SOCIETY fflC IJ0URNAL VOLUME VI, NUMBER 1 APRIL 1982

GENERAL JOHN THAYER GENERAL JAMES BLUNT

GENERAL CYRUS BUSSEY

GENERAL JOHN McNEIL GENERAL JOHN EDWARDS J0URNAL EDITORS: Amelia Martin Carolyn Pollan INQUIRIES EDITOR: CONTENTS Leonna Belle Cotner ORAL HISTORY EDITOR: Missy Cole Carroll VOL. VI, NO. 1 APRIL, 1982 GUEST WRITERS: Rev. Tom Newton PROOF READERS: Fort Smith Under Union Military Rule, Mary Nell Euper September 1, 1863 - Fall, 1865 2 Rosalie Platt Donald Peer First Baptist Church 34 Carolyn Peer Confederate Veterans Buried by PHOTOGRAPHIC STAFF Fentress Mortuary 1909 - 1934 41 Gerald Shepard David King News and Opportunities - Bradley Martin April - August, 1982 44 OFFICE MANAGER and INDEXING: Phil Miller Book Notes and Aldridge Family 48 MAILING: Contents, Past Issues of The Journal 49 Thelma Black 1882 News 50 Velma Barber Frank Jedlicka Index 62 BOARD AND OFFICERS: Amelia Martin, Pres. Thelma Wray, V.P. COVER: Sue McCain, Sec. & Treas. The five Union Generals, who had the responsibility for the Fort Leonna Belle Cotner, Cor. Sec. Smith Post from September 1, 1863 to September 21,1865. Top right, Carolyn Pollan (clockwise) is General James Blunt (Picture courtesy Historical Association); General John Edwards (Picture courtesy Nick Kelly Arkansas History Commission); General John McNeil (Picture Arlie Metheny courtesy Arkansas History Commission); General John Thayer Jimmie Delle Caldwell (Picture courtesy Arkansas Historical Association). Center picture is Robert Johnson General Cyrus Bussey (Picture courtesy Arkansas History Richard Sugg Commission). Mary Nell Euper Rosalie Platt Membership in the Fort Smith Historical ©Copyright 1982 Society includes subscription to The By the Fort Smith Historical Society, Inc. Journal of the Fort Smith Historical 61 South 8th Street Society, which is published semi-annually. Fort Smith, Arkansas 72901 Year begins Jan. 1 and ends Dec. 31. For membership, send dues with your CHANGE OF ADDRESS: name and mailing address to: Change of Address Cards are free at your post office. If you move, The Fort Smith Historical Society, Inc. please fill one out and send it to: Fort Smith Historical Society, 61 61 South 8th Street South 8th Street, Fort Smith, Arkansas 72901. Fort Smith, Arkansas 72901 Types of memberships: Annual $ 10.00 The Fort Smith Historical Society, Inc. is a non-profit organization Annual Contributing 20.00 under Sec. 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. Gifts and Annual Sustaining 50.00 legacies are deductible. Life (Individual) 100.00 Journal Back Issues .... Ea. copy 5.00 No portion of this publication may be reproduced in any form, except We welcome the loan of Fort Smith for brief excerpts for review purposes, without the consent of the historical material and will return promptly. Editors of THE JOURNAL. 1 FORT SMITH UNDER UNION MILITARY RULE SEPTEMBER 1,1863 • FALL, 1865

by Representative Carolyn Pollan

Prologue from writer:

This has been a very painful story for me to privateers to plunder unarmed ships, expelled write. War fought on the grounds one walks on Union families by the thousands, burned their everyday for reasons that the Great Rebellion was houses. . ." fought, seems to not only have been useless but so God help any of us, that our history would ever very ridiculous. I have always, because I was born again record bearing arms against our America and raised in the South, seen myself as a because of blindness to another human's rights! Confederate heroine (probably with the help of Gone with the Wind). After doing the research for This story is bringing out an unheralded fact of this period of history in Fort Smith, Arkansas, I no history: that Fort Smith had the honor of being the longer feel the same about the 'Southern Cause'. first city to host a meeting of patriots who wanted to Because I have felt remnants of Civil War bitterness bring their state back into the during in certain parts of our society in Arkansas, thisstory the Civil War. piecing together what we might have felt had we I want to give special thanks to many who helped lived in Fort Smith during Union Military in piecing this story together. First and long occupation, has long fascinated me. departed, Valentine Dell, the Editor of the Union However one looks at the history of the Civil War, paper, The New Era, who with the eyes of an one has to come back to the fact that it began under historian knew we would be interested in what President Buchanan on December 27, 1860, in happened in Fort Smith during the Civil War and South Carolina and it took many treasonous acts wrote for this paper accordingly. Then to Edwin C. including the seizure of the Little Rock Arsenal by Bearss, now the National Historian of the National Arkansas State troops, February 2, 1861, to the Park Service. His series of articles in the Arkansas bombardment and seizure of Fort Sumter on April Historical Quarterly about Fort Smith and the Indian 14, for President Lincoln to issue the first call to put Territory during the Civil War are treasures for down the rebellion in the United States. researchers. To my secretary, Wilma Jameson, who patiently went through five drafts of this story with And so, a nation was plunged into a dark, cruel me and my indecipherable handwriting. To the war by those, as General Sherman said "who dared librarians at the Fort Smith Library, Arkansas and badgered us to battle, insulted our flag, seized Historical Society and Arkansas History our arsenals and forts, . turned loose their Commission, my thanks for help when I needed it.

Carolyn Pollan BLUNT REGROUPS TO CARRY THE WAR TO NATION

xJULY 22, - AUGUST SCALE

RIVERS *=&=^ TOWNS STREAMS — E^&ft&EMENTS PRINCIPAL ROADS --^--- HEAD9UARTtRS TROOP MOVEMENTS CONFEDERATE

Map Courtesy Edwin C. Bearss and the Arkansas Historical Association.

3 FORT SMITH: CRADLE OF THE FIRST SOUTHERN FREE STATE

Fort Smith was a beacon of light for the freedom troops from the San Bois in to guard of all men during the dark Civil War years. The city Fort Smith from attack by the Federals. All total deserves a place of honor that has heretofore not there were approximately nine thousand Confeder- been bestowed on it in the history of the United ate troops in the Indian Territory and Fort Smith, led States of America. by Generals Steele, Cabell, Douglas, Cooper and It was in Fort Smith, October 30,1863, that the first Stand Watie.5 meeting was held in any seceded Confederate state As ordered, Cabell moved his troops to the Poteau to attempt to bring that revolting state back to the nine miles southwest of Fort Smith and began union.1 blocking the roads to the fort. Ordinance stores of This mass meeting of Union Sympathizers from all kinds, along with quartermaster and commissary twenty Arkansas counties took place after Fort supplies were loaded in ox-drawn wagons ready to Smith was recaptured2 by Union troops, September be moved from the fort. On the 31st of August, 1, 1863.3 information led Cabell to abandon the fort. The The story of the capture of Fort Smith started retreating supplies were sent down the south road several weeks earlier in August, 1863. across the Devil's Backbone towards Waldron. At 9 For the Union side with four thousand troops, P.M., the same day the retreat was given by Cabell General James G. Blunt and his Army of the and the remaining troops deserted Fort Smith. Upon Frontier had been at Fort Gibson since early June. fording the Poteau River, early in the morning of In late August, dashing William Cloud left September 1st, General Blunt discovered a great Fayetteville with fifteen hundred light artillery deal of troop movement by the tracks which were troops and met with Blunt.4 left by the retreating army. The 2nd , the 5th On the Confederate side, General William L. Missouri State Militia Cavalry, and Colonel Cloud's Cabell had been directed by his superior General 2nd Kansas "flying column" were sent to try to catch William Steele on August 19th to move Cabell's up with Cabell's troops.6

The Fort Smith New Era, February 27, 1864. of the State of Arkansas from the Federal 8 Union." Strong opposition prevailed. But after ten days of friction 'ibid, November 10,1863. Much of the recorded Information we there was a compromise with a decision to have a statewide vote have on this period in Fort Smith is from the New Era. When Fort In August on secession. The convention adjourned March 21. On Smith fell back to the United States, one of the first things that April 12, Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard took place was an attempt to print a newspaper to give the United successfully attacked.Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina States point of view. For two years, the only newspapers allowed and Lincoln called for 780 Union volunteers from Arkansas. to be printed and circulated in the Fort Smith area, were those Governor Henry Rector refused Lincoln's request and began with a Confederate viewpoint. Valentine Dell, a loyal Union man negotiating with Confederate officers without reconvening the who had continued to live in Fort Smith under Rebel rule, felt It state convention. Governor Rector allowed the Confederacy to was his duty to see that the Union's viewpoint was printed - - post troops near Helena, Arkansas to hinder Union movement on never mind there was no newsprint available to do so. Mr. Dell the . Governor Rector further committed treason obtained from a 'patriotic friend' copies of Washington's Farewell against the United States by sending three hundred militia troops Address which had been printed and circulated at the beginning from Little Rock and one company from Van Buren to capture the of the war as a last ditch effort to turn Fort Smith Rebel Federal Post of Fort Smith. The small group of Union Cavalry sympathizers to the Federal viewpoint. The backs of these troops at Fort Smith departed and left the fort In charge of Major circulars were used to get out the first Issue of The New Era, Richard Gatlln shortly before the state militia arrived. On May 6, Octobers, 1863, so called for "a new era Is Indeed dawning upon 1861, the state convention returned to Little Rock. The the people." Mr. Dell was a school master not an editor. He used convention acting in a self-ordained executive and legislative the printing press that had been used for insurrectury news by capacity bypassed the vote of the people and passed an Wheeler's paper, Fort Smith Times and Herald and it was moved ordinance to "declare and ordain the Union now existing to Mulberry Street (North B) and Washington Street (North 2nd). between the State of Arkansas and other states under the name of 2Scrogg, Jack B., Arkansas in the Secession Crisis The Arkansas the United States of America forever dissolved." The Ordinance Historical Quarterly Vo. XII, No. 3 Autumn 1953. Woosten, Ralph, of Secession further declared that the state resume all the power Arkansas Secession Convenf/on.The Arkansas Historical which had hitherto been delegated to the central government, Quarterly Vol. XIII, No. 2, Summer 1954. and that Arkansas was in full possession and exercise of all the Events In Arkansas leading up to the capture of Fort Smith rights and sovereignty which apply to a free and Independent Include: a statewide vote February 18,1861, to decide whether to state. A final vote of 69-1 left Isaac Murphy of Madison County have a convention to discuss secession. Delegates classified as alone in his stand against "the untold events that would assuredly Unionists received 23,626 votes and secessionist candidates follow In the train of secession." received 17,927 votes. The majority of the Unionists candidates 3The Fort Smith New Era, November 10, 1863. were from the more populous counties in the Northwest and the 4 majority of the secessionist candidates from the Southern cotton Bearss, Edwin C., The Federals Capture Fort Smith, 1863 The producing counties. Debate began March 4,1861, In Little Rock. Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII, No. 2, Summer, 1969, Unionist Judge David Walhan from Washington County was 156-157. s elected President of the convention. On the second day of the lbld, 171-174 convention a resolution was Introduced to bring about "an •Ibid, 175-186 BLUNT CAPTURES FORT SMITH

RIVERS *=*=*-* POPULATED TUKKS ™ STREAMS —-— f*6A«MENrS P«HKH»AL ROADS —- MOUNTAINS TROOP MOVEMENTS

Map Courtesy Edwin C. Bearss and the Arkansas Historical Association.

5 General Blunt came into Fort Smith and with the 1st Arkansas Union Infantry took the city without a shot. The stars and stripes were raised in the Garrison for the first time since April 23, 1861.7 Colonel Cloud's troops raced on toward Waldron and clashed with General Cabell's troops. There was a running battle at the foot of the Devil's Backbone in south Sebastian County. That same day, Cabell was finally able to get his troops and supplies across the Devil's Backbone and on to Waldron. Colonel Cloud came back into FortSmith, September 2nd, with thirty prisoners.8 Colonel Cloud was put in charge of the fort as soon as he returned from the foray as General Blunt was too ill to command due to a reoccuring fever.9 Lieutenant Colonel E. J. Searle was name Provost Marshal.10 There was a great deal of emotion as Fort Smith Union citizens welcome the soldiers and the return of "the glorious emblem of Freedom, Humanity and Confederate General William Steele Courtesy Arkansas Historical Association

Confederate General William L. Cabell Lt. Col. E. J. Searles Courtesy Arkansas History Commission Courtesy Illinois Historical Association

7lbld, 186 10, 1865, he decided to stay In Fort Smith and entered law practice. He was commissioned Prosecuting Attorney for the •Ibid, 187-189 ninth Judicial Court of Arkansas and United States •Ibid, 189 Commissioner for the Western District of Arkansas. He was "The Fort Smith New Era, November 14, 1863. Family History: appointed as Circuit Judge of the ninth Judicial District and In Elhanan J. Searle Is the great-great-uncle of George A. Pollan, 1868 was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the author's husband. Lt. Col. Searle was In the law offices of Arkansas. Searle served on the State Board of Education and was while studying for his law degree. He entered a trustee of the University of Arkansas from Its beginning In 1871- the as a private In Company H, 10th Illinois Volunteer 1875 and was Instrumental In putting together the plan of Cavalry and rose to rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He took part In organization and Instruction for the University. He moved back to the battle of Cane Hill, Prairie Grove, Fayettevllle, Perryvllle, Illinois In 1875 and practiced law and died August 18, 1906, In Indian Territory, Camden and Jenkins Ferry. Colonel Johnson Rock Island, Illinois: Mary N. Speakman, Certified Genealogist, asked Searle to help him recruit the first Arkansas Volunteer Arlington, ; The University of Arkansas Special Cavalry and he also assisted In recruiting the Arkansas second Collections: Reynolds, John Hugh and Thomas, David Yancery, and fourth Volunteer Cavalry regiments. Upon discharge August History of the University of Arkansas, 1910, 414-416. Justice proudly floating from the flagstaff, where two years, thousands of Union families of the but yesterday was disgraced by the display of the border slave states had been driven from their ensign of foul treason."11 It was evident the homes. Friends were murdered and thousands Confederate flag was despised by the Union more were dragged from their homes and were population that had remained in Fort Smith under compelled to fight for a cause they did not agree occupation. with.17 Union troops were put in encampments in and Resolutions adopted at the Fort Smith meeting around the city of Fort Smith. No officer or soldier were: (1) to prosecute any rebels still in arms against was allowed to be in the town without a written the United States; (2) support the Administration in 12 pass. all of its past and present efforts to suppress the The general populace of Fort Smith was in existing rebellion; (3) a state convention should be shambles. Everyone had dug deep to come up with held in Little Rock to reorganize state government; supplies that were needed by the Confederate Army (4) all laws establishing or perpetuating the during the proceeding years. Commerce had institution of slavery should be abolished; (5) none essentially stopped and those who were left on the but "Unconditional Union" men be allowed to vote homeplace and in the stores, were holding things at any election; (6) cooperation with all together by shreds.13 "Unconditional Union" men in establishing law and "Mountain Feds", who were Federal Arkansans order to the State of Arkansas; (7) and that other who had fled to the mountains rather than serve in counties be invited to cooperate in adopting similar the Rebel army, came pouring into Fort Smith. resolutions. Those present at the meeting Union men had been forcibly conscripted into the unanimously nominated Colonel James M. Confederate Army, deserted that army and came to Johnson of Madison County, Commander of the 1st the fort.14 Arkansas Infantry, as a candidate to represent Western Arkansas in the United States Congress.18 Other events in Arkansas were considerably improving for the Union cause. Helena, on the Other meetings in several counties followed the Mississippi river, had fallen into Federal hands precedent setting meeting in Fort Smith. Union earlier. Union forces led by Major General Frederick representatives for five to ten counties would Steele marched into Little Rock September 10,1863. gather in one county for a mass meeting and pass resolutions showing their intent to be reunited with This left the Confederates with authority only in 19 effect in an area south of the Arkansas river and west the United States. of the Saline river.15 Some areas were not as successful as Fort Smith As skirmishes were taking place in the captured had been in it's "Cradle of the First Southern Free areas, a recuperated General James Blunt, began State" meeting. Scheming politicians and supporting Northwest Arkansas Union sentiment Confederate sympathizers frequently harassed the for immediate reconstruction of government. In a Unionists at the meetings, especially at placesclose 20 speech he promised the protection by Federal to Arkansas counties still in Confederate hands. troops to citizens who stopped fighting the United In mid-September, General Blunt turned over States and began working for a civil government command of the Fort Smith post to Colonel James reorganization loyal to the Union. The words of M. Johnson of the 1st Arkansas Union Infantry. General Blunt gave added steam to the strong General Blunt then went to Fort Scott, Kansas for 16 Northwest Arkansas movement of reunion. supplies.21 Following this, the historic "Cradle of the First While Blunt was away from his command in Southern Free State" meeting held in Fort Smith Kansas, he had his command taken from him. For October 30, 1863, was emotionally a very stirring some time, Blunt's superior, General Schofield, time for the Unionists from twenty counties. For Commander of the Department of Missouri, had

"The Fort Smith New Era, September 2, 1865 16lbid, 38-39 12 op. cit.,Bearss, Edwin C., The Federals Capture Fort Smith, 1863, 17The Fort Smith New Era. November 10, 1863. 189 '"Ibid, November 10, 1863 "The Fort Smith New Era, December 12, 1863. 19 14 lbid, December-January 1863-1864 Bearss, Edwin C., The Confederate Attempt to Regain Fort Smith, 20op. cit. 39 1863, The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXVIII, No. 4, Winter 21 1969, 345. op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., The Confederate Attempt to Regain Fort Smith. 1863. 365 15Cowen, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal Arkansas, The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, Summer 1959, 33-35. been alleging that Blunt's staff was guilty of gross Fort Smith October 30th. He formally assumed frauds and corruption along with troop command of the post on November 2nd after he demoralization. General Schofield finally asked 22 took a good look around the post and listened to President Lincoln to relieve Blunt of his duties. reports of the enemy's activities.24 The President studied the allegations for several weeks. General Schofield had no solid proof of Naturally, Blunt was upset by all of this and more than a little angry. He may or may not have wrong doing and it took considerable prodding deliberately misconstrued his orders on what to do from him before the President relieved General next, for it was intended that he go to Fort Blunt of his District of the Frontier command at Fort Leavenworth.25 What he did, instead, was to Smith.23 accompany an immense supply train into Fort Smith On October 24, Brigadier General John McNeil November 13. The train had government supplies, was named as Blunt's replacement and he arrived in paymaster trains, Indian and sutler goods. He and General McNeil were cordial, at least on the surface. It was reported that his stay would be brief,26 but it lingered into January.27 GRAND BALL! General Orders #2 from the post came on November 7th. General McNeil was incensed about 'irregularities' concerning horses. The orders mandated a permit was needed to buy and sell horses and there was a strong statement of intent to treat anyone as a bushwacker who stole forage.28 General Orders #3, also November 7th, directed officers to report the exact supply and caliber of ammunition they had on hand. It appeared that G-EjST'S BLUNT & McNEIL. records were very sketchy and headquarters did not have a complete roster. Commanding officers were ordered to have regular Sunday morning L; inspections of ammunition and then to have target practice and record the three best shots in the MONDAY KV NOV. loth, iso;i. company. In addition, they were told to quit shooting just to be shooting. It was scandalous to AI:ij. Gen. BLUXT. Lieut. Col. BAsSETT, the Commander that ammunition was being Brig. Gen. McXEIL. Major SULLIVAX, 29 Col. CLOUD, WOODWORTH, wasted! ol. BOWEX. SCIIROELIXG, .1. EDWARDS, WARD, .1. WILLIAMS, SMITH. There had been FortSmith citizenstaken prisoner apt. WAI. THOLEX, AXDKRSOX, dipt. H. G. LORIXG, CALKIXS, as the rebels fled from Fort Smith in late August. In C:ipt. UASKELL, Lieut. TAPPAX. early November they began making their way back i >5 ?J&n-j r£2 o? to town, much to the relief of their families. The Col. GRIFFITH, J. S. BOSTICK, G. J. LEWIS. Dr. BOMFORD, prisoners had been taken to Boggy Depot, one ?LOOfl hundred fifty miles to the Southwest in Indian C;i[,t. KIXTER, Capt. XE W.MAX, Lieut. TATUM, Lieut. WHICHER. Territory. This was on the road to Texas and was a Slipper will be prepared by Dickersou of the Cosmopolitan. favorite Rebel gathering place.30 Daily, refugees arrived in Fort Smith from the surrounding areas were fleeing from bushwackers who were burning out and robbing Union sympathizers. Refugees coming into the fort had Courtesy Arkansas History Commission

22op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., The Confederate Attempt to Regain the army stationed in Fort Smith during the Civil War had to have Fort Smith, 1863, 366-368 adequate food for it's horses, mules and oxen. With so many "Ibid, 368 troops near the city, forage units had to be dispatched long distances. This took a lot of manpower away from soldiering. The 24lbid, 369 problem that the Union Army encountered from September, "Ibid 1863, to the end of the war in bringing in supplies, hinged in a 26The Fort Smith New Era, November 14, 1863 large measure on how much forage was available between Fort 27lbid, January 16, 1864 Smith and Fort Scott at any one given time. 29 28As an army runs on it's stomach, so did the army's The Fort Smith New Era, November 10, 1863 transportation. Where modern armies need supplies of gasoline 30lbid 31 their care taken over by the government. only loyal and good faith citizens could trade and sales had to be reasonable prices with lawful General Orders #4, issued November 14th, began currency. Any property previously confiscated had to give instructions for everyday life between Union 35 to be reported. forces and the general populace. Churches, schools, academies, and colleges were not to be Hotel accomodations were not to be found in the town of Fort Smith and space was desperately used for hospitals or other military purposes unless needed for officers and others connected with the there was an emergency. All such buildings occupied as barracks, hospitals, or storerooms had army. Marriages, as might be expected, rapidly took place between soldiers and town girls.36 to request a permit. The owners had to pledgefuture loyalty to the United States and declare that open or HARD FEELINGS IN FORT SMITH covert treason would not be taught behind its walls. At the same time, Genera! Orders #5 gave orders for soldiers not to occupy houses if camp equipment Hard feelings over past happenings in Fort Smith was available.32 Soldiers were told they had no right during Rebel occupation were evident. The to question the loyalty of any citizen. Post command population continued to talk about two United orders #4 came down particularly hard on officers States Officers, Captain M. Hart and Lieutenant who let their men straggle away from a detail which Hays. The two Texas Union officers were going allowed the straggler to do some pillaging on his back to Texas for recruits, when they were caught own. Officers were told to have rations when they and hung and buried under the gnarled old oak at left the post.33 the garrison in January, 1863. The complaint was that they were treated like felons instead of like the These orders were very important for the Union soldiers they were.37 side to help tear down the stereotyped conception of the Union Army which had been cultivated by the Stage lines were running twice a day between Fort Confederates. The Confederates were telling the Smith and Van Buren. They left the Fort Smith Post Office at 9 A.M. and 2:00 P.M. and Bostick Hotel in populace that the Federals would destroy their 38 homes and were nothing morethan jayhawkers who Van Buren at 10:30 A.M. and 4:00 P.M. did not regard the rights of citizens and property. A booming cannon awoke everyone December Furthermore, the Union side was faced with the 7th, 1863, for a celebration. The celebration Confederate side carrying out a better propaganda commemorated the Battle of PrairieGrovefoughton campaign declaring that reconstruction meant December 7, 1862. The was subjugation for the South. Subjugation was said to also commemorated. As part of the celebration of consist of slavery for all white, inter-marriage the , The New Era printed in between whites and blacks, and the conscription of full, Lincoln's Address, given at the Battle of all Southern males into an army for the purpose of Gettysburg commemoration, which began "Four invading Latin America.34 score and seven years ago, our fathers established upon this continent a government subscribed in Lieutenant Colonel Searle left his post as Provost liberty and dedicated to the fundamental principles Marshal to organize the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry at that all men are created equal by a good God." The Dardanelle and Major E. A. Calkins of the 3rd paper labeled the speech a terse and characteristic Wisconsin Cavalry Volunteers, who had been with 39 one by Lincoln. General Blunt throughout his campaigns, took Colonel Searle's place in mid-November. Major After seeing nothing but greycoats in parade for several years, many a tear was shed in watching the Calkins wasted no time in issuing orders from the 40 Headquarters of the District of the Frontier, a new ceremony of blue coats. designation for Fort Smith. His orders concerning The Battle of Prairie Grove was still a vivid trade and property, stated: sale of firearms and memory for those living in Fort Smith. Rebel ammunition, except to army officerswas prohibited; General Thomas Hindman ran South to Van Buren no known Rebel could sell cotton, cattle, horses or from the Prairie Grove battlefield in the dead of breadstuffs; no payment of gold or silver was night. He accomplished this by wrapping blankets allowed inasectionthatwasstill under insurrection; from his soldiers around the wheels of the wagons

31 lbid 36lbid, November 28, 1863 "Ibid, November 10, 1863 37lbid, December 5, 1863; Sawyer, William E. The Martin Hart "Ibid, December 19, 1863 Conspiracy. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXIII, ^Smith, Robert F. The Confederate Attempt to Counteract Summer 1964, 154-165 Reunion Propaganda in Arkansas: 1863-1865, The Arkansas 38The Fort Smith New Era. December 5, 1863 Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVI, No. 1, Spring 1957, 54-62 39lbid, December 12, 1863 35 The Fort Smith New Era. November 21, 1863 40lbid to muffle the sound. The blankets were destroyed Ten thousand troops around Fort Smith posed no and carpets were taken from Fort Smith and Van little problem in furnishing supplies. One thousand Buren homes to replace those blankets.41 cords of wood and fifty thousand bushels of corn were among items needed to supply the army in one order.43 Staff personal changed fairly often, as different troops came and went during the Union occupation of the fort. General Orders #14 said that commanding officers of brigades could not make personal escorts out of companies of squadrons and the term "body guard" could not be used within the Frontier District because it was "vulgar, snobbish and unbecoming asoldier."44 Fort Smith, with it's First Mass Meeting45 of Western Arkansas, had led the way in getting Arkansas back into the Union. In the first part of December, 1863, an Unconditional Union Mass Meeting was held at Dardanelle with citizens from Yell, Pope, Johnson, Scott, Perry and Conway counties endorsing and adopting the platform and resolutions of the Fort Smith meeting. Additionally they asked for a return of state law and order. To accomplish that, they asked for an appointment of a Provisional Governor.46 Another Mass Meeting was held about the same time at Benton, Saline County, with representatives from Clark, Sevier, Pike, Garland, and Montgomery counties present.47 At a Mass Meeting held in Fort Smith December 17th, the need for the appointment of Judge Isaac Murphy 48 Confederate General Thomas Hindman was unanimously echoed. In mid-December, Colonel J. M. Johnson, Because of bad weather, part of the Prairie Grove candidate for United States Congress in the Battle celebration waited to take place'on December Western District, was finally declared winner by 9th. It turned out to be a May-like day. Fort Smith receiving at least 1/1 Oth of the eligible votes that had and Van Buren troops, about ten thousand in all, been cast in the 1860 Presidential election. This was were reviewed. Citizen's from near and far were the number that President Lincoln had settled on as present for the occasion. The troops were in sufficient to declare a Congressional member of an encampments all around Fort Smith stretching to insurgent state back into Congressional graces. Van Buren. The ceremony took place on the race Colonel Johnson obtained a leave of absence from track about noon and the troops started their the 1st Arkansas Infantry, which he had formed, and traveled to Washington to claim his seat in position just below the Elias Rector mansion. The 49 review began with the Infantry of the 18th , 1st Congress. Unfortunately, Congressdidn'tfeelthat Kansas and 2nd Kansas Colored and 6th Kansas; Arkansas was "redeemed" and would not seat Arkansas' Congressional delegation as President Artillery was represented by the 2nd Kansas and 3rd 50 Kansas Batteries; Cavalry had the 3rd Wisconsin Lincoln had recommended. and 14th Kansas. There was athirteen gun salute for Post Commander Orders #4 came down hard on Major General James Blunt and Brigadier General those officers who were allowing soldiers to pillage John McNeil and their staffs.42 and plunder. They were also told they had no

41 lbid union. By 1864 there were probably a million members all over 42lbid, December 12, 1863 , The location was near Grand Ave. the United States who were fierce supporters of the Union of and North O and N. 41st St. States. The Fort Smith Council was Arkansas Council #1. 46 43lbid, December 19, 1863 lbid, January 4, 1864 47 44lbid, December 12, 1863 lbid, January 4, 1864 48 45These Mass Meetings were held under the auspices of the lbid, December 19, 1863 of America. The League was first started by Union 49op. cit., Cowan, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal patriots who gathered in caves of the mountains Arkansas. 51 around their countries flag and plotted to regain their state for the 50The Fort Smith New Era, December 19, 1863 10 authority to question the loyalty of citizens. Orders deaths were reported. On the 29th, Major Gibson said to make sure men had rations when they left was killed three miles from Waldron by the 2nd camp so that there would be no excuse to take food Kansas Infantry, nine Rebels were wounded and six from citizens.51 Federals wounded.54 Those citizens in the population who had friends New Year's eve heralded the beginning of snow or loved ones in the Confederate Army were able to that was to stay on the ground for three weeks.55 It get their mail under the Flag of Truce. The mail was was 12° below zero and scarcely got above zero for picked up at the Provost Marshal's Office.52 days on end. The damage to fruit trees was There were many people still in Fort Smith from extensive. The Arkansas river was frozen over and the outlaying areas by the end of 1863, because of heavily loaded wagons crossed over on the ice from the fears of bushwackers. General Orders finally Fort Smith to Van Buren. Because snow was so went out on December 21, for those who were in seldom seen in Fort Smith, sleds and sleighs of all Fort Smith who had homes within the boundariesof sizes and shapes made their appearance for fun and the command, to return to their farms and work in the snow.56 workshops. The Army pointed out that ocupation by JANUARY, 1864 the large Federal force meant a ready market for farm produce and other items. The Army had a large Merchants were beginning to move into Fort number of animals which it put on the auction block Smith by January, 1864. Ernich and Lender opened to be bid on by civilians to help them get started a dry goods store that featured dry goods, grocery, living normally again. While the intent of this order hardware, saddlery and dealt in gold, silver, demand notes, government vouchers and checks. They also was good, many people who followed the order, at 57 some point in time within the next six months, were bought cotton, hides, beeswax and tallow. burned and plundered by bushwacking Rebels Dr. L. T. Watson, who had served as a surgeon in and forced to come back to the protection of the the 14th Missouri Cavalry, opened a drug store on 53 Garrison. And for special occasions, Lane's String fort. Christmas Day dawned with fighting close by, this Band was available for engagements. Mr. I. B. time at Waldron. Rebel Major Gibson, leading a Dickerson, proprietor of the Cosmopolitan Saloon, scouting party of guerrillas, was surprised by acted as manager for M. Lane, of the 18th Iowa Infantry.58 Captain Mentzer of the 2nd Kansas Cavalry, but no A Union Mass Meeting to gain support for the Stars and Stripes was held January 5th at Waldron and there were representatives from Scott, Hemp, stead, Pike, Polk, Sevier, and Montgomery counties.59

Frozen Arkansas River Courtesy Arkansas History Commission

"Ibid, January 16, 1864 "Ibid 56 "Ibid, December 26, 1863 lbid, January 9, 1864 "Ibid, January 2, 1864 "Ibid 58lbid "Ibid, Janaury 2, 1864 59lbid, January 9, 1864 11 been attempting to get him a hearing with President Lincoln. The request was finally heeded and CONFUSION IN THE GENERAL'S RANK . . . General Blunt left January 15 for Washington. The Fort Smith, 1864 New Era reported that a Captain Loring remained in charge of the Recruiting Commission for the 11th U. Just as Fort Smith citizens and the Army of the S. Colored Troops during the Generals absence.66 Frontier was settling into a routine of sorts, news General Steele in Little Rock finally decided to from Washington upset everyone concerned. On send Brigadier General John M. Thayer to Fort New Year's Day the War Department assigned Major Smith. He arrived on January 31st and he General Samuel R. Curtis the command af the immediately began trying to determine whether or Department of Kansas which included the State of not the town of Fort Smith was in the Department of Kansas, the Territory of Nebraska and Colorado, the Arkansas or Kansas.67 Indian Territory, and the military post of Fort Smith. General Curtis arrived in Fort Smith February Headquarters were to be at Fort Leavenworth, 10th and began looking around at what he had 60 Kansas. inherited from the Department of Missouri. He On January 6, the War Department announced began drawing up plans to improve fortifications of that Major General Frederick Steele would the area and was partial to the area around Van command the newly constituted Department of Buren for his headquarters and for the Arkansas. This Department included all of Arkansas improvements rather than Fort Smith.68 except the post at Fort Smith.61 This decision which was made in Washington was obviously made without knowlege of the area geography and left everyone in command up in the air on who had control over what. The big question from both Generals: was the military reservation on which the garrison was erected, along with Belle Point and the town of Fort Smith, attached to Curtis' department or only the garrison itself. The problem was, troops were camped all around the city with no soldiers being within the garrison itself for lack of space. It appeared to all exceptthose in Washington who had made the decision, that General Curtis' command of the post of Fort Smith was of no value to him and greatly hindered command operations out of Fort Smith to Waldron, Van Buren, Clarksville, and Dardanelle by it not being under the Arkansas Command.62 General McNeil was relieved of his duties as Commander of the Army of the Frontier January 4, because of the change in department commands.63 McNeil left January 7th for St. Louis putting Colonel William R. Judson of the 6th Kansas Cavalry in charge of the District of the Frontier and Colonel John Edwards 18th Iowa Infantry64 in charge of the post of Fort Smith.65 General Blunt, meanwhile, was still staying in Fort Smith since his November arrival with no specific further orders. The two Senators from Kansas had Union General Samuel R. Curtis

60Bearss, Edwin C., Federal Generals Squabble Over Fort Smith, "In November, 1864, Edwards was promoted to Brigadier 1863-1864, Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXIX, Summer General United States Volunteers. The Fort Smith New Era, 1970, 119 November 12, 1864 61lbid 'Ibid. January 9, 1864 62lbid, 120-151 "'Ibid, January 16, 1864 "Ibid, 121 67op. cit. Bearss, Edwin C., Federal Generals Squabble over Fcrt Smith, 1863, 1864, 127 68lbid, 129-130 On February 22, General Steele, saying he had MANY ANSWER CALL TO UNION SERVICE been assured by the War Department that the town of Fort Smith was included in his department, Heroes come at all ages in war, and one who directed General Thayer to designate his command gained attention at sixty-one years of age was David the District of the Frontier. Thayer was told he had P. Rupe of Sebastian County. He was a member of his choice of Fort Smith or Van Buren as the Company E, 1st Arkansas Infantry and he had had command post. He chose Fort Smith. This was a many close escapes under Rebel rule. He came into poker player's bluff on Steele's part and eventually Fort Smith early in 1862, took a Rebel wagon, loaded the bluff paid off.69 it with sixty-eight guns, a keg of powder and some Without knowing of the decision by General lead and got away with it to a band of Union men in Steele, General Curtis ordered General Blunt "to the mountains who were carrying on guerilla resume command of as much of the District of the warfare. He then joined Federal lines. But in early Frontier as is included within the boundaries of the January, 1864, he really had given his all to the Department of Kansas" and by March 9 Blunt was United States he loved. . . His eleventh son, age 70 fifteen, joined the Federal troops with his ten other back in Fort Smith from Washington. 72 What insued was a tug-of-war between two brothers! generals, with Fort Smith being the tug. Finally in General Orders from the District of the Frontier, April, headquarters in Washington could no longer early in January, 1864, emphatically declared that ignore the problem. In a general order from the every able-bodied man either had to enter the President August 17, Fort Smith and the Indian service or be gainfully employed. The area was Territory was formally transferred to the rapidly becoming a den of iniquity with many idle Department of Arkansas under the direction of people waiting around to be fed and no one was General Steele and General Thayer.71 wanting to go back to the farms to begin work for spring planting. In addition to the people from surrounding counties who were coming into the fort, refugees from Texas with Union sentiment were arriving daily.73 At one point, the General Orders were taken too seriously by soldiers. One old, staunch Union man was hauled from his walk on Garrison Avenue and told he had to join the service. As he was protesting, he was sworn in at the recruiting office before the proceedings could be stopped. Some recruiters were accused of enlisting men who were already in regiments to make their records look good.74 RECONSTRUCTION STATE CONVENTION JANUARY, 1864 Word finally reached Fort Smith about the Union Reconstruction State Convention which had convened in Little Rock January 4, 1864 as a result of the mass meetings which began in Fort Smith in October. Because of heavy snow, which didn't begin melting until the 16th of January, Northwest Arkansas delegates were not there at the beginning of the convention. Delegates attending had many complaints about 'Copperheads.'75 'Copperheads' were former rebels who traveled in Union circles, playing both sides of the fence to benefit themselves financially or otherwise. Twenty-two of the fifty- seven counties of Arkansas were ultimately Union General Frederick Steele represented at the convention with forty-nine Courtesy Arkansas Historical Association delegates attending.

69lbid, 132 "Ibid 74 7°lbid, 132 lbid, January 16, 1864 "Ibid, 132-151 "Ibid, February 13 "The Fort Smith New Era, January 9, 1864 13 The convention drafted a new constitution to be had been presented to Congress Decembers, 1863, presented to the voters for ratification on March 14, as a model for their own election. According to the 1864. It was the old constitution of 1836 with some Lincoln plan, full pardon, with special exceptions, minor changes. The preamble declared the act of would be granted to all persons voluntarily taking secession of 1861 was null and void and there was the oath.78 The oath said: "I do solemnly swear or an article prohibiting slavery. All action taken by the affirm in the presence of Almighty God that I will secession convention or Confederate state hereafter forthrightly defend the Constitution of the government, including debts occurred that were United States and the Union of States thereunder, incompatible with Federal laws, were declared and I will in like manner abide by and support all invalid.76 laws and proclamations which have been made One of the last acts of the convention was to during the existing rebellion with reference to the establish a provisional government to be in effect emancipation of slaves, so help me God."79 until the voters chose permanent successors. The One-tenth of the number of citizens in any state convention unanimously elected Isaac Murphy who cast votes in the 1860 presidential election 77 provisional governor. would be permitted to reorganize their state The convention had used President Lincoln's government and once again receive the benefits Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction that promised by the United States Constitution. Lincoln had said in his proclamation that members of Congress who would be elected by a reconstructed state, could only be admitted to Congress by a decision of the two houses of Congress, and this statement was to become important to Arkansas.80 A large number of loyal Union farmers and tradesmen of Fort Smith area had been preparing to travel north because of what they believed to be no security and little encouragement from union authorities to persevere. General Thayers' arrival on the scene encouraged them to stay. The New Era touted that a better day was dawning for FortSmith, The Cradle of the First Southern Free State, and that all would be fully provided for.81 The lack of farmers actually attend ing farms in the District of the Frontier was becoming a major concern. The food for Fort Smith was dependent on a good water level on the Arkansas to bring in supplies by boat, or a wagon trains' ability to find forage for mules or oxen coming four hundred miles distance from Kansas. It was important that some food be grown locally. Many of the larger plantation owners were Rebels who had left the area. One problem the Union forces had was of their own making. Many rail fences of both Union and Rebel farms had been torn down during the extreme cold of January. The fences were brought to town and used as firewood before orders to stop the practice could be put into effect. But the main reason the farmland was going untended was the dread of bushwackers and the bands of lawless thieves infesting the countryside. There was scarcely a farm that had not been victimized.82 Governor Isaac Murphy Shouts of welcome greeted The Leon as it Courtesy Arkansas History Commission steamed into the wharf of Fort Smith on February

79 76op. cit., Cowen, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of The Fort Smith New Era. June 3, 1865 80 Federal Arkansas. 1862-1865. 44 op. cit. Cowen, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal Arkansas. 1862-1865. 40 "Ibid, 45 81The Fort Smith New Era. February 27, 1864 78lbid, 41 82lbid, February 20, 1864 14 14, 1864. The Leon was the first boat to arrive in Because of the distances many had to travel, the three years carrying the stars and stripes. It carried polls were open for three days. The final vote count seventy tons of commissary supplies that were forthe state was 12,177castfortheConstitution and 83 sorely needed by the garrison. 12,430 votes for Governor Murphy. This was almost A story of a band of Rebels in the area was relayed double the amount of votes required by President by thirteen refugees from Texas, when they finally Lincoln's Amnesty plan presented before arrived in Fort Smith February 16. The refugees had Congress.88 been traveling about twenty miles south of In Fort Smith concern rose among local Radical Sugarloaf Mountain, scattered four hundred yards Unionists when a young upstart, Lieutenant apart, when they were attacked by a Rebel force of Perkins, 13th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry, . The wounded were cruelly butchered who was serving as Provost Marshal of Van Buren and eight were taken prisoner. Other refugees had decided to run against the popular Colonel James recently reported atrocities by Quantrill's84 men, M. Johnson for Congress. Lieutenant Perkins had who pulled off an old man's toe nails with bullet lived in the state for six months but had married an moulds and then blew his head off when he wouldn't Arkansas girl.89 Johnson defeated Perkins soundly tell where the money was. but the value of the seat won was very much up in On February 21st, General Thayer brought the the air. Congress would not legally seat the voter- 90 detached forcethat had been at Waldron, closerinto elected Arkansas Representatives and Senators. the post at Jenny Lind. Lieutenant Colonel Searle of Local candidates on the county ticket had been the 1st Arkansas Infantry reported back to the nominated to run at mass meetings but many others garrison that they were at Jenny Lind, but had been had decided to run for office who had not been caught in a hailstorm without tents. He then pulled nominated by predominately Union people. No all of the nine-hundred strong troops, including matter how active a secessionist a man had been, if Kansas Cavalry, back to Greenwood to stay in he took the oath to uphold the United States 91 vacant houses. Searle reported the troops suffering Constitution, he was allowed to vote. through sleet and snow with only knapsacks on As the votes came in and were counted, first in the their backs.85 precincts, the wards and then the counties, there was much jubilation among the radical Union men.92 STATE ELECTION FOR THE UNION The mass meeting that had been held in Fort Smith October 30, 1863, had been responsible for starting Feverish preparations were taking place for the the drive to reorganize state government and made state election March 14. The poll books for Fort Fort Smith truly The Cradle of the First Southern Smith were late in arriving and The New Era fumed Free State.92 that if they did not hurry with the poll books, the The local election returns were as follows: state would lose a lot of good solid Union votes.86 Charles Milor, State Senate; Sisson and Smott, The preparations for the election went in this order: State Representatives; Howard, County Judge; Citizens in a county who had taken the amnesty Lewis,, County Clerk; John Wear, Sheriff; Watts, oath, appointed a county commissioner of election. Coroner; Murphy, Assessor. In the state, Isaac The commissioner was authorized to appoint the Murphy was elected Governor; Calvin Bliss, necessary election judges. He served as the Lieutenant Governor; Robert J. T. White, Secretary enrollment officer for the county or company if it of State; James R. Berry, Auditor; E. D. Ayers, was a military establishment and he prepared the Treasurer and Charles T. Jordan, Attorney General. 94 enrolling poll book. The poll books were to contain Colonel Johnson won his seat for Congress. information for each voter such as acceptance of The Union people of Fort Smith felt that poor, 95 the amnesty oath, ratification or rejection of the despised "Rackensack" would henceforth have constitution and the vote cast for different elective the honor of being the first of the seceded states to 96 officers.87 take her place in the Union of States. The New Era

87 "Ibid, February 13, 1864 cp. cit. Cowen, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal Arkansas. 1862-1865. 49 88 84 lbid, 49-50 William Clark Quantrill, World Book Encyclopedia. 1977. Vol. 89The Fort Smith New Era. March 12, 1864 16, 4, William Clarke Quantrill was a leader of a Confederate 90 guerrilla band. He was mustered into Confederate service but op. cit. Cowen, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal Arkansas 1862-1865. 52-56 operated independently. On August 21, 1863 he and his men 91 burned most of the town of Lawrence, Kansas, killing 150 people. The Fort Smith New Era. March 19, 1864 92lbid Frank James, brother of Jesse James rode with him that day. 93lbid, March 12, 1864 Quantrill was killed in Kentucky in 1865. 94lbid, March 26, 1864 85 The Fort Smith New Era. February 27, 1864 95An early name for Arkansas, not complimentary 86 lbid,.March 12, 1864 96The Fort Smith New Era. February 27, 1864 15 boasted "The hydra-headed monster, treason and Fort Smith March 22nd, the 12th Kansas, March rebellion that have preyed upon our vitals with 23rd, the 1st Arkansas Infantry, March 24th along human slavery have been defeated and the banner with the 2nd Kansas Colored.102 Other regiments of of Freedom, Justice and Truth are borne aloft. A the Frontier District moved in behind them as they breach has been made in the ranks of rebels and a traveled southeastward by way of Booneville, Mt. flood of loyalty rushing through gaps will soon Ida, and Caddo Gap because supplies were very overwhelm the last of the Southern Confederacy."97 short and cover was available on this route.103 The New Era started early getting support for a Colonel W. R. Judson of the 6th Kansas Cavalry free school system in Arkansas. They argued that if was left in command of the District and Lieutenant the state had a free school system the poor man's Colonel Bishop, 1st Arkansas Cavalry was left with 104 child would be on the same level with the rich man's. part of a regiment and became Post Commander. This would enable the poor child to press for a shiney mark of distinction in the battle of life. BUSHWACKING STEPPED UP Further The New Era said thesluggish machinery of a slave government would soon be replaced by one As expected, bushwacking activities stepped up 98 of activity, energy and justice for all. with the troops gone from the fort. Small Rebel The spirit of the community was high around the bands were all over the countryside. Citizens join ing fort for a few days. An order from the Provost these groups were said to be "going to the brush." Marshal stated no intoxicating liquors were to be Union people who had gone back to their homes in sold outside the limits bounded on the north by the outlying districts in early 1864, began leaving Water Street, east by Mulberry Street, south by Van their land for the safety of the fort. Twenty teams of 99 Buren Street and west by Garrison. There had horses and mules, cattle, sheep and scores of obviously been trouble in the River City with women and children of Union men came in from excessive drinking. Waldron.105 With small forces guarding them, the Union posts THE FRONTIER TROOPS CALLED TO FIGHT at Roseville and Clarksville were under imminent danger of falling to Confederate forces three times Quite suddenly, though not unexpectedly, the their size. In one battle that took place at Roseville, Frontier troops were ordered southward in what was Rebels left six dead and twenty wounded. The hoped would be the last campaign fought in 100 Federals had two dead and eight wounded. There Arkansas during the hated Civil War. The troops was no doctor to take care of any of the wounded. were in fine fighting shape for there had been four Union Cavalry volunteers dashed to Fort Smith months of steady drill and discipline in camp in Fort overnight, and left the next morning with an Smith. It was noted by many that the units of black assistant surgeon and a twenty-five man escort. soldiers and most particularly the 22nd Kansas Eleven miles from Roseville the volunteers and Colored "could execute with precision every surgeon met up with fourhundred Rebels. Sincethe movement required of an infantry regiment." The Rebels were dressed in blue, the leader of the march southward was part of the Federal generals Federals thought he might be attacking his own vast campaign that was planned to drive up the Red people. He shouted for the Blue Clads to identify River, capture Shreveport and carry the war into themselves and the Confederate leader shouted east Texas. The plan was for General Frederick back "Stand there a moment and we will show you Steele to march from Little Rock and rendezvous who we are." Guns started blazing and about half of with General Thayerat Arkadelphia whenthetroops 101 the Union boys made it safely in a dash through the advanced southward. Rebels lines. The next day, the Roseville Union General Thayer, who had been successful at Fort troops searched for and found their missing Donelson, Belmont, Shiloh, Post of Arkansas, comrades, including the assistant surgeon. They Vicksburg and Jackson was in command of the were all dead, horribly mutilated with knives and Division moving from Fort Smith. The 18th Iowa left stripped.106

"Ibid, March 12, 1864 102The Fort Smith New Era. March 26, 1864 "Ibid, March 19, 1864, Water Street - unknown but probably by 103op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., Federal Generals Squabble Over the River; Mulberry Street - North B. Street; Van Buren, Street - Fort Smith. 143 North 17th Street 104The Fort Smith New Era. March 26, 1864 "Ibid 105lbid, March 26, 1864; April 9, 1864 100 lbid, March 26, 1864 106Bearss, Edwin C., Confederate Action Against Fort Smith Post. 101op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., Federals General Squabble Over Early 1864. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly Vol. XXIX, No. 3, Fort Smith. 140 Autumn 1970. Map Courtesy Edwin C. Bearss and the Arkansas Historical Association. Work was progressing on fortifying the land perimeter were not begun until mid-May.107 approaches to Fort Smith. By April 9th, Fort No. 2 on A commissary train of seventy-five wagons was the Texas Road was almost completed with two able to come from Little Rock and Dardanelle to Fort twelve-pounder brass guns in place. A drawbridge Smith on April 21st.Thetrain had been harrassed by was being worked on for access to the area. Fort No. five hundred to six hundred bushwackers but had 3 was coming along near the Catholic Convent. The not been attacked. Arkansas River was booming so rifle pits at that place would be finished within ten that boats were also able to get up river with supplies days. Fort No. 4 on the Van Buren Road, the largest the 1st week of May and the soldiers were put on full of the fortifications was progressing rapidly but rations. The citizens of Fort Smith went on full because it was to be large enough to hold five rations also because The Carrie Jacobs brought a hundred men it would be another month before load of supplies for town merchants.108 completion. Supporting batteries inside the There was an election May 2 in Fort Smith and F.

107lbid, 234 "The Fort Smith New Era, May 7, 1864 17 H. Wolfe was elected Mayor; J. A. Davis, Constable; General Banks in Louisiana and sweep on to the and City Commissioners elected were C. G. Foster, Gulf of Mexico. It was made a total loss by A. J. Singleton, John Emrich, J. Hammersly and Confederate Generals Shelby, Maxey, Fagan, Peter Nolan.109 Dockery, Marmaduke and Cooper and their ten That same eventful day the 9th Kansas Cavalry thousand men who were mostly mounted infantry. with one thousand men and a large train of There was an immense amount of physical government and sutler wagons came into Fort suffering. Wagons, clothing, and most weapons Smith from Kansas. They had been on the road for were lost.115 twenty-two days. Part of the supplies were for the While the losses were heavy for all, they were the commissary and ordinance and part were goods for heaviest for the Negro Union troops. As feared, the businessmen. Two days later the cavalry troops left enemy showed no mercy tothe Negro wounded and for Little Rock to lend help to the Union troops their white officers. The Negro troops, however, fighting south of Little Rock.110 proved themselves excellent fighters in extreme A Mass Union Meeting was held in Little Rock May circumstances with considerable esprit de corps.116 6th to elect delegates to the National Union From thirty miles out of Pine Bluff, thetroopstook Convention in Baltimore June 7 to nominate a four days and nights to arrive back into Little Rock. Republican Presidential candidate. Local delegates Everything they had was carried on their backs. elected to the convention were Valentine Dell, Only one wagon was allowed for each brigade and Sebastian County and L. C. White of Crawford that was for returning papers and records. Fatigue County.111 and hunger plagued the troops. On May 13th, the The air was electric with excitement the week of troops met up with Union boats Ad Mine, Carrie May 14th, 1864. Word was received from Union Jacobs, Des Moines City and Chippeway at spies that with the defeat of Union troops in south Dardanelle. The boats were loaded with Arkansas the Rebels had been given new life. It was Quartermaster and ordinance stores on the way to reported that 8,000 troops were on their way to Fort Smith. As the boats moved slowly along the capture Fort Smith.112 Military authorities closed river, they protected the troops and arrived with the Fort Smith businesses and citizens were ordered to soldiers in Fort Smith.117 work on a system of trenchs113 to encircle the The defeated troops, mortified and indigent, were garrison and city of Fort Smith for the inner welcomed by townspeople who were more than fortifications. The trench digging was a novelty that glad to see the return of General Thayer and his was soon to wear thin as blisters popped up on Army of the Frontier rather than the Rebel troops hands and stores had to re-open to sell buckskin not too far away threatening in Indian Territory.118 gloves. The trench system was finished in a week.114 Taking advantage of the disastrous retreat, the The Confederate threat failed to materialize before Rebel's pushed forward to the Arkansas River to the Union troops came back to the fort. take all the small stations along the stream. There was a battle at Dardanelle after the Army of the UNION TROOPS RETREAT FROM SOUTH Frontier had marched through. This established a ARKANSAS CAMPAIGN blockade of sorts to hamper movement of supplies. The Army of the Frontier, which marched out of Clarksville was vacated on May 20th by Union Fort Smith so confidently March 22, arrived back troops. The Rebels wanted to interrupt navigation in retreat, May 16. They were pushed by their and cut off supplies being shipped to Fort Smith officers to return to Fort Smith as quickly as from Little Rock.119 possible because of the danger of the Rebels Hospital wards were filled with wounded. The capturing the city. The soldiers were stripped of general hospital was in six locations across town everything but their honor. The object of the and consisted of the St. Charles Hotel, Sutton expedition, which linked up Union General Steele Mansion,120 Rector Mansion,121 the prison, the and Brigadiers Thayer, Saloman, Carr and Rice to smallpox ward, and the colored ward. The Belle form the 7th Army Corp. of fourteen thousand men, Grove Seminary also was used at one time as a was to take South Arkansas, then join up with Union hospital. The hospitals were clean but not many iron

'09ibid 116lbid m 110lbid lbid 118 '"Ibid, May 21, 1864 lbid "'op. cit. Bearss, Edwin C., Confederate Action Against 119op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., Confederate Action Against Fort Smith. Early 1864, 237 Fort Smith. Early 1864. 239-240 120 l13Johnson, Robert E., Fort Smith and the Civil War. 514 North 6th Street, now known as the Clayton House. Part The Journal, Vol IV, No. 1, April 1980, 9 Map. of the Sutton House was incorporated in the Clayton House. 1l4 The Fort Smith New Era. May 14, 1864 '-Rector Family Diary. The Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, 115lbid, May 21, 1864 December 1977, 58-66; The Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, April, 1978. 18 beds were available. Many patients slept outsidethe attacked about seventy miles above Fort Smith and buildings on tent floors.122 eventually set on fire. The Union soldiers made it back to Fort Smith unharmed in what must have REFUGEES FLEE been record overland time.127 Thayer then sent an excursion by the 2nd Kansas During the week of May 23, 1864, about one Colored Regiment and 11th U. S. Colored Infantry hundred refugee wagons crossed the river on their and an artillery unit into Indian Territory. They were way to Kansas. After Union troops took back control successful in fighting the Indians who had burned of the Arkansas, the steamers were finally able to the little steam boat. Thayer than determined that it leave for their return to Little Rock with one hundred was unsafe to ship supplies to Fort Gibson and twenty white refugees and three hundred 123 within a brief time, General Maxey's Indian Territory Negroes. Confederates reoccupied the country west of the The flight was on. Twelve hundred refugees 128 Poteau and south of the Arkansas rivers. crossed the river at Fort Smith on their way to Fort Early in June, 1864, Major Reed of the Home Scott in early June. Most were wives and children of Guards took about twenty-five of his troops and part Union Arkansas 1st Infantry soldiers, and they were of the 9th Kansas Cavalry and searched lower in a very destitute condition.124 Sebastian County and Franklin County for May 31, General Thayer sent out a special letter to bushwackers. Near a Mr. Pearl's house at Potato the people in the area. The letter said that it had Hill, there was a fight with twenty-five bushwackers come to Thayer's attention that anonymous letters and the popular Chaplain William Wilson of the 6th had been sent to some people living in Fort Smith Kansas Cavalry, was wounded and his arm was warning them to leave and threatening them with amputated below the elbow. He died of the wounds assasination if they did not. Thayer said he in late summer.129 considered this kind of warfare thesameasguerrilla and bushwacking. He also stated that he was WOMEN VOLUNTEER warring against organized troops according to recognized principles of civilized warfare and all Notation was made in the New Era that all overthe other modes of warfare he detested. He reserved the United States, women were volunteering for the right, as Military Commander of the District, to tell Army and taking the places of clerksat$13a month, anyone to leave. General Thayer made it plain that a soldiers pay. They also printed a piece of genuine he had no use at all for the Rebel cause and that he Arkansas Poetry from a girl to her lover in the would not permit such conduct as the threatening Confederate Army: letters in his District.125 General Thayer also snapped out General Orders It's hard for you'uns to live in camp #31 in an effort to settle the troops into camp life. He It's hard for you'uns to fight the yanks ordered all officers to stay in their respective camps It's hard for you'uns and we'uns to part, at night and cut down on trips to town in the For you'uns all know you have got we'uns 130 daytime. The order stated the grog shop was no heart. place an officer and the closing line .warned "these orders had better not fall as dead letters!"126 NATIONAL UNION CONVENTION General Thayer was very concerned about there being sufficient supplies stockpiled in Fort Smith The National Union Convention (Republican) met during good boating water on the Arkansas and in Baltimore June 7th, 1864, at high noon. At the sufficient early summer forage on the way to Fort Convention, Abraham Lincoln was once again Scott. Several boats were able to bring supplies by nominated for President of the United States. the second week of June. One boat, the J. R. Valentine Dell of Fort Smith wasabletocast hisvote Williams, was captured by Confederate Colonel for Father Abraham,131 as he was popularly called, Stand Watie's Creeks and on its way from through a hard fought credentials fight lead by Fort Smith to Fort Gibson. The boat was loaded with Senator James S. Lane132 of Kansas. This was commissary stores of mostly flour and bacon along accomplished in spite of Arkansas' House and with some Indian trade goods. The boat was Senate members not being seated in Congress and

128 122The Fort Smith New Era, January 30, 1864 The Fort Smith New Era. June 4, 1864 129 123 Ibid, May 28, 1864 Ibid 130 124lbid lbid 13l 125lbid, June 4, 1864 lbid, June 11, 1864 132 126lbid, May 28, 1864 lbid, July 30, 1864 127op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., Confederate Action Against Fort Smith, Early 1864, 245-250 19 the State unrecognized by that body as not having Arkansas, knew that nothing was further from the statehood. It had been a long, arduous route to truth. Dyed-in-the wool Union people of Arkansas Baltimore for Valentine Dell, and Mr. Hicken and Dr. pushed for the Convention of January, 1864, and Bailey who accompanied him. They traveled down asked President Lincoln for guidelines in seeking the Arkansas to the White river, where they saw re-admittance to the Union. The Convention in gunboats patroling, to the Mississippi and the January, 1864, at Little Rock, and the removing of and then overland to Baltimore.133 slavery from the State Constitution by sworn vote in March came about through the work of Unconditional Union Arkansas people who believed secession was treason.134 June 29, 1864, President Lincoln sent General Steele in Little Rock a telegram stating that Congress had passed a bill to guarantee certain states which had seceded from the Union by usurption, as Arkansas had without a statewide vote, a method of coming back into the Union. The bill had been presented to Lincoln an hour before Adjournment Sine Die of Congress. Lincoln vetoed it because he thought the Congress was unfair to Arkansas and Louisiana (Louisiana having made the same preparations to come into the Union as Arkansas). Lincoln said the way he presented the re- admittance of seceded states back to the Union in his Proclamation of 1863 wasn't the only way to accomplish coming back into the Union but the bill passed by Congress was unfair to the two states who had in good faith complied with the Proclamation. Lincoln believed the two states were not being allowed to join the Union because Congress felt it would hamper the chances of the passage of the abolishment of slavery amendment to the Constitution of the United States.135 In another telegram to General Steele on the same day, President Lincoln stated: "I understand that Congress declined to admit to seats the persons sent as Senators and Representatives from Arkansas. These persons apprehend that in consequence, you may not militarily support the new state government there as you otherwise

Gun Boats on White River would. My wish isthatyou give that government and Courtesy Arkansas History Commission the people there, the same support and protection that you would if the member had been admitted because in no event, nor in any view of the case, can One of the things Dell learned on this trip to this do any harm, while it will be the best you can do Baltimore and then on to Washington where he towards suppressing the Rebellion."136 interviewed President Lincoln, was that many of the The citizens of Fort Smith met in front of people in the north thought the re-admittance of headquarters early in July and presented Captain C. Arkansas into the Union, which had started with the O. Judson, District Provost Marshal, who had been mass meeting of twenty counties in Fort Smith, had Commander of the District while General Thayer all been choreographed by President Lincoln and was on campaign in south Arkansas, a carved the military. Valentine Dell, having been in the big revolver and belt, in their appreciation of him as a middle of the mass meetings, and having chronicled man and officer. Captain Judson played a large part the other mass meetings of Union People that had in the running of the District of the Frontier in taken place over a good part of the state of various capacities during the Civil War.137

133lbid, June 18, 1864 136lbid, August 13, 1864 134lbid, July 23, 1864 '"Ibid, July 9, 1864 135lbid, July 30, 1864 20 FORT SMITH CELEBRATES FOURTH OF JULY, 1864 Fort Smith'scelebration of the 88th birthday of the United States was the first birthday of America that had been celebrated for two years in Fort Smith. From early morning to evening, the sound of bugle, fife, and drum kept the airvibrating. The celebration started at 9:00 A.M. at the southeast of Valentine Dell's school house.138 Reverend Francis Springer, Post Chaplain, implored the blessings of the Almightly, and this was followed by the National Anthem. Mayor F. H. Wolfe read the Declaration of Independence and commented it had never been put intoeffect until Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves. Other speakers for the occasion were Reverend M. A. East, Father Douglas, Judge Milor, Doctor Swindell, Brigadier General Thayer, Lieutenant Colonel Searle of the 1st Army Infantry, Lieutenant Hover of the 12th Kansas Volunteer Infantry, and Captain Duff of the 6th Kansas. The brass band of the 13th Kansas Volunteer Infantry furnished the music. Resolutions were passed commenting on the painful observation that the present policy of incorporating the Rebels into the Union Army and restoring their rights had caused a lot of problems. Many who had been thought to have been rehabilitated from their previous thinking of secession from the United States were plotting treasonous acts even though they had taken the oath.'39 Pay for the troops was notoriously slow in coming to the garrison at Fort Smith and it was sorely needed by soldiers and merchants alike. The last week of July, the paymasters finally arrived on one of the four steamers coming from Little Rock, and they brought six months pay for the troops. The town's economy was stimulated for a brief time.140 By this time in the war, the Sugar Loaf Valley area south of Fort Smith was devastated. Indians and bushwackers were driving off stock, destroying property, forcing Union families to leave. Several older men and young boys were carried off with the Rebels. Many refugees were still departing from the area and the State and the Federal government was sending them by public conveyance at government expense because of their improverishment.141

MASSARD PRAIRIE BATTLE As the sun came up on Massard Prairie, seven miles south of Fort Smith, July 27th, 1864, there

'38There were no public schools in Arkansas. Dell's school was Fort Smith Male and Female Seminary. The Goodspeed Biographical & Historical Memoirs of Northwestern Arkansas. 1889, Chicago, The Goodspeed Publishing Company, 756 139The Fort Smith New Era. July 9, 1864 '40lbid, July 23, 1864 Map courtesy of Edwin C. Bearss and 141 lbid, July 2, 1864 The Arkansas Historical Association 21 were signs of a bloody struggle. About two burned down. The Rebels then fell back about thousand Confederate troops led by General Gano twenty miles to Rock Creek. There were estimated attacked a battalion of the 6th Kansas Cavalry to be eight thousand rebels at this time although commanded by Major Mefford. The Union forces several Union prisoners who later escaped said it finally retreated toward town, with a number taken was more like ten thousand.145 prisoner, including two Fort Smith citizens. Ten UNION CIVILIANS FLEE FORT SMITH Union men were killed and fifteen wounded. The s had twelve killed and twenty wounded. The exodus of Union citizens from Fort Smith to Colonel Judson at the garrison headed a mounted other parts of the Union that had begun in early force out as soon as he heard, but the Rebels had summer was stepped up. Every steam boat or wagon departed from the area an hour and a half before. train that left was full of refugees. Marcus Boyd who The Rebels were pursued for five miles, then the ran the ferry worked day and night to help teams 146 Union side halted and sent out their scouts. The cross the crowded levees. Union scouts came upon the enemies' rear at 3 P.M. On August 8, 1864, a refugee wagon train of as they were crossing the Poteau River about ten fifteen hundred began their exodus from Fort Smith, miles away. Colonel Judson then returned to the leaving the mountains and valleys of Arkansas they Massard Prairie encampments where he found it grew up and toiled in. In the words of The Fort Smith about three-quarters burned, but a large quanity of New Era, the exodus was "The results of a war 147 Quartermaster stores and transportation were forced upon the nation by a slave aristocracy." unharmed. It was painfully noted that most of the With Fort Smith almost empty of citizenry and Union men killed were also shot in the head.142 filled with soldiers, routine assignments became At noon on the 29th of July, four bushwackers, very monotonous. General Orders were posted that whose average age was nineteen, were executed by said no liquor, wholesale or retail was to be sold. Union troops. In the spring of 1863, these There was also a reminder that officers would camp 148 bushwackers, dressed as Federal soldiers, shot with their companies. eight Federal soldiers and one citizen in cold blood. On September 1, 1864, as the pickets were posted For the execution, the four young men were loaded to Texas Road, about three hundred Indians into wagons, each sitting on his own coffin. attacked the pickets and killed one Union man. The Chaplains Springer, McAfee and Wilson other pickets were driven into Fort Smith and within accompanied them as they were taken out of town one mile of the town, an old man making molasses outside of the rifle entrenchments. As the Judge was killed. At least three Fort Smith boys were seen Advocate read charges, the prisoners knelt with the among the guerillas and when the pickets' body was Chaplains, eyes were bandaged and hands tied and recovered, it had been stripped and a finger that had 149 forty-eight muskets ended the four's sported a gold ring has been cut off. bushwacking.143 Orphaned children, products of all wars, were The next day, Sunday, July 30, 1864, Rebel forces beginning to be numerous in Fort Smith. Reverend once again approached Fort Smith. They appeared Springer, Post Chaplain, U. S. A., began pleading about four miles from town in considerable for all citizens of the state to help give funds to set up 150 numbers and using howitzers they drove in the a children's orphanage. Union pickets. Part of the Second Kansas Battery ARMY CHURCH ESTABLISHED and 1st Kansas Colored took their position about a mile in advance of Fort #2 on Texas Road. The As more stress was manifested around the fort, an Army church was instituted September 21. The Rebels finally retreated with three wagonloads of regular meeting of the church was held at the dead and wounded. Skirmishes continued in the Poteau River bottoms. The Union side had one Methodist Episcopal Church, later changed to the picket killed, one wounded and one taken Episcopal Church, Tuesday and Friday evenings at prisoner.144 6:30 P.M. and Sundays at 10:30 A.M. Reverend J. H. Leard, Chaplain of the 1st Arkansas Infantry led the July 31, Colonel Judson was wounded in the leg services. Those attending services were told by shell fire. Many of the attacking Confederates "volunteers in noble service of our country are here were former Fort Smith, people. Union houses presented with an invitation to volunteer under the outside of the picket lines were plundered and then captaincy of the Prince of Peace."151

142lbid, July 30, 1864, Cox, Steve, The Action on Massard 147lbid Prairie. The Journal Vol. IV, No. 1, April 1980, 11-13 148lbid, August 20, 1864 143The Fort Smith New Era. August 6, 1864 149lbid, September 3, 1864 '"Ibid 150lbid, September 17, 1864 145lbid I51lbid, November 5, 1864 146lbid, August 13, 1864 22 On the Confederate side, there were some the history of the nation, Blacks served in th^ armed ministers, particularly of the Methodist Episcopal forces, first in the Patriot armies of 1776 fiqhtino in Church who had been playing major secessionist the same ranks as the whites, in the War or 18 i roles. Russel Reneau of Grand Prairie, Franklin raised two regiments of Negroes H had County, Minister of Methodist Episcopal Church been but a short two years since Lincoln's •South had been instrumental in leading efforts to Emancipation Proclamation that Negroes were leave the Union. He advocated a war of fighting for the and then extermination and played a double role after the months after that before they were fully organized Federal Army came back into Fort Smith. Rev. G. C. troops under white officers. Since the war began by McWilliams of Ozark Methodist Episcopal finally the firing by the Rebels on the Star of the West and "took to the brush" along with Reverend Reneau in Fort Sumpter, no event had been more damaging to 152 June of 1864. the Rebels than the proclamation of freedom to the SECOND MILITIA ENROLLMENT slaves. That proclamation of freedom had with it the On September 24, 1864, General Orders were necessary requirements of arming the Negroes in issued concerning the enrolled militia. First Class the cause of tne nation and the liberation of their Militia consisted of those aged 18-45 who were own bondage.160The Union Army had had problem? listed as active, while 2nd class had ages 45-60 and in recruiting white officers to command the Nepro they were put in the reserves. It was decided that if troops. Assassination of the white officers by Rebels an emergency came up, there would be a signal of was certain if they were captured. The Rebels said six taps given in couplets on the Methodist Church the Negro soldier was a coward, wouldn't fight and bell, and then everyone would report to the garrison that one white man with a whip inhishand could run immediately.153 through a dozen blacks armed with a mime Four days later, a detail of the 14th Kansas Observers of the regiments of Negro troops in Fort Cavalry was with a forage train gathering corn, Smith felt differently and reported that the Negro fourteen miles out of Fort Smith on the Little Rock troops were as well drilled as any white troops Road when they were attacked by four or five times Negro soldiers in Fort Smith were observed in the their number. They were overpowered afterfighting camps with spelling, reading and arithmetic book? seven hours. When the dead were retrieved, they stuck inside their belts. As soon as they were were found to have been shot, stabbed and stripped. relieved from duty, they pulled the books ou Even a crazy old man living near the corn field was started studying.161 Cowardice had not beer- shot and his pantaloons were stolen.154 reported even though the black troops had been In mid-October, 1864, wagon trains of refugees attacked by three times their number. If wounded or from Texas arrived in Fort Smith and then departed captured, the Negro troops and their officers in the hurriedly for Kansas.155 Most Fort Smith farmers and south Arkansas campaign in the spring were treated mechanical people were gone by this time and the horribly by the Confederate troops and south Fort Smith New Era wondered in print how long it Arkansas partisans.162 could continue after it's first anniversary of October The history of slavery in Arkansas was rooted in 8, 1863, with most of it's subscribers gone.156 The Arkansas beginnings. The Constitution adopted in New Era was being printed by a newspaperman 1836 legalized slavery. By 1850, Arkansas had turned soldier, Mr. Bigelow of the 12th Kansas closed its mind in respect to any inherent evil in Volunteer Infantry doing double duty.157 slavery and that year the legislature made it an offense for anyone to say or write that slavery was NEGROES IN THE ARMED SERVICES not right. The punishment for the offense was The Negro troops stationed in Fort Smith 158 were confinement in the penitentiary. The legislature really something new in army life. The New Era passed another law in 1859 that provided that no reported there had not been a single incident of ill free Negro would be permitted to reside in Arkansas feeling or violence among the troops.159 Early on in after January 1, I860.163

'"Ibid, June 11, 1864 '"Parts of colored Regiments or entire Regiments at Fort Smith '"Ibid, September 24, 1864 from 1863 to return to statehood were: 54th Regiment Infantry, '"Ibid, October 1, 1864 11th Regiment Infantry organized in Fort Smith, December 19 '"Ibid, October 8, 1864 1863, 79th Regiment Infantry, 83rd Regiment Infantry. '"Ibid, October 22, 1864 '"The Fort Smith New Era, July 8, 1865 157 lbld, In late summer, Valentine Dell had taken his family away ""Ibid, July 2, 1864 from the danger of Fort Smith to St. Louis and then for a long stay '"Ibid, July 23, 1864 In Leavenworth and Fort Scott. They couldn't stand being away from Fort Smith, and tried to return. Dell enrolled In the Kansas '"Ibid, November 5, 1864 Militia while at Fort Scott. New Era. November 12, 1864. They '"Beatty-Brown, Florence R., Legal Status of Arkansas Negros finally came back to Fort Smith, January 6th after five months Before Emancipation: Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXVI!!, from home. New Era January 21, 1865. No. 1, Spring 1969, 6-13 23 The Confederates intense hatred of fighting had been nominated by the Democrat Convention against Negroes as soldier to soldier probably August 29, 1864, in Chicago, received 32 votes.169 contributed to the Union defeat in south Arkansas Arkansas citizens were not allowed to vote as by helping whip the Rebel troops in a frenzy of effort Congress still had not recognized Arkansas as part to defeat those who treated Negroes as equals. of the union.170 The/Vew Era observed that the prejudice against There was an election in Fort Smith on November the employment of Negroes as soldiers was either 19th for State Senator from this area. Senator founded on or was associated with that species of Charles Milor had resigned and F. H. Wolfeand H. L. narrow selfishness which sees no value in the Holleman were candidates.171 H. L. Holleman colored man, except as a slave, convertible into won.172 cash at the pleasure of the owner.164 BLUNT RETURNS TO FORT SMITH It wasn't the South alone however, that cherished General Blunt came into Fort Smith Novembers, their prejudices of the Negro soldiers, for many 1864, in his usual whirlwind way. He was professing Union people echoed the same accompanied by Major General Herron, Colonel statements. Many Southern symphathizers who had Sackett, Colonel Burris, Colonel Moonlight and taken the Union oath, thought it all well and good to Colonel Williams.173 put the Negro troops in ditchs with spades in their The men had been fighting for twenty-three days, hands, but to arm them and drill them and thus make 165 marching five hundred miles, day and night in rain them equal to the white soldier was an outrage. and snow in an effort to keep Confederate General The radical Unionist of the Fort Smith area felt out of Kansas. Five battles had been strongly that since the Negro was a man and fought. By the time the outnumbered Union troops deserved to be free, he was under as much had pushed the Confederates across the Arkansas obligation as other men to perform the duties and River at Webbers Falls, half of that Rebel Army was encounter the hazards of the soldier in defense of 166 unarmed, and out of the fifteen pieces of cannon his liberation and rights of mankind. taken to Kansas, only two were left.174 It wasn't until late in the Civil War that the There was a celebration on the evening of Confederate side realized that they had made a November 10th. The different Kansas Regiments grave error in not utilizing Negroes as soldiers. The and the few Fort Smith citizens left in town, stopped South had been caught in a quandry for they knew by the houses the visiting officers were staying in, that they who fight for freedom deserve to be free called them out along with General's Thayer and men and that their women and children then have to Edwards and had a round of speeches and cheers.175 be free also. If soldiers, the Negroes would have In late November, three Union soldiers who had wanted to enjoy all the civil and political rights escaped from the Confederate prison in Tyler, enjoyed by their former masters on the grounds Texas, came walking into Fort Smith. Robert they have suffered equally all the dangers and Henderson, M. F. Parker, and J. J. Jones had responsibilties of struggle. President Jefferson previously been stationed in Fort Smith. They Davis of the Confederacy finally understood in escaped October 27th and were on the road for November of 1864, what it had cost the South in not 167 twenty-six days. Rebels recaptured them near elevating the Negro to the dignity of a soldier. Waldron and robbed them of their clothes. As the 1864 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION Rebels were taking them back to Tyler, they escaped again and lived on acorns and corn until When national election day dawned at the fort, arriving in Fort Smith. The sick but happy soldiers soldiers who were of legal age and were in camp, reported that the Tyler prison, Camp Ford had 2,600 cast their votes in polls at their various regiments. prisoners on six acres of campground.176 Judges and clerks of the polls were elected by With winter setting in, it was observed that the qualified voters when the polls opened. The troops at Fort Smith were well fixed for the weather members of the out-of-state regiments voted for 168 to come. Their cabins were as good as, if not better their own state, county, and township officers. than, two-thirds of the houses in Western Arkansas The final vote count in the total encampment for outside of the towns.177 President was 1502 votes for Abraham Lincoln, For the few of Fort Smith civilian's population left, Republican, and General George McClellan, who though, food costs were exorbitant. A sack of flour

I71 16"The Fort Smith New Era. November 5, 1864 lbid 165lbid, July 2, 1864 )72lbid, March 11, 1865 166lbid 173lbid, November 12, 1864 167lbid, December 3. 1864 174lbid 168lbid. November 5, 1864 175lbid 169lbid, November 12. 1864 '76lbid, November 26, 1864 170lbid, November 19. 1864 177lbid, November 19, 1864 24 that had come in from Fort Leavenworth, cost $40. sent a communication to Little Rock asking for S28 was for freight, $10 for flour and $2 for boats to come immediately and carry off public insurance.178 property. More importantly, he wanted help in removing more than one thousand people who FORT SMITH ORDERED ABANDONED would otherwise be left stranded and destitute. With no previous warning, Fort Smith was ordered Because these were families of soldiers of the 1st abandoned on December 5th by Major General and 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiments it was felt , Commander of the Military Division they would face reprisals at the hands of the Confederates if they were left in the area to fend for of the West Mississippi which involved Arkansas 183 and the Gulf. This word fell like a thunderbolt. The themselves. order followed in the wake of the news that Major Five steamers did come from Little Rock and General Frederick Steele, Commander of the carried off almost five hundred refugees including Department of Arkansas was to be relieved by Major many orphans who eventually made their arduous General Joseph Reynolds.179 way down to Little Rock, to Memphis and Cairo, the Words condemning this decision erupted like Mississippi and finally the rail road to Decatur. There geysers over the Union controlled part of the state. were thirteen deaths of this group due to exposure, due in no small measure to neglect on the part of All-out efforts to stop this military decision were 184 sent to anyone in Washington who had influence, by some of the railroad people in Illinois. anyone it was felt could influence Washington. The A large part of General Thayer's troops continued to remain in Fort Smith, as protection for a wagon ex-mayor of Fort Smith C. P. Bertrand, wrote train that was due to arrive around New Year's day President Lincoln on December 12 and said he from Fort Scott. Some of thetroops werefinally sent wanted answers to three loaded questions which on to Clarksville as the machinery was set in motion were: Does Canby mean to abandon the state? If so, to evaculate.185 would the President allow this? Did the President The outcry against Canby's military decision was know that this meant the abandonment of one entire finally acted upon by President Lincoln. In a Congressional District and almost another and that communication from General Ulyssus S. Grant to two-thirds of the members and perhaps three- fourths of the Legislature, now in session in Little General Reynolds who had replaced General Steele in Little Rock December 12th, Grant stated that "if Rock, came from the district of the country to be Fort Smith and its dependencies can be supplied by abandoned? He further said that such policies came the Arkansas River, they will continue to be held by from replacing officers like General Steele who your troops so as to give protection to the people knew how to defend the country with men who were 186 180 north of the Arkansas River." ignorant of the area like Canby! . Colonel M. LaRue Harrison who was in charge of Grant didn't wait for a reply however, before he Fayetteville wrote another letter, HI confidence, to a sent another message January 3rd, which reached General who he felt would help'. He stated "In the Reynolds on the 10th. It was worded in a positive name and for the sake of the thousands of families manner and in a decidedly stronger way and read, who will be left to the mercies of assassins and "should Fort Smith and parts in the vicinity have been abandoned before receiving this order, they robbers, in the name of the beautiful country which will be reoccupied as early as the garrison can be will be left a desert, in the name of humanity please supplied." Reynolds acknowledged that the order try to do something about General Canby's 181 would be carried out at the earliest moment directive." 187 practicable. The next month and a half proved to be like an unorganized fire drill in the saga of the Civil War at In Washington, the Chief of Staff could not figure the post in Fort Smith. out why he had not heard from Little Rock and Fort Smith by January 10th on what was happening in Before General Steele knew of the decision Arkansas. He finally wired Colonel Harrison at to abandon, he sent six steamboats to Fort Smith, loaded with much needed supplies. One steamer Fayetteville to. tell General Thayer that General was wrecked and another one grounded.182 Grant wanted the Federals to hang on to Fort Smith. After General Thayer had received word of the General Thayer, upon receiving the message wired post's abandonment, the river began to rise and he General Reynolds at Little Rock for boats to come up river immediately with commissaries, forage,

178lbid, December 17, 1864 182lbid, 151 183 179Bearss, Edwin C.. The Federals Struggle to Hold on to Fort lbid, 153 Smith. AR Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXIV. No. 2, Summer 1965, '84lbid. 154-157 149 185lbid, 151-153 180lbid, 150 186lbid, 162 1B7lbid, 163 25 medical stores, and clothing. General Reynolds firing. It was not known by the Union troops and sent steamers on their way shortly thereafter.188 refugees, but this was because an axle had snapped The Rebels in the meantime had been moving on the Rebel cannon leaving it inoperative. At dark, considerable troops around in the affected area. On the Confederates paroled those who had been in the January 14th, just after the steamboats from Little Chippewa and took off south of the Arkansas River Rock passed Dardanelle, a force of Confederates, into the hills when they heard Union forage wagons one thousand strong attacked the undermanned rumbling on the north side of the river. The Rebels Dardanelle garrison and there ensued four hours of mistook them for an artillery unit.195 battle. The Confederates withdrew at dark.189 Troops were dispatched from both Fort Smith and News of the attack sent the command in Little Clarksville to help those stranded. The boats, Rock scurrying around to send troops up river by except Chippewa which had burned, moved slowly steamer to hold the post at Dardanelle. It was down stream to Dardanelle on January 22nd. The known that to let it fall would make it impossible to Negro troops of the 1st and 2nd Kansas and the 5th supply the Fort Smith garrison.190 U. S. Colored came from Fort Smith and marched It was a happy evening of January 15th, when four parallel to the river, and the boats steamed slowly steamers, the Ad Mine, Chippewa, Lotus and Annie down the river. On the 25th the boats anchored in Jacobs brought their five-hundred tons of Little Rock with no further trouble.196 commissionary stores into Fort Smith. The troops The trek down river had been interesting however. could eat a decent meal again.191 Most of the refugees, who were white, showed All of the wagon trains had come from Fort Scott considerable prejudice and hatred towards the by January 10th. The order to continue to occupy Negroes who were guarding them from Roseville to Fort Smith came just in the nick of time to keep tons Little Rock. On the trip, all concerned suffered from of public property from being destroyed asthearmy exposure to wet and cold, and lack of sufficient moved out, as well as all the other problems it would food, clothing and shelter. Both troopsand refugees have caused for the citizenry.192 were without blankets, many were barefoot and The steamboats pulled out on their way back to some almost naked. The hatred changed to respect Little Rock on the morning of January 17,1865, and for the Negroes, "as soldiers who knew and Chippewa led the way, followed by Annie Jacobs performed their duty well" upon the refugees arrival in Little Rock.197 loaded with five hundred people, then Lotus and Ad Mine. All boats had refugees and officers going The Rebel's attacks around the Arkansas River home on furlough. The vessels made it as far as during December 1864, and January 1865, proved to be the last major raid undertaken in the section of Roseville, which was eighteen miles above 198 Clarksville, before the Chippewa was fired on by the state held by the Federal Army. Colonel Brooks' Rebel troops who were well hidden The town of Fort Smith in late January, 1865, was on the south riverbank with their big gun under pitiful to see. Fences, fruit trees, and shrubbery had brush. The steamer pulled into the south bank and been destroyed or torn down. Much of the damage was captured by the Rebels. The Annie Jacobs was done by families coming in from thecountry for protection at the garrison and staying in houses came into view shortly afterwards and was struck by 199 fifteen shots but made it to the north bank. Lotus vacated by owners. then came around the bend and was hit but made it Telegraph lines were restored to service in early to the north bank. Some of the passengers of Annie February to Fayetteville, Springfield, St. Louis and Jacobs were killed and a large number wounded.193 the rest of the world capitols. The New Era said, "Now, Mr. Bushwacker, if you'll only let the lines In all of the confusion, Colonel Thomas M. stay up till we can have news of the fall of Bowen, of the 13th Kansas Infantry who was the Charleston, we don't care if they are down again till ranking officer in the convoy, though he was on about the time Grant, Sherman and Sheridan are furlough, took charge and sent messengers to knocking from underthe last peg of the Rebellion ... Clarksville to contact Colonel Judson's troops, and Richmond and Lee's Army inside it!"200 a messenger by the river bank to try to stop Ad Mine 194 The Arkansas River was rising at the end of and report the attack to General Thayer. January and steamers Alamo, Ad Mine and Lotus The Confederate cannon had abruptly stopped came in with needed supplies and rations.201 I98lbid, 165 195 I89lbid, 168-169 lbid, 174-176 196 lq°lbid, 169-170 lbid, 177-178 197 ""The Fort Smith New Era. January 21, 1865 lbid 198 I92op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., The Federals Struggle to Hold On to lbid, 179 199 Fort Smith. 165 The Fort Smith New Era. January 28, 1865 200 '"Ibid, 173-175 lbid, February 11, 1865 201 wlbid, 176 lbid 26 GENERAL BUSSEY REPLACES GENERAL THAYER

On February 6, General Reynolds replaced The New Era reported that General Thayer's heart General Thayer with General Bussey. General was right but he surrounded himself with men who Thayer had been Commander of the District of the had caused problems in General McNeil's Frontier headquarted at Fort Smith for over a year. administration in late 1863 and 1864. He was For quite a while there had been rumblings from regarded as a victim ratherthan a leader. Bussey, on many who complained of serious mistakes in the other hand was a man of unblemished General Thayer's administration and perhaps worse reputation and sterling integrity.203 problems.202 Brigadier General Thayer and his staff left for

FORT SMITH AS A UYIOtf T3EPOT FEBRUARY-APRIL 1865 as SCAUE

TOWWS UNHW HELD) C CONFEDERATE HEO>)

Maps Courtesy Edwin C. Bearss and the Arkansas Historical Association

202Bearss, Edwin C., General Bussy Takes Over At Fort Smith, AR 203The Fort Smith New Era, February 18, 1865 Historical Quarterly, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, Autumn 1965, 220-240 27 Little Rock on February 15, on Virginia Barton. The Fort Smith in December and January under the same day Brigadier General Cyrus Bussey arrived evacuation orders. The muddy, bad state of the on Carrie Jacobs from Little Rock with his family roads caused the delay in the return of the wagons and staff.204 and supplies.212 President Lincoln was sent a petition from Fort Under General Orders #2 of 1865, a sales tax of Smith citizens February 9th. The citizens were very one cent wasordered on all goods and brews to help upset by the governments' seeming inability to send pay the cost of the Provost Marshal's office and the enough supplies into Fort Smith for the civilians to policing of the city such as the dead animals from purchase in order to eat and be clothed. There were the streets. Cows, horses, dogs, hogs, etc. were two thousand destitute people in and around the laying on streets and in alleyways and werecausing fort,205 along with "five thousand or more loyal a health problem.213 refugee Indians at Fort Gibson who were on the On March 4th a mass meeting was held on the verge of starvation."206 parade ground of the garrison in honor of Abe The request was responded to in several ways. Lincoln's inauguration and the recent magnificent General Reynolds in Little Rock authorized General victories of the National Arms over the enemies of Bussey in Fort Smith, to raise a company of men the country. It was a clear, cloudless day asthe40th who were farmers. These men would guard the Iowa Infantry, led by Colonel Garrett, marched into farmers against guerrillas while farmers were the garrison with flying colors and martial music. raising crops. The military authorities were Other regiments and crowds of people from the city authorized to sell supplies from military stores to the and beyond kept pouring in until thousands were people who were farming.207 Best of all, the river gathered on the parade ground. It was a day with big water was still high and during the week of February hours of speeches. Brigadier General Cyrus 19th, steamers Rose Hambleton, Greene Darbin, Bussey, Commander 3rd Division, 7th Army Corps, Annie Jacobs, Lotus, and Virginia Barton showed led off the speech making by dwelling on the Union up208 from Little Rock with supplies. Army's recent victories and how everyone was Many boats docked at the wharfs of Fort Smith trying to end it all and go home to parents, wife, during the years of 1863-1865. The following isa list brother or sister. Brigadier General John Edwards, of the boats known to have come into Fort Smith Commanding, 1st Brigade, 3rd Division of the 7th during the Union occupation: The Leon, Army Corp, decanted eloquently upon the suicidal Chippeway, Alamo, Ad Mine, Carrie Jacobs, Des folly of the secession movement. Lieutenant Moines City, The Sunny South, Ben Coursens, The Colonel E. J. Searle, Commander, 1st. Arkansas elegant light draught Rodolph, Mattie Cabler, Kate Infantry was called upon to speak last and Bruner, Convey #2, Argos, Ida King, E. O. Standard discussed briefly exploits of Sherman, Sheridan, which at 700 tons made it to Fort Smith from St. Grant, and other leaders and then of the proposals Louis in six days and twelve hours in August, 1865, of peace and the brighter future in store for The Gem, The Iron City, American, Rose Arkansas. The New Era stated that although Searle was from Illinois, he would no doubt, settle in Hambleton, Greene Darbin, Lotus, Virginia Barton, 214 Annie Jacobs, Sir Wm. Wallace, Ingomar, Silver Arkansas when this cruel war is over. Wave, Enterprise, Linnie Drown, Glide #3, D. C. The Sir Wm. Wallace, a large stern wheeler, came Morton and Arizonia.209 up river March 9th with two hundred seventy tonsof Twenty-six families pooled their money and sent government freight. The Sir Wm. Wallace was $ considered a marvel as it drew only 5y2 feet of 5,000 to a commissionary house at Little Rock for 215 the supplies to be shipped up river to Fort Smith water. under guard by the military.210 Many women and FARMERS PLANT WHILE MILITARY GUARDS children had no way to pay for supplies however, for The plan to establish agricultural communities it had been months since the husbands and fathers began to take hold in most parts of Northwest 211 in the troops had been paid. Arkansas. Citizens and soldiers alike were repairing On February 25th, a train of nearly two hundred fences and preparing to cultivate the land. The wagons arrived from Lewisburg on the Arkansas DuVall Plantation was to be used as gardens by the River. The wagons brought back the soldiers and General Bussey ordered all kinds of Quartermaster's stores that had been shipped from seeds from St. Louis to be used in the planting.216

204lbid 21°lbid, March 11, 1865 205 lbid, February 11, 1865 2"op. cit., Bearss, General Bussey Takes Over At Fort Smith. 231 206op. cit. Bearss, Edwin C., General Bussey Takes Over Fort 212The Fort Smith New Era. February 25, 1865 Smith. 227 213lbid 207 lbid, 229, 230 214lbid, March 4, 1865 208 The Fort Smith New Era, February 25, 1865 215lbid, March 11, 1865 209 lbid,, October 8, 1863, November 11, 1865 216lbid, March 4, 1865 28 General Orders were given at the post for all men helped the merchants in Fort Smith considerably between the ages of 18-45 to report for an enrolled when the paymaster brought military pay in early militia to guard farmers. By April 15, there were two April amounting to close to one million dollars for hundred eighty-one enrolled and farm colonies the troops of the District of the Frontier.223 were set up under the direct supervision of the A number of Fort Smith citizens hearing there was militia.217 protection, began coming back into town and many Colonel Harrison, at Fayetteville, was ahead of arrived in April aboard the elegant steamer these plans, and had already established colonies at Rodolph, as it made its way into the wharf from Little Fayetteville, Cane Hill, Huntsville and Bentonville. Rock.224 Two hundred families wanted to colonize near Van THE BEGINNING OF THE REBEL'S END 218 Buren. The troops at the Fort Smith garrison were Confederate General Burrows, who had taken the electrified by a telegram that arrived April 4, 1865. garrison at Fort Smith from the United States in 1861 The telegram told of the fall of Richmond, Virginia for the Rebels, arrived on a steam boat in mid-March. the day before from Rebel hands. Troops and He was pale and thin, not the same man who had citizens alike marched gaily into thegarrison yard to taken down the Stars and Stripes of America to 219 stand around the speaker's stand in the center of the replace it with a flag that waved for slavery. parade ground. Reverend Springer, Post Chaplain, Signs of re-awakening of Fort Smith were being read portions of dispatches on the capture of seen *in the spring of 1865, particularly with the Richmond. Several others spoke, and General change in military administration. People were Bussey ended with three cheers for Grant and three farming, confident of protection. It was noticed that cheers for Sherman.225 citizens were holding up their heads, or at least Shortly before nightfall April 10, a telegram was those citizens who were still left. There was received in Fort Smith telling of the surrender of probably not one-fourth of the original citizens of General Robert E. Lee and his whole Army. The Arkansas left who were in the state in the 1860 National Salute was fired and there were shouts of census. But in March of 1865 it was as if the citizens rejoicing. At 2:00 p.M. April 11th, crowds gathered at were saying "I feel as though I had some chance the garrison to hear a grand salute of two hundred again to live and call my life my own." Bushwackers guns. General Edwards and Bussey then spoke. were still in the outlying country, still killing, but 220 Reverend Garrison, Chaplain of the 40th Iowa there was not much left to plunder. praised God "from whom all blessings flow."226 It wasn't long before General Bussey was feeling weary about his troop situation and the number of DEATH OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN refugees around the fort. He only had onethousand Gladness turned to extreme sadness as word of eight hundred men fit for duty, while the summer the death of the beloved President, Abraham before there had been six thousand troops. The Lincoln, on April 15th, 1865, reached Fort Smith by fortifications had been built for the six thousand telegraph. At 11:30 A.M. the next morning, troops troops. There were several thousand destitute and town citizens once again gathered, this time on people colonizing near the posts in Bussey's Garrison Avenue, to begin asolemn march. It began command. His great worry was that the Rebel troops at 12 Noon and the sounds of muffled drums and the under Confederate General Maxey, Cooper, and playing of the funeral march proceeded the Gano were probably meeting at Doaksville and marchers to the garrison parade ground, then to the Boggy Depot in Indian Territory to attack Fort Smith speaker's platform. Expressions of sorrow were because.it was so vulnerable. He decided to reduce given by many speakersforthe late Chief Magistrate the size of the Fort Smith perimeter if worse came to who had led the nation in such troubled times. Many worse.221 prayers were offered up.227 The tax assessor began the week of March 26th to The local members of the Arkansas General take assessment of property for those who had Assembly returned the week of April 24th from some property to assess. The New Era warned there meeting in aspecial session at Little Rock beginning were not many who could afford to pay anything as April 3rd. Their principal business was the the people were destitute.222 ratification of the Constitutional Amendment to the A cash flow of money in a town is important and it United States Constitution prohibiting slavery in

217lbid, April 1, 1865 222The Fort Smith New Era. March 25, 1865 218op. cii., Bearss, Edwin C., General Bussey Takes Over Fort 223lbid, April 1, 1865 Smith. 238-239 224lbid, April 8, 1865 219 The Fort Smith New Era. March 18, 1865 225lbid 220 lbid, March 11, 1865 and April 1, 1865 226lbid, April 15, 1865 221 op. cit., Bearss, Edwin C., General Bussey Takes Over Fort 227lbid, April 22, 1865 Smith. 232-233 29 America. There was also bills to give the Negro race scouts and used these positions to rob and plunder. the right to testify in court and legalize their In the summer of 1864, the bushwackers left Fort marriage contracts. For some reason, which totally Smith, moving outside the fortifications with all their mystified Sebastian County residents who thought belongings of plunder, taking horses and wagons they knew him, H. L. Holleman, Senator of and continuing to terrify the citizens.233 Sebastian and Scott County strenously opposed the passage of the Constitutional Amendment and only CONFEDERATE PRESIDENT voted for it when he was outnumbered. The Union JEFF DAVIS CAPTURED people in Fort Smith were outraged that he would Early Sunday morning, May 16, 1865, a telegram appear to be against slavery when elected and vote arrived in Fort Smith that brought news that the another way when he was in the Legislature. The Confederate President Jeff Davis had been caught. other bills on court testimony and marriage The news was kept at the garrison for a short time. contracts did not pass the legislatureandthisaction Then a rumor got out that something important was was undoubtedly instrumental in keeping Arkansas about to happen and the troops were ordered to get out of the Union still longer. It was important that in readiness. The troops believed it was for a fight. Negroes be able to testify against their masters, who The morning church services in Fort Smith were in some cases were cruel to them and would make 228 ready to begin. When the parishioners heard the no attempt to free them. Valentine Dell of the New military music and saw the regiments marching, Era recorded that the people of Arkansas had been they left the churchs and followed the troops to the cruelly wronged by the 'Copperheads' in the 229 parade ground speaker's stand. Reverend Springer Legislature who showed their true selves. gave a fervant outpouring of thanksgiving for God's The United States Congress was still refusing to great mercy toward the nation in rescuing her from seat the Arkansas Congressional delegation. the ungodly and prayed for the misguided ones in Congress believed that President Lincoln's amnesty the war. General Bussey began to read from oath was too lenient and allowed former "rebels" dispatches about the capture of Jeff Davis, but when such as Senator Fishback to be in a high position in he was only partly through, happiness couldn't be Arkansas. Congress did accept Arkansas' vote on contained and there arose three cheers times three. the Thirteenth Amendment because votes by rebel Then the rest of the dispatches were read and states were essential for the three-fourths vote 230 another nine cheers erupted. Colonel Harrison necessary for adoption of the amendments. collected $677.70 for the Lincoln Memorial in Major General Reynolds and his staff arrived at Washington. Other speakers closed the glad-news the end of April on Annie Jacobs. As the Chief time. A special edition of The New Era was Commander of the Department of Arkansas, he held published for the occasion.234 an inspection of the troops, hospital and post. He The feelings in Fort Smith of gladness for the was joined by General Bussey and his family in atrip victories of the United States were not shared by all upriver to Fort Gibson. They seemed to enjoy their of the state. The ruling class in south Arkansas was three day trip with it's beautiful scenery on the extremely bitter against Union men and the National Arkansas and Grand River and commented upon 231 government, and all manner of treasonous the Indian warriors, squaws and papooses. propaganda about the Union was spread by people On May 11, 1865, the United States for the third who had been in authority. The emancipation of the year offered amnesty and pardon once again for slaves was a bitter pill to swallow and in many certain persons who had directly or by implication instances treatment was very cruel if there were not engaged in the Rebel cause. The first time amnesty Federal troops there to defend them and judge was offered was December 8, 1863, and again on 232 between white and blacks. Generally, citizens in the March 28, 1864. southern part of Arkansas did not know the real Much indiscriminate murdering was still going on state of affairs in the nation as news was almost non- in the FortSmith area making thecitizens miserable. existant by telegraph or newspaper.235 Two bushwackers shot a man at Rogers Cemetery for no reason. The bushwackers were part of a SOLDIERS RETURNING HOME group who had committed outrages against Union Union prisoners of war were making their way into families during Rebel occupation and had stayed in the fort in May, 1865, from the Tyler, Texas Fort Smith and en listed in the 2nd Kansas Cavalry as Confederate camp. Many were of the 2nd and 6th

"'Ibid, April 29, 1865 "3lbld, May 13, 1865 "•Ibid, May 6th, 1965 "'Ibid, May 16, 1865 Extra and May 20, 1865 "°op. clt., Cowan, Ruth Caroline, Reorganization of Federal 235 Arkansas, 1862-65 Smlth, Robert F., The Confederate Attempt to Counteract "The Fort Smith New Era, April 29, 1865 Reunion Propaganda in Arkansas: 1863-1865, Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVI No. 1, Spring 1957, 54-62 "'Ibid, June 3, 1865 30 Kansas Cavalry. They had been at that camp since cannons, parades and speechs, all of which began the disastrous south Arkansas battle a year before, at 8;30 A.M., after the firing of the guns of the 18th under very trying circumstances. The returning Iowa Infantry. The main oration was given by prisoners reported that Confederate guards were General Cyrus Bussey. The celebration lasted all allowing prisoners to escape, squads at a time, day, and many took part in the activities.242 believing that if there were no more prisoners they Mail service continued to be very poor in the Fort could also go home. There were almost two Smith area. The letters that did arrive were many thousand prisoners still at the prison camp. As times worse for the wear, having been wet, crushed, several of these Union prisoners were making their crumpled, twisted, and torn. The 1st Arkansas way to Fort Smith, they were stopped south of the Cavalry had been carrying the mail but thesetroops county by a partisan band who declared they were were being mustered out and it was not known who going to shoot them. A Crawford County man would continue the service.243 among the Rebels, William Graham, said he In mid-July, an important case was before the wouldn't let this happen and escorted the Union Circuit Court of Sebastian County. In 1862, a lady in soldiers to within twenty miles of Fort Smith. town sold property and received Confederate Graham then gave the Union soldiers his horse and money. By July of 1865, this Confederate money told them to see that his wife in Van Buren got it. was worthless. She wanted the sale of her property After resting in Fort Smith, the Union soldiers took sold three years previously, voided. The New Era the horse to Graham's wife and she immediately got stated that not one single Union person had sold back on the horse, rodeto her husband, and brought their property for Rebel money to their knowledge. him to Fort Smith. General Bussey allowed the The case was finally settled as General Bussey had Graham's to come through the picket lines and said originally ruled. The Court said a sale was a sale.244 he hoped more maids and matrons went after their A group of merchants met at Mr. Hayman's Store men so that families might be together again.236 on the 14th of July to discuss legality of the state's In the later part of May, mustering out of soldiers levying a 1% per centum tax on all goods brought of the Arkansas Regiments began. Soldiers of the from other states. The final decision was to pay the 1st Arkansas Infantry were in high glee because tax and pass it on to the consumer.245 they were told they could keep their arms. A short Troops that had called Fort Smith home foratime while later this was recinded, but in mid-July orders were mustering out early in August. Many soldiers came from General Butler, that Home Colonies or from different states under the command of the Militia organized by the Governor of Arkansas could Army of the Frontier went back home, turned 237 keep their arms. around and came back to Fort Smith to settle down Chaplain Francis Springer was working diligently and become good citizens of the community. to put together money for the war orphans of Troops mustering out were 18th Iowa, 2nd Kansas Arkansas. In May he had forty-one orphans in a 238 Battery, 40th Iowa and 22nd Ohio Veteran Infantry home at the corner of Mulberry and Lafayette which was made up of men from lowaand Missouri. Streets and there were many more orphans in 239 The troops of the 1st Arkansas Cavalry had to wait private homes. Money came in from the various around for several weeks for their paymaster to regiments for the orphans when soldiers heard of come up from Little Rock. Soldiers taking the the great need. The Chaplain made trips to Chicago departing troops' places were: 57th U. S. Colored trying to obtain money from different northern Infantry, 9th Iowa Cavalry with Brigadier organizations for the orphans. Many of the children General Trunbell making Fort Smith his were eventually sent to Illinois to orphan's homes 240 headquarters, 54th Illinois Infantry, Brigade of 15th and private homes. Army Corps and 3rd Iowa Battery.246 The one-cent sales tax that was being collected Judge Caldwell of the United States District Court for the Provost Marshal's Office, proved to be a good arrived in Fort smith August 24. There were investment. Streets were repaired, sewers built, and drumbeats among the citizenry to have a United sanitary conditions in general improved and 247 S1,700.00 remained on hand for other projects.241 States District Court established in Fort Smith. Fort Washita which was located one hundred THE NATION'S BIRTHDAY - JULY 4, 1865 sixty miles west of Fort Smith, and had for morethan July 4, 1865, was celebrated with booming thirty years been an important military post among

236 The Fort Smith New Era. May 20, 1865 242lbid, July 8, 1865 237 lbid 243lbid ""Mulberry . . North B Street; Lafayette . . North 7th St 244lbid, July 15, 1865 239 lbid, June 10, 1865 245lbid 240lbid, June 24. 1865 246lbid, August 12, 1865 241lbid, May 20, 1865 247lbid, August 26, 1865 31 the Indians was burned in mid-August by Rebel of assassination," Dell said, "but if I fall by the hand Indians. A week later Fort Arbuckle, two hundred of the mid-night assassin, be he grey or blue or miles west was burned by Rebel Indians also. The street ruffian, I die in the line of duty and defense of Indians were trying to make sure no Negro truth!" and he proceeded to print the expose.256 regiments were stationed in Indian Territory. The Dell printed a story of how Blunt's Kansas troops Indians had been told the United States was going had been allowed to strip the country of clothing, to use their lands to colonize Negroes. Many of the stock, and valuables of every kind, even pictures. Indians were wealthy slave owners and as President Immense stores of corn, wheat, and fodder were Lincoln's Emanicapation Proclamation was not recklessly wasted and destroyed and houses thought to cover the Indian Territory there was burned as the Rebel guerrilla troops were doing. some real conflict with the Indians obeying the Some storekeepers with questionable practices had Constitution of the United States.248 been allowed to come into the town under Blunt's Business was picking up around town. The Union administration and Dell said "volumes could be said boys had been paid. They were leaving for their about them"257 homes but they were buying presents before they Through the previous years time, Dell had made left. The Provost Marshal's office had a force of several unfavorable references to people within laborers out repairing streets and the steamboat Blunt's command such as Major E. A. Calkins, 3rd landing.249 Wisconsin Cavalry who Blunt entrusted to Many former Fort Smithians who had chosen to important positions in the running of the Fort Smith join their futures with the Confederacy had been post. Calkins had been carried over into General returning since June. The New Era editor reported Thayer's Administration and Dell and others had he did not feel vindictive, but he said that those warned Thayer that Calkins would be a problem for returning should have cheerful, not sullen, him. In fact, it was such a problem, that Dell had obedience to the laws and measures of the been prevailed upon by the town's citizens the year government.250 before to go back to Washington, after histriptothe In the latter part of September, tempers still flared National Union Convention, and see President over injustices, real or perceived, during the Union Lincoln about the questionable things going on in occupation of Fort Smith. Fort Smith under Thayer's rule. Dell said "President Valentine Dell, TheA/ew Era's editor, appears to Lincoln said, 'Yes, your friend Blunt, too,has been have been a person who was willing to call a spade a swindling the government as much as the present spade and hang the consequences. On April 1,1865, command at Fort Smith ( Thayer)." Dell said he told in The New Era Dell printed "The nameof Blunt, like the President that "Blunt is no friends of ours" and Hindman251 is to the people of Northwest Arkansas, that President Lincoln told Secretary Stanton to all that is bad and despicable in human nature."252 inspect affairs in Arkansas. The result was a new May 6, 1865, found General Blunt in Fort Smith commander (Bussey) who was not slow in and he left the next day for his new command at Fort reforming the crying abuses existing all over the Gibson.253 state.258 Late September, 1865, Blunt was visiting in Fort Dell's parting shot in the September 30, 1865, Smith from Fort Gibson and met Dell on the street article was that it was good to have a commander and accused him of slandering him in print in the (like Bussey) who cared for something else besides April 1, 1865, issue of the paper. Dell reported that cock fighting, fast horses, and fast women (like Blunt then attempted to have one of the disgraceful, Blunt)!259 rowdy scenes he was famous for, but he, Dell, would have none of it and walked away.254 THE GRAND INDIAN COUNCIL On the next night, Blunt gathered a group around CALLED IN FORT SMITH him, evidently where many could hear, and The Grand Indian Council was called in Fort denounced Dell in "language that got the disgust Smith on September 1, for all of the Tribes in the 255 and indignation of every man there present." West and Southwest, from Fort Smith to New Of course, the incident was reported back to Dell Mexico. The meeting followed Indian meetings with the jibbing that 'Dell wouldn't dare publish any which had been held in May and June in Indian expose of General Blunt.' "Friends have warned me Territory with the object of maintaining that area as

248lbid 254lbid, September 30, 1865 249lbid, September 2, 1865 255lbid 250lbid, July 8, 1865 256lbid "'Confederate General Thomas C. Hindman 257lbid 252 The Fort Smith New Era, April 1, 1865 258lbid 253lbid, May 13, 1865 259lbid 32 MM* WERK, osua TMOHKWIW, *JUUJMAS, rsx st*e* wwsws «w as**i ataus 1*.

Indian Council meets in Fort Smith - September, 1865 From Leslie's Weekly, October 7, 1865 Courtesy Arkansas History Commission the present and future home of the Indian race.260 Smith in record numbers. Many adjustments had to be made by those who were coming back to the city Fort Smith was full of strangers from east and 263 west as Council meetings were held on twelve and those who had stayed. separate days, ending with a September 21, The fierce patriotic German school teacher, adjournment sine die. With the exception of the Valentine Dell, who became the editor of the New Choctaws and who had to take the Era, had to give back the printing press he had been treaty back to their council for approval, a using to print the"Unconditional Union" news since satisfactory treaty was entered into by all Octobers, 1863. The editor of the Times and Herald, concerned. An Indian war dance by the Osage was J. F. Wheeler, returned from Dixieand reclaimed his held in the garrison on September 18th and was well property. Dell obtained a new smaller printing press and moved to a frame building on Ozark street attended by many Fort Smithians. There were one 264 hundred forty-nine Indian delegates and the United across from the St. Charles Hotel. States was represented by Judge D. N. Cooley, RECONSTRUCTION Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Honorable Elizah Reconstruction was beginning. Although the Sellers, Superintendent of South West Agency, movement to rejoin the Union began in Fort Smith, Colonel Parker of the six nations, Colonel Dubois, Arkansas, October 5, 1863, it was not until May 13, U. S. A. and Misters Mix, Madgowan, Cook, and 1868, that the first attempt to bring a seceded state Irvin, clerks of the Indian Bureau.261 back to the embraces of the United States was Major General H. J. Hunt relieved General Bussey successful.265 With the taking of this step, the reign of his command on September 21. Fort Smith of the military ceased, and America was once again citizens were sad to see General Bussey go back a nation under one banner, but still of two hearts. home to Iowa. He was very instrumental in getting Perhaps the most important result of the war in the town back to a semblance of normalcy. Fort Smith and the nation was the heritage of hate General Hunt had been in Fort Smith in 1853 with that it left on both sides. Southerners were the only the regular Army and then for a number of years, he Americans to be defeated in War and to undergo was at Fort Washita with the 2nd U. S. Artillery.262 military occupation. Some Southerners grew bitter The civilian population was returning to Fort in defeat, and some Northerners revengeful.266

260lbid, August 19, 1865, September 2, 16, and 23, 1865 26

FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH 1982, 1400 North E. Street includes most recent addition. Photo by Bradley Martin The first sermon preached by a Baptist minister in Captain DuVal and Wiley's owner is unknown.) Fort Smith was preached by a Rev. Wallace in the They built the church from hewn logs. The white year of 1847. His text was Proverbs, Chapter 12. He congregation assigned days for the building to be was the first missionary to the Nation. used by their slaves and a few free Negroes who Only eight persons heard this sermon; among them worshipped with them. was Siley M. Ellis, the first deacon of the church. Circuit riding preachers filled the pulpit. On the A tattered, handwritten deed, listed in Book P, many Sundays when a preacher was unavailable, page 439, at the Sebastian County Courthouse, the people came together for Bible reading, prayer records the beginning of a separate house of and praise, and this lasted for several years. For worship for the Baptists in this area. It was built on reasons now unknown, the log church was closed. the original plat of the town made by John Rogers, But this was not the end of the Baptist Church in and the deed describes the lot as "number ten, in Fort Smith, for Elder D. Buckley was to come to block thirteen, measuring fifty feet front on Green town soon. Street by one hundred forty feet to the alley." (This At the age of fifteen, Buckley had accepted Jesus is now Fourth and "D" Streets.) It was sold on as his Lord and Savior and had been baptized by January 14, 1848, to the Baptist Church for the sum Joshua Lester of the Smith Fork Baptist Church in of fifty dollars. Joseph Smedley, William A. Jackson, Tennessee. Immediately, he began leading other and Dr. J. H. T. Main were trustees. John and Mary young people to Christ, and at sixteen, his church Rogers signed the deed which was witnessed by had licensed him to preach. After graduation from John Stryker and Sam Edmondson. Along with the the University of Murfreesboro he advanced to the Union Church for the Protestants and Saint presidency of Castillian College and was Patrick's Church for the Catholics, it became Fort instrumental in the establishment of Bethel College Smith's third church building. in Kentucky. The events of his life brought him, at The church was built by Peter Harrison and age 37, to Fort Smith, Arkansas. Buckley was an William Wiley, both slaves. (Harrison was owned by educated and cultured man who had devoted his life 34 to spreading the gospel of Jesus. When he came to In 1866, Elder Compere took up the work again. Fort Smith and found no organization of the For awhile the colored and white people owned the denomination which was so dear to him, he house jointly and worshipped in the same building. expressed his chagrin to some citizens who felt the The white members of the church worshipped at same as he. 11:00 a.m.; the black members at 3:00 p.m. So, on Tuesday, December 1,1857, what we know In 1866 another movement was started for a new as First Baptist Church came into being. The house of worship, and on April 4, 1868, it was minutes of that meeting read: decided to organize a Sunday School. This gave "The following brothers and sisters impetus for the movement to relocate the church. namely: Wm. H. Byers, Mrs. C. A. The Building Committee, composed of M. S. Byers, Mrs. M. A. Singleton, Siley M. Buckley, J. J. Frost, W. N. Ayers, A. W. Mathes and Ellis, Mrs. M. H. Wheeler, and Mrs. John W. Cunningham, was appointed to secure M. E. McKinney, met at the funds for the purchase of a church building. Finally, residence of Wm. H. Byers in Fort in 1869, two lots were purchased for $250.00 at the Smith, Arkansas, (North 2nd & "B" corner of Thirteenth Street and Grand Avenue Streets), and after reading a portion (present location of the old sanctuary). Dr. James of the scriptures, singing, and Madison Barry2 donated the funds for this prayer by Elder D. Buckley, purchase.3 The building built in 1869 was replaced proceeded to organize themselves in 1884, then again after being destroyed by the into a Baptist Church. D. Buckley tornado in 1898. presiding as Moderator. In February, 1870, Rev. Compere tendered his Wm. H. Byers, Clerk" resignation which was not accepted, but Elder E. There are no recorded minutes of the church Bowman and Elder J. D. Chambers were elected to again until March 25, 1860, but it is known that Elder assist the pastor. By the end of 1870 there were 55 Buckley (the grandfather of Dr. Perry Webb) was members on the revised roll of church members. elected pastor, agreeing to preach monthly, and On September 20, 1871, Bro. F. L. Kregel was that he held that position for at least two years. ordained to the ministry and extended a call to the On March 25, 1860, Bro. E. L. Compere became pastorate, which he accepted. He served as pastor pastor and a movement was begun for building a until the end of May, 1873. house of worship. Their first drive for funds Apparently the church was without a pastor from produced $240.00. A lot was bought on North 4th this time until the coming of G. W. Reeves in and B Streets, and a house erected. September, 1878. He served seven months, until In the spring of 1861, Brother E. L. Compere April, 1879. baptized twenty-four Negro slaves in the Arkansas From that time, until June, 1883, the church was River near where the "Free Bridge" was to stand. without a pastor much of the time, but the church This was the first large baptismal service most of the progressed under the leadership of its lay leaders. town had ever seen. During the Civil War, Pastors serving a few months each during this time Compere's sympathies forced him to move to Texas were E. L. Compere (a former pastor), and Dr. A. S. and the work of the church practically ceased. The Worrell, who was serving as pastor of the Second 1 Presbyterian minister left also. Baptist Church in St. Louis, Missouri, when he was In 1863, after Compere had gone to Texas, the extended the call to come to Fort Smith. His salary in Union Army stored hay in the church, which they Fort Smith was $60.00 per month. had taken over for war purposes When it was being In February, 1882, services were held at Boone's torn down,an appeal was madetoBrigadier General School House, with a business meeting following C. Bussey, the Federal General, to spare it for the for the purpose of calling Dr. Worrell to the sake of religion. Lumber was hauled back by Negro pastorate. troops and the building repaired. It was probably Upon Dr. Worrell's arrival, the church rented a hall through the interest of Jerry Harlin (Holland)... that over the Wirsing Building on Garrison Avenue, the church building was preserved. He was which was used for services until the new building mustered into the U. S. Army at Fayetteville in 1864 was completed in 1885. and served as a cook, coming to Fort Smith before In February, 1883, the church issued a unanimous the war was over. He stayed here and made his call to W. E. Paxton, D. D., of Warren, Arkansas. home next door to the church on Fourth Street. At the close of services on Sunday, May 20, 1883,

1 History of the First Presbyterian Church, 1846 - 1960 by S. Y. Warner and V. L. Foster, pages 47-48. 2 Martin, Amelia Whitaker Physicians and Medicine, Biography of Dr. Barry, pages 232-233. 3 Church Records 35 "the church congregation repaired to the water at business. Garrison Avenue where Bro. Paxton duly Bro. Stalcup then presented the report of the administered the sacred ordinance of baptism to pulpit committee as follows: "We, your committee Sisters Mary Maledon, Annid Hunton, Mamie on pulpit supply, wish now to submit for your Hunton, and Laura Mathes." consideration, and action, the name of Rev. W. P. Dr. Paxton died on Saturday, June 9, that year, Throgmorton4, of Louisiana, Missouri, as being a during a revival. He was beloved and mourned by minister who, in our opinion is peculiarly adapted to the whole church. the wants of the field here. We find him to be about The revival closed the next day, and on June 11, 40 years old, well educated, of splendid pulpit two persons, P. A. Ball and Master Jack Henderson, power, deep spiritual piety, a staunch Baptist and in were baptized in the river at the foot of Garrison by short, a successful pastor." Rev. A. F. Randall. Bro. Throgmorton resigned in October, 1895, and G. W. Reeves, a former pastor, who had moved to was replaced by Bro. O. L. Hailey, of Memphis, Hope, Arkansas, was recalled as pastor. During his Tennessee. Bro. N. R. Pittman of Clinton, Missouri, pastorate, the new church was built. It was assumed the pastorate in the spring of 1900. completed and occupied in October or November, It is interesting to note the ways the ladies raised 1884. Members of the building committee were W. money for their local expenses and for missions and N. Ayers, J. C. Stalcup, and J. S. Meek. benevolences. The ladies brought their sewing and Following the resignation of Bro. Reeves, the Rev. needle work and stayed busy all during their J. B. Wise of Bastrop, Louisiana, came as pastor. programs and business meetings. The bazaars Money for his salary was raised by subscription. seemed to be the best way of raising money. On Church officers for the year 1886 were: March 18, 1897, they had an avoirdupois social and Deacons: J. C. Stalcup, John B. Hunton charged an admittance fee of twenty cents per Supt. Sunday School: J. C. Stalcup hundred-weight. Since ladies were not so careful Asst. Supt. S. S.: J. B. McDonough with their waistlines as they are now, it seemed that Secretary: John Ayers they were sure to bring in several dollars. Treasurer: John L. Henderson In January of 1897, "the monthly report of the Chorister: P. A. Ball Treasurer shows one dollar paid out for fascinator Finance Committee: R. Myrick, G. W. Moss, and R. materials and they were sold for $2.50, thereby D. Seals. making a good profit. On October 31, 1895, Mrs. Bro. A. J. Kincaid of Searcy, Arkansas, was called Hightower and Mrs. Merriman were asked to to pastor the church in September, 1886. purchase the following material to be worked up Minutes of December 1, 1886, reflect that "the into articles to be sold at the bazaar: 30 yards of young ladies of the church had undertaken to gingham, $1.85; 5 yards of lawn, 35 cts.; 1 remnant furnish the church with new and more comfortable bundle, 40 cts.; 2^ yards of dress goods, 50 cts.; 10 sittings," and a choice was made between pews and yards sateen, $1.00; 2 laundry bags, 2 stocking bags chairs. A report was also made that the Ladies Aid and 2 shoe bags, $3.38." Society was working to furnish a new organ for the A committee report on May 20, 1896, mentions church. that twelve hitching posts had been set about the As the church continued to grow, names of new premises as instructed, at a cost of $3.15. members were recorded in church minutes. Not all The story of the destruction of the church by the minutes are available for 1889 - 1893, but in those tornado on January 11,1898, is best told by quoting available, we find the names of Bro. Jessie Grace, a report made by R. A. Clarkson, Superintendent of who was received into the fellowship of the church Sunday School, at a church business meeting. on profession; Miss Ida Cox by letter from Trinidad, "At 11:15 p.m. in the dead of night, a Colorado; W. T. Soard and his wife, Irene R. Soard cyclone crossed our city, from west to by letters from Moody, Texas; Mr. and Mrs. George east, laying in ruins one hundred homes T. Williams by letter from the First Baptist Church at and four churches, among them our own. Hiawatha, Kansas; Emma Soard by letter from Of our membership and congregation 4 Ozark, Arkansas; and (Dr.) Minnie J. Sanders by Jimmie Smith and John Adams were letter from the Second Church at St. Louis, killed, and the injured of our Missouri. congregation were very few and their Wednesday, June 1, 1892, at the close of the usual injuries slight. .. .The home of the church hour of prayer, the church was called to order for and of the Sunday School has been swept

Dr. Minnie Sanders, the first female physician in Sebastian County, came to Fort Smith on the invitation of her cousin, Mrs. W. P. Throgmorton. While here, she married Henry Clay Armstrong, and spent the rest of her life in Fort Smith. For biography of br! Armstrong, see pages 219-21 of Physicians and Medicine by Amelia Whitaker Martin, pub. 1978. 36 away and all our pleasant things laid waste. We meet here today as sojourners. This place must serve us temporarily, but our watchword must be, 'Forward' . . . Before the storm we talked about bursting the walls out in order to make room for ever increasing numbers. Our God has done this for us. We have now lots of 'room'. Let us cover it with a tabernacle which will not only be a monument of the disaster but an offering to our God." An Interesting item not included in the minutes of the church: T. C. Price remembered that he, as a little boy, attended a business meeting of the church the night before the tornado destroyed the building. They were discussing the need for improvements of First Baptist Church 1957 the church, estimated to cost $700.00. Many of the North Thirteenth and D Streets Built 1899 of White Limestone members insisted that they were not able to spend Auditorium Completed 1903 such a large sum. One member, whose name was "Long"stood up in the meeting and said that, having paper would require all of his time and energies. The decided they could not make these improvements resignation was accepted and F. F. Gibson of when he believed they could, and should, he Malvern, Arkansas, succeeded Bro. Pittman. believed God would destroy the church. The next During Dr. Gibson' ministry, the communicant night the tornado destroyed the church and the membership rose to 655 members. salvage was sold for $75.00. Sunday, October 18, 1903, marked the A Bible, the only item saved from this building, completion and occupation of the new auditorium. came to be known as "The Cyclone Bible." Church This was almost the fourth anniversary of the first records tell that at an enlargement program on occupation of the building, Sunday, October 22, March 9, 1919, pledges in the sum of $25,000.00 1899. were received, and Dr. Ferguson preached from Even while rebuilding their own church building "The Cyclone Bible." following the tornado, the First Baptist Church Until plans for a regular meeting place could be began plans for expansion of its work through the made, the church and congregation metforworship organization of mission churches. on Sunday, January 16, 1898, in the old "Academy In February, 1903, for $150.00 the church bought of Music." The next Sunday they met at the First lot 7, block 70, Fitzgerald Addition, located near the Presbyterian Church. Then the church contracted Catholic Cemetery, for the purpose of establishing a the Turner Hall for $2.50 per Sunday night. The fee mission which later became the Lexington Avenue included the use of the hall, lights, fuel and janitor's Baptist Church. services. Church minutes dated February 7, 1906, granted Bro. Hailey called attention to the fact that the old letters of dismission to the following people for the baptistry was available for baptisms by the addition purpose of entering into the organization of the of a few repairs, and on motion of Bro. Ball the Lexington Avenue Baptist Church: Bro. C. C. committee on the house was instructed to have it Chambers, Bro. W. A. Bryan and wife, T. C. Gee, Mr. put in shape for use. H. G. Morrison and wife, Mrs. Lula M. Peek, and Mrs. On October 22, 1899, the first services were held Nora Ulman. in the new house of worship. Church minutes At the close of the morning service on Sunday, mention that at the close of the evening service on February 10, 1906, business meeting, chaired by Dr. Sunday, December 16,1900, Misses Florence Green Wm. R. Brooksher, Sr., was calledforthepurposeof (Mrs. Florenz Godt) and Florence Price, made approving purchase of Lot 3, block 13, of professions of Faith in Jesus, and were accepted for Fitzgerald's addition. This property, which adjoined baptism, and that on December 21, 1902, the pastor the church on the north, cost $1,750.00 and was baptized Miss Bertha Gray (Mrs. Cleveland acquired for the proposed purpose of building a Holland), and Rose Wilburn. parsonage. April 27, 1902, Bro. Pittman tendered his With the surrender of Edith Ayers on January 26, resignation, for the second time, and urged its 1908, to the call for foreign mission service, the acceptance because he had become the sole owner interest of the church in foreign missions was of The Baptist Advance, and the interests of the increased. An $805.70 offering was given that 37 morning by the congregation for foreign missions. sharing with the masses the good news of Christ's Miss Ayers, who later married W. E. Allen, served substitutionary death. Dr. Mordecai F. Ham was many years as a missionary in Brazil. brought here for two revival meetings which First Baptist's Fort Smith mission program was revolutionzed Fort Smith. His first meeting was in a expanded again in 1909, with the organization of warehouse on South Ninth Street where almost Calvary Baptist Church in the Fishback Addition. 3,500 persons made spiritual decisions. Members granted letters of dismission from First During Dr. Ferguson's pastorate, the main Baptist to organize this church were: Elder V. C. auditorium was enlarged to seat 1200 people; a two Neal, Mrs. Effie Neal, A. C. Neal, Philip A. and story annex was built on the east side of the church; Josephine Ball, Sarah Barnes, Pauline Garlick, Mrs. a three story Bible study building was erected A. R. Hershy, Mrs. Mattie A. Hudson, Mrs. L. O. immediately north of the church, and anotherthree Ingram, Edith Johnson, Mrs. Nellie and Autry Lane, story educational building was built east of the Ethel Judd, Georgia Kregel, Pink Patterson, Bessie church. In addition to this, three new missions were Smith, Mrs. Bessie Whittington, Mrs. C. L.Wilson, J. established, Riverside, Third Street, and McNeil. G. and Mable Wofford, Bessie Younger, Mrs. Dora McNeil mission was named for Deacon John McNeil. Newlon, Misses Ada, Jessie, Lena and Juanita Newlon, Anice McAteer, and James and Nora B. Vinton. For comfort of worshippers, in 1913, a number of improvements were made on the church auditorium. A new Kimball pipe organ was installed EIL MfSSIW-. and used the first time in public worship on Sunday, OF THE FIRST July 27, 1913. Contract price installed was $3,500. Also a system of indirect lighting and artificial ventilation were added. Total cost of improvements cost more than $5,000.00. Result of the new lighting system was that "the church was brilliantly lighted, yet there was not a light in sight." The artificial ventilation was created by two large motors forcing a current of cold air into the building all the time, while the numerous ventilators in the ceiling were carrying off the foul air, and a number of ceiling fans were keeping the cool currents in McNeil Baptist Mission circulation. On May 3, 1916, soon after Dr. Ferguson had We quote from church minutes: "One of the assumed the pastorate, the clerk of the church results of this system is that the church is at all times reported the recent organization of the Bethlehem kept cool and invigorating without the opening of Baptist Church at 601 North Third Street, Fort the windows to let in the noise of the street, the dust Smith. A prayer meeting conducted during the noon and flys, bugs and other insects. Keeping the hour, beginning in January in a potato cellar, had windows closed prevents the worshippers from resulted in the organization of the church with nine being disturbed by the two lines of streetcars that members, and that its membership had grown to 72 pass the doors of the church." with Pastor Carrol in charge. In January 1916, after 13^ years as pastor, Bro. First Baptist Church, Fort Smith, like the rest of Gibson offered his resignation. Reluctantly the the United States, felt the effects of the influenza resignation was accepted and the search for a new epidemic in 1918. Church minutes tell that a revival pastor began. From twenty-six candidates service by Dr. J. H. Dew, which began on Sunday, considered for the pastorate, a young minister from October 6, 1918, "came to a close on Tuesday, Durham, , B. V. Ferguson, was Octobers, due to quarantine on account of Spanish chosen, and he began his duties in Fort smith the influenza." first Sunday in June, 1916. On that day the Sunday In 1950, Rev. J. Harold Smith assumed the School attendance broke all previous records, and pastorate of First Baptist Church. His nine year there were 456 present in the church service. ministry is noteworthy for several accomplish- Dr. Ferguson pastored this church longer than ments. any other pastor — thirty four years. During this Under his direction, the church began its radio time, at his request, he was granted a leave of and television ministry, which continues and today absence to serve as Chaplain in the armed forces reaches between twelve to fifteen thousand homes during World War I. He was a great believer in in Northwest Arkansas and Eastern Oklahoma. 38 Elder D. Buckley Elder F. L. Compere F. L. Kregel A. S. Worrell 1857 - 1858 1860 - 1881 1871 - 1873 1882 (Served three times in this span)

William E. Paxton D. D. A. J. Kincaid W. P. Throgmorton, D. D. O. L. Hailey 1883 1886 - 1892 1892 - 1895 1895 - 1899

N. R. Pittman Findley F. Gibson B. V. Ferguson J. Harold Smith 1900 - 1902 Sept. 1902 - Feb. 1916 June, 1916 - 1950 Dec. 1950 - 1959

Newman McLarry Dan Cameron Dr. Wm. L. Bennett 1959 - 1962 1963- 1967 1967 - Present 39 Through the men's Brotherhood, rural A ministerial staff of nine, a number larger than evangelism work was begun. The Brotherhood also the total church membership in 1857, ministers to did personal witnessing; helped with local missions; the 1981 membership. The total salaried church and assisted in special services for soldiers, both staff includes ninety people. special Saturday night services conducted by Through this 125 years of growth, the work and associate pastor, Rev. Robert Ezell, and at the prayers of thousands of dedicated Christian men Reception center at Fort Chaffee. and women working together for God have Through J. Harold Smith's commitment to contributed to the tremendous spiritual outreach of extension growth, Spradling Avenue Baptist this church. Today, the names of most have been Church was established in December, 1951, and forgotten, but results of their faithful prayer and Riverside, Third Street and McNeil Missions were work live on. strengthened. Third Street snd Riverside Missions were provided with new facilities. Each of these three missions were pastored by a young energetic PASTORS AND DATES OF SERVICE ARE pastor, Paul Cooke. The communicant membership reached 2,580 members by 1959. D.Buckley ... December 1857 - December 1858 In 1959, Newman McLarry came to the pastorate, E. L. Compere5 March 1860-April 1863, June 1866- to be followed by Dan Cameron in 1963. During this 1871 time, a new sanctuary seating 1,450 people was F. L. Kregel September 1871 - May 1873 erected, along with an office suite. G. W. Reeves September 1878 - April 1879 In 1967 the church called Dr. William L. Bennett as E. L. Compere May 1880 - December 1881 pastor. During his ministry, furtherconstruction has Dr. A. S. Worrell6 ... April 1882 - September 1882 provided a Fellowship Hall which will seat 600 in Dr. W. E. Paxton March 1883 - June 1883 dining capacity, and additional education space, G. W. Reeves September 1883 - May 1885 debt-free. The building committee for the latest J. B. Wise September 1885 - April 1886 addition was led by Tom Gray. A. J. Kincaid September 1886 - May 1892 Under the direction of Dr. Bennett's strong Dr. W. P. Throgmorton June 1892 - November 1895 leadership, the First Baptist Church has had a keen O. L. Hailey ... November 1895 - November 1899 sense of direction and its work for God continues to N. R. Pittman March 1900 - July 1902 grow. Since 1979, the Bible teaching ministry Dr. Finley F. Gibson . September 1902 - February (Sunday School) has averaged just under 2,000 on a 1916 weekly basis. Dr. B. V. Ferguson June 1916 - June 1950 During the 124 years since its founding in 1857, J. Harold Smith December 1950 - 1959 First Baptist Church of Fort Smith, Arkansas, has Newman McLarry 1959 - 1962 grown from a membership of seven to a Dan Cameron 1963 - 1967 communicant membership of approximately 4000. Dr. Wm. L. Bennett 1967 - present

s Goodspeed History N. W. Ark. page 785 - E. L. Compere, a missionary Baptist preacher, founded Buckner College at Salem (Witcherville), Arkansas in 1875.

6 Ibid; 1883, new three story building completed at Buckner College. First school in new building opened in 1883 by Dr. A. S. Worrell, who taught four sessions.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION ALLIANCE OF ARKANSAS, INC. The Historic Preservation Alliance of Arkansas has been formed and the first annual meeting was held in Hot Springs, November 13-14, 1981. This statewide organization is dedicated to helping local communities save their architectural heritage. If you are interested in being a member of this group, contact the local board member, Carolyn Pollan or mail your membership check as follows: HISTORIC PRESERVATION ALLIANCE OF ARKANSAS, INC. P. O. Box 162 Washington, Arkansas 71862 (Please check one): Student or Senior Citizen $ 7.50 Contributor 100.00 Individual 15.00 Affiliate Organization 100.00 Double 25.00 Business 150.00 Sustaining 50.00 Benefactor 500.00 plus (All contributions are tax deductible) 40 CONFEDERATE VETERANS BURIED BY FENTRESS MORTUARY 1909 - 2934

The following list of Confederate Veterans buried Turner, Robert N. Mar. 13, 1914 60 Forest Park Funkhouser, A.M. Apr. 28, 1914 64 Oak Cem. by the Fentress Mortuary of Fort Smith was Church, F. O. May 27, 1914 69 National Cem. compiled by Mrs. Oscar Fentress. It was presented Lucey, J.M. June 20, 1914 71 Catholic Cem. by her to the Chapter, United McDonald, A. L. July 15, 1914 81 Poteau, OK Scoggins, John July 30, 1914 67 Maple, OK Daughters of the Confederacy on January 15, 1935 Cummings, John July 31, 1914 88 Forest Park and is printed here by permission of this chapter. Michael, A. Aug. 13, 1914 60 Elmwood Cem. Intres, John R. Aug. 24, 1914 64 Catholic Cem. NAME DEATH DATE AGE BURIAL Weaver, J.S. Sept. 9, 1914 61 White Cem. Underbill, Jake Dec. 8, 1909 60 Texarkana, AR Euper, Anton Sept. 14, 1914 78 Forest Park Hart, Alex Dec. 25, 1909 65 Elmwood Cem. Workinger, William Sept. 29, 1914 62 Oak Cem. Bolton, Charles Jan. 7, 1910 65 Elmwood Cem. Owens, W. B. Oct. 17, 1914 70 Elmwood Cem. Harner, Amos F. Feb. 2, 1910 68 Tabor, IA Earley, W.W. Feb. 2, 1915 69 Oak Cem. Priest, William A. Feb. 17, 1910 63 Oak Cemetery Hampton, William Feb. 7, 1915 69 Dora, AR Turley, J. G. Feb. 22, 1910 68 Elmwood Cem. Wheeler, W.W. Feb. 16, 1915 67 Oak Cem. Hammer, Peter Mar. 8, 1910 73 Catholic Cem. Page, John Mar. 23, 1915 73 Elmwood Cem. Williams, Ebenezer E. Apr. 20, 1910 79 Excelsior, AR Roberts, J. S. Mar. 24, 1915 76 Oak Cem. Shannon, James G. Mar. 26, 1910 62 Catholic Cem. Gardner, Thaddeus Apr. 19, 1915 79 National Cem. Spradling, Geo. N. May 24, 1910 69 National Cem. Cook, W.F. May 8, 1915 70 Elmwood Cem. Shaw, Knowles Aug. 9, 1910 78 Paola, KS Meaden, Fritz May 21, 1915 72 Oak Cem. Brogan, Edward C. Aug. 25, 1910 77 Catholic Cem. Modlin, Thomas M. June 17, 1915 69 Stigler, OK James, F. L. Oct. 11, 1910 65 Forest Park Havard, S. A. June 18, 1915 65 National Cem. Epple, Christian Nov. 3, 1910 72 Catholic Cem. Whedon, Milo July 5, 1915 66 Elgin, IL Tallman, Henry L. Dec. 3, 1910 61 Van Buren, AR Hopkins, Agrippa July 7, 1915 86 Oak Cem. McBride, C. E. Dec. 24, 1910 63 Forest Park Cem. Braun, William July 22, 1915 85 Oak Cem. Wilcox, William G. Feb. 27, 1911 73 Long Island, NY Hamilton, M. J. July 25, 1915 75 Oak Cem. Dailey, Daniel F. Apr. 9, 1911 65 Catholic Cem. Ayres, C. C. Aug. 2, 1915 66 Oak Cem. Van Sickle, Charles Apr. 17, 1911 63 Forest Park Cem. Glaze, Henry Sept. 27, 1915 65 White Cem. Leonard, Dennis Apr. 23, 1911 72 Catholic Cem. Vandagriff, C. W. Oct. 4, 1915 65 Taft, AR Fumet, Peter July 11, 1911 81 Oak Cemetery Miller, E. B. Nov. 6, 1915 68 McAlester, OK Akin, Andrew Jackson Aug. 27, 1911 75 Hackett, AR Riggs, Wm. S. Dec. 10, 1915 86 Springfield, MO Brown, B. S. Sept. 9, 1911 60 Catholic Cem. Simms, David A. Dec. 20, 1915 65 Forest Park McKnight, James Sept. 18, 1911 77 Catholic Cem. Cook, Charles Dec. 31, 1915 65 Oak Cem. Michael, Davis Dec. 18, 1911 65 Catholic Cem. Dean, Richard Jan. 17, 1916 83 Leard Cem. Cope, T. S. Dec. 27, 1911 67 Oak Cem. Busby, William L. Jan. 28, 1916 72 Oak Cem. Hawkins, John W. July 24, 1912 63 Ozark, AR Finn, M. H. Jan. 29, 1916 66 Alix, AR Marsh, Edwin July 24, 1912 63 Oak Cem. Callahan, Jan. 30, 1916 65 Huntington, AR Carter, Thomas H. Oct. 3, 1912 86 Beverly Adams, Joseph Feb. 14, 1916 85 Williams, OK Jolly, J. H. Oct. 3, 1912 72 Elmwood Cem. Grable, W. A. Feb. 28, 1916 73 Leard Cem. Wilcox, George Oct. 25, 1912 65 Elmwood Cem. Kelley, J. G. Apr. 23, 1916 80 Oak Cem. Dorente, J.N.E. Nov. 16, 1912 63 Forest Park Weaber, Jesse Apr. 26, 1916 69 Lavaca, AR Wagner, John W. Feb. 5, 1913 71 Catholic Cem. Smith, C. W. May 20, 1916 65 Oak Cem. Fewell, J.B. Mar. 3, 1913 65 Elmwood Cem. Cox, G. W. July 23, 1916 74 Oak Cem. Griffith, E. Mar. 15, 1913 65 Forest Park Cyachert, Joseph July 25, 1916 74 St. Joseph, MO McHaney, John C. Mar. 29, 1913 63 Forest Park Day, J. A. July 27, 1916 76 Eureka Springs, AR Martin, Joseph May 26, 1913 63 Catholic Cem. Lyons, A. Aug. 1, 1916 70 Oak Cem. Foster, Isaac June 16, 1913 66 Oak Cem. Odum, Jeff Aug. 20, 1916 73 Steep Hill Cromwell, Samuel June 22, 1913 76 Oak Cem. Bowman, J. H. Oct. 19, 1916 83 National Cem. Koegel, Frederick July 1, 1913 69 Oak Cem. Borrough, John Nov. 27, 1916 68 Forest Park Riley, William J. July 22, 1913 69 Shiloh Cem. Miller, John R. Sr. Nov. 28, 1916 80 Forest Park Morgan, Vincent (negro) Aug. 7, 1913 65 Oak Cem. Gardner, W. H. Dec. 9, 1916 74 Carnell Cem. Elliot, William July 31, 1913 65 Elmwood Cem. Shepherd, William Jan. 22, 1917 70 Mulberry, AR Thompson, Charles A. Sept. 11, 1913 60 Forest Park Leach, Ivan Feb. 4, 1917 86 Elmwood Cem. Fink, Henry Oct. 19, 1913 98 Forest Park Wright, J. C. Feb. 6, 1917 84 Oak Cem. Henderson, James C. Nov. 2, 1913 76 Mulberry, AR Nules, Sam Feb. 8, 1917 85 Elmwood Cem. Hope Huey E. Nov. 2, 1913 63 Camp Creek Strong, C. H. Feb. 11, 1917 68 Oak Cem. Pantet, Jacques Nov. 4, 1913 90 Gill Cem. Kraner, F. A. Feb. 11, 1917 63 Forest Park Hogan, Orlanda Nov. 19, 1913 72 National Cem. Schreckengaunt, W. H. Feb. 20, 1917 76 National Cem. Meyers, John Nov. 28, 1913 62 Forest Park Gibson, Gustave Feb. 28, 1917 74 Frederick, OK Sawyer, William Dec. 10, 1913 68 Oak Cem. Powell, J. N. Mar. 3, 1917 67 Oak Cem. Babcock, Frank Jan. 14, 1914 73 Forest Park McGurk, Frank Mar. 6, 1917 62 Wilburton, OK Morrow, Joseph Feb. 4, 1914 66 Oak Cem. Rowell, R. H. Apr. 12, 1917 90 Batesville, AR Clark, S. C. Feb. 7, 1914 77 Bonanza, AR Gross, Stephen Apr. 14, 1917 64 Forest Park Moore, V. N. Feb. 12, 1914 69 Oak Cem. Oliver, W. F. May 18, 1917 70 Huntington, AR Clifton, M. W. Feb. 27, 1914 61 Forest Park Brawner, W. T. June 8, 1917 83 Oak Cem. McGowan, James Mar. 12, 1914 63 Clear Lake, IA Ritchie, H. C. June 30, 1917 74 National Cem. 41 Bird, Isaac July 10, 1917 69 Liberty, KS Thomas, Jim Dec. 6, 1920 75 Oak Cem. Clay, James H. July 29, 1917 70 Oak Cem. Williams, B. J. Dec. 18, 1920 85 Oak Cem. Harrison, Robert H. Aug. 20, 1917 63 Sallisaw, OK Loomis, Floyd Feb. 28, 1921 73 Dyer, AR Long, Levi Aug. 29, 1917 68 Milton, OK Brodie, D. W. Jan. 27, 1921 78 Van Buren, AR Brown, John R. Sept. 3, 1917 64 Fairview Cem. Wilkerson, A. J. Feb. 5, 1921 78 Mountainburg, AR Markley, George Sept. 18, 1917 83 Oak Cem. Lake, Capt. L. B. Mar. 16, 1921 78 Forest Park Cooper, T. H. Sept. 23, 1917 68 Oak Cem. Render, John B. Mar. 20, 1921 90 Catholic Cem. Gunter, J. C. Oct. 22, 1917 73 Oak Cem. Hallum, J. C. Mar. 22, 1921 71 Oak Cem. Williams, James T. Oct. 28, 1917 73 Cleveland Martindale, T. M. May 8, 1921 76 White Bluff Thedford, John T. Jan. 31, 1918 66 Newlon Springs Laverne, J. L. May 9, 1921 74 Forest Park Dyer, William Feb. 9, 1918 75 Forest Park Mitchell, Zachariah May 16, 1921 83 Bentonville, AR Small, E. D. Mar. 4, 1918 77 Topeka, KS Bonner, Calvin J. May 21, 1921 76 Oak Cem. Harmon, H. L. Mar. 4, 1918 69 Oak Cem. Mankin, Thomas F. May 30, 1921 73 Forest Park Poulian, Francis Mar. 19, 1918 64 Catholic Cem. Harry, Cicero F. June 16, 1921 71 Newlon Springs Coffey, S. E. Mar. 10, 1918 69 Forest Park Cherry, Albert G. June 17, 1921 83 Hayes Chapel Robinson, J. P. Mar. 12, 1918 82 Forest Park Smith, Joseph Y. July 27, 1921 100 Parkersburg, WV Shackleford, Rev. Mar. 15, 1918 75 Paw Paw, OK Davis, Daniel F. Aug. 6, 1921 73 Kentucky Bugg, T. W. Apr. 14, 1918 73 Barling Franklin, Joe S. Aug. 18, 1921 76 Douglass Cem. Young, John S. Apr. 19, 1918 73 Forest Park Vann, Reuben Aug. 19, 1921 87 Cedars Braden, W. F. Apr. 23, 1918 75 Oak Cem. Strassburg, Abraham Aug. 30, 1921 73 Jewish Cem. Wood, James E. June 15, 1918 72 Mena, AR Coble, F. A. J. Sept. 1, 1921 79 Oak Cem. Wallace, John W. May 30, 1918 77 Oak Cem. Birnie, W. S. Sept. 3, 1921 84 Oak Cem. Nutler, John A. June 18, 1918 73 Oak Cem. Story, John Sept. 9, 1921 79 Oak Cem. Strayhorn, John June 18, 1918 83 Graphic Dottery, James Sept. 10, 1921 72 Monticello, AR Liede, Michael June 18, 1918 80 Forest Park Jarnigan, George W. Sept. 14, 1921 72 Clarksville, AR Nelson, Jake July 20, 1918 84 Oak Cem. Green, A. E. Oct. 11, 1921 74 OK. Haines, W. H. July 25, 1918 85 Bentonville, AR Owens, Charles Nov. 9, 1921 72 Bunch, AR Collins, J. July 29, 1918 81 New Hope Cem. Davis, W. H. Nov. 20, 1921 76 National Cem. Hines, James W. Aug. 11, 1918 83 Forest Park Davis, C. L. Dec. 4, 1921 75 Oak Cem. McMurtrey, W. H. Sept. 5, 1918 66 White Bluff Cem. Kirk, Henry H. Dec. 8, 1921 76 Oak Cem. Mabry, H. P. Sept. 7, 1918 86 Forest Park Beardsley, B. Jan. 23, 1922 75 Macedonia Cem. Martin, Paddy Sept. 17, 1918 86 Newlon Springs Bradshaw, John S. Feb. 6, 1922 78 Leard Sage, William Oct. 27, 1918 70 Elmwood Cem. Sutherland, Thomas S. Feb. 14, 1922 86 Oak Cem. Gilley, Tine Nov. 16, 1918 70 Central, AR Johnston, Lafayette Mar. 13, 1922 70 Fairview Cem. Putman, T. A. Nov. 21, 1918 73 Lavaca, AR Self, William E. Mar. 13, 1922 70 Forest Park Curtis, W. H. Dec. 11, 1918 79 Wister, OK Bartlett, Jesse H Mar. 22, 1922 85 Gutherie, OK Horton, J. G. Jan. 1, 1919 87 Williams, OK Mitchell, Millard Apr. 13, 1922 71 Oak Cem. Wills, B. L. Jan. 7, 1919 80 Huntington, AR Hamilton, Zacarria May 10, 1922 75 Oak Cem. Hurley, Dan Jan. 14, 1919 85 Catholic Cem. Purdom, Alexander June 23, 1922 70 Forest Park Buckner, Harrison Jan. 30, 1919 74 Forest Park Douglass, Eliza July 1, 1922 70 Douglass Cem. Snider, Harvey Feb. 19, 1919 70 Paw Paw, OK Reed, Robert July 10, 1922 83 Gutherie, OK Bromley, James H. Feb. 22, 1919 79 Oak Cem. Stokes, Lemuel July 11, 1922 70 Forest Park Phillips, Benjamin Feb. 24, 1919 75 Wanette, OK Mitchell, Eli E. Aug. 15, 1922 72 Oak Cem. Snider, Fred mar. 21, 1919 73 National Cem. Stephenson, Thomas R. Sept. 24, 1922 71 Altus, AR Milter, John F. Apr. 11, 1919 75 Mountain View, AR Davidson, F. E. Nov. 5, 1922 82 National Cem. Towery, Henry M. Apr. 26, 1919 81 Scranton, AR Martin, Erwin Dec. 17, 1922 87 National Cem. Brown, W. W. May 30, 1919 74 Oak Cem. Reynolds, Thommas H. Dec. 28, 1922 75 Clarksville, AR Lehman, Henry July 10, 1919 72 Great Lake, CO Peck, Benjamin A. Jan. 5, 1923 90 Forest Park Cockrum, J. L. July 15, 1919 77 National Cem. Cainan, George W. Jan.11,1923 80 Mena, AR Reynolds, P. Aug. 29, 1919 93 Fort Coffey Stearl, Joseph Jan. 26, 1823 76 Barling, AR Smith, W. W. Aug. 30, 1919 75 National Cem. Moses, Robert T. Mar. 2, 1923 75 National Cem. Shaw, Thomas Sept. 17, 1919 72 Spiro, OK Grain, William B. Mar. 17, 1923 72 Newlon Springs Edmunds, J. Sept. 18, 1919 71 Forest Park Woods, Nathan R. Mar. 19, 1923 89 Leard Cem. Marie, Josiah Oct. 4, 1919 78 National Cem. Furrow, James A. May 1, 1923 71 Gill Cem. Jenkins, William W. Oct. 12, 1919 81 Braymer, MO Ray, Lawson May 6, 1923 73 Oak Cem. Quante, Frank Oct. 18, 1919 85 Catholic Cem. Birnie, Henry C. May 11, 1923 79 Oak Cem. Simpson, William Oct. 19, 1919 70 Elmwood Cem. Walker, J. M. May 30, 1923 70 Jenny Lind, AR Miller, W. W. Oct. 24, 1919 86 Gushing, OK Schleiff, Frederick July 9, 1923 84 Forest Park Blakely, Capt. B. C. Nov. 16, 1919 76 Forest Park Honea James W. Aug. 3, 1923 77 Hansen, OK Kibler, John Nov. 21, 1919 73 National Cem. Ozment, Eli Aug. 3, 1923 74 Oak Cem. Ferrari, Joseph M. Nov. 30, 1919 70 Catholic Cem. Patrick, John W. Aug. 4, 1923 79 Forest Park Packard, R. C. Dec. 4, 1919 88 Cameron, MO Huber, Fred W. Aug. 6, 1923 75 Forest Park Waerter, Charles Dec. 4, 1919 61 Forest Park Mason, George W. Aug. 27, 1923 76 Russellville, AR Rahn, John Dec. 8, 1919 87 Catholic Cem. Callan, Daniel Sept. 4, 1923 97 Catholic Cem. Leffler, William Dec. 9, 1919 88 National Cem. Weese, Moses W. Sept. 11, 1923 72 Franklin Co. AR White, W. H. Jan. 13, 1920 81 Oak Cem. Stewart, J. C. Oct. 11, 1923 72 Oak Cem. Hartley, Lewis Jan. 30, 1920 77 National Cem. Adams, Zachariah T. Oct. 19, 1923 70 Forest Park Daly, Patrick Feb. 27. 1920 89 Catholic Cem. Padgett, Harvey Nov. 9, 1923 75 Abbott Cem. Sill, Phillip Mar. 29, 1920 77 Mountainburg, AR Hutchinson, Richard Nov. 15, 1923 70 Steep Hill Fisher, Alfred Apr. 21, 1920 79 Forest Park Buckley, Hezekiah Nov. 19, 1923 90 Chicago, IL Basham, Jap Sept. 21, 1920 78 Mountainburg, AR Sherman, Madison Nov. 21, 1923 83 National Cem. Price, George Oct. 4, 1920 74 Butler, MO Pannell, Sam Nov. 23, 1923 74 Paw Paw, OK Owens, W. J. Nov. 7, 1920 67 Oak Cem. Raub, Wm. N. Nov. 27, 1923 75 Oak Cem. Van Brocklin, J. Nov. 18, 1920 68 Oak Cem. Doerr, James Dec. 27, 1923 73 Van Buren, AR Winchester, T. P. Nov. 20, 1920 70 Forest Park Stephens, Robert W. Jan. 12, 1924 75 White Bluff Cem. Harlan, F. S. Nov. 25, 1920 84 Iowa Wardell, Elias T. Jan. 13, 1924 78 Chester, AR Marks, Jeptha A. Dec. 5, 1920 77 Huntington, AR Strain, Hester C. Jan. 14, 1924 82 Oak Cem. 42 Dukes, Reuben A. Feb. 1, 1924 88 White Bluff Cem. Bittle, George June 22, 1927 87 White Cem. Hughes, Elijah Feb. 6, 1924 83 Oak Cem. Pepper, Timothy July 18, 1927 82 Leard Cem. Russell, Jacob D. Feb. 18, 1924 72 Oak Cem. Johnson, Geo. G. July 26, 1927 79 Forest Park Dunn, William N. Mar. 5, 1924 73 Oak Cem. Hoge, Samuel B. Aug. 10, 1927 74 Forest Park Bryan, Willis O. Mar. 15, 1924 88 Rudy, AR Clayland, James L. Nov. 5, 1927 78 Oak Cem. Stafford, Isaac Apr. 28, 1924 80 Hackett, AR Taylor, Alfred Nov. 14, 1927 90 Oak Cem. Stough, John June 3, 1924 79 Wichita, KS Hamilton, Benjamin Dec. 2, 1927 82 Oak Cem. Wade, John W. June 6, 1924 75 Mulberry, AR Howell, David C. Dec. 22, 1927 79 Forest Park Ammon, Jacob June 23, 1924 79 National Cem. Harrison, John G. Jan. 14, 1928 82 National Cem. Reed, Wesley June 24, 1924 76 lola, KS Elwood, William L. Jan. 21, 1928 83 National Cem. Kennedy, Milton F. June 25, 1924 86 Forest Park Southard, William F. Mar. 28, 1928 80 Oak Cem. Burcham, Abijah July 12, 1924 81 Meg, AR Brooks, John C. Apr. 6, 1928 83 Dardanelle, AR Herriman, M. C. July 18, 1924 79 Paw Paw, OK Marsh, W. Edward Apr. 12, 1928 78 Gilliam Crowe, William Aug. 2, 1924 73 Dawson Cem. Warren, Henry Apr. 26, 1928 77 White Bluff Barnes, George W. Aug. 17, 1924 84 White Bluff Moore, John C. July 16, 1928 93 Key Port, IL Rutz, Jacob Sept. 25, 1924 74 Fairview Hackler, Rev. John S. July 16, 1928 76 Forest Park Dyer, William M. Oct. 17, 1924 84 National Cem. Sutton, Wm. M. July 26, 1928 86 Floyd Cem. Cole, William A. Nov. 1, 1924 75 Alma, AR McCann, James Aug. 17, 1928 115 National Cem. Kellogg, Orman Nov. 5, 1924 75 Forest Park Carrey, C. M. Dec. 29, 1928 77 Elmwood Timmins, Andrew Nov. 21, 1924 80 Cleveland, AR Mortensen, Hans July 17, 1929 83 Forest Park Scott, C. M. Dec. 31, 1924 72 Elmwood Armstrong, Andrew J. Jan. 12, 1929 78 Forest Park Kendall, William H. Nov. 29, 1924 73 Forest Park Nichols, Jake Jan. 17, 1929 83 Forest Park Childers, C. C. Jan. 7, 1925 72 Gans, OK Young, Allen Jan. 19, 1929 87 Hayes Chapel Smith, Lafayette Jan. 7, 1925 73 Roland, OK Landers, Abner Jan. 27, 1929 79 Leard Cem. Watts, Charles J. Jan. 21, 1925 74 Forest Park Petty, Enoch B. Feb. 13, 1929 82 Steep Hill Turner, T. Jan. 28, 1925 80 Forest Park Evans, A. C. Mar. 28, 1929 78 Elmwood Barnes, Moses A. Feb. 3, 1925 74 Forest Park Ming, Wm. J. Apr. 4, 1929 86 Oak Cem. Fisher, John H. Feb. 5, 1925 80 National Cem. Tash, Jack Apr. 21, 1929 76 Oak Cem. Wilson, Sam Feb. 22, 1925 79 Dora, OK Cottrell, James May 1, 1929 77 Dyer, AR Bach, Samuel Mar. 11, 1925 80 Huntington, AR Hall, Green H. June 13, 1929 86 Barnes Cem. Cook, Arzetia May 3, 1925 79 Bassham Burnett, John J. June 18, 1929 81 Forest Park Hoffman, John June 2, 1925 72 Catholic Cem. Bowling, Frank P. Sept. 5, 1929 82 Oak Cem. Howell, Samuel G. June 14, 1925 72 Mansfield, AR Holly, James W. Sept. 10, 1929 83 Arkoal Luckenbaugh, James W. June 17, 1925 79 Hickory Ridge, AR Cohn, M. S. Mar. 30, 1930 81 Jewish Cem. Heard, Allen C. June 20, 1925 73 Mulberry, AR Franklin, S. B. May 6, 1930 89 National Cem. Sengle, George June 25, 1925 72 Oak Cem. Fort, A. O. June 3, 1930 79 Oak Cem. Jones, David July 8, 1925 87 Wisconsin Linton, Ben F. Dec. 10, 1930 89 Gracelawn McDonald, James A. July 9, 1925 73 Sallisaw, OK Brown, James D. Mar. 7, 1931 80 Barling, AR Johnston, Moses C. Oct. 10, 1925 79 Forest Park Jacobs, Marion J. Jan. 1, 1931 80 Okmulgee, OK Foster, John Oct. 25, 1925 90 Oak Cem. Owensby, Marion F. June 12, 1931 83 Forest Park O'Connell, Michael Nov. 2, 1925 88 Catholic Cem. McGee, W. J. June 23, 1931 86 Barling, AR McGiffin, James G. Nov. 8, 1925 77 Girard, KS Weaver, John F. Aug. 1, 1931 81 Oak Cem. Keck Perse, George R. Nov. 23, 1925 79 National Cem. - Solomon Aug. 17, 1931 84 Lincoln, AR East, Eliza H. Dec. 2, 1925 83 Arbaree, AR Carrico, Leander Sept. 18, 1931 85 National Cem. Godt Hope, William P. Dec. 28, 1925 78 National Cem ' August Nov. 5, 1931 81 Oak Cem. Cottrell, William Feb. 5, 1926 88 Oak Cem Barton, C. S Jan. 17, 1932 80 Oak Cem. Scott Perr A Feb 24 1 Beaty, William Feb. 6, 1926 77 Cavanaugh ' V . $32 84 Denver, IL Furr, Paul Feb. 14, 1926 73 Forest Park Garrett, Alexander A. Feb. 29, 1932 82 Clarksville, AR Powell, Judge R. T. Feb. 15, 1926 72 Oak Cem. Mather, Ace Mar. 13, 1932 80 Roselawn Cem. Whitson, Calvin Feb. 20, 1926 80 National Cem. McMmn, Burrel J. Mar. 15, 1932 83 Oak Cem. Pittman, J. H. Feb. 22, 1926 75 Gould OK Dunklin, Herbert C. May 12, 1932 82 Spiro, OK Parker, Eugene Feb. 28, 1926 72 Leard Cem. Lovell, John D. Nov. 6, 1932 81 Stillwater. OK Hobbs, William H. Mar. 13, 1926 78 Oak Cem. Phillips, Tom A. Dec. 14, 1932 80 White Norrid, John H. Mar. 16, 1926 76 Oak Cem. Dawson, Montery M. Feb. 18, 1933 87 Forest Park Wright, Elijah. E. Mar. 18, 1926 74 Oak Cem' Garrett, Anderson Mar. 4, 1933 82 Shady Grove McMurtrey, Peter T. Apr. 18, 1926 78 White Bluff Futral, M. E. Oct. 14, 1933 82 Oak Cem. Ong, Harry May 11, 1926 71 Oak Cem. Franklin, Neil S. Jan. 6, 1934 80 Branch, AR Robinson, Eliza J. June 20, 1926 88 Forest Park Jacobs, Joseph H. Mar. 4, 1934 105 Jewish Cem. Johnston, George W. July 7, 1926 82 National Cem Kirkman, Alfred Mar. 19, 1934 83 Forest Park July 17, 1926 79 Forest Park Randolph. Robert H. May 23, 1934 96 Hight Cem. Cover, Noah Reed am Smith, Zephra Aug. 13, 1926 79 Chester AR ' J es A. July 20. 1934 87 Oak Cem. Grant, Andrew J. Sept. 7, 1926 74 Jacksonport, AR Tucker, William E. July 21, 1934 81 Mt. Olive Pipkin, Edward Sept. 17, 1926 81 National Cem. Overstreet. Thomas G Nov. 20, 1934 85 Short Mountain Been William J Sept. 20, 1926 74 Liberty Cem. i Smith, Edward T. Oct. 15, 1926 83 Forest Park Smith, Thomas L. Jan. 7, 1927 77 Mansfield, AR Edwards, David R. Jan. 8, 1927 72 Forest Park Williams, James D. Jan. 15, 1927 84 Steep Hill Ellinor, John E. Jan. 19, 1927 73 Huntington, AR Day by day, the past slips away Noble, Owen P. Jan. 23, 1927 89 Searcy, AR into oblivion and you and 1 are Kinnan, Thomas B. Jan. 29, 1927 80 Plainfield, MO Wheeler, Benjamin Feb. 5, 1927 79 Troy, MO responsible for preserving a part Decker, Oliver Feb. 20, 1927 88 Leard Cem. of it for tomorrow. Harper, Jesse C. Apr. 13, 1927 91 Oak Cem. McCallum, Hays Apr. 27, 1927 90 National Cem. DeGroat, Fred May 20, 1927 85 Paw Paw, OK Mahan, Andrew June 6, 1927 86 Mt. View, MO 43 NEWS AND OPPORTUNITIES April - August, 1982

ANNUAL MEETING LIBRARY — Regularly scheduled/activities: FORT SMITH HISTORICAL SOCIETY Every Wednesday, 12:15-1:00 p.m., Free movie — Thursday, April 29, 7:00 p.m. everyone brings sack lunch, cokes and coffee Community Room, Fort Smith Public Library are available 61 South 8th Street 2nd Wednesday each month: Book Review 10:30 a.m. All members and guests welcome and urged to attend. Every Thursday morning : Children's Story Hour, 9:30 a.m. For your convenience, ballot for election of new board members is on loose sheet in front of this Club meetings in Community Room: issue of The Journal. 1st Monday, 7:30 p.m. Fort Smith Computer Club 2nd & 4th Monday, 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Fort Smith Embroidery Guild 2nd Monday, 6:30 p.m Professional May 1-9, 1982, Arkansas will be celebrating the Photographers first of what is hoped to become an annual 4th Monday, 7:00 p.m. Camera Club celebration of ARKANSAS HERITAGE WEEK. 1st Tuesday, 7:00 p.m Old Fort Gun Club Purpose of the week is to promote a recognition of 4th Tuesday, 7:00 p.m Frontier Genealogy Arkansas' heritage through various local and Society statewide events. 1st Thursday, 7:30 p.m. ... National Organization For more information concerning state-wide for Women celebration, contact Tom W. Dillard, Director of 2nd Thursday, 7:30 League of Women Voters Department of Arkansas Natural and Cultural 3rd Friday, 1:30 p.m Poets Roundtable of Heritage, Telephone 501-371-2761. Fort Smith 1st & 3rd Saturdays, 9:30 a.m. in Conference room on first floor . Fort Smith Chess Club Fort Smith's celebration of ARKANSAS HERITAGE WEEK will begin with the: Belle Fort Smith Tour FORT SMITH ART CENTER EXHIBITS May 1-2, 2:00 to 5:00 p.m. 423 North 6th Street: Watch your newspaper for more details of this and April 4-25 other ARKANSAS HERITAGE WEEK activities Main Gallery: Ninth through Twelfth-Grade Competition (Arts & Crafts) Bay Window Gallery: Gerald Keith Smith 1982 OLD FORT RIVER FESTIVAL (Wood Carving) May 14-15-16 Gallery One: Sarah McMichaels (Pottery and Batik) Fort Smith City Park May 2-23 Three days full of fun and food for everyone Main Gallery: To Be Anounced Sponsored by the Fort Smith Junior League Bay Window Gallery: Tim Andrews (Oil and Watercolors) Gallery One: Buck Cheavens (Bronzes) ACTIVITIES AT FORT SMITH PUBLIC LIBRARY June 6-27 April 17 Friends of the Library Book Main Gallery: Robin Garrett (Various Painting Sale, 9:00 a.m. to 5 p.m. Media) April 18-24 National Library Week Bay Window Gallery: To Be Announced Wed., April 21 Open House at Library Gallery One: Sandy Jones (Oils) 3:00-4:30 p.m. May 1-9 Arkansas Heritage Week exhibits, July 11-25 displays, and film strip presentation of Main Gallery: Ed Wong-Ligda (Oils) Arkansas History. Bay Window Gallery: Steve Hathcock (Photographs) 44 Gallery One: F. Wendel Norton (Oils) PIONEER-FAMILY ACHIEVEMENT August 1-22 South Sebastian County, Awards Ceremony Main Gallery: Drew Kilgore (Photographs) Greenwood United Methodist Church Bay Window Gallery: Vircy Williams (Oils Sunday, April 18, 1982, 2:00 p.m. and Drawings) Recipients: Gallery One: Donna Jones (Oils) Mr. and Mrs. Edwin P. Hicks Mr. and Mrs. Vernon McGee Mr. and Mrs. John Couch Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Elmore WESTARK COMMUNITY COLLEGE, Mrs. John Lassen Grand at Waldron: April 13 & 14 "Tin Types," national touring musical production. April 16 "Miss Westark Pageant" featuring FORT SMITH CITY DIRECTORIES Miss America, Miss Arkansas, and The Fort Smith City Library is attempting to Miss Oklahoma compile a complete collection of Fort Smith City April 20 Westark Community College Directories. Can you help? If you have directories Band Concert for the following years that you will share, please April 25 ... Outdoor Pops Concert, an afternoon contact the library at 61 South 8th Street, Telephone performance by the Fort Smith 783-0229: Symphony. Sponsored by Westark 1882 thru 1889 Community College. 1891 thru 1893 July 16 & 17 "Oliver," a theatrical production by 1896 the Westark Community College drama 1899 department. 1901 thru 1903 1905 1906 FORT SMITH LITTLE THEATER, 1908 3800 North "O" Street: 1909 Season Tickets: 1915 thru 1917 Matinee - $10.00 (2:30 p.m., Sunday) 1930 thru 1935 Regular - $12.50 (8;15 p.m.) 1937 Champagne - $25.00 (7:30 p.m. Thursday) 1939 5 shows are included on the season ticket. 1941 1942 thru 1944 ROMANTIC COMEDY was shown in February. Rest 1946 of schedule for 1982 productions follows: 1947 MORNINGS AT SEVEN 1949 Champagne opening June 17 1950 Matinee June 20 1952 Other performances June 18,19,23,24,25,26 1954 ANNIE GET YOUR GUN 1958 Champagne opening July 29 1966 Matinee August 1 Other performances July 30 & Aug. 4,5,6,7 SAME TIME NEXT YEAR Champagne opening September 16 Matinee September 19 ARKANSAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION Other performances September 17,18,22,23,24,25 Annual Meeting BEDROOM FARCE Champagne opening November 4 April 15, 16, 17, 1982 Matinee November 7 Majestic Hotel - Hot Springs, Arkansas Other performances November 5,6,10,11,12,13 For further information, see Spring issue of FSLT also plans an adult drama for each season The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, or write which runs for two weeks that is not included in to Walter L. Brown, Dept. of History, Room 12, season ticket. The 1982 adult drama production is: Ozark Hall, University of Arkansas, WHOSE LIFE IS IT ANYWA Y? Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701. April 8,9,10 and 15,16,17

45 SIGHTSEEING AROUND FORT SMITH

Fort Smith Points of Interest

1. MISS LAURA'S HOUSE: Located at 123 Front Street, Louis Tilles family in 1867. Its architecture and solid this elegant Victorian Baroque style "Social Club" is brick construction is a smaller scale replica of the the lone survivor of six that stood on "The Row." This barracks building of the second fort. Located at 400 relic of a once thriving specialized business district North 8th Street, it is now the Patent Model Museum. has been restored to its original colors of forest green It opens from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. Monday through with cream trim. Friday. 2. KNOBLE BREWERY: This historic brewery at North LUCAS NANCE HOUSE (ca. 1889 -): Located at 601 3rd and E Street possesses a stone-arched North 6th, this authentic restoration of the Lucas underground beer cellar. Built in the late 1840's, it Nance residence by C. M. Koenig was built by a Fort was restored by the Carl Wortz family. It is now open Smith Cotton King. by appointment only. The brewery houses beer- CHARLES SMART HOUSE, North 8th and D Streets. making artifacts and other historical collections. BELLE GROVE SCHOOL: This imposing structure 3. JAMES SPARKS HOUSE (ca. 1887): Built by the son was Fort Smith's first public school. Namesake for the of a pioneer family, locally prominent in medical and Historic District, the school began in temporary financial circles, this Victorian Queen Anne style quarters in 1865. In 1866, the main part of this present residence has an unusual circular front window and school was built. It is located at North 6th and F iron flower box. Restored in 1970, theSparks House is Streets. Plans are being considered to use it as a City now Taliano's Italian Restaurant. Located at 201 Hall to house all of Fort Smith city offices. North 14th Street, Taliano's is open Monday through Saturday from 5:30 p.m. til 10:30 p.m. 9. OLD TOWN COURTYARD, Garrison & North 5th. 4. FORT SMITH ART CENTER (1879): Located at 423 10. NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, U. S. NATIONAL North 6th Street. The saving of this beautiful old CEMETERY; Located at South 6th and Garland home was the first such effort in what was to become Streets. Judge Isaac C. Parker, the "Hanging" Judge, the Belle Grove Historic District. Hours are Tuesday was buried here on November 17, 1896. Hours are 8 through Saturday from 9:30 a.m. til 4:30 p.m., Sunday a.m. til 5 p.m. from 2 til 4 p.m. 11 NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE, Rogers Avenue and 5. ROGERS-TILLES HOUSE: Believed to have been South 3rd. built by the John Rogers family and purchased by the BELLE POINT: Thefirst Fort Smith stood atthisspot, 46 built in 1817, overlooking the Arkansas and Poteau 16. MINCER-KAUFFMAN HOUSE (TOMFOOLERY): Rivers. This turn-of-the-century Neo-classical design house BARRACKS, COURTHOUSE AND JAIL: The was restored by Steve and Arlene Wilson and Larry barracks of the second fort was rebuilt in 1851. It and Margaret Carter and is now Tomfoolery became the Courthouse for Judge Isaac C. Parker in restaurant. Its pastel colors and simple lines echo the 1875, and in 1877 the jail was added. Movie, talks and classic Greek and Italian architecture of its time. guided tours provided by Park staff. Also modest 17. MUNICIPAL AUDITORIUM, 55 South 7th Street. library and research center. Open 9:00 a.m. til 5 p.m. 18. SEBASTIAN COUNTY COURTHOUSE: This daily except Christmas Day. No admission charge. massive structure at Rogers Avenue between 5th and 12. OLD FORT MUSEUM, 320 Rogers Avenue, adjacent 6th streets is an impressive sight. It houses many to the Fort Smith National Historic Site, contains county offices and is always a hub of activity. exhibits from all periods of Fort Smith history. Hours 19. WILLIAM O. DARBY RANGER MUSEUM AND are 10 a.m. til 5 p.m., September through May, and 9 LIBRARY: Located at North 8th and C Streets in the a.m. til 5 p.m., June, July and August. Open daily. Belle Grove Historic District. Dedicated to all Admission: Ages 12 and above, $1.00; ages 5-11, 25

4. A clean-up Campus Award is given each month to the elementary school with the cleanest, most well-kept FORT SMITH'S PRIDE campus. This project is sponsored by Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, whose employees judge the IS SHOWING campuses, under the direction of Fort Smith Pride. 5. Twenty-five billboards areappearing aroundtown with the wording, "Fort Smith Is Pretty Neat." This was a joint effort of Bedell, Inc., Donrey Outdoor advertising, Fort Smith Pride was organized about two years ago by and Pepsi Cola Bottling Company. a group of citizens interested in keeping Fort Smith clean 6. Southside High School Commercial Art classes and beautiful. With Carolyn McGowan serving as painted a city sanitation truck with their own design (a coordinator, Pride is attempting to change attitudes with a hand pointing to the opening on the truck with the positive approach, to generate pride in our community, words, "Put Trash Where It Belongs.") Westark and thus make it a cleaner, safer, healthier place in which Community College students plan to paint another to live and work. Mrs. McGowan'soffice is at the Chamber truck in late spring, using their own design also. of Commerce office. Through the efforts of this 7. City litter and clean upordinances are being reviewed organization: and upgraded where necessary. A brochure 1. Fort Smith is certified in the Clean Community System containing these ordinances will be published and and is working toward the goal of "Keep America distributed to Fort Smith residents with the mailing of Beautiful." water bills. 2. 500 Bradford Pear trees have been sold and planted. 8. Pride also joins forces with other organizations: ie, This project will be repeated this fall. Arthritis Foundation's Clean-A-Thon, with the duel 3. Orchid awards are given each month in each of four purpose of raising funds for the foundation and making catagories (residential, commercial, industrial and Fort Smith a cleaner community. other, to those who demonstrate pride in our Pride is currently working with the Community community by the way they maintain their Rescue Mission to create jobs for the unemployed by surroundings.) The recipients are chosen from using donated funds to pay for clean-up in the nominations from the residents of Fort Smith. downtown area. 47 BOOK NOTES AND AlDRUffiB FAMILY By Amelia Martin

BIG WAH OF COUNTY 38 pages, predates Stigler and had a school and church there Illustrated, soft bound. Price $3.60. Available from in 1892, along with the milling works. Mrs. Nathaniel the author, Maggie Aldridge Smith, Box411, Siloam Madison Aldridge had come with her sons and Springs, AR 72761. families, they had cattle and horses that at times This book, full of photographs and family letter's, were allowed to the free range Choctaws allowed. is the story of William Isaac Aldridge, affectionately Then from time to time whites had to remove stock known as "Big Wah," and the Aldridge families who from Choctaw range. On one of these "round-ups", came from Rienzi (Alcorn County) Mississippi to Grandma Aldridge suffered a heart attack as she Sebastian County, Arkansas, in 1880 and settled in was on her horse helping with the San Bouy River the Bloomer area. Bottom herds. Hers was the first burial in Antioch They came to relatives who were already in cemetery. Sebastian county. Land records in the Greenwood Names of families into which the Aldridge boys courthouse show 1874 and 1878 dates for Alfred took wife include Cheeves, three sons married Aldridge, 1885 for Rueben, and 1886 for James sisters, James, Reuben and Jefferson Aldridge Madison and Martin Aldridge. These were sons of married Lila, Jenny and Annie Cheeves. James and Nathaniel Madison Aldridge who had come by way Jeff remained in the Kinta, Oklahoma area where of Mobile, Alabama into Mississippi, and on October their descendants are today. Benny, Rueben and 5, 1881, he wrote to them from Rienzi, Mississippi, Frank moved on to establish Ada, Oklahoma, 1902, saying: then into Seminole County. The milling operations were a part of their lives, along with farming and a "Boys, / want you all to engage me 150 bushels of deep enjoyment of everyday living. They all trained corn and rent me about 40 acres of good land if you hunting dogs, bragged about whose was best, kept can and let me know when you need the money to lineage records on them, calling them by name to pay for it and I will send it. I am on a 'stand' to know each other as though family was involved whether to send my wagon through by land or not. There are fourteen letters addressed to the Rite and let me know what you all think about it. I Sebastian County Aldridges, however they reveal cannot get off before the first of Dec. I am a going to more about Rienzi, Miss. ship my gin when I come. N. M. ALDRIDGE"

Nathaniel Madison Aldridge madethetrip up river with his gin. By wagon came the mill for grinding A GIFT FROM ALICE by Alice Mikel Duffield. grain and operations for lumber milling. He had six Paperback, 24 pages. Illustrated by Caroline sons and three daughters that lived into adulthood. Weaver. Available from St. Stephen's Episcopal Nathaniel died in 1882 and is buried somewhere in Church, P. O. Box 356, Oak Ridge, TN 37830. Price - what is now Fort Chaffee area, though a check of the - contribution to the church (any amount). cemetery listings do not reveal a stone. The same is Alice Mikel Duffield, age 85, is sharing verses true for the five children of the oldest son of written throughout her unusual lifetime. They are Nathaniel, Benjamin Azariah Aldridge and his wife, full of the simple things of a bygone day and should Margaret Jane Mcllwane. be treasured by all who recall those days and want By the time "Maggie" Jane had birthed ten to hear more about them. children, five of them had died and her father, Dr. Mrs. Duffield, a nurse in World War I, is also David Mcllwane of Humboldt, Tenn. comforted her completing a book comparing nursing then and by writing, "HALF OF YOUR BABES ARE GONE, now. She and her husband Hobart live with their TRUE! BUT WHAT A POWER OF ATTRACTION IN daughter Audrey and son-in-law John (Jim) Henry HEAVEN FOR YOU!" at 639 Pennsylvania Avenue, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Five children were also born in Sebastian County 37830. She also has a son Mike, who lives in before the Aldridge boys were invited to move their Arkansas, and other relatives in the Fort Smith area, mill and gin operations into Choctaw Indian Nation, including her brother, William Mikel, who funded which they did and set up on a stream south east of printing A Gift From Alice as a very special gift to a Stigler. Known as the Antioch community this very special person, his sister Alice.

48 JOURNAL CONTENTS OP PAST ISSUES

Limited quantities of past issues of The Journal are available at S5:" per copy at the Fort Smith Public Library. Copies may be ordered by mail from: The Fort Smith Historical Society 61 South 8th Street • Fort Smith, Arkansas 72901 For mail orders. Order by Volume and Issue Number, include your complete mailing address and S5° plus75C mailing charges per copy.

VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 — SEPTEMBER, 1977 Sparks Family VOLUME IV, NUMBER 2 - SEPTEMBER, 1980 Letter from President Fort Smith Wagon Company The War and Fort Smith Militia in 1861 Map of Arkansas Fort Smith Architecture Diary of John Lucey Fort Smith Incorporation Papers H. C. Hoffman's Saddlery Shop Paul Krone, A Belle Point Guard Fort Smith City Streets Oral History. Mr. and Mrs. Henry Godt Attention Readers Fort Smith Early Settlement New Theater Early History of Varina Jefferson Davis Fort Smith Fire Departments Fort Smith 1878 Chapter. Daughters of the Confederacy Diary of Corrine Sherlock Southard Book Talk Flags of the Civil War 1861 - 1865 Miss Agnes Oglesby Inquiries Oral History, Oral History Correspondence Brigadier General William B. Cantwell Fort Smith Architecture Journal Award from Edwin P. Hicks Fort Smith Presbyterian Church Arkansas History Association A Civil War Indian Memory Poetry and Poets 1978 Membership Major General James G. Blunt Eloise Barksdale and Virginia Foster Index Journal Award of Distinction Fort Smith 1877 Inquiries Fort Smith United Daughters VOLUME III, NUMBER 1 — APRIL, 1979 Book Notes of the Confederacy Message from Your Editor 1880 Newspapers Book Talk Law Enforcement for Fort Smith 1851-1896 Arkansas Territorial Restoration Project Inquiries Fort Smith National Historic Site 1860 Census - Continued Fort Smith Historical Society Organization Quotations, Judge Isaac C. Parker Membership Fort Smith Historical Society Membership Judge Isaac Charles Parker Index VOLUME 1, NUMBER 2 — DECEMBER, 1977 Poets and Poetry, Emily Montague Rollwage VOLUME V, NUMBER 1 - APRIL, 1981 Telephone Company in Fort Smith In Search of Acburacy Letter from Editor Oral History. Capt. Roy G. Wood George Maledon, One Amongst Many History of Lutheranism Poetry and Poets, New Year's Calling In 1883 Origin of Name "Marshal" and (Missouri Synod) Seb. Co. Diary, Kate Rector Creation of Federal Court System German Letter Brunoldi and Guler Marshals for Federal Court with Jurisdiction Casper Reutzel Old Time Broom Making Over the Fort Smith Area Belle Fort Smith Tour The Joys of Genealogy Unsung Heroes Deputy Marshals of the S. A. Williams Fort Smith Architecture Federal Court forthe W. D. of AR, 1875-1896 Fort Smith Architecture First United Methodist Church A Lawyer's Appraisal of the Parker Court Fort Smith Public Library, Fort Smith 1877 Furnishing New Federal Jail Pictorial History Project Book Notes and Books for Research Birnie Brothers Funeral Home and Industry - Dyke Brothers Lumber Company Inquiries and Bloopers Putman Funeral Home Dyke Family Correspondence from Readers Judge John Henry Rogers Miller Family Fort Smith Historical Society Oral History, Eleanor Boone Rogers Parke Family Charter Membership Fort Smith 1879 Poets & Poetry - Index Fort Smith Land Records Confederate Flags. Melcenia. Cato Book Notes Northern Troops In Fort Smith 1863 VOLUME II, NUMBER 1 - APRIL 1978 Inquiries Civil War Soldiers Buried In Oral History, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Lorenz Index Fort Smith National Cemetery Belle Fort Smith Inc. Gift Inquiries Texas Road VOLUME III, NUMBER 2 - SEPTEMBER, 1979 Contents Past Issues ofTTie Journal Leard Cemetery 1979 Membership 1881 Newspapers Bloopers Streetcars of Fort Smith and Index Bottles, Windows to the Past Fort Smith Light and Traction Company St. John's Episcopal Church VOLUME V, NO. 2 - SEPTEMBER, 1981 Poets and Poetry, Lord Gaines Goolsby United Confederate Veterans Ancestor Chart, Blakemore Family VOLUME IV, NUMBER 1 — APRIL, 1980 Col. Benjamin T. DuVal Fort Smith and the Civil War Conclusion of Rector Family Diary Poets and Poetry, Prof. D. S. Patrick The Action on Massard Prairie Old Folk and Facts Jesse Casey Harper, Confederate Soldier SAHARA Texas Corner News and Opportunities Cousin to the South Summer Afternoon Architecture, P. R. Davis Home Civil War Battle Site Markers Fort Smith 1878 Microfilm Collection, Fort Smith Public Confederate General Orders Book Talk Library Fort Smith as a Focal Point for Advancing Correspondence from Readers Civil War Soldiers the Military Frontier 1850-1851 Inquiries Buried in Fort Smith National Cemetery (L-Z) William F. Rowe Book Notes, Inquiries and Bloopers VOLUME 11, NUMBER 2 — SEPTEMBER, 1978 Oral History, Edna F. Tustison Contents, Past Issues of The Journal Presidents Letter Real Daughters of the Confederacy 1881 Newspapers - New Era Migration - Ireland, Ft. Smith and Points West The Confederate Women Membership Roster Tobias Kelly Fort Smith Women During War Between Index Poets and Poetry - the States Shrine of St. Anne's, May Gray Poets and Poetry, Margaret Montague Church of the Immaculate Conception & 1879 - 1880 Newspapers Catholic Cemetery Inquiries Rubbings Letters from Readers Fort Smith, Hub from which the Book Notes Western Gold Seekers Went Into The Editor Receives AASLH Award Wilderness 1860 Census Diary - Wagon Train Journal Index 49 1082 NEWS Articles Taken From The FORT SMITH WEEKLY NEW ERA Eloise Barksdale Wilma Jameson

In the months January through June, 1882, the A Baptist Sunday School was organized on editor of the NEW ERA, Valentine Dell, was serving Sunday last in Boone's school house on Adams1 as United States Marshal of the Western District Street with the following officers: J. C. Stalcup, having been appointed June 15, 1880. The usual Superintendent; W. C. Davis, Assistant; Miss Belle term of appointment was four years but Dell was Evans, Secretary; John Ayers, Treasurer; Dr. R. D. replaced February 20,1882, by . Dell's Seals, Choirister. Thirty-one attendants were article on March 23,1882, reflects his frustration and enrolled the first day. anger with the present political situation and bitter memories from the Civil War Era. It appears that MARRIED following President James A. Garfield's WIMBERLY-BONNER - On Wednesday, Dec. 28, assassination and Chester A. Arthur becoming 1881, at the residence of the bride's father, Mr. E. B. President there was quite a lot of political turmoil. Bonner, near this city, by Rev. F. A. Jeffett, Mr. Dell blames Guiteau Republicans for the situation. George W. Wimberly to Miss Alice Bonner, all of this Charles Guiteau was the name of the man who city. assassinated President Garfield. During these spring months in 1882, the railroad January 12, 1882 bridge between Van Buren and Fort Smith was On the evening of the 10th Mr. Ed. Hunt gave a being discussed, there was a measles epidemic in party to quite a number of his friends in honor of his the Indian Territory, the news came of the death of 49th birthday. A merry company assembled and Jesse James, they were still having a problem with enjoyed themselves to the fullest extent. We wish hogs running loose in the city and there were Mr. Hunt many happy returns of the day. reports of smallpox all around the Fort Smith area. Although vaccine was available, smallpox was still a The Fort Smith Mathesian Society have again feared and dreaded disease as is evident in the opened their weekly meetings in Boone's school articles. However, only one death was reported in house, and on last Friday evening at their regular Fort Smith as a result of the disease. Also during this meeting the following officers were elected for the period, several prominent citizens died and the fact ensuing term: Mr. W. M. Ray, President, Chas King, that they were close personal friends of the editor is Vice-President; Miss Laura Mathes, Secretary; and reflected in the articles reporting their deaths. S. A. Ford Treasurer. For the genealogy researcher, we are including all the weddings and obituaries that were reported There was an interesting meeting of the during this time. Presbyterian Sunday School teachers, at the In addition to the Forf Smith Weekly New Era, residence of Mr. John Smith P. last Thursday another Fort Smith Newspaper called Wheelers evening. Independent is available for this time period on An election of the officers for the Sunday School microfilm at the Fort Smith Public Library. for the ensuing year was held, which resulted as January 5, 1882 follows: Superintendent, Rev. W. A. Sample; Dwelling houses are in demand here. We see Assistant Superintendent, Mr. R. G. Bulgin, parties looking for them every day. Secretary, Mr. J. Smith P.; Treasurer, Mr. Geo. T. Sparks. As this is the week of prayer, which is universally observed over all the Christian world; meetings are United States Marshal V. Dell left on the 6th for held every morning at 11 O'clock in the Presbyterian Detroit with a large number of prisoners and Church. ************ accompanied by four guards. There is to be a grand festival and concert tonight in the building formerly occupied by Block & SOMETHING NEW Company, given by the colored Belle Point Brass The ladies of the Episcopal Church have a novelty Band and those who want to have a good time in preparation for our citizenstomorrow night. They should be on hand. Admission 25 cents. will serve a good substantial tea from 5 until 10

No. 11th Street 50 o'clock p.m., to all who wish to come. Separate died several weeks since of the same fever which tables will be furnished for families, if desired. has proved fatal to his brother. We extend our Fourteen young ladies dressed in costume will sincere sympathy to the bereaved family. preside over all. Admission 25 cents, children 10 cents, and no January 19, 1882 extra charge for tea. Oysters will be served extra in The idea of a case of smallpox in Fort smith is every style. This arrangement will obviate the ridiculous, nevertheless it is on all sides of us and necessity of cooking supper at home, for those there should be no delay about vaccination. It is a wishing to attend. There will be good music and the safeguard and should be attended to at once by hall in Dr. Main's new building, in which the everyone. entertainment is to be given, will be brillantly lighted. Mrs. R. F. Dickens suffered the loss of her son, Willie, last Sunday at 5 a.m. Willie was in his Mr. John Buscamp is erecting a residence on fourteenth year and was a great comfort to his Hancock Street. widowed mother. His was a gentle, unobtrusive nature, docile and confiding. A new livery and feed stable has been opened up 2 on Ozark Street, near the depot, by Messrs Haynes A WARNING WHICH SHOULD BE HEEDED & Long. Our city had a narrow escape from a destructive fire last Tuesday evening. The house occupied by Sengel Bros, have decided not to keep their Mrs. Finnigan, corner of Hancock3 and Mulberry4 Barber Shop open on Sunday hereafter. Streets, took fire about 6 o'clock p.m. Tuesday, but fortunately the flames were extinguished before The new brick residence of Dr. E. R. DuVal near they gained too much headway. It is criminal the Lutheran Church is about completed. negligence on the part of our citizens that we do not have an organized fire company, and good engines in good working order. Superintendent Hartman, of the L. R. & F. S. Ry., has engaged Dr. E. Cross to vaccinate all the employees of the company, and the doctor will start DIED over the line on Monday. BAIRD - In this city, on the 14th inst. Miss Effie Baird, daughter of J. Baird, of this city, after a New bedding is being furnished in each cell of the lingering illness, in her 20th year. U. S. Jail. The jail is being renovated and made HARPER - Rev. Blaney Harper5, S.E.M.E. Church, of comfortable and neat throughout. Pneumonia, January 7th, 1882, at Chocoville, Sebastian County, Ark. The opera chairs to be used in the Presbyterian Bro. H. was born in North Carolina, May 10th, Church, in place of pews, have arrived and will be 1815, married in Tennessee, in 1832, wasatthattime put in the church this week. They are models of ease an exhorter in our church, and was preaching ere he and convenience and will be quite an improvement was twenty years of age. He returned to this county on the benches. in March 1851, and settled near the place of his decease, where he reared a large and respectable family. About the time he came to this State he Mr. O. D. Weldon has purchased the interest of suffered the loss of his sight to such an extent as to Mr. Cad Allard in the ELEVATOR, and that paper will forbid his reading, therefore he read his text and now be edited by Carnall & Weldon. Mr. W. is a hymns from memory. He was a fair preacher, and an thorough printer, and has lived here from his school excellent revivalist, and was the pioneer of our days up, hence is a well known though not old church in this section after the war. A meeting he citizen. Success to the new firm is our sincere wish. held some twelve years since is known as the "great DIED revival." During his last illness his submission and trust were more than ordinary. He was only waiting; BARNES - On Sunday night at 12 o'clock, George nothing moved him, death had no terrors and the Barnes, aged 19 years of typhoid-malarial fever. grave no loneliness for him; he was going to Heaven. George was a brother of the late Joe Barnes, who

No. 1st Street No. 9th Street No. B Street See pages 8-10, Vol V, No. 2, Journal of Fort Smith Historical Society for Story of Harper Family 51 MARRIED The City Council has drafted a memorial to BROGAN-DONAHUE - On Wednesday the 11th congress, praying for an increase of mail service inst. at the Catholic Church, Rev. Father Smythe between here and Little Rock to a double daily mail, officiating, Mr. Ed. Brogan to Miss Maggie and requesting that the time at present occupied for Donahue. the transmission of the mails between these two We extend our congratulations and wish them a places be shortened as much as practicable. long an happy life. Dr. Thomas Quarrells, of Fayetteville, was in city January 26, 1882 this week. The doctor took the contract of vaccinating the families of the employees of the One hundred and three deeds were recorded by 'Frisco Road between Plymouth and Van Buren and Clerk Stalcup during the past quarter. accomplished the work in ten days, walking on foot all the way and vaccinating near 5000 persons. The handsome new saloon just fitted up by Mr. Frank Freer is now doing a land office business. The celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation by the colored citizens of this city at Mr. Lawrence Lamb, one of the founders of the Ryle's Chapel, last Saturday evening, was well DAILY HERALD, now of Memphis, is in the city attended and proved quite interesting to all. Judge visiting friends. W. H. H. Clayton, Mayor Brizzolara and others addressed the meeting. When our colored citizens go into anything of this nature they never fail to A Baptist protracted meeting is being conducted make it a success. in the city by Rev. M. D. Early. A number of new converts. Mr. Geo. W. Truschel and Miss Nannie Geren are booked in the county clerk's office as having applied Rev. Mr. Birnie of St. Paul, Minn., has been for a permit to go into partnership on the life plan. tendered the rectorship of St. John's Episcopal Church, in this place, and is expected here in a short time. The large and magnificent new business house just erected by Mr. J. K. Barnes is drawing near to The old motto, "No excellence without labor," has completion. The two mammoth plateglass windows been rubbed off the blackboard of the Fort Smith put in last Saturday measure 7x12feet. The building schools and "No education without vaccination" is arranged with gas fixtures throughout. substituted. Mr. J. H. Livingston, of Greenville, III, has bought The Fort Smith Street Railway Company has out the saddle and harness establishment of Mr. S. contracted with the St. Louis Iron and Bolt M. Hamilton. He will make a success of the Company for material for laying two miles of track, wholesale and retail saddle and harness business if with necessary switches and turn-tables. there is a man in the west, who got his start by pulling wax ends, who can. He intends putting up a The latest new wrinkle, in the way of the proper two story brick business house at an early date - one thing to do, is to get up a "pound-party," to which all that will be a credit to our city. comers are expected to bring sixteen ounces, February 2, 1882 avoirdupos, of something. Our public school building needs to be enlarged.

All places of business, news and bookstores, Catholic Grove is being handsomely dotted with bakeries, candy and cigar stands, and in fact every new residences. branch of business except restaurants and drug Mr. A. Silberburg, of the Boston Store, left the fore stores, were closed Sunday last by order of Mayor part of the week for the East, where he goes to lay in Brizzolara. a stock of spring goods.

Mr. T. H. Mali burton takes the place of T. H. Payne, Mr. Frank Smith, who died last week and was deceased, as agent at this place of the L. R. & F. S. buried by the A.O.U.W., held a $2,000 policy on his Railroad. Glad to know that friend H. is held in such life, which goes to those he leaves behind most dear. high esteem by the management of the road, for we This order has done much, since it's organization, to know the appointment will please the citizens of alleviate the wants of many who but for it would have Fort Smith. been left almost, if not quite penniless.

52 Mr. Charles Hoffman, who has been in this Deputy Marshal Marks came in Monday from the country but three months and in Fort Smith two Osage country with two prisoners. Mr. M. is one of weeks, made us a pleasant call Tuesday. He has the most daring and fearless men on the force, and it learned the English language in three months so gives us pleasure to be able to state that he has that he is able to converse fluently in that tongue. He almost entirely recovered from the painful wounds is now officing at the Capital Hotel, and proposes received sometime since, whilst in pursuit of a engaging in the sewing machine business. criminal, by the falling of his horse down a steep Repairing sewing machines is his specialty. embankment, the particulars of which appeared in these columns at the time.

The festival and ball at the residence of Mr. W. B. Work is being crowded ahead upon the Frisco Sutton on Friday night, by the ladies of the Jolly Tunnel at Boston Mountain, and it is now stated that Club, for the benefit of the poor, proved a very it will be finished by the first of April. The road this enjoyable affair, even though the night was made side of the mountain has been graded to within a few disagreeable by mud, slush and rain. It was a miles of Van Buren and the work is being pushed profitable night for the liverymen as well as the poor ahead with much rapidity. This rather puts a dam per and needy. The supper tables were covered with all upon the report that the road would not be finished that the most dainty epicurian could wish for, and because of a large amount of its stock having been the only pity is that there were not more present to bought up by the great Railroad King. Gould knows enjoy the feast. There was an ample quantity to feed the worth of a through line from St. Louis to this five hundred persons, and had the night and point and there is no danger of his giving us the go following day been favorable the good ladies who worked so diligently and long would have had the pleasure of turning over to Uncle Jerry Kannady, the The reception tendered the Frontier Guards by pauper commissioner, over $100, instead of $61.50, Chief Deputy U. S. Marshal Huffington, on the amount cleared. Mrs. Judge Rutherford, Mrs. Dr. Thursday evening last, was a grand affair. The Dunlap and Mrs. Nathan deserves and has not only guards rigged out in their gay uniform, with the most the heartfelt thanks of the poor in our midst, but charming lot of young ladies present that ever every citizen who is able to appreciate the kindly graced any like occasion, made the interior of the spirit with which those ladies labored so diligently. elegant new residence look much like the grand receptions had in days gone by, when Fort Smith The confirmation of Boles as Marshal for the was an important military post and old General Western District of Arkansas is yet very uncertain. Zackariar Taylor. Jeff Davis, Gen. Bonneville, Gen. Gatlin and others were in their prime. The hostess, in her pleasant, winning way made all to feel February 9, 1882 perfectly at ease. Dancing, music and social chats A new and inexperienced bell ringer at the were the order of the evening; one room having Methodist Church, Sunday morning, caused a been set apart for "tripping the light fantastic" and grand rush for that vicinty by ringing the Sabbath other for music and social conversation. It was School bell so fast as that those who heard it indeed a "glorious, grand party." thought it a fire alarm. INDIAN ITEMS The firm of Bell & Jackson had a little There are 74 missionaries and 174 church unpleasantness between themselves, last Saturday buildings in the five civilized nations. night, which resulted in the former receiving a pretty Anybody can purchase the walnut and other severe pummelling. Thecourts will adjustthe matter timber now being sold by the sheriffs of the different as soon as Mr. B. is able to be out. districts and can ship it out after they have purchased it, or do whatever else they can see fit to There are several hundred persons in the city do with it. The timber is being sold for the benefit of attending U. S. Court. the Cherokee Nation, having been unlawfully cut from the public domain of said nation, and which is considered by the law to be the common property of A party of surveyors on the 'Frisco' Line are the people, and can in no manner, except as camping within the walls of the Garrison. provided by law, become individual property, especially for speculative purposes. There are Judge I. C. Parker has purchased lots on Knox about fifteen thousand logs, aggregating over a Street and will soon commence the erection of afine million feet of walnut timber, advertised to be sold, residence. one lot on the 20th and one on the 22nd of February.

53 February 16, 1882 who was killed some time ago in discharge of his On account of the terrible condition of the roads duty. there is very little if any cotton coming in. Since writing the above, we regret to learn, that the wound is so serious, as to necessiate amputation in all probability. Uncle Jerry Kannady celebrated his birthday last Saturday, and was presented with a silver headed cane by his friend, Mr. Bleeker Luce. Mr. and Mrs. E. Czarnikow celebrated their silver wedding last Friday evening by entertaining their

6 7 numerous friends at their residence. An elegant Knox and Walnut Streets are in a fearful repast was served, being prepared by Messrs condition, driving being almost impossible on Correll & Co., and reflected great credit on them as account of the depth of the mud. confectioners. Mr. Czarnikow and wife were the recipients of many handsome presents from their THE U. S. MARSHALSHIP friends. We wish them a pleasant journey in the Little Rock, Ark. February 2, ... A number of golden anniversary of their wedding. leading Republicans have been in consultation here today organizing a vigorous opposition to the MARRIED confirmation of Boles as Marshal for the Western KUPER-THEURER-At the Catholic Church in this District of Arkansas. They say that the nomination city, on Tuesday February 14th, 1882, by Rev. L. was urged upon the President by Senator Clayton in Smythe, Mr. Henry Kuper, Jr. to Miss Elizabeth M. opposition to the known wishes of the Republicans Theurer, all of this city. of the state, who contend that Dell, the present The wedding took place at nine o'clock Tuesday incumbent, should be allowed to hold over until the morning, and long before that hour the church was meeting of the State Convention in June, where the filled with the numerous friends and acquaintances choice of the party for the position can be easily and of the contracting parties. The bridegroom is a truthfully determined. It is reported that a telegram member of the Frontier Guards, and they were out in has been sent by the Secretary of the Republican force to attend the wedding. The interesting and State Central Committee to the Democratic Senator lengthy ceremony was performed by Father from this State, and to leading Republican Senators, Smythe, and a high mass was sung by thechoir.The requiring them to oppose the confirmation of Boles attendants were Miss Katie Emrich and Mr. F. and to allow the Marshalship to stand in status quo Voelter, Miss Kuper and Mr. M. J. Theurer. After the until the meeting of the Republican State ceremony the bridal party repaired to the residence Convention. The Secretary states that the party of the bride's mother, where an elegant wedding recommended by Senator Clayton is distasteful to breakfast awaited them. Mr. and Mrs. Kuper the masses of the people; that his appointees - received a number of beautiful and valuable Cooper as Revenue Collector, and Edgarton as wedding presents from friends and relatives. We Postmaster - are business partners; and the matter offer our congratulations and wish them a long and of Federal patronage in his hands looks too much happy life. like a family arrangement.

We were visited Tuesday by our genial friend Col. The Woman's Christian Temperance Association, E. C. Boudinot, who is here attending court. It is a is a permanent organization in this city. Meetings pleasure to meet and talk with Col. Boudinot, and are held the first Tuesday in every month. The next his many friends here are always glad to have him meeting is in the Presbyterian Church, at 3:30 p.m. visit them. on the afternoon of Tuesday, March 7th. The W.C.T.U. will be addressed by Rev. Dr. Winfield at SERIOUS ACCIDENT the M. E. Church South, in this city on Thursday Deputy U. S. Marshal J. T. Ayers was injured last evening the 2nd of March, 1882. This lecture will be Monday by the accidental discharge of his revolver, for the benefit of the Union, and there will be fine while examining it. His wound is quite painful music, by a selected choir. Further particulars will though not serious, and we hope soon to be able to be given next week. chronicle his entire recovery. Mr. Ayers, who is one of the best Deputies on the February 23, 1882 Marshal's force, was just ready to start out on Messrs. Wm. Cook and J. D. Martin passed a another trip through the Indian Territory, and had creditable examination, and were admitted to the already sent his posse, wagon, etc. ahead, when the Bar last Friday. accident occurred. He is a brother of Willard Ayers,

6 No. 6th Street No. A Street 54 The fine little steamer FORT SMITH left last by the ladies of the Presbyterian Church will take Friday for Fort Gibson, loaded down with place in that building. passengers and freight for that place. We learn that B. F. Ayers, late U. S. Deputy The Baptists in the city have determined to build a Marshal at this place, has been appointed to the church, and have raised about $2,000 for that place as guard in the U.S. Treasury held by his purpose. This is a wise proceeding, as the members father, Willard Ayers, for many years, the latter of that denomination in this city are numerous having been promoted to a Lieutenancy on the enough to make a church necessary. Treasury Guard.

Yesterday was Washington's birthday. On An organization called the Fort Smith Bar Tuesday the 21st, the pupils at Belle Grove School Association was perfected in this city last Thursday celebrated it with appropriate exercises in the night, with the following officers for the next term: presence of quite a number of friends and Judge R. B. Rutherford, President; Col. G. A. Grace, acquaintances. The following was the programme Vice-President; James Brizzolara, Secretary; T. P. for the occasion: Winchester, Treasurer. Board of Finance: M. H. General exercises, all the pupils; declamation, Sandels, E. F. Tiler and James F. Read. The Touby Siberberg; Biographical Sketch of meetings of the association will be held on the first Washington, Gussie Bulgin; Phillips on Wednesday of each month. Washington, A. Kennedy; Character of Washington, Miss Bettie Reed; Jefferson on Washington, Max Meyer; Washington in Retirement, Miss Carrie Mr. Cad Allard left MondayforHotSprings, which Ayers; Mount Vernon, Harry Clendening; Death of place he intends to make his future home. Washington, Mamie Hamilton; Grave of Washington, Miss Adelia Dickens; True Nobility, Mr. F. W. Boas lost a horse last week by the William Sample. carelessness of the driver of his delivery wagon, in driving too far out into the river, causing the wagon DEATH OF MR. J. T. AYERS to sink. The driver swam out and the wagon was recovered next day. It is our painful duty to notice the death of Mr. J. T. Ayers, an attache of the U.S. Marshal's office, yesterday at 1:30 p.m. The Defiance Hook and Ladder Company, of Mr. Ayers was preparing to start out on an Little Rock, had a grand re-union last week, an extended trip in the Indian Territory in the discharge account of which was in the Gazette. The Fort Smith of his duty, but was so unfortunate as to be wounded Hook and Ladder Company is an organization by the accidental discharge of his pistol which which we may hope to have in our city ... ten years necessitated the amputation of his left leg, above hence. the knee. His prospects for ultimate recovery were flattering, until Tuesday evening, when achangefor V. Dell is still holding the fort, but is ready to turn it the worse set in which has resulted in his death. Mr. over to the next in command, whenever he arrives. Ayers was the youngest of the Ayers' boys, and commissioned as United States Deputy Marshal THE 'FRISCO ROAD' August 2nd, 1881, and was known as one of the Our people are very much interested just at bravest of the force. His last arrests were in the present in the St. Louis and railroad. Kiowa Country where he arrested three parties It is to cross the Arkansas River at Van Buren and charged with murder. His coolness and courage in from this place go straight to Paris, Texas. The bill making these arrests was complimented by the U. S. granting the right of way, through the Indian Officers at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. Territory, now before Congress, will pass, we hope, He was a gentleman and died a brave man, hoping and also the one for the privilege of building a bridge for a happier life in the world to come, and mourned across the Arkansas River at Van Buren. Steps by a large circle of friends who tender the most heart should be taken by our people to back up our felt sympathy to the family of Mr. C. C. Ayers, at representatives in Congress with the expressed will whose residence he died. of the people and the necessities of the case.

March 2nd, 1882 March 9, 1882 The large two story brick being erected by Mr. J. United States Deputy Marshal T. E. Lacey came K. Barnes, will be completed next week, and on m Tuesday with five prisoners from the Creek Friday night, March 10th, the entertainment given Nation. 55 A party of young folks made a very pleasant trip Twenty years ago we had a very bad smallpox up the Arkansas, on the steamer "Jennie May" last epidemic in town, so bad, that the schools were Friday night; and the music, both vocal and closed for a time. We went with the present instrumental, made the evening pass very President of the Board of Health to a house nearthe pleasantly. city jail, where there were eight persons of various ages lying with smallpox in all the various stages of March 16, 1882 disease. There were no houses burned then. In fact The editor of the NEW ERA is still United States this is rather heroic treatment of the disease, as tax- Marshal of the Western District of Arkansas and will payers may think. But if necessary, so mote it be. be till his successor is qualified and until he can turn Mayor's Office, Fort Smith, Arkansas the office over to him. This much is certain. March 12, 1882 But he is anxious to be relieved and hopes his Dr. E. R. DuVal, President Board successor will make his appearance soon. of Health. Dear Sir - The Board of Health, at its meeting The condition of some of our principal streets are last night, ordered me to cause all clothing and simply horrible. It is high time to abandon the bedding to be burnt in the house infected with practice of filling up with stickey clay and making smallpox. impassable quagmires of our main through-fares. I am unable to get any one to handle and throw out these things so as to be able to burn them and fumigate the house, owing to its filthy DASTARDLY INCENDIARISM condition. Last Wednesday night some scoundrel attempted Under these circumstances, what course to burn Ault's mill, some three miles south of here. does the Board of Health desire me to pursue? I am Combustibles had been placed againstthedoorand satisfied that something should be done and at ignited. A faithful watchdog gave the alarm and his once. barking aroused the family living about 150 yards Very respectfully, distant. With a can of water left for the dog in the James Brizzolara mill, Mr. Ault put out the fire in the door, and Mayor smothered the fire on the floor inside with meal. The wretched authors of this outrage may not be as safe as they think themselves to be from detection and Fort Smith, Ark. March 12, 1882 deserved punishment. Hon. James Brizzolara, Mayor City Fort Smith. THE SMALLPOX SCARE Dear Sir - In reply to your communication of "The smallpox is in town," "the smallpox is in this date the Board of Health directs me to say that town," was the cry at every corner of the streets last as its recommendation of last night cannot for Saturday and people would look scared or obvious reasons be carried out, that the house pretended to be. To hundreds of exclamations of the recently occupied by the smallpox patient, together kind we would say, "Well, what of it? If you are with all the contents thereof be burned. This plan is vaccinated you're safe by the simple operation of regarded as preeminently necessary, both as a vaccination." Two things have always struck us as matter of sanitation, as well as to satisfy the public singular, viz: How easily a panic can be created and mind that all the steps necessary to stay the the thoughtlessness of the people to avoid the cause progress of the contagion are being rightly and rigidly directed. of a panic. In well regulated communities smallpox epidemics are unknown, because the authorities Very respectfully, E. R. DuVal very properly made vaccination compulsory. This President Board of Health should be done here. A colored man was reported to have the smallpox in the house of Mrs. Tilghman Knox, a washer March 23, 1882 woman living in the northern part of the town. What Whatever the readers of the NEW ERA, in action our authorities took will be seen by the common with the people generally of this state, may official communications given below. The house, think of our removal from the Marshalship of the said to have been a comfortable cottage well Western District of Arkansas, one thing is certain, furnished, was burned about noon on Sunday, with they will find the NEW ERA up to its old standard all its contents, including chickens, ducks, dogs and again, now that we can devote our whole time and the washing of several families. The city will have to energy to it. And to tell the truth, although the foot the bill, of course. Marshal's office is one of good emolument, so 56 needful to one who has been fighting Republican were on hand, and when that was not the case, as battles in Arkansas for almost twenty years past, if happened often, the Marshal provided the money on we had to choose, we would rather be an editor and his own credit rather than let witnesses and others owner of a newspaper as we are, than anything else. wait here till their expenses ate up their fees. We have striven hard to give satisfaction and while The decision of the Supreme Court of this State, we could not please every one, we feel confident giving Mr. B. F. Hershey one sixths of the lots once that we have the endorsement of the people. An owned by Capt. Rogers, the original owner of Fort office like the Marshal's office of the Western Smith, has created no little stir in this city. Most of District of Arkansas has always been the object of these are very valuable now. strong competition. We expected to serve out our four years, but the Guiteaus of Arkansas were too OUT strong for us hence we have to retire, but will be Last Saturday the editor of this paper turned over heard from again. his office of Marshal of the Western District of Arkansas to his successor Thomas Boles, of DEATH OF JESSE JAMES, THE BANDIT Dardanelle. To say that we did it gladly and joyfully ST. JOSEPH, MO. April 3 -— A great sensation would be saying what is not true. But it is true, that was created in this city this morning by the we relinquished it without a single pang, for so announcement that Jesse James, the notorious intense, bitter and malicious has been the bandit and train robber, had been killed here in St. opposition of the Guiteau Republicans of Arkansas Joseph who seem to be in favor with the present The body of Jesse James was conveyed to an Administration, that it is rather a relief than other undertaker's where it was prepared for burial, and wise to be done with them all. where a photograph was taken. James' wife has We obtained the office upon the expiration of the telegraphed to his mother the news of his death. term of D. P. Upham without saying one word in A number of men have identified the body, and detraction of any opponent, but were endorsed by there is no question of it being Jesse James. every honest Republican of the state, an endorsement to which we were entitled by our Fort Smith has three passably good Democratic unremitting labors in behalf of Republican newspapers, but if you want a thorough, reliable, principles and the Republican Party for twenty independent, let-in-the-light paper, with all the years past, when it was as much as a man's life was news from abroad as well as at home, you must worth to be a Republican or Union man, and when make an effort to get the NEW ERA, an out and out most of the Guiteau Republicans who oppose us Republican paper and one that always endeavors to now were either unknown or in the ranks of the mete out justice to all. enemy In former days, the very name of a U.S. Deputy Mr. Abel Warren died at his residence in Military Marshal was a byeword of reproach in the Indian Grove, last Monday afternoon and was buried Territory. Now it is respected and the people feel Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock in the city cemetery. that they are safe from abuse and arbitrary arrest. Mr. Warren was an old and highly respected citizen We found the jail a horrible place, the wretched of this place, and left a wife and three children, to inmates resting on filthy rags spread on a damp rock whom friends here and elsewhere extend heartfelt floor. We turned it over to our successor with nice, sympathy in their sorrow. clean, new bedsteads, bedding, conveniences of ablution, etc. etc., so that ladies and gentlemen April 13, 1882 could visit the jail, as was done, without being The weather is delightful. shocked at the filthiness of the place. Organ grinders are a nuisance. Soon after taking charge the amount of feeding Five of our citizens left on Monday for a bear hunt prisoners was reduced from 40 to 25 cents a day in the Nation. through the instigation of parties here. The prisoners have been fed on that allowance, better Sunday afternoon at 5 p.m. M. B. Schramm, of than before, though the reduction was nearly forty Waldron, was married to Miss Hopp, at the per cent. If feeding was worth 40 cents a day in 1880 residence of H. Wolf. it should be worth now 75 cents. No prisoners were 8 robbed, none chained by the neck and inhumanly The old frame houses on Knox St., are being torn treated, no severe punishment of any kind ever down, preparatory to building an elegant brick resorted to and none escaped. building on the lots, which belong to Miss Julia Halliwell, of Philadelphia. Payments were made promptly, whenever funds

8 No. 6th Street 57 THE APPOINTMENTS We regret to announce the severe illness of Mr. J. Of the New U. S. Marshal - Republicans R. Kannady, better known as "Uncle Jerry." He is and Union Soldiers Must Go confined with an attack of typho-malarial fever, Charles Burns, Upham's old jailor, took C. C. which we trust will be of short duration. Ayers' place. Those who have any knowledge of the filthy condition of the jail and the nasty grub WEDDING BELLS dispensed there, when V. Dell took charge, and Last night the Episcopal Church in this city was appointed Mr. Ayers jailor, can appreciate the the scene of a brilliant wedding. Miss Nellie C. difference. Hamilton was married to Mr. J. Frank Tibbetts, of The first removal was that of George Maledon, Oak Lodge, C. M., Rev. J. L. Birnie officiating. The guard. Mr. M. is a staunch Republican, served all attendants were Miss Josie Hamilton and Mr. Joe through the war for the Union, and is unable to work Baker; Miss Lillie Birnie and Mr. H. P. Mayers. Asthe at his trade, that of a carpenter, being cripled in one wedding party entered the church, the Fort Smith shoulder, but makes a fine guard. Some stranger Musical Society, of which the bride was a member; was put in his place. George Heckler, Volaire accompanied by a full orchestra, sang a beautiful Merchant, turnkeys, were next discharged. Heckler chorus, "Come Deck With Flowers;" after which the served in the 1st Ark. Battery (Union) and made an beautiful and impressive marriage ceremony of the excellent officer, so did Merchant, an intelligent Episcopal Church was preformed by the Rev. Mr. colored man. Both are Republicans. The next victim Birnie. The church was handsomely decorated with was Mr. Wiley Bailey a steady and reliable man. flowers and evergreens, bytheyoung ladyfriendsof Cassius M. Barnes is chief clerk. He held the same the bride, for the occasion. As the bridal cortege left place under Upham. He first came here under Andy the church a second beautiful chorus, "Hail to the Johnson's administration, as chief clerk of Revenue Happy Bridal Morn" was sung by the society. Assessor, and was then a rank Democrat to the extent of turning a Republican paper, the APRIL 20, 1882 STANDARD, temporarily in his charge, into a U. S. COURT IN THE INDIAN TERRITORY Democratic sheet. Last Friday the senate committee on territories The skating rink is well patronized by our young discussed the bill to establish a court in the Indian folks, and some of them are getting to be proficient Territory and finally recommitted it to a sub- in the art of ... falling down. committee to be amended so as to provide that the Indians may serve on a jury when an Indian is on trial. The committee also agreed to report Senator The following U. S. Deputy Marshals were sworn Butler's bill to create a territorial government in in: Bass Reeves, J. C. Wilkerson, Addison Beck, Alaska, the governor, judge and other officers, to John Williams, J. W. Searle, C. T. Heffington, G. W. constitute a legislative council. Pounds. APRIL 6, 1882 DESTRUCTIVE FIRE Rev. J. L. Birnie, the new Episcopal minister, At Greenwood Incendiarism arrived Friday evening last. On Wednesday morning about 2 o'clock, Greenwood was visited by a fire which destroyed Rev. A. S. Worrel, pastor of the First Baptist property to the amount of $15,000. The fire Church, will hold services every Sabbath in Wirsing originated in a building occupied as temporary Hall. *********** court house, where the circuit court records were filed, and they were completely destroyed. The fire John Knox, oldest son of Kate Knox died last was the work of incendiarism, and the citizens are Tuesday at the smallpox camp. It has been using every effort to find the perpetrator of the ascertained that this dreaded disease first dastardly deed. originated from the wearing by Cravens of some clothes bought from Fayetteville by Knox. MARRIED The members of the Methodist Sabbath school, TRIESCH - SCHULTE - At the Lutheran church in together with friends of other denominations, joined this city, on Wednesday evening, April 19th, by Rev. in an excursion up the river on the steamer "Jennie P. F. German, Mr. Conrad Triesch to Miss Alvena May." The day was pleasantly spent by all, the Schulte, of this city. weather being beautiful, and no accident happening After the ceremony the bridal party preceeded to to mar the full enjoyment of the occasion. Barnes' Hall, where a reception was held, which was attended by the numerous friends of the happy 58 couple. We wish them a happy journey through life earthly of Jeremiah R. Kannady - Uncle Jerry - and that while traveling down the stream of time known by this endearing name all over the state .... they may safely weather all the squalls, and should In every community one sees men that stand out they ever meet any obstructions we trust they they prominently, not because of official position or may be little ones. political influence, but from their private character. Such a man was Uncle Jerry. Though often in HINCH - BOHEN - Wednesday at 6 a.m., at the official position as Chief Magistrate of thistown and Catholic church in this city, by Rev. L. Smythe, Mr. many other stations of trust conferred by the Henry Hinch to Miss M. F. Bohen, all of this city. people, no one thought more of him for that-he was We offer our congratulations to the young couple, still Uncle Jerry, kind, genial and affable to and wish them a long and happy life. everybody. He was no straightlaced, stiff and sanctimonious confessor, but if Christ was walking upon the earth to-day he would often have been APRIL 27, 1882 found in his company . . . THAT RIGHT OF WAY But Uncle Jerry's life story could not be told The U. S. Senate has passed the bill granting the without mentioning his life partner - Aunt Sophy. right of way to the St. Louis and San Francisco road Never married couple presented a lovliersight. They through the Indian Territory. This result is a very were one indeed, in soul and purpose . . . decisive one, upsetting, as it does, the claim of the Col. J. R. Kannady was born in Beaver County, Indians to have a voice in the matter. Pennsylvania, in 1817. His family soon afterwards The Choctaw council last fall, did pass a bill to moved to Ohio and from thence he came to Fort grant this right of way, but other parties claimed that Smith in 1836, when this country was little more the bill was fraudulent and worked upon Congress than a wilderness. Uncle once told us of his trip to defeat the consent of the latter. In this the down the Ohio and Mississippi and up the Arkansas opponents of the bill were unsuccessful, and the rivers. It was romantic enough and took several United States claim exclusive jurisdiction, consent months, and some day we may give a description of or no consent. The chief credit of the result, so it and his struggles. In 1847 he was married to Miss important to Western Arkansas must be given to Sophia Barling, a member of a prominent family of Senators Garland and Vest. this county living about eight miles from town. Their union was not blessed by any children of their own, Strawberries are 35 cents a quart. but the blessing of hundreds of little ones nevertheless will follow their name. The remains of Col. Kannady are to be interred Mr. J. P. Leake will not attempt to resume the this morning at 10 o'clock, Rev. W. A. Sample, of the publication of his paper, the WORLD, at Presbyterian Church, officiating. Greenwood, as his office was destroyed by the recent fire. THE FORT SMITH OIL WORKS At the skating rink last Saturday night, Mr. H. P. AND COMPRESS Mayers received the prize for being the best skater, Election of Officers - A Merry Party of Visitors while DuVal Porter was awarded the silver cup for being the most inexperienced. Last Thursday a special train brought to the Frontier City the following gentlemen: Messrs Zeb Major Jere Hackett, of Marion Township, was in Ward, E. Urquhart, J. A. Miller, and J. W. Cochrane, town Tuesday and called upon us. A resident of this leading stockholders in the Oil Mills and county since 1835, Major Hackett is a finespecimen Compresses at Little Rock, Pine Bluff, Arkansas of the old "Arkansas gentleman, close to the City, Camden and Fort Smith. These gentlemen Choctaw line." A Major in the Union army during the were accompanied, upon special invitation, by the late unpleasantness, as behooved the scion of a following prominent individuals: N. M. Jones, of revolutionary stock, he preserves all his youthful Brown, Jones & Co., Memphis, Tenn. the leading vim and vigor to this day. He was shocked to learn of coal men of the Union, also one of the most the death of his old time friend, Colonel Kannady, prominent bankers of Memphis; S. J. Camp, of the who stood up with him as his best man, more than Memphis Oil Company, a partner in the firm of forty years ago, at his wedding with Miss McMurry. Bryant & Camp, exclusive furniture men of Long may he live. Memphis, and from Little Rock, Mayor Fred Kramer and Alderman Phil Pfeifer, Nick Kuprerls, Charles F. DEAD Kidder, Robert McKay, F. M. Chrisman and Chas. F. To-day is a sad day in the history of our city. To- Penzel Esq., the leading merchant of this state; also day will be consigned to mother earth all that is A. W. Poole, Esq. of Ozark, the proprietor of Poole 59 Springs which are bound to bring great profit to Euper. The bride was attired in an exquisite costume himself as well as the surrounding country if of white alpaca and satin, with the veil and orange properly improved. blossoms. The bridegroom looked radiant in the In connection with the above we would say, that regulation suit of black. The decorations were among the gentlemen named are men of large simply beautiful. The wedding bell was about two means and public spirit. This growing town needs feet high made of cedar and white flowers, with an such men to set on foot enterprises of public immense magnolia bud for a clapper, and was made necessity, such as gas works, waterworks, a system by Mrs. Sophia Kannady. The monograms, of sewerage, cotton factories, etc. etc. Lets keep our horsehoes, wreaths and bouquets made by eyes upon those men. We will want them before admiring friends of the beautiful bride, were all in long. Remember their names. perfect taste. After the ceremony the guests proceeded to the dining room to partake of an Changed Hands elegant repast . . . The HERALD, of this city, has again changed hands, Mr. J. D. Martin retiring. The new partner of EXCURSION TO WILSON'S ROCK Mr. Saunders is Col. D. M. Wisdom, of Jackson, The excursion last Monday to Wilson's Rock, Tennessee, who with his family arrived here last Indian Territory, was a very successful affair. The week and contemplates making Fort Smith his steamer left this place at 10 a.m. and reached its future home. Col. Wisdom is a newspaper man of destination about 3:30 p.m. Orations were delivered some experience and will doubtless make his mark. on the picnic ground by Messrs Brutton and Wilson of the Territory; Prof. Turnham, of Salem, this county and Mr. B. H. Tabor, of Fort Smith. Miss MARRIED Daugherty was crowned as "Queen of the May," POWERS - CAIN - On Monday afternoon, April after which ceremony she addressed hersubjects in 24th, at 5 p.m. by Rev. W. A. Sample, Mr. T. L. Powers a neat speech. Dancing was kept up during the day. of Little Rock, to Miss Ann L. Cain, daughter of Mr. John Cain, of this city. MAY 11, 1882 The ceremony was performed at the residence of Last Saturday twenty-one years ago, Arkansas the bride's parents, with but few intimate friends passed the ordinance of Secession. Most peoplefelt present. Miss Josie Hamilton and Mr. P. Hur being like their death warrant had been signed on that day. the attendants. No invitations were issued, but the Fort Smith was illuminated - feebly it is true and the friends and acquaintances of the young couple event created no enthusiasm, but very much the called during the evening and several hours were contrary, which feeling was entirely correct, as the spent in dancing and social converse. We wish them result showed. much happiness through life.

RETURNED MAY 4, 1882 Dr. J. Gilbert Eberle has returned to Fort Smith, Hon. John Rogers, late judge of the 12th Judicial and resumed the practice of medicine. Office, on Circuit, has resigned his position and has become a Knox Street, near Griffin's store. candidate for Congress from this district. Judge Rogers will be a formidable opponent and we should not be surprised if he were successful. A baseball club has been organized by a number of our young men, and after a few days practice will go to Van Buren to play a match game. Fort Smith needs stockyards. Who will take the matter in hand? We regret to learn of the death of Mr. Theo Griffith, who died yesterday at his residence on Dr. E. R. DuVal has been appointed Health Mazzard prairie. Mr. Griffith was a well known Commissioner for the State, by the Governor. resident of the town and county for nearly thirty years and a brother of Col. S. L. Griffith, of Little MARRIED Rock. THEURER-JOHNSTON - On Tuesday evening, May 2nd, at the residence of Mr. C. F. Bocquin, Mr. The U. S. snagboat WICHITA, Capt. Joe Evins Martin J. Theurerto Miss Alta Johnston, Judge R. B. commanding, came down from Gibson yesterday Rutherford performing the ceremony. The and will return probably today and resume work as attendants were Miss Annie DuVal and Mr. Ed soon as the river subsides somewhat. Capt. Evins Botefuhr, and Miss Kate Emrich and Mr. Henry thinks that the Arkansas River between this place 60 and Arkansas City, can eventually be made shocked this community, for he was seen all day at navigable. Capt. Evins possesses more experience his drugstore in excellent health and spirits, till half in the work entrusted to him, than any other men we past nine o'clock at night, when he went home. Dr. know of. Nathan was an Englishman by birth and came here some sixteen years ago. He married soon afterwards Mrs. Emma Ray, of this city, nee Miller, a THE HOG QUESTION sister of Louis, Joseph and Henry Miller, Mrs. This town needs a hog law. Hogs have become so Fishback and Mrs. Hightower and leaves a numerous and are such a nuisance, that something disconsolate widow and two children. must be done to abate it. They attack everything Dr. Nathan was a good citizen, quiet, jovial and of eatable about stores, lie in piles upon sidewalks, liberal views. His sudden demise has enlisted warm root up fences, make nasty wallows all over town sympathy for his family. and are a positive danger to little children. We believe there is an ordinance regulating this evil. If NEW STEAM FERRY not, there oughttobeand itshould be enforced, too. There is a fine new steam ferry now plying We know of a merchant who was so annoyed by a between the northern and southern shore of the pig last week, that he had to kill it and paid the owner Arkansas River at this place, all within thestate. The for it rather than stand the nuisance any longer. boat leaves the wharf at this city and lands just below the state line on the other side. This does OSAGES DYING RAPIDLY away with the unwieldy old flats and settles all Maj. L. J. Miles, Indian Agent for the Osages, wranglings about the ferry privilege. Baird brothers writes to Capt. L. W. Marks, U. S. Deputy Marshal, are the owners. that the measles are very fatal among the tribe. At the agency there are forty down with it, threeorfour MAY 25, 1882 dying daily. Instead of letting the disease take its The town of Rogers in Benton County celebrated usual course the "Medicine men" of the tribe resort its first birthday a few days ago. One year ago the to heroic treatment to combat the disease. The site of the town was in the woods. Today it contains patient, when the fever comes on, is either steamed 1226 inhabitants. on hot stones in an almost airtight tepee or taken to a creek and soused in cold water. Eithertreatment is successful - sending the patient to the happy A SAD AND FATAL ACCIDENT hunting grounds. Last Thursday afternoon about four o'clock, Monroe Cushman, employed in McLoud and MAY 18, 1882 Johnston's livery stable met with an accident that The Fort Smith Cotton Press is running and doing speedily terminated his earthly career. He was business at the rate of 40 bales an hour. There are hitching up a team for Dr. Leo Bennett and Will only about 2,000 bales on hand, however. So the Mellette, a young lawyer, who were about to take a work will have to stop again soon. But the capacity trip into the Indian Territory, when the latter's large of the press has been fully tested, and it will have revolver went off as he was getting into a chair in ample opportunity next Fall to do full work. front of the office on the sidewalk, the hammer coming in contact of the chair. The bullet struck the ANOTHER LANDMARK GONE stone pavement and, glancing upward, struck the Death doth rapidly gather in his sheaves. Within a unfortunate man near the knee, shattering the latter very few weeks a number of our oldest citizens have and cutting the artery. been laid to rest. The poor man was carried into the office where It pains us to chronicle the decease of another. Drs. DuVal, Johnson and Bennett at once attended Last night at eleven o'clock the soul of F. X. him. Amputation was at once determined upon as Coinson took its departure for the shore beyond, the only means of saving the man's life; but the after an illness of only five days. Mr. Coinson shock to his system and the great loss of blood reached the ripe age of nearly 78 years, but, owing made the operation impracticable at the time. He to a fine constitution and a most temperate life, he was then taken to Mrs. High's boarding house hardly ever knew what sickness was up to the day of across the street, where he lingered till three o'clock his death almost. next morning when hedied. He wasquiet, sober and industrious man and leaves a wife and babe near IN THE MIDST OF LIFE WE ARE IN DEATH Caddo, I. T. Mr. Mellette, the innocent cause of the Dr. Henry Nathan died suddenly of apoplexy at sad affair, was overwhelmed with sorrow and none his residence in this city at eleven o'clock p.m. last regretted it more keenly. Thursday night. The intelligence of the sad fact 61 RIVER NEWS JUNE 8, 1882 The late high water has subsided and the bars The "Chinese question" has invaded this remote once more come up out of the water. locality, a descendant of the Flowery Kingdom The little steamer RED BLUFF, Capt. Conrad in having opened a laundry on the Avenue. command, came up from Little Rock on Thursday night last with a good load and returned again next JUNE 15, 1882 morning. Quite a crowd was drawn to the Reservation on Will Hayman of Van Buren is engineer of the Saturday afternoon to witness the baseball match "Oasis" steam ferry here. between the young colored gents of this city and Van Buren, in which the latter came off the victors.

The U. S. Signal station has been discontinued at Fort Gibson, IT. and established in this city. JUNE 22, 1882 Deputy Marshall Bass Reeves came in on Monday from the Indian Territory, with eight prisoners GRIER-MILEY - On Tuesday, May 23rd, 1882, at charged with various crimes. seven o'clock a.m. at the Catholic church in this city, Mr. Stephen Grier to Miss Jennie Miley; Rev. M. Smythe officiating. On Tuesday night at the residence of Mr. We wish "Steve" ari'd his bride a long and happy Hightower, Mr. Paul, of Mexico, Mo. was married to life. Miss Hereford, of this place. INDEX

il - some sort of graphic is used, other than a portrait, Banks, -—Gen., 18 por - a portrait of the person(s) named is on page indicated. Baptist Church (---) - for such as spouse, title, marital status, degree, etc. The Baptist Advance, a periodical, 37 "—" - nickname. Baptists raise money to build church, 55 First Church, 34 Adams, John, 36 First sermon preached, 34 Adams, Joseph, 41 A preacher at age 16, 34 Adams, Zachariah T, 42 Slaves build first church, 34 Akin, Andrew Jackson, 41 see also First Baptist Church Aldridge, Benjamin A. (Margaret J), 48 Barksdale, Eloise, 50 Aldridge, Benny, 48 Aldridge, Frank, 48 Barnes, Cassius M., 58 Aldridge, James (Lila), 48 Barnes, George, 51 Aldridge, Jefferson (Annie), 48 Barnes, George W., 43 Aldridge, Nathaniel Madison, 48 Barnes, J. K. builds commercial facility, 52, 55 Aldridge, Reuben (Jenny), 48 Barnes, Joe, 51 Allard, Cad, 51, 55 Barnes, Moses A., 43 Allen, W. E. (Edith), 38 Barnes, Sarah, 38 Ammon, Jacob, 43 Barry, James M. Dr., 35 Ancient Order of United Workmen (AOUW), is praised, 52 Bartlett, Jesse H., 42 Anderson, —- Maj., 8 Barton, C. S., 43 Andrews, Tim, 44 Baseball, 60, 62 The Antioch Community, now Stigler, OK., 48 Basham, Jap, 42 Architectural heritage preservation of, 40 Bassett, — LCol., 8 Arkansas Heritage Week, 44 Beardsley, B., 42 Arkansas Historical Association, Annual Meeting, (1982) information, 45 Bearss, Edwin C., 2-33 Arkansas Natural and Cultural Heritage, Dept. of, 44 Beaty, William, 43 Arkansas River, 60-2 Beatty-Brown, Florence R., 23 Armstrong, Andrew J., 43 Beauregard, P.G.T., Gen., 4 Armstrong, Dr., 36 Beck, Addison, 58 Bedell, Inc., 47 Armstrong, Henry Clay, 36 Been, William J.. 43 Arson, 56-8 Bell & Jackson, business partners have a "falling out," 53 Arthritis Foundation, Clean-A-Thon, 47 Belle Fort Smith Tour, 44 Arthur, Chester A. Pres. of the U. S., 50 Belle Grove School, 46. 55 Ayers, B. F., 55 Belle Point Brass Band, 50 Ayers, C. C., 41, 55 Bennett, Leo, Dr., 61 Ayers, Carrie, 55 Bennett, Wm. L. (DD), 39 por, 40 Ayers, E. D., 15 Berry, James R., 15 Ayers, Edith, 37-8 Bertrand. C. P., 25 Ayers, J. T., 54-5 Bethlehem Baptist Church, 38 Ayers, John, 36, 50 Big Wah of Semmole County. Smith, Maggie Aldridge, 48 Ayers, W. N., 35-6 Bigelow, —, 23 Ayers, Williard, 54-5 Bird, Isaac, 42 Babcock, Frank, 41 Bach, Samuel, 43 Birnie, ---, Rev., assumes rectorship of St. John's Episcopal Church, 52 Bailey, -— Dr., 20 Birnie, Henry C., 42 Birnie, J. L., 58 Bailey, Wiley, 58 Baird, Effie, 51 Birnie, Lillie, 58 Baird, J., 51 Birnie, W. S., 42 Baker, Joe, 58 Bishop, — LCol.. 16 Ball, Philip A. (Josephine), 36, 38 Bittle, George, 43 62 Black, Thelma, 1 Cherry, Alberg G., 42 Blakely, B. C. Cpt., 42 Childers, C. C., 43 Bliss, Calvin, 15 Chinese laundry opens in Fort Smith, 62 Block, & Co., 50 Choctaw Nation, 48 Blue Laws, 52 Chrisman, F. M., 59 Blunt, James G. Gen., Cover, por; 3-8, 10, 13, 24, 32 Church, F. O., 41 Boas, F. W., 55 Churches, missions for the Indians, 53 Bocquin, C. F., 60 City Directories, Fort Smith, list of needed by Fort Smith Public Library, 45 Bohen, M. F. (Miss), 59 Civil War, 35 Boles, Thomas, 50 Amnesty, 14, 30 Bolton, Charles, 41 Area Indians call council in Fort Smith, 1SEP1865, 32 Bomford, —- Dr., 8 Arkansas General Assembly ratifies constitutional amendment Bonner, Alice, 50 prohibiting slavery, 29-30 Bonner, Calvin J., 42 Arkansas readmitted to the Union, 33 Bonner, E. B., 50 Arkansas River iced over, 11 il Bonneville House, 47 Arkansas sends representative to claim seat in Congress, DEC1863,10 Book Reviews, 48 Assassination of white officers who commanded Negro troops, 23 Borrough, John, 41 Atrocities, 15-6 Bostick, J. S., 8 Battle of Gettsburg, 9 Botefur, Ed., 60 Battle of Massard Prairie, 21-2 Boudinot, E. C. Col., 54 Battle of Prairie Grove, 9 Bowen, Thomas M., Col., 8, 26 Bushwackers, 8, 11, 14, 16-7, 19, 22, 26, 29-30 Bowling, Frank P., 43 Camp life, 19, 22 Bowman, E., 35 Celebrations, 9-10, 21, 24, 28-9, 31 Bowman, J. H., 41 Chaplaincy, 19, 22, 31 Boyd, Marcus, 22 Indians, 33 Braden, W. F., 42 Choctaw Indians, 33 Bradshaw, John S., 42 Churches and clergy, 9, 22, 23, 30 Braun, William, 41 Civilian population returns to Fort Smith in record numbers, 33 Brawner, W. T., 41 Civilians taken prisoner, 8 Brizzolara, James (Mayor), 52, 55-6 Command, change of, 8, 12-3, 27, 30, 32-3 Brodie, D. W., 42 Congress of the U. S., 20 Brogan, Ed (Maggie), 52 Refuses to seat the Arkansas congressional Brogan, Edward C., 41 delegation, 10, 30 Bromley, James H., 42 Conventions, 4, 13-4, 18-9, 32 Brooks, ---, Col., 26 "Copperheads," 13, 30 Brooks, John C., 43 Cosmopolitan Saloon, 11 Brooksher, Wm. R. Dr., 37 County officials elected, 15 Brown, B. S., 41 "Cradle of the First Southern Free State," a term applied to Fort Smith Brown, James D., 43 as a meeting held to prepare for the end of Arkansas's secession,7,15 Brown, John R., 42 Crime and criminals, 8, 30, 32 Brown, W. W., 42 Davis, Jefferson, Pres. CSA, captured, 23 Brown, Walter L., 45 Demobilization, 30 Bryan, W. A., 37 Devil's Backbone, action at, 4, 6 Bryan, Willis O., 43 Dual Plantation, 28-9 Buckley, D. 34-5, 39 por, 40 Elections, 10, 14-5, 18, 24 Buckley, Hezekiah, 42 Eleventh U. S. Colored Troops, 12, 19 Buckley, M. S., 35 Ernich & Lender, merchants, 11 Buckner College, 40 Espionage, 18 Buckner, Harrison, 42 Family life, 31 Bugg, T. W., 42 Farming, 13-4, 28-9 Bulgin, Gussie, 55 First Arkansas Union Infantry captures Fort Smith, 6 Bulgin, R. S., 50 Food supply, 8, 10-1, 13-4, 24-6, 28 Burcham, Abijah, 43 Fort Smith, Burnett, John J., 43 Attached by State militia - ordered by Governor Rector, 4 Burns, Charles, 58 Citizens, hope that Arkansas may be the first seceded state to Burrows, --- Gen., 29 return to the Union, 15 Busby, William L., 41 Petition Pres. Lincoln for adequate supplies for themselves and Buscamp, John, 51 for the loyal refugee Indians at Fort Gibson, 28 Bussey, Cyrus, Gen., Cover, por; 27-33, 35 Re-awaken in Spring of 1865, 29 Butler, — Gen., 31 City of, elections, 18 Butler, — (Senator), 58 Defenses build up, 17 Byers, C. A., (Mrs.), 35 In shambles as result of decision to abandon the City in Byers, Wm. H., 35 winter of 1864/5, 26 Cabell, William L. Gen., 4, 6 por Meets to consider return to the Union, 4 Cain, Ann L., 60 Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle burned by rebel Indians, 31-2 Cain, John, 60 General Blunt and newspaper publisher "have words," 32 Cainan, George W., 42 General Lee surrenders, celebrations follow, 29 Caldwell, --- (Judge), 31 Grand Indian Council, 1-21SEP1865, 32-3M Caldwell. Jimmie Delle, 1 Guerilla warfare, 15, 22 Calkins, E. A., Maj., 8-9, 32 Gun boats, 20M Callahan. ---, 41 Horses, 8 Callan, Daniel, 42 Indian Territory action, 4, 19 Calvary Baptist Church, 38 Indian troop activity, 15, 19 Cameron, Dan, Rev., 39 por, 40 Indians, Camp, S. J., 59 Convene to insure that their lands remain for their sole use, 33 Canby, Edward, Gen., 25 Worry over threat of Negro influx to the Indian Territory, 32 Carnall & Weldon, editors, 51 Justice and law, 23 Carr, ---. Gen., 18 Lane's String Band, 11 Carrey. C. M., 43 Legislation passed to allow re-entry to Union for states who seceded Carrico, Leander, 43 without statewide vote, 20 Carroll. Missy Cole, 1 Legislative activity. Federal and State, 10, 20, 29-30 Carter. Larry (Margaret), 47 Little Rock falls to Union forces, SEP1863, 7 Carter, Thomas H., 41 Local men travel to Wash., DC, to discuss re-entry to the Union, 20 Celebrations, 52 Local troops called to fight south of Fort Smith, 16 Cemeteries, 41-3 Louisiana seeks re-entry to Union, 20 Chambers, C. C., 37 Lynching, 9 Chambers, J. D., 35 Many destitute in area, Spring of 1865, 29 Charles Smart House, 46 Maps. Cheavens, Buck, 44 Battle of Massard Prairie, 21 Cheeves, Annie, 48 Blunt captures Fort Smith, 5 Cheeves, Jenny, 48 Choctaw Nation activity, 3 Cheeves. Lila, 48 Fort Smith as a Union depot, 27 Cherokee Nation, 53 Military operations. Spring, 1864, 17 63 Medical care, shortage of, 16 Compere, E. L. Rev., 35, 39 por, 40 Meetings, town and county, 2, 4, 7, 10-1, 13 Confederate veterans buried locally, 41-3 Methodist Episcopal Church, 22-3 Cook, —, 33 Military, Cook, Arzetia, 43 Activity in Texas and Louisiana, 16 Cook, Charles, 41 Guards farmers and supply trains, 28-9 Cook, W. F., 41 Jurisdiction in state of confusion, 12-3 Cook, William passes bar examination, 54 Pay, 21, 28 Cooke, Paul, Rev. 40 Units, Arkansas, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 Cooley, D. N. (Judge), 33 Units, out of state, by state, Cooper, —, 54 Illinois, 6 Cooper, — Gen., 18, 29 Iowa, 11, 16 Cooper, T. H., 42 Kansas, 4, 9, 11, 16, 18-9, 21-3 Cope, T. S., 41 Missouri, 4 Correll & Co., confectioners, 54 Wisconsin, 9-10 Cosmopolitan Saloon, 8, 11 Money, 9, 29, 31 Cotner, Leonna Belle, 1 Morale, 8 Cottage, with pets, plus domestic animals burned since property was "Mountain Feds," 7 suspect in the Smallpox scare, 56 National Union Convention (Republican), 18-9 Cotton, 54, 61 Negro troops, 18, 23-4, 26, 32 Cottrell, James, 43 New Arkansas Constitution is drafted, 14 Cottrell, William, 43 Newspapers, 2-33 Cover, Noah, 43 Northwest Arkansas moves toward "reunion," 7 Cowen, Ruth Caroline, 7, 30 Orders to abandon Fort Smith, 1DEC1864, rescinded by Gen. Grant, Cox, G. W., 41 12DEC1864 and again, 3JAN1865, 25 Cox, Ida, 36 Orphan population increases, 31 Cox, Steve, 22 Orphanage, funds requested for, 22 Crain, William B., 42 Osage Indians, 33 Crime and criminals, 50, 55, 57 Plunder, booty, etc., 11, 30 Cromwell, Samuel, 41 Poetry, 19 Cross, E., Dr., 51 Postal service, 11, 30 Crowe, William, 43 President Lincoln, Cummings, John, 41 Acts on premature abandonment of Fort Smith, 25 Cunningham, John W., 35 Assassinated, 29 Curtis, Samuel R. Gen., 12 por Promises Arkansas military support, 20 Curtis, W. H., 42 Proclamation of Amesty and Reconstruction, 14 Cushman, Monroe, 61 Propaganda, 9, 19, 30 Cyachert, Joseph, 41 Provisional Governor (Arkansas) elected, 14 Czarnikow, E., 54 Public health and sanitation, 28 Dailey, Daniel F., 41 Quartering of troops, 9, 11, 24 Daly, Patrick, 42 "Rackensack," 15 Dancing, 53 Real estate transactions confused by use of Confederate money, 31 Darby, William O. Gen., 47 Reconstruction, 13-4, 33-4 Dawson, Montery M., 43 Recruiting, 6, 13, 23, 29 Davidson, F. E., 42 Referendum as regards secession, 4 Davis, C. L., 42 Refugees, 8, 13, 15, 19, 21-3, 25 Davis, Daniel F., 42 Released prisoners of war harassed on return home, 31 Davis, J. A., 18 Richmond falls, end of war in sight, 29 Davis, Jefferson, Pres. of the CSA, 24, 30 River steamers supporting Fort Smith, listed, 28 Davis, W. C., 50 River traffic, 15, 17-20, 25-8 Davis, W. H., 42 Schools not to be used for hospitals or other military uses, 9 Day, J. A., 41 Schools, public, 16 Dean, Richard, 41 Secession, 4 Decker, Oliver, 43 Slavery-Race, 9, 20, 23, 29-30 Dell, Valentine, 2, 4, 18-20, 30, 32-3, 50, 54-6, 58 Stageline activity, 9 Dew, J. H. (DD), 38 Supply and logistics, 4, 7-8, 10, 17-8, 25-6 Dickens, Adelia, 55 Surrender, 29 Dickens, R. F., 51 Surrounding counties meet to discuss reunion, 11 Dickens, Willie, 51 Swindling by military is charged, 32 Dickerson, I. B., 11 Taxation, 28-9, 31 Dillard, Tom W., 44 Temperance, 16 Diseases, 38, 50, 56, 61 Trade, 8, 11, 24-5, 32 Dockery, —, Gen., 18 Treason is charged, 7 Doerr, James, 42 Troop count for Fort Smith area, Aug. 1863, 4 Donahue, Maggie, 52 Troops from out of state settle in Fort Smith, 31 Don rey Advertising Co., 47 Troops welcomed, feted, etc., 6, 8il, 20 Dorente, J. N. E., 41 Union League of America, 10 Dottery, James, 42 Union sympathizers meet, 4 Douglas, —, Rev., 21 Adopt resolutions in support of return to the Union, 7 Douglass, Eliza, 42 Union troops retreat, 18-9 Dubois, —, Col., 33 Union victory joy not shared by all Arkansans, 30 Duff, —, Cpt., 21 Union viewpoint described in local newspaper, 4 Dukes, Reuben A., 43 Wagons cross frozen Arkansas River, 11 il Dunklin, Herbert C., 43 Wagontrains, 28 Dunlap, —, Dr. (Mrs.), 53 Weather, 11 Dunn, Wiliam N., 43 Women volunteer for non-combat duties, 19 DuVal, —, Cpt., 34 Clarks, S. C., 41 DuVal, Annie, 60 Clarkson, R. A., 36 DuVal, E. R. Dr., 51, 56, 60 Clay, James H., 42 Dyer, William, 42 Clayland, James L., 43 Dyer, William M., 43 Clayton, -— (Senator), 54 Early churches, 34 Clayton, William H. H. (Judge), 52 Early, M. D. Rev., 52 Clendening, Harry, 55 Early, W. W., 41 Clifton, M. W., 41 East, Eliza H., 43 Cloud, William, Col., 4, 6, 8 East, M. A. Rev., 21 Clubs - Societies, 41, 44, 50, 52-3 Eberle, J. Gilbert, Dr., 60 Coble, F. A. J., 42 Edgarton, —, 54 Cochrane, J. W., 59 Edmondson, Sam., 34 Cockrum, J. L., 42 Edmunds, J., 42 Coffey, S. E., 42 ^ Edwards, —, Col., 8 , Cohn, M. S., 43 Edwards, David R., 43 Coinson, F. X., 61 Edwards, John, Gen., cover, por; 12, 24, 28 Cole, William A., 43 Elliott, William, 41 Collins, J., 42 Ellis, Siley M., 34-5 Community pride, 47 54 Elinor, John E., 43 Fort Smith Public Library activities, 44, 47 Elwood, William L, 43 "Fort Smith," river steamer, 55 Emancipation Proclamation anniversary celebration, held by colored Fort Smith Street Railway Co., contracts for two miles of track, 52 citizens, 52 Fort Smith Weekly New Era, newspaper, 2-33, 50-62 Emrich, Katie, 54, 60 Foster, C. G., 18 Emrich, John, 18 Foster, Isaac, 41 Epidemics, 61 Foster, John, 43 Episcopal Church ladies serve a "good substantial tea," 50 Foster, V. L., 35 Epple, Christian, 41 Franklin, Joe S., 42 Euper, Anton, 41 Franklin, Neil S., 43 Euper, Henry, 60 Franklin, S. B., 43 Euper, Mary Nell, 1 Freer, Frank, opens a new saloon, 52 Evans, A. C., 43 Frontier Genealogy Society, 44 Evans, Belle, 50 Frontier Guards feted by Chief Deputy U. S. Mashal Huffington, 53 Evins, Joe, Cpt., 60 Frost, J. J., 35 Ezell, Robert, Rev., 40 Fumet, Peter, 41 Pagan, —, Gen., 18 Funkhouser, A. M., 41 Fentress, Oscar (Mrs.), 41 Furr, Paul, 43 Ferguson, B. W. Rev., 38-9 por, 40 Furrow, James A., 42 Ferrari, Joseph M., 42 Futral, M. E., 43 Festivals, 50, 53 Gano, —, Gen., 22, 29 Fewell, J. B., 41 Gardner, Thaddeus, 41 Fink, Henry, 41 Gardner, W. H., 41 Finn, M. H., 41 Garfield, James A., Pres. of the U. S., 50 Fire protection, lack of, is protested, 51 Garlick, Pauline, 38 Fires, 55, 58 Garrett, Alexander A., 43 First Baptist Church 34il, 35-40 Garrett, Anderson, 43 Academy of Music used as a meeting place, 37 Garrett, Robin, 44 Air cooling and indirect lighting, ca 1913, 38 Garrison, —, Rev., 29 An "Avoirdupois Social," 36 Gatlin, Richard, Maj., 4 Barry, James M. Dr., donates funds for purchase of land, 35 Gee, T. S., 37 Bazaar held in 1895, 36 German, P. F. Rev., 58 Boone's School House used as a church, 1882, 35 Gibson, —, Maj., 11 The Brotherhood, 40 Gibson, Findley F., Rev., 37, 39 por, 40 Church officers, 1886, 36 Gibson, Gustave, 41 Comes into being, 1DEC1857, 35 A Gift from Alice. Duffield, Alice Mikel, 48 Construction activity prior to 1900, 35-6 Gilley, Tine, 42 Construction under Dr. Ferguson's pastorate, 38 Glaze, Henry, 41 "The Cyclone Bible," 37 Godt, August, 43 Early revival held, 36 Godt, Florenz, 37 Fellowship Hall is added, 40 Gould, Jay, 53 First meeting of record, 35 Grable, W. A., 41 First Presbyterian Church used as a meeting place, 37 Grace, G. A. Col., 55 First Sunday School, 35 Grace, Jessie, 36 Foreign mission activity, 37-8 Graham, William, 31 Furnishings provided by 'the young ladies," 36 Grant, Andrew J., 43 Growth cited, 36 Grant, Ulysses S., Gen., 25 Illustrations, 34, 37 Gray, Bertha, 37 Joint worship, white and negro, 35 Gray, Tom, 40 Land purchase for parsonage, 37-8 Green, A. E., 42 Membership totals, 35, 37, 40 Green, Florence, 37 Ministerial and salaried staff, 1981, 40 Green, Nannie, 52 Mission Church activity, 37-8, 40 Greenwood United Methodist Church, 45 New Construction, 1899, the Church standing at North 13th and Grier, Stephen (Jennie), 62 D Sts., 37 il Griffith, —, Col., 8 New organ installed, 38 Griffith, E., 41 Pastors, in portrait, 39 Griffith, S. L. Col., 60 Pastors, roster of, 40 Griffith, Theo., 60 Pastor's salary, 1883, 35 Gross, Stephen, 41 Purchases land, 35 Guiteau Republicans, 50, 57 Radio and television ministry, 38-40 Gunter, J. C., 42 Razing of first church building is stopped, 35 Hackett, Jere, Maj., 59 Revival held in warehouse, 38 Hackler, John S. Rev., 43 Riverside Mission, 40 Hailey, O. L., Rev., 36-7, 39 por, 40 Sanctuary seating increases, 40 Haines, W. H., 42 Slaves baptized, 35 Haliburton, T. H., replaces T. H. Payne as agent for the Little Rock Sunday School activity, 38, 40, 50 and Fort Smith Railway, 52 Third Street Mission, 40 Hall, Green H., 43 Tornado destroys church, 35-7 Halliwell, Julia, 57 Tornado, 1898, is foretold, 37 Hallum, J. C., 42 Turner Hall used as a meeting place, 37 Ham, Mordecai F., (DD), 38 Union Army stores hay in church bldg., 35 Hamilton, Benjamin, 43 Wirsing Bldg. used as a church, 1882-1885 (est), 35 Hamilton, Josie, 58, 60 Fishback, —, (Mrs.), 61 Hamilton, M. J., 41 Fisher, Alfred, 42 Hamilton, Mamie, 55 Fisher, John H., 43 Hamilton, Nellie C., 58 Ford, S. A., 50 Hamilton, S. M. Sells saddle and harness business to Fort, A. O., 43 J. H. Livingston, 52 Fort Smith Art Center, 44-6 Hamilton, Zacarna, 42 Fort Smith Bar Association perfects organization and elects its Hammer, Peter, 41 first slate of officers, 55 Hammersly, J., 18 Fort Smith Chess Club, 44 Hampton, William, 41 Fort Smith, City of, Council asks for increase in mail service Harlan, F. S., 42 between Little Rock and Fort Smith, 52 Harlin (Holland), Jerry, 35 Fort Smith computer Club, 44 Harmon, H. L., 42 Fort Smith Cotton Press, 61 Harner, Amos F., 41 Fort Smith Embroidery Guild, 44 Harper, Blaney, Rev., 51 Fort Smith Junior League, 44 Harper, Jesse C., 43 Fort Smith Little Theatre, 1982 season and ticket information, 45 Harrison, John G., 43 Fort Smith, making it a cleaner, safer, healthier place to live, 47 Harrison, M. LaRue, Col., 25, 29-30 Fort Smith Mathesian Society, 50 Harrison, Peter, 34 Fort Smith Musical Society, 58 Harrison, Robert H., 42 Fort Smith points of interest, described, 46 Harry, Cicero F., 42 "Fort Smith Pride," a civic group, 47 Hart, Alex. 41 65 Hart, M. Cpt., 9 Jones, Sandy, 44 Hartley, Lewis, 42 THE JOURNAL, contents of past issues listed, 49 Haskell, —, Cpt., 8 Judd, Ethel, 38 Hathcock, Steve, 44 Judson, C. O. Cpt., 20 Havard, S. A., 41 Judson, William R. Col., 12, 16, 22, 26 Hawkins, John W., 41 Kannady, Jeremiah R. Col., "Uncle Jerry," (Sophia), 53-4, 58-60 Hayman, Will, 62 Keck, Solomon, 43 Haynes & Long, livery and feed stable, 51 Kelley, J. G., 41 Hays, —, Lt., 9 Kellogg, Orman, 43 Heard, Allen C., 43 Kelly, Nick, 1 Heckler, George, 58 Kendall, William H., 43 Heffington, C. T., 58 Kennedy, A., 55 Henderson, Jack, 36 Kennedy, Milton F., 43 Henderson, James C., 41 Kibler, John, 42 Henderson, John L., 36 Kidder, Charles F., 59 Henderson, Robert, 24 Kilgore, Drew, 45 Herald, newspaper changes hands, 60 Kincaid, A. J. Rev., 36, 39 por, 40 Hereford, ---, (Miss), 62 King. Chas., 50 Herriman, M. C., 43 King, David, 1 Herron, -—, Gen., 24 Kinnan, Thomas B., 43 Hershey, B. F. Receives one sixth of the lots once owned by Kinter, —, Cpt., 8 Capt. Rogers, original owner of Fort Smith, 57 Kirk, Henry H., 42 Hershy. A. R. (Mrs.), 38 Kirkman, Alfred, 43 Hicken. —. 20 Knoble Brewery, 46 Hightower, —, 36, 61-2 Knox, John, 58 Hinch, Henry, (M.F.), 59 Knox, Kate, 58 Hindman, Thomas, Gen., 9-10 por, 32 Knox, Tilghman, (Mrs.), 56 Hines, James W., 42 Koegel. Frederick, 41 Historic Preservation Alliance of Arkansas, Inc., 40 Koenig, C. M., 46 Hobbs, William H., 43 Kramer, Fred, 59 Hoffman, Charles, 53 Kraner, F. A., 41 Hoffman, John, 43 Kregel, F. L., Rev., 35, 39 por, 40 Hog laws needed, 61 Kregel, Georgia, 38 Hogan, Orlanda, 41 Kuper, Henry. (Elizabeth M), 54 Hoge, Samuel B., 43 Kuperis, Nick. 59 Holland. Cleveland (Mrs.), 37 Lacey, T. E., 55 * Holleman, H. L., 24, 30 Lake, L. B. Cpt., 42 Holly, James W., 43 Lamb, Lawrence, 52 Honea, James W., 42 Landers, Abner, 43 Hope, Huey E.. 41 Lane, Autry, 38 Hope, William P., 43 Lane, James S. (Senator), 19 Hopkins, Agrippa, 41 Lane, M.. 11 Horton, J. G., 42 Lane. Nellie, 38 Housing shortages, 50 Laverne, J. L., 42 Hover, —, Lt., 21 Lawson, Ray.. 42 Howard, —, 15 Lawyers, 54 Howell, David C., 43 Leach, Ivan, 41 Howell, Samuel G., 43 League of Women Voters, 44 Huber, Fred W., 42 Leake, J. P.. 59 Hudson, Mattie A., 38 Leard, J. H. Rev.. 22 Huffington, ---, 53 Lee. Robert E. Gen., 29 Hughes, Elijah, 43 Leffler. William, 42 Hunt. Ed., 50 Lehman. Henry, 42 Hunt, H. J. Gen., 33 Leonard, Dennis, 41 Hunton, Annid. 36 Lester, Joshua, 34 Hunton. John B., 36 Lewis. G. J., 8 Hunton, Mamie, 36 Lexington Ave. Baptist Church, 37 Hur, P.. 60 Liede. Michael, 42 Hurley, Dan. 42 Lincoln. Abraham. Pres. of U. S.. 8-9. 14. 19. 25. 29 Hutchinson. Richard, 42 Linton. Ben F.. 43 Immaculate Conception Church, 47 Little Rock and Fort Smith Railway, 51 Indians, 53. 61 Livingston. J. H., 52 Influenza, 38 Loomis. Floyd, 42 Ingram, L. O. (Mrs.), 38 Long. Levi. 42 Intres, John R., 41 Loring. H. G. Cpt.. 8. 12 Irvin, —. 33 Lovell. John D.. 43 Jackson. William A., 34 Lucas Nance House. 46 Jacobs. Joseph H., 43 Luce. Sleeker. 54 Jacobs, Marion J., 43 Lucey. J. M.. 41 James, F. L., 41 Luckenbaugh. James W.. 43 James. Frank. 15 Lumber and lumbering. 53 James. Jesse, 15. 50 Lyons. A.. 41 Dies at St. Joseph. MO., 57 McAfee. --- Rev.. 22 James Sparks House, 46 McAteer. Anice. 38 Jameson, Wilma. 2, 50 McBride. C. E.. 41 Jarnigan, George W., 42 McCain. Sue. 1 Jedlicka. Frank, 1 McCallum. Hayes. 43 Jefferson Davis Chapter. UDC, 41 McCann. James. 43 Jeffett, F. A., Rev., 50 McDonald. A. L.. 41 Jenkins. William W., 42 McDonald. James A.. 43 "Jennie May," river steamer, 56 McDonough. J. B.. 36 Johnson, George G.. 43 McGee. W. J. 43 Johnson, James M. Col., 6-7, 10, 15 McGiffin. James G.. 43 Johnson, Robert, 1 McGowan. James. 41 Johnson, Robert E., 18 McGurk. Frank. 41 Johnston, Alta, 60 McHaney. John C.. 41 Johnston, George W., 43 Mcllwane. David. Dr.. 48 Johnston, Lafayette, 42 Mcllwane. Margaret Jane. 48 Johnston. Moses C., 43 McKay. Robert. 59 Jolly Club holds benefit festival and ball for aid to the poor, 53 McKinney. M. E.. 35 Jolly, J. H., 41 McKnight. James. 41 Jones, David, 43 McLarry. Newman. Rev.. 39 por. 40 Jones, J. J., 24 McLoud & Johnston's Livery Stable. 61 Jones, N. M.. 59 McMichaels. Sarah. 44 66 McMinn, Burrell J., 43 National Historic Site, including: Barracks, Price, Sterling, Gen., 24 McMurtrey, Peter T., 43 courthouse and jail; Belle Point, Judge Priest, William S., 41 McMurtrey, W. H., 42 Parker's Court, and U. S. National Prisons, reform of, 51 McNeil Baptist Mission, 38 il Cemetery, 46-7 Public Health, 51-2, 56, 61 McNeil. John, 38 National Organization for Women (NOW), 44 Purdom, Alexander, 42 McNeil. John, Gen., cover, por; 8, 10, 27 Neal, A. C., 38 Putman, T. A., 42 McWilliams, G. C. Rev., 23 Neal, V. C., 38 Quante, Frank, 42 Mabry, H. P.. 42 Nelson, Jake, 42 Quantrill, William Clark, 15 Madgowen. ---. 33 New Era see Fort Smith Weekly New Era Quarrells, Thomas, Dr., 52 Mahan. Andrew, 43 Newlon, Ada, 38 "Rackensack," 15 Main, J. H. T. (MD), 34 Newlon, Dora, 38 Rahn, John, 42 Maledon. George, 58 Newlon, Juanita, 38 Railroads, 51-3, 55, 59 Malodon, Mary, 36 Newlon, Lena, 38 Randall, A. F. Rev., 36 Mankin, Thomas F., 42 Newman, —-, Cpt., 8 Randolph, Robert H., 43 Marie, Josiah, 42 Newspapers, 50-62 Raub, Wm. N., 42 Markley, George, 42 Newton, Tom, Rev., 1 Ray, Emma, 61 Marks. ---, 3 Nichols, Jake, 43 Ray, W. M., 50 Marks, Jeptha A.. 42 Noble, Owen P., 43 Read, James F., 55 Marmaduke, ---, Gen., 18 Nolan, Peter, 18 Recreation, 59-60 Marriages, 51-2 Norrid, John H., 43 Rector, Elias, 10 Marsh, Edwin, 41 Norton, F. Wendel, 45 Rector, Henry (Governor), 4 Marsh, W. Edward, 43 Nules, Sam.. 41 "Red Bluff," river steamer, 62 Marshals - U. S., 50, 53-6, 58, 62 Nutler, John A., 42 Reed, —, Maj., 19 Marshalship of the Western District turned "Oasis," steam ferry, 62 Reed, Bettie, 55 over to Thomas Boles of Dardanelle, 57 O Connell, Michael, 43 Reed, James A., 43 Martin, Amelia Whitaker, 1, 35, 48 Odum, Jeff, 41 Reed, Robert, 42 Martin, Bradley, 1- 34 Old Fort Gun Club, 44 Reed, Wesley, 43 Martin, Erwin, 42 Old Fort Museum, 47 Reeves, Bass, 58, 62 Martin, J. D., 54, 60 Old Fort River Festival, 44 Reeves, G. W. Rev., 35-6, 40 Martin, Joseph, 41 Old Town Courtyard, 46 Reneau, Russell Rev., 23 Martin, Paddy, 42 Republican Party. 54, 57 Martindale, T. M., 42 Oliver, W. F., 41 Ong, Harry, 43 Republicans oppose appointment of Boles as Mason, George W., 42 U. S. Marshal for the Western District, 54 Mather, Ace, 43 Osage Indians, 61 Overstreet, Thomas G., 43 Retail and wholesale trade, 52-4 Mathes, A. W., 35 Owens, Charles, 42 Reynolds, John Hugh, 6 Mathes, Laura, 50 Reynolds, Joseph, Gen., 25-6, 28, 30 Maxey, —, Gen., 18-9, 29 Owens, W. B., 41 Owens, W. J., 42 Reynolds, P., 42 Mayers, H. P., 58-9 Reynolds, Thomas H., 42 Mayor Brizzolara closes on Sundays, all Owensby, Marion F., 43 Ozment, Eli, 42 Rice, ---, Gen., 18 businesses except restaurants & drug stores,52 Packard, R. C., 42 Riggs, William S., 41 Meaden, Fritz, 41 Padgett, Harvey, 42 Riley, William J., 41 Meek, J. S., 36 Page, John, 41 Ritchie, H. C., 41 Mefford, —, Maj., 22 Pannell, Sam., 42 River traffic, 55-6, 60-2 Mellett, Will, 61 Pantet, Jacques, 41 Roberts, J. S., 41 Mentzer, ---, Cpt., 11 Parker, ---, Col., 33 Robinson, Eliza J., 43 Merchant, Volaire, 58 Parker, Eugene, 43 Robinson, J. P., 42 Merriman, --- (Mrs.), 36 Parker, Isaac C. (Judge), 46-7, 53 Rogers, John, 34, 46, 60 Metheny, Arlie, 1 Rogers, Mary, 34 Methodist Sabbath School, 58 Parker, M. F., 24 Patent Model Museum, 46 Rogers-Titles House. 46 Meyer, Max, 55 Rowell. R. H., 41 Meyers, John, 41 Patrick, John W., 42 Patterson, Pink, 38 Rupe, David P., 13 Michael, A., 41 Russell, Jacob D., 43 Michael, David, 41 Paul, —, 62 Paxton, William E. (DD), 35-6, 39 por, 40 Rutherford, ---, (Mrs.), 53 Miles, L. J., Maj., 61 Payne, T. H., 52 Rutherford, R. B. (Judge), 55 Miley, Jennie, 62 Peck, Benjamin A., 42 Rutz, Jacob, 43 Miller, E. B., 41 Peek, Lula M., 37 Sackett, —, Col., 24 Miller, Henry, 61 Sage, William, 42 Miller, J. A., 59 Peer, Carolyn, 1 Peer, Donald, 1 St. John's Episcopal Church, 52 Miller, Joseph, 61 St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad, Miller, John R. Sr., 41 Pender, John B., 42 Penzel. Chas. F., 59 Builds tunnel into Boston Mountains, 53 Miller, Louis, 61 Is granted right-of-way through Indian Miller, Phil, 1 Pepper, Timothy, 43 Pepsi Cola Bottling Co., 47 Territory. 59 Miller, W. W., 42 Surveyors are in town, 53 Milling operations, 48 Perkins, —, Lt., 15 Perse, George R.. 43 Will cross the Arkansas River and go Milor, —. (Judge), 21 to Paris. TX. 55 Milor, Charles, 15, 24 Petty. Enoch B., 43 Pfeifer, Phil. 59 St. Patrick s Church, 34 Milter. John F., 42 Salem. AR sc.'e Witcherville, AR Mincer-Kauffman House, 46 Phillips. Benjamin, 42 Phillips. Tom A., 43 Saloman. ---. Gen.. 18 Ming. Wm. J., 43 Sample. W. A. Rev., 50, 59-60 Miss Laura's House, 46 Pipkin. Edward, 43 Pittman. J. H.. 43 Sample, William, 55 Mitchell. Eli E.. 42 Sandels. M. H.. 55 Mitchell. Millard. 42 Pittman. N. R.. Rev.. 36, 39 por. 40 Platt. Rosalie. 1 Sanders, Minnie J., Dr., 36 Mitchell. Zachariah. 42 Sawyer. William, 41 Mix. ---. 33 Poets Roundtable of Fort Smith, 44 Points of interest, Fort Smith, listed, 46 Sawyer. William E., 9 Modlin, Thomas M.. 41 Schleiff, Frederick, 42 Moonlight. --- Col., 24 Political Parties. 50. 54. 57 Pollan. Carolyn, 1-2 Schofield. ---, Gen., 7-8 Moore. John C.. 43 Schools, public. 46 Moore. V. N.. 41 Poole. A. W.. 59 Poor road conditions slowing down Schramm. M B.. marries Miss Hopp. 57 Morgan. Vincent. 41 Schreckengaunt, W. H.. 41 Morrison. H. G.. 37 cotton trade. 54 Porter. DuVal. 59 Schroeling. ---, Maj., 8 Morrow. Joseph. 41 Schulte. Alvena, 58 Mortensen. Hans., 43 Postal service. 52 Poulian. Francis, 42 Scoggins. John. 41 Moses. Robert R.. 42 Scott, C. M.. 43 Moss. G. W.. 36 Pounds. G. W., 58 Powell. J. N., 41 Scott. Perry A., 43 Mrs. High's Boarding House, 61 Scrogg, Jack B., 4 Municipal Auditorium. 47 Powell, R. T. (Judge), 43 Powers. T. L. (Ann L.). 60 Seals. R. D.. 36. 50 Murphy. ---. 15 Searle. Elhanan J. LCol. 6 por. 9, 15, 21, 28 Murphy. Isaac. (Judge) (Governor). 15 por. 15 Presbyterian Church installs opera chairs, in place of pews, 51 Searle. J. W.. 58 Music. 50. 58 Sebastian County Courthouse. 47 Myrick. R.. 36 Presbyterian Sunday School teachers meet. 50 Price. Florence. 37 Self. William E.. 42 Nathan. ---. (Mrs.). 54 Sellers. Elizah. 33 Nathan. Henry. Dr.. (Emma), 61 Price. George. 42

67 Sengel Bros., barbers, 51 Tabor, B. H., 60 White. J. T.. 15 Sengle, George, 43 Taliano s Italian Restaurant, 46 White. L. C.. 18 Shackleford, ---, Rev., 42 Tallman, Henry L., 41 White. W. H.. 42 Shannon, James G.. 41 Tapan. ---. Lt.. 8 Whitson. Calvin. 43 Shaw. Knowles, 41 Tash, Jack. 43 Whittington. Bessie, 38 Shaw, Thomas, 42 Tatum, ---. Lt.. 8 Wilcox, George, 41 Shelby, ---, Gen., 18 Taylor, Alfred, 43 Wilcox. William G.. 41 Shepard, Gerald, 1 Thayer, John, Gen., cover, por: 12-6. Wiley. William. 34 Shepherd, William, 41 18-9, 21, 24-7, 32 Wilkerson. A. J.. 42 Sherman, Madison, 42 Thedford, John T., 42 Wilkerson. J. C., 58 Siberberg, Touby, 55 Theurer. Elizabeth M., 54 William H. H. Clayton House. 47 Sightseeing, Fort Smith, map, 46 Theurer. Martin J. (Alta). 54, 60 William O. Darby Ranger Museum and Silberburg, A., goes on buying trip for Tholen, Wm.. Cpt., 8 Library, 47 the Boston Store, 52 Thomas. David Yancey, 6 Williams. ---. Col.. 8, 24 Sill, Phillip, 42 Thomas, Jim, 42 Williams. B. J.. 42 Simms, David A., 41 Thompson, Charles A., 41 Williams. Ebenezer. E., 41 Simpson, William, 42 Throgmorton. W. P. (DD), 36, 39 por, 40 Williams, George T., 36 Singleton, A. J., 18 Tibbetts, J. Frank (Nellie C.), 58 Williams, James D.. 43 Singleton. M. A., 35 Tiler, E. F., 55 Williams, James T., 42 Sisson, ---, 15 Tilles, Louis, 46 Williams, John. 58 Small, Ed., 42 Timber, unlawful cut in Cherokee Nation, Williams. Vircy, 45 Smallpox, 50, 56 being sold for Indian benefit, 53 Wills. B. L., 42 Vaccinations urged, 51 Timmins, Andrew, 43 Wilson. ---, Rev.. 22 Smedley. Joseph, 34 Tomfoolery, restaurant, 47 Wilson. C. L. (Mrs.). 38 Smith, ---, Maj., 8 Towery, Henry M., 42 Wilson, Sam, 43 Smith, Bessie, 38 Transportation, 51-3, 55, 59-61 Wilson. Steve (Arlene). 47 Smith, C. W., 41 Transportation, see a/so railroads, river Wilson. William. Rev., 19 Smith, Edward T., 43 traffic, steam ferries Wimberly. George W. (Alice), 50 Smith Fork Baptist Church of Tenn., 34 Triesch, Conrad, (Alvena), 58 Winchester. T. P.. 42, 55 Smith. Frank, 52 Trunbell, ---, Gen., 31 Winfield. --- (DD), 54 Smith, Gerald Keith, 44 Truschel. Geo. W., 52 Wisdom, D. M. Col.. 60 Smith, J. Harold, Rev., 38-9 por, 40 Tucker, William E.. 43 Wise. J. B. Rev., 36 Smith, Jimmie, 36 Turner, Robert N., 41 Witcherville, AR.. 40 Smith, John P., 50 Turner, T., 43 Wofford, J. G.. (Mable), 38 Smith, Joseph Y., 42 Typhoid-malarial fever takes lives, 51 Wolf, H.. 57 Smith, Lafayette, 43 Ulman. Nora, 7 Wolfe, F. H.. 18. 21, 24 Smith, Maggie Aldridge, 48 Underbill, Jake, 41 Womens Christian Temperance Association Smith, Robert F., 9, 30 Union Church, 34 active in Fort Smith, 54 Smith, Thomas L., 43 United Daughters of the Confederacy Wong-Ligda, Ed., 44 Smith, W. W., 42 (UDC), 41 Wood, James E., 42 Smith, Zephra, 43 U. S. Court, to be established Woods, Nathan R., 42 Smott, —, 15 in the Indian Territory, is discussed Woodworth, ---. Maj., 8 Smythe, L. Rev., 52, 54, 59 in the U. S. Senate, 58 Woosten, Ralph, 4 Snider, Fred, 42 U. S. Signal Station is established Workinger, William, 41 Snyder, Harvey, 42 in Fort Smith, 62 Wo/Id, newspaper, 59 Soard, Emma, 36 Upham, D. P., 57 Worrell, A. S. (DD), 35, 39 por, 40, 58 Soard, W. T. (Irene R.), 36 Urquhart, E., 59 Wortz, Carl, 46 South Sebastian County Awards Ceremony, Van Brocklin, J., 42 Wray, Thelma, 1 pioneer family achievement, 45 Van Sickle, Charles, 41 Wright, Elijah E., 43 Southard, William F., 43 Vandagriff, C. W., 41 Wright, J. C., 41 Southside High School Commercial Art Vann, Reuben, 42 Young, Allen, 43 Classes paint a city sanitation truck, 47 Veterans, 41-3 Young, John S., 42 Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 47 Vinton, James (Nora B.), 38 Younger, Bessie, 38 Sparks, Geo T., 50 Voelter, F., 54 Speakman, Mary N., 6 Wade, John W., 43 Speer, Ralph Jr. (Mrs.), 47 Waerter, Charles, 42 Spradling Avenue Baptist Church, 40 Wagner, John W., 41 Spradling, Geo N., 41 Walhan, David (Judge), 4 Springer, Frances, Rev., 21-2, 29-31 Walker, J. M., 42 Stafford, Isaac, 43 Wallace, ---, Rev., 34 Stalcup, J. C., 36, 50 Wallace, John W., 42 The Standard, newspaper, 58 Ward, —, Maj., 8 State Office Building, 47 Ward, Zeb., 59 Steam ferry begins service across the Wardell, Elias T., 42 Arkansas River, 61 Warner, S. Y., 35 Stearl, Joseph, 42 Warren, Abel, 57 Steele, Frederick, Gen., 7, 12-3 por, Warren, Henry, 43 16, 18, 20, 25 Watie, Stand, Gen., 4, 19 Steele, William, Gen., 4, 6 por, 13, 20 Watts, —, 15 Stephens, Robert W., 42 Watts, Charles J., 43 Stephenson, Thomas R., 42 Watson, L. T. Dr., 11 Stewart, J. C., 42 Weaber, Jesse, 41 Stockyards needed in Fort Smith, 60 Wear, John, 15 Stokes, Lemuel, 42 Weaver, J. S , 41 Story, John, 42 Weaver, John F., 43 Stough, John, 43 Webb, Perry, Dr., 35 Strain, Hester C., 42 Weese, Moses W., 42 Strassburg, Abraham, 42 Weldon, O. D., purchases the interest of Strayhorn, John, 42 Cad Allard in the Elevator. 51 Street Railroads, 52 Westark Community College, Streets, 51, 54, 56 special events, 45 Strong, C. H., 41 Whedon, Milo, 41 Stryker, John, 34 Wheeler, Benjamin, 43 Sugg, Rihard, 1 Wheeler, J. F., 33 Sullivan, —, Maj., 8 Wheeler, M. H., (Mrs.), 35 Sutherland, Thomas S., 42 Wheeler, W. W., 41 Sutton, W. B., 52 Wheelers Independent, newspaper, 50 Sutton, William M., 43 Whicker, —, Lt., 8 Swindell, —, Dr., 21

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