Horse Behaviour & Safety

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HORSE BEHAVIOUR & SAFETY Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Who Should Take This Class? This workshop is designed for horse people (ages 16+) who would like to learn more about the best practices for handling horses safely. This workshop is ideal for those new to horses including; new owners, new riders, mounted police units and first responders. Our goal is to provide basic tools to help keep you safe around horses Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Other Resources Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety eWorkshop (2 week online course) www.EquineGuelph.ca Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop What This Class is About . The Horse in the Wild – A Herd and Flight Animal . The Modern Day Horse . How Horses See . How Horses Hear . Horse Herd Behaviour (How Horses Interact with Each Other and You) . Horse Handling/Approaching a Horse . Rider/Helmet Safety . Trailer Safety . Safety around the Barn and Paddocks . Fire Safety Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Why is This Class Important? . Knowledge gives you confidence . Knowledge keeps you safe . In an emergency situation you may be the only person who has knowledge of how to work safely around horses Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Knowledge Keeps You Safe . Horses are large and intimidating . Horses panic easily and respond unpredictably Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Your Safety is Number One! Horse instinct says, “Flee!” in the face of danger . Let him know where you are at all times . Move slowly . Talk to him . Approach at his shoulder, if possible Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Evolution of the Horse Parahippus & Eohippus Equus caballus Merychippus Mesohippus & Pliohippus Miohippus Domestication . Pony I . Pony II . Horse III . Horse IV Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop Basic Horse Groups . Draft . Heavy harness . Warmbloods . Light harness/saddle . Ponies Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop End of Section Equine Guelph Horse Behaviour & Safety Workshop .

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Unit-V Evolution of Horse
UNIT-V EVOLUTION OF HORSE Horses (Equus) are odd-toed hooped mammals belong- ing to the order Perissodactyla. Horse evolution is a straight line evolution and is a suitable example for orthogenesis. It started from Eocene period. The entire evolutionary sequence of horse history is recorded in North America. " Place of Origin The place of origin of horse is North America. From here, horses migrated to Europe and Asia. By the end of Pleis- tocene period, horses became extinct in the motherland (N. America). The horses now living in N. America are the de- scendants of migrants from other continents. Time of Origin The horse evolution started some 58 million years ago, m the beginning of Eocene period of Coenozoic era. The modem horse Equus originated in Pleistocene period about 2 million years ago. Evolutionary Trends The fossils of horses that lived in different periods, show that the body parts exhibited progressive changes towards a particular direction. These directional changes are called evo- lutionary trends. The evolutionary trends of horse evolution are summarized below: 1. Increase in size. 2. Increase in the length of limbs. 3. Increase in the length of the neck. 4. Increase in the length of preorbital region (face). 5. Increase in the length and size of III digit. 6. Increase in the size and complexity of brain. 7. Molarization of premolars. Olfactory bulb Hyracotherium Mesohippus Equus Fig.: Evolution of brain in horse. 8. Development of high crowns in premolars and molars. 9. Change of plantigrade gait to unguligrade gait. 10. Formation of diastema. 11. Disappearance of lateral digits.
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Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Sciences 7-2017 Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H. Nguy University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Geology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Nguy, Willow H., "Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals" (2017). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 91. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS by Willow H. Nguy A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Under the Supervision of Professor Ross Secord Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2017 MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS Willow H. Nguy, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2017 Advisor: Ross Secord Middle Miocene (18-12 Mya) mammalian faunas of the North American Great Plains contained a much higher diversity of apparent browsers than any modern biome.
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A New Species of Merychippus
A New Species of Merychippus By J. P. BUWALDA and G. E. LEWIS • A SHORTER CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 264-G Description of a new species of horse from the middle Miocene, and descriptions of three new geologic formations UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 15 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS ————— Introduction-_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 147 Witnet, Kinnick, and Bopesta formations in Tehachapi Mountains, Calif____--_____-----------_-------___------- —— - 147 Geologic occurrence of Merychippus tehachapiensis-. _________________________-_____-_______-_--.------.-.-----_------- 148 Systematic description_________________________________________________________________________________________ 148 Stratigraphic significance-_----_______________-_____-_____________________-_-_-_-__--_-------------------------- 149 Literature cited--____-__--__--_-___-__--__________-_____________________-____-________-_-_--------_----------- 150 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 12. Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis: type, CIT 4919___-_--_------_---_-_--------------_----_ 150 13. Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda and Lewis: A and B, CIT 4920; C and D, TIC 21685_________________ 151 14. Merychippus tehachapiensis Buwalda
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The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle
THE EVOLUTION OF OCCLUSAL ENAMEL COMPLEXITY IN MIDDLE MIOCENE TO RECENT EQUIDS (MAMMALIA: PERISSODACTYLA) OF NORTH AMERICA by NICHOLAS ANTHONY FAMOSO A THESIS Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2013 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Nicholas Anthony Famoso Title: The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle Miocene to Recent Equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) of North America This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Department of Geological Sciences by: Dr. Edward Davis Chair Dr. Qusheng Jin Member Dr. Stephen Frost Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2013 ii © 2013 Nicholas Anthony Famoso iii THESIS ABSTRACT Nicholas Anthony Famoso Master of Science Department of Geological Sciences June 2013 Title: The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle Miocene to Recent Equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) of North America Four groups of equids, “Anchitheriinae,” Merychippine-grade Equinae, Hipparionini, and Equini, coexisted in the middle Miocene, and only the Equini remains after 16 million years of evolution and extinction. Each group is distinct in its occlusal enamel pattern. These patterns have been compared qualitatively but rarely quantitatively. The processes controlling the evolution of these occlusal patterns have not been thoroughly investigated with respect to phylogeny, tooth position, and climate through geologic time. I investigated two methods of quantitative analysis, Occlusal Enamel Index for shape and fractal dimensionality for complexity.
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Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 124(2): 361-386. July 2018 SHANXIHIPPUS DERMATORHINUS COMB. NOV. WITH COMPARISONS TO OLD WORLD HIPPARIONS WITH SPECIALIZED NASAL APPARATI RAYMOND L. BERNOR1, SHIQI WANG 2,3, YAN LIU2, YU CHEN2 & BOYANG SUN1,2,4 1College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Evolutionary Biology, Howard University, Washington D.C. 20059. 2Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044. 3CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101. 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039. To cite this article: Bernor R.L, Wang S., Liu Y., Chen Y. & Sun B. (2018) - Shanxihippus dermatorhinus comb. nov. with comparisons to Old World hipparions with specialized nasal apparati. Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat., 124(2): 361-386. Keywords: Shanxihippus dermatorhinus; late Miocene; Phylogeny; Biogeography. Abstract. Skulls, mandibles and dentitions of a new, monospecific lineage of late Miocene Chinese hipparioni- ne horse, Shanxihippus dermatorhinus comb. nov are reported. We frame our description of this newly recognized genus with a comparison to primitive North American hipparion, Cormohipparion occidentale and Central European Hippothe- rium primigenium from the Vienna Basin and Hoewenegg, Germany. We recognize, for the first time that the Chinese early late Miocene hipparion
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Evolution of Horse
UNIT 11 EVOLUTION OF HORSE Structure____________________________________________________ 11.1 Introduction 11.3 Role of Climate in the Evolution of Horse Expected Learning Outcomes 11.4 Activity 11.2 Evolution of Horse 11.5 Summary Systematic Palaeontology 11.6 Terminal Questions Place and Time of Origin 11.7 References Major Evolutionary Transitions 11.8 Further/Suggested Readings Phylogeny of Horse 11.9 Answers 11.1 INTRODUCTION Vertebrates are a diverse group of organisms ranging from lampreys to human beings. The group includes animals with backbone, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The dinosaurs that have caught public attention by making their appearance in several films and books too are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a long geological history on the planet Earth beginning more than 500 million years (Myr) ago, starting from the Cambrian to the present. They first appeared in the fossil record during the Cambrian period of the Palaeozoic era. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles were the most dominant groups of vertebrates in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras. In the Mesozoic era, dinosaurs- a group of reptiles, and mammals made their appearance. Dinosaurs had a wide geographic distribution, being reported from all continents and were the largest animals to roam the Earth during the Mesozoic era. The mammals began to diversify only after the demise of dinosaurs at the close of the Mesozoic era at around 66 Myr ago. In the Cenozoic era, mammals rapidly occupied every niche and corner of the globe and therefore, the Cenozoic era is also known as the “Age of Mammals”. Introduction to Palaeontology Block……………………………………………………………………………………………….….............….…........ 3 Mammals of the Cenozoic era belong to three groups: placentals (that give birth to young ones), marsupials (in which an offspring after birth continues to develop within the pouch of the mother) and monotremes (egg laying mammals).
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Fossils in Oregon: a Collection of Reprints
BULLETIN 92 FOSSILS IN OREGON A.: C.P L l EC T1 0 N 0 F R-EPR l N T S F..«OM lft� Ol£ Bl N STATE OF OREGON DE PARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1069 State Office Building, Portland, Oregon 97201 BULLETIN 92 FOSSILS IN OREGON A COLLECTION OF REPRINTS FROM THE ORE BIN Margaret L. Steere, Editor 1977 GOVERNING BOARD R . W. deWeese, Chairman Portland STATE GEOLOGIST Leeanne Mac Co 11 Portland Ralph S. Mason Robert W. Doty Talent PALEONTOLOGICAL TIME CHART FOR OREGON ERA I PERIOD EPOCH CHARACTERISTIC PLANTS AND ANIMALS AGE* HOLOCENE Plant and animal remains: unfossilized. ".11- Mastodons and giant beavers in Willamette Valley. PLEISTOCENE Camels and horses in grasslands east of Cascade Range. >- Fresh-water fish in pl�vial lakes of south-central Oregon. <("" z: ?-3- LU"" Sea shell animals along Curry County coast. >-- <( Horses, camels, antelopes, bears, and mastodons in grass- ::::> 0' PLIOCENE lands and swamps east of Cascade Range. Oaks, maples, willows in Sandy River valley and rhe Dalles area. 12- Sea shell animals, fish, whales, sea lions in coastal bays. Horses ( Merychippus ) , camels, Creodonts, rodents in John u MIOCENE Day valley. � 0 Forests of Metasequoia, ginkgo, sycamore, oak, and sweet N 0 gum in eastern and western Oregon. z: LU u 26- Abundant and varied shell animals in warm seas occupying Willamette Valley. >- "" OLIGOCENE Three-toed horses, camels, giant pigs, saber-tooth cats, Creodonts, tapirs, rhinos in centra Oregon. ;:;>-- 1 Forests of Metasequoia, ginkgo, sycamore, Katsura. LU"" >-- 37- Tiny four-toed horses, rhinos, tapirs, crocodiles, and Brontotherium in central Oregon.
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Paleontological Resource Inventory and Monitoring, Upper Columbia Basin Network
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Upper Columbia Basin Network Paleontological Resource Inventory and Monitoring UPPER COLUMBIA BASIN NETWORK Paleontological Resource Inventory and Monitoring \ UPPER COLUMBIA BASIN NETWORK Jason P. Kenworthy Inventory and Monitoring Contractor George Washington Memorial Parkway Vincent L. Santucci Chief Ranger George Washington Memorial Parkway Michaleen McNerney Paleontological Intern Seattle, WA Kathryn Snell Paleontological Intern Seattle, WA August 2005 National Park Service, TIC #D-259 NOTE: This report provides baseline paleontological resource data to National Park Service administration and resource management staff. The report contains information regarding the location of non-renewable paleontological resources within NPS units. It is not intended for distribution to the general public. On the Cover: Well-preserved skull of the “Hagerman Horse”, Equus simplicidens , from Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument. Equus simplicidens is the earliest, most primitive known representative of the modern horse genus Equus and the state fossil of Idaho. For more information, see page 17. Photo: NPS/Smithsonian Institution. How to cite this document: Kenworthy, J.P., V. L. Santucci, M. McNerney, and K. Snell. 2005. Paleontological Resource Inventory and Monitoring, Upper Columbia Basin Network. National Park Service TIC# D-259. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................1
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Order PERISSODACTYLA – Equids, Rhinoceroses, Tapirs
Order PERISSODACTYLA Order PERISSODACTYLA – Equids, Rhinoceroses, Tapirs Perissodactyla Owen, 1848. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 4: 103–141. Upper toothrows in altungulate Radinskya (late Paleocene) and Hyracotherium (Eocene). Tentative phylogenetic tree of Perissodactyla after Beninda-Emonds, 2007. Equidae (1 genus, 4 species) Asses, Zebras p. xx Rhinocerotidae (2 genera, 2 Rhinoceroses p. xx for true horses. North America became the centre of evolution of species) true horses, which occasionally migrated to other continents. The The perissodactyls are the order of herbivorous ‘odd-toed’ hoofed descendants of Protorohippus (once called Hyracotherium; Froehlich mammals that includes the living horses, zebras, asses, tapirs, 2002) evolved into many different lineages living side by side. The rhinoceroses and their extinct relatives. They were originally named collie-sized three-toed horses Mesohippus and Miohippus (from beds by Richard Owen (1848) as a group including horses, rhinos, tapirs dated about 30–37 mya) were once believed to be sequential segments and hyraxes, although no recent authors have accepted the inclusion on the unbranched trunk of the horse evolutionary tree. However, of hyraxes in Perissodactyla. Perissodactyls are recognized by a number they coexisted for millions of years, with five different species of two of unique specializations (Hooker 2005), but their single most diagnostic genera living at the same time and place. From Miohippus-like ancestors, feature is the structure of their feet. Most perissodactyls have either horses diversified into many different ecological niches. One major one or three toes on each foot, and the axis of symmetry of the foot lineage, the anchitherines, retained low-crowned teeth, presumably runs through the middle digit.
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SAMPLE of Diploma in Instincts and Behaviour
HORSES & COURSES EQUINE OWNERS DIPLOMA SAMPLE PAGES EQUINE INSTINCTS & BEHAVIOUR SAMPLE PAGES DIPLOMA IN INSTINCTS AND BEHAVIOUR © Horses & Courses Ltd 2012 We offer a reward system for the report of illegal copies. CALL 0845 6804528 to report any incident. WELCOME TO THE DIPLOMA IN EQUINE INSTINCTS AND BEHAVIOUR HELP AND GUIDANCE This workpack has been designed to be worked through in your own timescale. The self-study exercises at the end of each session link to the assignment that accompanies this unit. THE SELF STUDY EXERCISES DO NOT NEED TO BE RETURNED FOR MARKING. They are designed to help your learning and will reduce your final assignment workload if you complete them. On completion of your studies complete the enclosed course assignment and return this to the office for marking by post or via e-mail at [email protected]. If you get into any problems do refer to THE HORSES & COURSES STUDY GUIDE or contact the Student Support office on 01727 751133. We hope that you will enjoy studying this course and that you will find lots of interesting This unit contains 8 sessions, each of which should take approximately 3 hours of study After studying this unit you should: Be aware of the evolutionary process and how it has effected the horse.. Have an awareness of Innate and Adaptive Behaviour Build an understanding of Behavioural Theory Be aware of the value of equine behaviour. Key Symbols Throughout the unit you will come across the following symbols This highlights practical or key This symbol denotes a aspects of the session self study activity.
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2010 Senior Written Exam
NAME: ______________________________ PARTICIPANT NUMBER:______________ 2010 Senior Hippology Exam KEY Carefully read each of the following questions and enter the correct answer on your scantron sheet. Please completely fill in the space of your preferred answer on your scantron and circle your answer on this exam using a No. 2 pencil. Please make sure YOUR NAME and PARTICIPANT NUMBER are bubbled in correctly on your scantron and written on this exam. Good luck! EXAM I 51. What is the first step in treating an abscess? a. soak the area in epsom salt b. give bute c. open the affected area and allow it to drain d. antibiotics 52. The horse's field of binocular vision is: a. approximately 95 degrees. b. approximately 20 degrees. c. approximately 80 degrees. d. approximately 65 degrees. 53. Grulla horses are a sub-group of: a. palominos b. dun-colored horses c. buckskins d. black horses 54. What glands lubricate the eye? a. superior and posterior lacrimal glands b. anterior and posterior lacrimal glands c. superior and inferior lacrimal glands d. inferior and anterior lacrimal glands 55. The scientific classification of the domestic ass is ___________________. a. Equus domesticus b. Equus callabus c. Equus donkeas d. Equus asinus 56. Which one of these gaits is not a "single-foot" gait? a. rack b. slow gait c. walk d. fox trot 57. Regarding coat color, black pigmented colors include all of these, EXCEPT: a. red dun b. black c. brown d. grulla 58. Two bits are used in a full or Weymouth bridle. What is the small snaffle bit in this bridle called? a.
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Evolution of Horse
EVOLUTION OF HORSE Horses are one of the oldest forms of mammals. Evolution of horse dates back to Eocene epoch, more million than 50 million years ago. Primary centre of evolution were Great Plains of North America, from where species migrated to Europe and Asia from time to time. Horses became extinct in North America by the end of Pleistocene epoch but their offshoots in Europe and Asia flourished. Evolution of horse was triggered by a change in the climate and vegetation during lower coenozoic period, when grasslands in most parts of the world replaced forests. The main modifications in the body of horses can be outlined as follows: · 1. Increase in the size and height of the body from a small, rabbit-like animal to 6 feet tall grassland animal. 2. Gradual enlargement and better development of the third digit (median digit) and reduction of the other lateral digits. 3. Lengthening of the limbs and perfection of the hoof for fast running in open grasslands. 4. Reduction of ulna bone in the fore leg and fibula in the hind leg and strengthening of radius and tibia. 5. Change from digitigrade to unguligrade locomotion for fast running. 6. Elongation of the preorbital or facial region of the skull and migration of eyes to the top of head. 7. Modification of teeth from brachydont (low-crowned) to hypsodont (high crowned) to withstand tougher food (grass). 8. Increase in the size and complexity of the brain for superior intelligence. 9. Reduction in pectoral girdle and disappearance of the weak clavicle. 10. Body became streamlined, muscles tight, without loose fat, for long and sustained running.
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