DOCSLIB.ORG

Pinus Cembra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pinus Cembra Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use Swiss stone pine Pinus cembra Marcus Ulber1, Felix Gugerli1 and Gregor Bozic2 1Section Ecological Genetics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland EUFORGEN 2Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable Swiss stone pine genepool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed in local, national or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources. Biology and ecology Pinus cembra is often associated with Pinus mugo, L. decidua and/or P. abies. Pinus cembra L. is a five-needled Stone pine tends to be a cli- pine tree (subgenus Strobus, max species tolerating some section Cembra, subsection shade in the juvenile stage and Cembrae). The species rarely germinating well on organic soils exceeds heights of 25 m, its with an accumulated layer of lit- growth is very slow but long- ter and moss. However, it can lasting and trees between 500 germinate and establish itself on and 1000 years of age mineral soils or even rocky sur- are reported. Under faces as well. natural conditions, The slow juvenile growth of P. it may take 30 cembra makes the species vul- years to reach nerable to browsing for a long 1.30 m. Owing to time and susceptible to lethal its slow growth, P. fungus infestations occurring cembra is a weak under prolonged snow cover. For competitor com- the latter reason, P. cembra is pared with other not found in microhabitats or trees. However, it is regions with long-lasting snow better adapted to the cover (e.g. border zones of the harsh upper subalpine Alps). climate conditions than Stone pine is a wind- any other European tree pollinated species with male and species. Consequently, it female flowers on the same tree can compete in mixed stands (monoecious). Within natural where the performance of the stands, reproductive maturity is other subalpine trees (mainly not reached before plants are Picea abies and Larix decidua) is 40–60 years of age. Flowering reduced and establish pure and seed production occur every stands above their growth limit. 2–3 years, but only a single year PinusSwiss stone pinePinus cembra cembraSwiss stone pinePinus cembraSwiss stone Pin pinePinus cem out of 4–10 is an abundant mast Distribution The altitudinal range of P. year. Self-fertilization is possible. cembra forests is from 1500 to The seeds ripen in the year after 2400 m asl (single individuals pollination, but the cones The distribution range of 1200–2850 m) in the Alps and remain closed and do not the Swiss stone pine is from 1300 to 1700 m asl release the heavy, wingless small compared with oth- (900–1985 m) in the Carpathi- seeds. The seeds are most- er pine species. It is ans. The lower boundary is ly dispersed by the European restricted to the sub- determined by the competition of nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocat- alpine belt in the con- other tree species (mainly P. actes), a bird species with a tinental (i.e. central) abies), whereas the upper limit strong mutualistic relationship parts of the Alps seems to be a physiological (cli- with P. cembra. The nutcracker (France, Italy, Switzerland, matic) boundary. picks most of the cones from the Austria, Germany) and to some The likely origin of P. cembra trees and caches those seeds it higher regions of the Carpathian seems to be in the Siberian does not immediately eat in Mountains (isolated patches region, where its closest relative, shallow underground deposits from Tatra Mountains in Slovakia P. sibirica (treated as P. cembra as a food source for the winter. and Poland to the Southern var. sibirica or P. cembra subsp. A single nutcracker may store Carpathians in Ukraine and sibirica by some authors), covers more than 25 000 seeds every Romania). The total species' vast areas. It is supposed to year. Dispersal distances can be coverage was estimated as have survived the last glaciation as far as 15 km horizontally and about 30 000 hectares (density- period in the vicinity of the Alpine 700 m altitudinally. Most of the weighted area) in the 1970s. and Carpathian mountain deposits are retrieved and emp- ranges from where it tied by the bird during winter and could expand in an spring, but some are left, many early postglacial of them in sites suitable for phase to occupy germination and sur- large areas. At vival of P. cembra, lower alti- resulting in a sufficient tudes it was and regular regeneration subsequent- of the tree. Tree clusters ly replaced. (with either separated or fused trunks) originating from more than one germinated seed from one deposit are frequent and improve the stabil- ity of the sub- alpine forest. nusembraSwiss stone cembra pinePinus cembraSwiss stone pinePinus cembraPinusSwiss stone pinePin Importance and use Genetic knowledge Threats to genetic diversity Wherever it occurs naturally, P. In concordance with the putative Owing to its ecological charac- cembra contributes to the upper- survival areas during the last teristics (weak competitiveness) most forest belt in the glaciation, isozyme and to negative anthropogenic mountains, forming mixed variation indicates impact (overuse, deforestation, or pure stands. Conse- a low degree of intentional burning for gaining quently, the species genetic differen- grassland), the occurrence of P. has a crucial tiation between a cembra today is highly fragment- protective stone pine population ed in parts of its distribution function for from the Carpathian range, and small population the surround- mountains and the popula- sizes are common. ing area. The tions from the Alps. Most of The fragmentation may inhibit presence of the genetic diversity found in gene flow among the populations. (evergreen) Carpathian stands resides Small populations are generally trees in the within populations. This also prone to elevated inbreeding and stone pine's altitudinal holds for the Alpine range, where genetic erosion, but they are zone helps to minimize the risk of the two main distribution areas in specifically threatened in an avalanches and soil erosion. the eastern and the western Alps unstable area such as subalpine Pinus cembra is, therefore, val- cannot be separated based on regions by avalanches, forest ued as a stabilizing factor and chloroplast diversity owing to fires, landslides or unusual cli- often used for afforestation at extended historical pollen flow. matic events which can lead to high elevations. However, there is a reduced further dramatic losses of genetic Stone pine forests (pure and genetic variation in isolated pop- information. mixed) have a high aesthetic and ulations at the northern margin of ornamental value for many the Swiss Alps. Crown forms for- regions famous for summer and merly recognized as distinct winter tourism. races are considered Besides the protective and to be the result of aesthetic functions of the environmental effects species, the timber of P. cembra rather than deserving is highly valued, especially for of taxonomic status. paneling, carvings and traditional However, elevational furniture because of its special variation was observed wood characteristics (soft, light, with respect to growth resistant, warm reddish colour, response in common gar- perfume of resin). However, the den experiments. Further- traded quantities are compara- more, it remains open tively small and mainly serve the whether the occurrence of local markets. green instead of violet cones has a genetic background. sPinus cembracembraSwiss stone pinePinus cembraSwiss stonePinus pinePinus cembraSwiss stonec p A specific problem of many P. Guidelines for genetic ommended for both wood pro- cembra stands is the highly conservation and use duction and protection purpos- skewed age distribution owing to es. Where stone pine is naturally a lack of recruitment and young The main strategy of genetic mixed with other tree species it is trees (often as a result of brows- conservation of Swiss stone pine advisable to retain the mixture. ing or other damages by ungu- should be a dynamic in situ con- The crucial point in any case lates or grazing livestock). If servation. However, complemen- for a dynamic in situ gene con- those stands cannot be regener- tary dynamic or static ex situ servation is the regeneration of ated, these populations risk conservation may be appropriate the stand. Natural regeneration is losing some of their genetic in some cases. considered to be the best way information in the short term and In situ conservation can be for gene conservation. extinction in the long term. Fur- done within natural forest If there are suitable germina- thermore, high ozone loads reserves, in gene conservation tion sites and seed trees within seem to cause a decline of P. units specifically managed for the nutcracker's dispersal range, cembra, whereas the species the purpose, as well as in forests regeneration of P. cembra has shown a higher degree of managed mainly for other pur- occurs naturally. Sometimes a resistance to other air pollutants poses. Generally, abundant and very dense cover of grasses or than do sympatric pine species. large stands of interfertile Alpine roses can be an obstacle An altitudinal cline of growth autochthonous stone pine for seedling growth, and the characteristics has been trees are best to assure removal of patches of this vege- observed in provenance genetic adaptability and tation can be useful. If necessary, tests showing that P. adaptedness in the long animals affecting the young cembra performs best in term. However, small and plants have to be excluded or the altitudinal zone from isolated populations of P.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pinus Cembra
    Pinus cembra Pinus cembra in Europe: distribution, habitat, usage and threats G. Caudullo, D. de Rigo Arolla or Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) is a slow-growing, long lived conifer that grows at high altitudes (up to the treeline) with continental climate and is able to resist to very low winter temperature. It has large edible seeds which are dispersed principally by the European nutcracker. The timber is strong and of good quality but it is not a commercially important species because of its slow growth rate and frequent contorted shape. This pine is principally used to protect slopes and valleys against avalanches and soil erosion. In alpine habitats it is threatened principally by tourism development, even if the recent reduction of mountain pasture activities is allowing this pine to return in many areas. Pinus cembra L., known as Arolla pine or Swiss stone pine, is a slow growing, small to medium-sized evergreen conifer (10- Frequency 12 m height, occasionally 20-25 m), which can live up to 1000 < 25% 25% - 50% 1-5 years . The crown is densely conical when young, becoming 50% - 75% cylindrical and finally very open6. It grows commonly in a curved > 75% Chorology or contorted shape, but in protected areas can grow straight and Native to considerable sizes. Needles are in fascicles of five, 5-9 cm long1, 7. Arolla pine is a monoecious species and the pollination is driven by wind3. Seed cones appear after 40-60 years, they Seed cones are purplish in colour when maturing. are 4-8 cm long and mature in 2 years3, 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Pines in the Arboretum
    UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MtJ ARBORETUM REVIEW No. 32-198 PETER C. MOE Pines in the Arboretum Pines are probably the best known of the conifers native to The genus Pinus is divided into hard and soft pines based on the northern hemisphere. They occur naturally from the up­ the hardness of wood, fundamental leaf anatomy, and other lands in the tropics to the limits of tree growth near the Arctic characteristics. The soft or white pines usually have needles in Circle and are widely grown throughout the world for timber clusters of five with one vascular bundle visible in cross sec­ and as ornamentals. In Minnesota we are limited by our cli­ tions. Most hard pines have needles in clusters of two or three mate to the more cold hardy species. This review will be with two vascular bundles visible in cross sections. For the limited to these hardy species, their cultivars, and a few hy­ discussion here, however, this natural division will be ignored brids that are being evaluated at the Arboretum. and an alphabetical listing of species will be used. Where neces­ Pines are readily distinguished from other common conifers sary for clarity, reference will be made to the proper groups by their needle-like leaves borne in clusters of two to five, of particular species. spirally arranged on the stem. Spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies), Of the more than 90 species of pine, the following 31 are or for example, bear single leaves spirally arranged. Larch (Larix) have been grown at the Arboretum. It should be noted that and true cedar (Cedrus) bear their leaves in a dense cluster of many of the following comments and recommendations are indefinite number, whereas juniper (Juniperus) and arborvitae based primarily on observations made at the University of (Thuja) and their related genera usually bear scalelikie or nee­ Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, and plant performance dlelike leaves that are opposite or borne in groups of three.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbolic Species As a Cultural Ecosystem Service in the European Alps: Insights and Open Issues
    Landscape Ecol (2018) 33:711–730 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0628-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Symbolic species as a cultural ecosystem service in the European Alps: insights and open issues Uta Schirpke . Claude Meisch . Ulrike Tappeiner Received: 31 August 2017 / Accepted: 24 February 2018 / Published online: 2 March 2018 Ó The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract marmot, brown bear, and golden eagle) that are widely Purpose Symbolic plants and animals are recog- used for symbolic representations, i.e., depiction on nised as a cultural ecosystem service (CES), which is flags, emblems, logos, and naming of hotels and still underrepresented in ecosystem services assess- brands. Hotspots of symbolic species were found in ments. Thus, this study aims at identifying and several locations in the European Alps and could be mapping important symbolic species in the European related to high elevation, steep slopes, open land Alps, which are of cultural significance to large parts cover, and naturalness. of the Alpine population. Conclusions This study proposes a methodology to Methods Symbolic species were identified by ten map and assess symbolic species as a CES. As the expert groups, and their use was assessed in a spatial distribution of symbolic species depends on qualitative way. The spatial distribution of all species environmental characteristics and human activities, across the Alpine Space area was mapped at the our results provide important insights for landscape municipality level. Through hotspots analysis, we planning and management. However, it remains identified spatial patterns in the distribution of species. unclear whether associated cultural values depend on Spearman correlation was used to evaluate the rela- the presence of the species and further research is tionship between symbolic species and selected envi- needed to understand the relationships between the ronmental and social variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Conifers for North Dakota
    3/23/2015 Conifers for North Dakota Why Conifers (Evergreens) Greg Morgenson Provide year round color in the landscape with greens, blues, even yellow to gold NDSU Woody Plant Improvement Program Provide a backdrop for smaller plants in beds and landscape Can be used as hedges for screening and privacy Can be utilized in many forms – pyramidal, columnar, weeping, shrub form, ground covers Can be planted to provide winter and summer windbreaks for the home, garden, orchard, and other ornamental plantings Ponderosa Pine – Pinus ponderosa The Pines (Pinus) Native to the western Dakotas and Nebraska- variety scopulorum • Two species native to western North Dakota- Ponderosa and Limber pines • Scotch pine hardy across state • Asian and European white pine species hardy to ND conditions- Swiss stone pine, Siberian stone pine, Korean stone pine, Japanese stone pine • The eastern white pine of the eastern US is generally not adapted to ND plains conditions Ponderosa pine Height- 35’ to 65’ Ponderosa Pine- Needles in 2’s and Highly adaptable to 3’s, cones ending in a sharp prickle ND conditions 1 3/23/2015 Limber Pine- Pinus flexilis Scotch Pine – Pinus sylvestris A five needled pine native to Widely adaptable, Northern European and Northern southwest ND, SD and Nebraska. Asian seed origins perform best in ND Very drought tolerant once established, branches are limber Needles short and in 2’s. which prevents snow breakage. Small rounded cones. Exfoliating orange bark . 40’ to 70’ in height . NPS Scotch Pine Swiss Mountain Pine Pinus mugo var. uncinata Tree form variety of mugo pine reaching 15 to 30’ in height.
    [Show full text]
  • Bachman's Landscaping Chalet Swiss Stone Pine
    Chalet Swiss Stone Pine Pinus cembra 'Chalet' Height: 35 feet Spread: 20 feet Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 3 Other Names: Arolla Pine Description: This striking variety is slow growing and develops a dense, narrow, conical form; stunning blue and green needles add interest to an already beautiful plant; hardy and compact, it is a perfect choice as a small accent tree in smaller landscapes Chalet Swiss Stone Pine Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder Ornamental Features Chalet Swiss Stone Pine has attractive silvery blue foliage with green undersides. The needles are highly ornamental and remain silvery blue throughout the winter. Neither the flowers nor the fruit are ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Chalet Swiss Stone Pine is a dense multi-stemmed evergreen shrub with a narrowly upright and columnar growth habit. Its relatively fine texture sets it apart from other landscape plants with less refined foliage. This is a high maintenance shrub that will require regular care and upkeep. When pruning is necessary, it is recommended to only trim back the new growth of the current season, other than to remove any dieback. It has no significant negative characteristics. Chalet Swiss Stone Pine is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Accent - Vertical Accent Chalet Swiss Stone Pine foliage - Mass Planting Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder - Hedges/Screening - General Garden Use Planting & Growing Chalet Swiss Stone Pine will grow to be about 35 feet tall at maturity, with a spread of 20 feet. It tends to fill out right to the ground and therefore doesn't necessarily require facer plants in front, and is suitable for planting under power lines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydraulic Architecture of Conifers
    Chapter 2 The Hydraulic Architecture of Conifers Uwe G. Hacke, Barbara Lachenbruch, Jarmila Pittermann, Stefan Mayr, Jean-Christophe Domec, and Paul J. Schulte 1 Introduction Conifers survive in diverse and sometimes extreme environments (Fig. 2.1a–f). Piñon-juniper communities are found in semi-arid environments, receiving ca. 400 mm of yearly precipitation (Linton et al. 1998), which is less than half the U.G. Hacke (*) Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E3 e-mail: [email protected] B. Lachenbruch Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR USA e-mail: [email protected] J. Pittermann Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Mayr Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria e-mail: [email protected] J.-C. Domec Bordeaux Sciences Agro—INRA, UMR ISPA, 1 cours du Général de Gaulle, Gradignan 33175, France Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA e-mail: [email protected] P.J. Schulte School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 39 U. Hacke (ed.), Functional and Ecological Xylem Anatomy, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15783-2_2 Fig. 2.1 Conifers growing in diverse habitats. (a, b) Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California (photos: B.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Garden History Plant Lists
    Southern Plant Lists Southern Garden History Society A Joint Project With The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation September 2000 1 INTRODUCTION Plants are the major component of any garden, and it is paramount to understanding the history of gardens and gardening to know the history of plants. For those interested in the garden history of the American south, the provenance of plants in our gardens is a continuing challenge. A number of years ago the Southern Garden History Society set out to create a ‘southern plant list’ featuring the dates of introduction of plants into horticulture in the South. This proved to be a daunting task, as the date of introduction of a plant into gardens along the eastern seaboard of the Middle Atlantic States was different than the date of introduction along the Gulf Coast, or the Southern Highlands. To complicate maters, a plant native to the Mississippi River valley might be brought in to a New Orleans gardens many years before it found its way into a Virginia garden. A more logical project seemed to be to assemble a broad array plant lists, with lists from each geographic region and across the spectrum of time. The project’s purpose is to bring together in one place a base of information, a data base, if you will, that will allow those interested in old gardens to determine the plants available and popular in the different regions at certain times. This manual is the fruition of a joint undertaking between the Southern Garden History Society and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. In choosing lists to be included, I have been rather ruthless in expecting that the lists be specific to a place and a time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Response of Pinus Species to Ozone Uptake in Different Climate Regions of Europe
    Cent. Eur. For. J. 66 (2020) 255–268 DOI: 10.2478/forj-2020-0022 ORIGINAL PAPER http://www.nlcsk.sk/fj/ The response of Pinus species to ozone uptake in different climate regions of Europe Svetlana Bičárová1*, Anumol Shashikumar2, Laurence Dalstein- Richier2, Veronika Lukasová1, Katarína Adamčíková3, Hana Pavlendová4, Zuzana Sitková4, Anna Buchholcerová1, Dušan Bilčík1 1 Earth Science Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Stará Lesná, SK – 059 60 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovak Republic 2 GIEFS (Groupe International d’Études des Forêts Sud-Européennes), 69 avenue des Hespérides, FR – 06300, Nice, France 3 Institute of Forest Ecology SAS Zvolen, Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Akademická 2, SK – 949 01 Nitra, Slovak Republic 4 National Forest Centre - Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 2175/22, SK – 960 01 Zvolen, Slovak Republic Abstract This study is focused on the research of selected Pinus species exposed to high ozone concentrations in the moun- tain environment. We noticed different values of modelled ozone doses (MOD) up-taken by Mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in the High Tatra Mts (SK–HTMts) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) in the Alpes-Mercantour (FR–AlpMar) during the growing season 2019. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. The MOD values were obtained by multiplicative DO3SE model, while we also tested a new approach based on modification of input ozone data. Testing has shown that ozone input based on passive sampling may be used in MOD modelling for sites situated in the subalpine zone where the operation of active monitors is limited.
    [Show full text]
  • A. Summary List and Discussion of Single Fossils. Small Fossil Set Additional Fossils of the Large Fossil
    A. Summary list and discussion of single fossils. Small fossil set - Pinus baileyi. 45 Ma; stem section Pinus - Pinus canariensis. 12.8 Ma; stem P. canariensis - P. roxburghii (clade) - Pinus crossii. 27 Ma; stem subsection Balfourianae - Pinus densiflora. 1.1 Ma; P. densiflora – P. sylvestris divergence - Pinus florissantii. 34 Ma; stem subsection Strobus - Pinus fujiii. 15 Ma; stem MRCA of P. kesiya and P. tabuliformis - Pinus haboroensis. 65 Ma; stem subgenus Pinus - Pinus halepensis. 12.8 Ma; P. halepensis – P. brutia divergence - Pinus hazenii. 5 Ma; P. coulteri – P. sabiniana divergence - Pinus prekesiya. 5.3 Ma; P. yunnanensis – P. kesiya divergence - Pinus radiata. 0.4 Ma; P. radiata – P. muricata divergence - Pinus storeyana. 12 Ma; stem or within Attenuatae clade - Pinus triphylla. 90 Ma; stem subgenus Pinus - Pinus yorkshirensis. 129 Ma; stem Pinus Additional fossils of the large fossil set - Pinus delmarensis. 38 Ma; stem subsection Strobus - Pinus lindgrenii. 6 Ma; MRCA of P. edulis - P. johannis clade - Pinus premassoniana. 5.3 Ma; stem of P. massoniana - Pinus riogrande. 27.2 Ma; Ponderosae clade - Pinus sanjuanensis. 27 Ma; stem of subsection Cembroides - Pinus truckeensis. 12 Ma; subsection Ponderosae within P. ponderosa - clade - Pinus weasmaii. 3 Ma; stem of P. contorta Genus Pinus Pinus yorkshirensis Location: Wealden Formation, NE England Age: 131-129 Ma. Discussion: These are the earliest well-dated cones that belong to the genus Pinus, based on internal anatomy and external morphology, such as the presence of cone scales with apophyses and umbos, features unique to Pinus among extant Pinaceae (Ryberg et al., 2012). Another early representative from the Wealden Formation (P.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Groups of Pinus Cembra Forest Communities in the Tatras
    Acta Botanica Hungarica 59(3–4), pp. 389–425, 2017 DOI: 10.1556/034.59.2017.3-4.7 TWO GROUPS OF PINUS CEMBRA FOREST COMMUNITIES IN THE TATRAS P. Kučera View metadata, citation Botanicaland similar Garden, papers atComenius core.ac.uk University, Bratislava, Slovakia; E-mail: [email protected] brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library (Received 13 March, 2017; Accepted 21 June, 2017) A syntaxonomical statistical analysis of 110 phytocoenological relevés of the Western Car- pathians Norway spruce-Arolla pine and Arolla pine phytocoenoses was performed. Result- ing six relevé aggregates were evaluated at the rank of association. Two major groups of Arolla pine woodlands were distinguished following strong floristical differences and classi- fied at the rank of alliances: non-carbonate group – Homogyno alpinae-Pinion cembrae (associa- tions: Homogyno alpinae-Pinetum cembrae, Mylio taylorii-Pinetum cembrae, Prenantho purpureae- Pinetum cembrae, Cembro-Piceetum) and carbonate group – Calamagrostio variae-Pinion cembrae (associations: Seslerio tatrae-Pinetum cembrae, Cystopterido montanae-Pinetum cembrae). Key words: Cembro-Piceetum, nomenclature, Piceetea excelsae, Pinus cembra woodland, syn- taxonomy, Western Carpathians INTRODUCTION Arolla pine (Pinus cembra) is an autochthonous species of the Western Carpathians, growing in this region demonstrably in the Late Glacial (Jankov- ská 1984, 1988). [Statement that the last glacial period refugium of P. cembra was placed in the south of the Alps (Valachovič 2014) is inadequate.] At pre- sent, Arolla pine’s natural distribution range in the Western Carpathians is limited to the mountain range of the Tatras on both sides of the Slovak/Polish state border.
    [Show full text]
  • Swiss Alps Jungfrau Swiss
    SWISS ALPS JUNGFRAUJUNGFRAU----ALETSCHALETSCH SWITZERLAND The beauty of the Bernese Alps is internationally famous. They are the most extensively glaciated mountains in Switzerland and contain the largest glacier in Eurasia, the Aletschgletscher, a great range of glacial features and an outstanding record of the uplift and compression that formed the High Alps. Climate change can be measured by the varying retreat rates of its glaciers which also provide a diversity of ecosystems and examples of plant succession on the substrates they reveal. There is a wide variety of alpine and sub-alpine habitats The impressive North Wall of the Jungfrau, Mönch and Eiger are celebrated in European literature, art and mountaineering. COUNTRY Switzerland NAME Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch (formerly: Jungfrau-Aletsch–Beitschhorn ) NATURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITE 2001: Inscribed on the World Heritage List under Natural Criteria vii, viii and ix. 2007: Extension to the World Heritage site inscribed under Natural Criteria vii and ix. IIIUCNIUCN MANAGEMENT CATEGCATEGORYORY IV Protected Landscape BIOGEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE Central European Highlands (2.32.12) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION The site is located in south-western Switzerland in the Bernese Alps, on the border between the French and German-speaking Cantons of Valais and Berne, about 25 km south of Interlaken and 20 km north of Brig. With the extension it covers the whole Aar massif from the Gasterntal in the west to the Grimselsee in the east, including the catchments of the Aletsch, Aar and Grindelwald glaciers. The centre of the site, Konkordiaplatz, is located at 46°30'00”N and 8°02'00”E. DATES AND HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT 1933: The Canton of Valais assumed responsibility for protection of the Aletsch forest; and in 1938 for protection of the Märjelen, both on the Rhone valley slopes; 1960: Berne Canton assumed management for the Hinteres Lauterbrunnental Nature Protection Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Intermediateconifers.Pdf
    By Bert Cregg, Ph.D. Michigan State University Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry October 2007 33 In the two most recent installments of Conifer Corner, I’ve been discussing outstanding conifers in each of the four size categories recognized by the American Conifer Society (ACS), beginning with the smallest size category (Miniature conifers) and working up to larger conifers. In this edition of Conifer Corner, I continue this discussion by considering Intermediate conifers. The ACS defines Intermediate conifers as those less likely to interfere with power lines or other that grow 6-12" per year and reach a height of 6' overhead obstruction and are better suited to to 15' at age 10. I refer to Intermediate conifers plant closer to houses and allow greater flexibility in the title of this article as ‘the forgotten conifers’ in site selection. because we often define Intermediates by what As with all of the trees that I’ve discussed in this they are not. They are not adorable little miniatures series on conifers in the ACS size classes, there is or dwarfs that can fit into a container or rock considerable variation in growth depending on garden. Conversely, Intermediates won’t dominate site and cultural practices. This is especially true a landscape as a specimen, like a large conifer. with intermediates. Some intermediate conifers Nevertheless, intermediate conifers are an important growing on a good site could reach a size comparable group of trees because they fulfill an important to large conifers. There is no single “official” trial function in landscape design and development.
    [Show full text]