 4 2 6 50 3 Apocynaceae

Alstonia boonei De Wild MP GC-SZ - - - + 1 ps 3 1 3 33.33 3 Cascabella thevetia (L.) Lippold mp GC - + - - 1 ps 5 4 17 80 4.25 Funtumia elastica (P. Preuss) Stapf mP GC-SZ - - - + 1 ps 5 2 4 40 2 Hollarhena floribona (G. Don) Dur. & Schinz var. mP I - - - + 1 ps 56 13 49 23.21 3.77 Bignoniaceae

Newbouldia laevis (P. Beauv.) Seemann mP GC - + - - 1 ps 90 9 20 10 2.22 Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. MP I - - - + 1 ps 61 3 15 4.92 5 Boraginaceae

Cordia platythyrsa Bak. mP GC - + - - 1 ps 3 1 45 33.33 45 Cannabaceae

Trema occidentalis (L.) Blume mP I - + - + 2 ps 3 2 13 66.67 6.50 Euphorbiaceae

Hevea brasilensis (Kunth) Müll.Arg mP I - + - + 2 ps 116 30 63 25.86 2.10 Meaning of abbreviations: Biol. - biological; mp - Microphanerophyte; mP - Mesophanerophyte; MP - Megaphanerophyte; Phytg - Phytogeography; GC - Guinéo-Congolaise zone, SZ - Soudano-Zambézienne zone, I- Taxon introduced or cultivated; Tb - Tapinanthus bangwensis; Tg - Tapinanthus globiferus; Gb - Globimetula braunii, Pc - Phragmanthera capitata; (+) - Presence of the parasite; (-) - absence of parasite, ps - insensitive host; s - sensitive host; .Nb - Number; Pstc - Parasite; plt - plant; Pste - parasitaire; ttl - total; Snty - sensitivity; Inftn - Infestation; Intsty – Intensity

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Table 1 (continue) Nb Nb Ttl nb Parasitic species Inftn Intsty Species, genera & families Biol. type Phytg. Pstc nb Pste snty ttl inft tufts rate infstn Gb Tb Tg Pc plt plt Fabaceae Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W. Wight mP GC - + - + 2 ps 80 42 156 52.50 3.71 Albizia guachapele (Kunth.) Dugand mP GC - + - - 1 ps 3 1 3 33.33 3 Albizia lebbeck (Linn.) Benth. mP I - + - + 2 ps 131 103 742 78.63 7.20 Albizia zygia (DC.) J. F. Machor. mP GC-SZ - + - + 2 ps 79 35 125 44.30 3.57 Amphimas pterocarpioides Harms MP GC - + - - 1 ps 21 15 123 71.43 8.20 Anthonotha macrophylla P. Beauv. mP SZ - + - + 2 ps 13 3 21 23.08 7 Baphia nitida Lodd mp GC - + - - 1 ps 36 3 21 8.33 7 Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. mp GC - - - + 1 ps 14 3 30 21.43 10 Lamiaceae Gmelina aborea Roxb. MP GC - + - - 1 ps 4 2 13 50 6.50 Tectona grandis Linn.f. MP GC-SZ - + - - 1 ps 10 3 8 30 2.67 Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. mP SZ - + + + 3 s 45 40 455 88.89 11.38 Malvaceae Bombax buonopozense P. Beauv. MP GC-SZ - + - + 2 ps 14 9 63 64.29 7 Ceiba pentadra (L.) Gaertn. MP I + + - + 3 s 105 30 205 28.57 6.83 Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. mP GC - + - - 1 ps 13 7 56 53.85 8 Theobroma cacao Linn. mp I - + - + 2 ps 201 140 602 69.65 4.30 Meliaceae Cedrela odorata C. V. Linné mp I - + - - 1 ps 6 1 22 16.67 22 Trichilia megalantha Harms mP GC-SZ - + - + 2 ps 2 1 7 50 7

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Table 1 (continue) Ttl Parasitic species Nb Nb nbr Inftn Intsty Species, genera & families Biol. type Phytg. Pstc nb Pste snty ttl inft tufts rate infstn Gb Tb Tg Pc plt plt

Moraceae Ficus sur Forssk. MP GC - + - + 2 ps 9 7 30 77.78 4.29 Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. Berg MP GC-SZ - - - + 1 ps 3 2 16 66.67 8 Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Linn. mp I - + - + 2 ps 25 20 301 80 15.05 Phyllanthaceae Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L.Webster mP GC-SZ - + - - 1 ps 56 27 153 48.21 5.67 Polygalaceae Carpolobia lutea G. Don mp GC - + - - 1 ps 14 9 63 64.29 7 Rubiaceae Coffea canephora A. Froehner mp I - + - + 2 ps 85 27 185 31.76 6.85 Morinda lucida Benth. mP GC - + - + 2 ps 109 10 43 9.17 4.30 Rutaceae Citrus limon Burn. f. mp GC-SZ - + - - 1 ps 8 5 46 62.50 9.20 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. mp I - + - - 1 ps 5 3 29 60 9.67 Citrus reticulata Blanco mp I - + - - 1 ps 6 5 45 83.33 9 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck mp I - + - - 1 ps 40 35 630 87.50 18 Sapindaceae Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig mP GC - + - - 1 ps 36 3 21 8.33 7 Urticaceae Myrianthus aboreus P. Beauv. mP GC-SZ - + - - 1 ps 6 2 5 33.33 2.50 1 Total 757 4 604 46.92 7.52 760

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Fig 3: Families of Loranthaceae host species identified

The 43 woody host plants of the Loranthaceae identified fall into 4 phytogeographic types (Table 1). These are the Guinean-Congolese species (GC), the Sudano-Zambezian species (SZ), the Guinean-Congolese and Soudano-Zambezian species (GC-SZ) and the introduced species (I). Among these phytogeographic types, the host species from the Guinean-Congolese area with 17 parasitized taxa (i.e. 39.53%) are the most diverse (Table 1). Next come the introduced species with 13 host species (30.23%), the Guinean-Congolese and Soudano-Zambezian species (11 host species, or 25.58%) and the species from the Soudano-Zambezian transition zone. with 2 host species (4.65%). Of the 43 host species, 2 showed parasitic sensitivity that is (Table 1). They are affected by 3 parasites. These are Ceiba pentadra (Fig. 4a) and Coffea canephora. Also, 13 host species are infested with 2 parasitic species (30.23%). These include: Albizia lebbeck (Fig. 4b), Albizia zygia, Anthonotha macrophylla (Fig. 4c), Bombax buonopozense, Persea americana (Fig. 4d) and Trichilia megalantha. It also appears that 28 taxa, or 62.79% of the host plants are parasitized by a parasitic species (Table 1). A total of 43 host species parasitized by Loranthaceae have been inventoried on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site (Table 2). The average infestation rates for these hosts range from 4.92% to 88.89%. Among these host plants, Persea americana (88.89%), Citrus sinensis (87.50%), Citrus reticulata (83.33%), Lannea acida (83.33%),

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Psidium guajava (80%), Cascabella thevetia (80%), Albizia lebbeck (78.69%), Ficus sur (77.78%), Amphimas pterocarpioides (71.43 %), Theobroma cocoa (69.65 %), Milicia excelsa (66.67%) and Trema occidentalis (66.67%) are parasitized with an infestation rate greater than 50%. The lowest infestation rates are found in Spathodea campanulata (4.92%), Baphia nitida (8.33%) and Myrianthus aboreus (9.17%).

Figure 4: Some host species highly parasitized by the Loranthaceae identified: Ceiba pentadra (a), Albizia lebbeck (b), Anthonotha macrophylla (c), Persea americana (d)

In terms of host plant infestation intensities, they vary between 2 and 45 clumps/plant (Table 2). Cordia platythyrsa (45 tufts/plant), Cedrela odorata (22 tufts/plant), Citrus sinensis (18 tufts/plant), Psidium guajava (15.05 tufts/plant), Persea americana (11.38 tufts/plant), Carpolobia lutea (10.57 tufts/plant), Parkia biglobosa (10 tufts/plant), Citrus maxima (9.67 tufts/plant), Alstonia boonei (9.50 tufts/plant), Citrus limon (9.20 tufts/plant) and Citrus reticulata (9 tufts/plant) are the most infested host plants. Overall, the average rate of infestation of host plants inventoried on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site taken together is 46.92% and the intensity of infestation is 7.52 tufts/plant (Table 2).

Infestation rate and intensity according to the diameter classes and heights of the hosts Host plant infestation rates indicate high infestation values depending on the diameter classes. The analysis of variance of the horizontal structure effectively indicates a significant difference between the infestation rates as a function of the diameter classes (p = 0.001) of the listed host plants (Fig. 5A). However, these rates are not distinguished from each other at the level of the different height classes of statistical group a.

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However, the infestation rate for the class (2-8 m) is higher than that for other classes (Fig. 5B).

Fig. 5 : Distribution of individuals in the diameter (A) and height (B) classes as a function of the infestation rate

The host plant infestation intensities are numerically high depending on the diameter classes. The analysis of the horizontal structure carried out effectively indicates a significant difference between the infestation intensities (p = 0.001) of these host plants (Fig. 6A ’). Statically, the diameter classes (0-5) and (5-10) are distinguished from the other classes at the level of statistical group a. For the vertical structure, the analysis of variance reveals no significant difference between the infestation intensities (p = 0.001) of the hosts (Fig. 6B’).

Fig. 6: Distribution of individuals in the diameter (A’) and height (B’) classes as a function of the intensity of infestation

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Damage caused by Loranthaceae on host plants inventoried The most obvious effect caused by these parasitic vascular plants of the Loranthaceae family on the host plants inventoried on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site have been noted, appreciated and illustrated. These are: total invasion of crown of the host plant by the parasites and defoliating of the branches (Fig. 7a), formation of multiple bulges or growths in the affected branches (Fig. 7b), enlargement and death of the distal or terminal part of the infested branch (Fig. 7c), desiccation of the parasitized branches (Fig. 7d), placement of gaping holes in the affected branches after the death and fall of the parasite (Fig. 7e) serving as lodges for pathogens (ants, termites, etc.) and host plant almost dead under the action of Loranthaceae attacks (Figure 7f). Among the damage mentioned, the total invasion of the crown of the host plant by the parasites and defoliating of the branches (39.53%) of the parasitized taxa) and the desiccation of the branches (23.26%) were the main apparent damage observed. Next come the multiple growth formations on a single or parasitized branches (16.28% of the parasitized taxa).

Fig. 7: Consequences of Loranthacae attacks: a - total invasion of a host foot, b - growth of growth, c - destruction of the distal part, d - drying of the branches, e - gaping holes on a branch, f - host plant almost dead

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DISCUSSION The study on the diversity of parasites and host plants on the Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site identified 4 species of Loranthaceae belonging to 3 genera. These species are Globimetula braunii (Engl.) Van Tiegh., Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Ballé, Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. And K. Krause) Danser and T. globiferus (A. Rich.) Danser. This result is close to that of Soro (2010), which inventoried 5 species in Oumé, Gagnoa and Soubré, in the Central-West and South-West of Côte d'Ivoire. These same species have been reported by Houenon et al. (2012) in Benin and 3 of them (G. braunii, P. capitata and T. bangwensis) were listed by Amon (2014) in Sud-Comoé, in the southeast of the country. The presence of these species on woody plants in the Center-West would depend on their wide distribution in Africa and in particular in Côte d'Ivoire (Traoré et al., 2003; Boussim, 2002; Amon, 2006). Of the 24 species mentioned in Côte d'Ivoire, including 5 inventoried by Soro (2010) in Oumé, Gagnoa and Soubré, in the Central-West and South-West, G. braunii and T. globiferus are not included. They are harvested for the first time in this part of the country and are therefore new for the flora of the Central-West and South-West of the country, in particular for the Haut-Sassandra region.T. bangwensis (83.72 % presence) is the most affecting parasite on host plants. The predominance of T. bangwensis over the host plant species of the Jean Lorougno n Guédé University is not a peculiarity. The ibiquist and polyphagous character of this parasite has already been reported by Amon (2006) and Houenon et al. (2012). Forty-three (43) listed host plants divided into 36 genera and 20 botanical families have been parasitized by Loranthaceae. This significant diversity of host plants obtained corroborates the polyphagous character of the Loranthaceae reported by Boussim (1991) in Burkina Faso, Houenon et al. (2012) in Benin and Amon (2006) in Côte d'Ivoire. This taxonomic diversity of 36 genera and 20 botanical families of parasitized species obtained is significantly lower than that of the 116 host species and 35 families obtained by Amon in the South-East of Côte d'Ivoire and 99 host taxa and 37 families inventoried by Soro (2010) in Oumé, Gagnoa and Soubré, in the Center-West and South- West of the country. The families most affected are the Fabaceae (18.60%), followed by Malvaceae, Rutaceae and Apocynaceae, each with 9.30% of the host species each. This result corroborates

www.mutagens.co.in 7949 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 9(9), 2020 pp. 7937-7953 ISSN 2320-1355 those of Houenon et al. (2012), Soro (2010) and Amon (2006, 2014) who highlighted the major attack by these families in Africa, in particular in Côte d'Ivoire. Among the host plants, Persea americana (88.89%), Psidium guajava (80%), Cola nitida (53.85%) and citrus like Citrus sinensis (87.50%), Citrus reticulata (83.33% ) and Citrus limon (62.50%) recorded average rates corroborating those of Cleck (1978) on Cola nitida in , of Dibong et al. (2009) on Persea americana in Cameroon and de Houenon et al. (2012) on Citrus sinensis in Benin who have already pointed out the polyphagous nature of Loranthaceae on these fruit plants within which these plant parasites have found privileged hosts. The presence of these fruit species in plantations under the influence of Loranthaceae should be monitored and controlled. Lorougnon Guédé University site is 46.92%. This rate is much higher than the 29.05% obtained by Soro et al. (2009) in the Legumes/cocoa in forest area trial. However, this rate is less important than that of 52.63% recorded by Massako et al. (2014) on Dacryodes edulis at Logbessou. The infestation status (rates and intensities) of the parasitized host plants increases numerically according to their DBH. These results confirm the work of Ahamide et al. (2015) on Cola nitida and Edagbo et al. (2013) on Irvingia gabonensis. Apparent consequences of attacks by parasites on inventoried host plants such as total invasion of the crown of the host, defoliating of the parasitized branches, drying out of the infested branches, the formation of growths, gaping cavities at the level bulges have been observed. These results corroborate those of Aké-Assi (1984), Boussim (2002), Soro (2010) and Amon (2014) who have already reported similar disturbances relating to the destructive actions of parasites on host plants.

CONCLUSION The Jean Lorougnon Guédé University site contains 4 species of Loranthaceae. These are Globimetula braunii, Phragmanthera capitata, Tapinanthus bangwensis and T. globiferus. Two of these species are newly harvested (G. braunii and T. globiferus) from the flora of the Central-West and South-West of Côte d'Ivoire. The Loranthaceae recorded parasitize 43 plant species. The Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae and Rutaceae are the most attacked families. Host plants are variously affected with very high infestation rates and intensities in Persea americana and Citrus sinensis were the most affected. The infestation status (rates and intensities) of the parasitized host plants increases

www.mutagens.co.in 7950 Journal of Global Biosciences Vol. 9(9), 2020 pp. 7937-7953 ISSN 2320-1355 numerically according to their dbh. The overall rate of host plants is 46.92 and the intensity of infestation is 7.52. Apparent consequences caused by Loranthaceae on their hosts have been noted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Peasants and authorities from Jean Lorougon Guédé University in Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire. Disclosure of conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Author’s contributions AADE and SHEA ensured the development of the research protocol, the collection, the data processing and the wording of manuscript. KAV supervised and proofread the differing versions and improved the scientific quality of the manuscript.

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