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Ecography ECOG-02845 Leitão, R Ecography ECOG-02845 Leitão, R. P. Zuanon, J., Mouillot, D., Leal, C. G., Hughes, R. M., Kaufmann, P. R., Villéger, S., Pompeu, P. S., Kasper, D., de Paula, F. R., Ferraz, S. F. B. and Gardner, T. A. 2017. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. – Ecography doi: 10.1111/ecog.02845 Supplementary material SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams Rafael P. Leitão, Jansen Zuanon, David Mouillot, Cecília G. Leal, Robert M. Hughes, Philip R. Kaufmann, Sébastien Villéger, Paulo S. Pompeu, Daniele Kasper, Felipe R. de Paula, Silvio F. B. Ferraz, and Toby A. Gardner Mailing address: Rafael P. Leitão. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, CBIO, Av. André Araújo, 2936, 69060–001 Manaus, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] CONTENT Appendix 1: Supplementary figures ........................................................................................ 2 Figure A1. Map of Santarém and Paragominas showing sampling sites ..................................... 2 Figure A2. Representation of the different spatial scales assessed for landscape analyses ......... 3 Figure A3. Schematic representation of the sampled stream reach ............................................. 3 Figure A4. NMDS ordination of sites from Santarém and Paragominas .................................... 4 Figure A5. Position of the predominant state of ecomorphological trait along PCoA axes ........ 4 Figure A6. Four-dimensional functional space of the species pool from Santarém .................... 5 Figure A7. Four-dimensional functional space of the species pool from Paragominas .............. 7 Appendix 2: Supplementary tables .......................................................................................... 9 Table A1. Mean and range values of the landscape and instream habitat variables .................... 9 Table A2. Total and indirect effects of land use on stream fish assemblages in Santarém ....... 10 Table A3. Total and indirect effects of land use on stream fish assemblages in Paragominas .. 11 Table A4. Overall model explanation for habitat and fish assemblage structure variables ...... 12 Table A5: Correlation between each continuous trait and PCoA axes ...................................... 13 Appendix 3. Functional trait assessment ............................................................................... 14 Appendix 4. Complementary analysis combining datasets .................................................. 18 Appendix 5. Taxonomic composition of stream fish assemblages ....................................... 22 1 Appendix 1. Supplementary figures SANTARÉM (STM) STM PGM PARAGOMINAS (PGM) 0 15 30 0 50 100 km km Figure A1. Sampling sites (black triangles) distributed across gradients of land use in the municipalities of Santarém (c. 1 million ha; 45 sites) and Paragominas (c. 1.9 million ha; 49 sites), eastern Brazilian Amazon. Land use classification derived from Landsat 2010 imagery, showing primary forest (dark green), secondary forest (light green), and deforested areas (orange). Gray polygon in the top right map indicates the Amazon Basin. Some sampled streams in the eastern portion of Paragominas do not flow directly, but are connected, to the Amazon Basin sensu stricto. 2 CATCHMENT! NETWORK! LOCAL! Figure A2. Representation of the three different spatial scales (dashed lines) considered for landscape analyses: the whole catchment upstream from sample site (“catchment”); 100-m wide buffer along the entire drainage network upstream from sample site (“riparian network”), and 100-m wide buffer around the sampled site (“local”). Sample site is a 150-m long stream reach (red dot). Figure A3. Schematic representation of the sampled stream reach. Each transect was named from the downstream ("A") to upstream ("K") and marked with flags along the stream stretch. A total of 11 transects and 10 longitudinal sections of 15 m were established. Fishes were captured using seines (top-right) and semi-circular hand nets (bottom-right). 3 Figure A4. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination of sites from Santarém (n = 40; green dots) and from Paragominas (n = 49; dark gray dots) based on fish species presence/absence (A) and abundance (B) within streams. a b PCoA1 PCoA1 Multicuspid Teeth shape Viliform/Conic Multicuspid Teeth shape Viliform Low Number of teeth High Deep Oral-gape shape Wid e Deep Oral-gape shape Wid e Up Oral-gape position Down Large Eye size Small Large Eye size Small Lateral Eye position Up Lateral Eye position Up Low Pectoral-fin position High Compressed Body transversal shape Depressed Elongated Aspect ratio of pectoral fin Rounded Low Pectoral-fin position High High Caudal-peduncle throttling Small Elongated Aspect ratio of pectoral fin Rounded Crescent-like Aspect ratio of the caudal fin Rounded Crescent-like Aspect ratio of the caudal fin Rounded PCoA2 PCoA2 Long Mouth-protrusion length Short/Absent Comb-shaped Teeth shape Absent Caudal-fin/Body Large Eye size Small Pectoral-fin rowing Fins surface ratio propulsion Caudal-fin/Body Pectoral-fin rowing Fins surface ratio Large Fins surface to body size Small propulsion Large Fins surface to body size Small PCoA3 PCoA3 Viliform/Comb-/ Conic Teeth shape Viliform/Comb-shaped Conic Teeth shape Spoon-shaped Compressed Body transversal shape Depressed Long Mouth-protrusion length Short/Absent Elongated Body transversal surface Compact PCoA4 PCoA4 - Teeth shape Canine - Teeth shape Multicuspid Compact Body transversal surface Elongated Elongated Body transversal surface Compact Small Body mass Large Large Body mass Small Figure A5. Position of the predominant state of each ecomorphological trait along each Principal Coordinate (PCoA) axis that composes the multidimensional functional spaces for fish species pools in Santarém (a) and Paragominas (b) sites. The functional identity (CWM) for each local assemblage is the abundance-weighted average value for each of the PCoA axes. See details in Fig. A6, Fig. A7, and Table A5. 4 Body mass Oral-gape surface Oral-gape shape Oral-gape position Number of teeth Mouth-protrusion length Eye size Eye position Body transversal shape Body transversal surface Figure A6. Four-dimensional representation of the functional space of the regional pool of stream fishes from Santarém (67 species), highlighting the distribution of each ecomorphological trait (as indicated above each pair of plots). Each plot represents two axes of a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PC), where species are plotted with dots according to their respective trait values. Species with high (superior quartile) and low (inferior quartile) values for each continuous trait are highlighted in red and blue, respectively. See specific legend for ordinal and nominal traits below their respective plots. 5 Pectoral-fin position Aspect ratio of the pectoral fin Caudal-peduncle throttling Aspect ratio of the caudal fin Fins surface ratio Fins surface to body size ratio Teeth shape Raker shape Teeth shape categories Gill-raker shape categories Absent Molariform Absent Canine +" w"Aliasing multicuspid x" Short/ sparse x" Comb-shaped s" Spoon-shaped Intermediate Conic Tricuspid Incisiform v" Viliform Long/ numerous Figure A6. (continuation) 6 Body mass Oral-gape surface Oral-gape shape Oral-gape position Number of teeth Mouth-protrusion length Eye size Eye position Body transversal shape Body transversal surface Figure A7. Four-dimensional representation of the functional space of the regional pool of stream fishes from Paragominas (112 species), highlighting the distribution of each ecomorphological trait (as indicated above each pair of plots). Each plot represents two axes of a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PC), where species are plotted with dots according to their respective trait values. Species with high (superior quartile) and low (inferior quartile) values for each continuous trait are highlighted in red and blue, respectively. See specific legend for ordinal and nominal traits below their respective plots. 7 Pectoral-fin position Aspect ratio of the pectoral fin Caudal-peduncle throttling Aspect ratio of the caudal fin Fins surface ratio Fins surface to body size ratio Teeth shape Raker shape Teeth shape categories Gill-raker shape categories Absent Molariform Absent Canine +" w"Aliasing multicuspid x" Short/ sparse x" Comb-shaped s" Spoon-shaped Intermediate Conic Tricuspid Incisiform v" Viliform Long/ numerous Figure A7. (continuation) 8 Appendix 2: Supplementary tables Table A1. Mean and range (minimum – maximum) values of the landscape and instream habitat variables used in the Structural Equation Model of Santarém (n = 40) and Paragominas (n = 49) stream sites, Amazon. Variable Unit SANTAREM PARAGOMINAS Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Natural factors Catchment area ha 2741.3 83.0 22726.0 1251.0 44.3 5045.3 Distance to large river m 5614.4 304.5 17465.6 4741.5 50.1 19780. Land use 9 Catchment deforestation % 29.3 0.0 70.1 31.6 0.0 97.3 Riparian network deforestation % 35.3 0.0 100.0 37.8 0.0 95.9 Local deforestation % 35.2 0.0 92.0 62.8 0.0 100.0 Mechanized agriculture % 7.1 0.0 59.5 2.6 0.0 44.0 Upstream road crossings nbr.ha-1.10-3 2.1 0.0 12.0 3.1 0.0 22.6 Downstream road crossings nbr.ha-1.10-3 0.7 0.0 5.4 2.1 0.0 45.1 Instream habitat Mean water-column depth mm 37.8 9.4 99.2 40.2 11.6 78.5 Bankfull width/depth ratio m/m 18.2 0.8 86.0 8.1 2.7 38.6 Bottom complexity m/m 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.7 Relative bed stability log10(mm/m) -2.3 -3.5 0.1 -1.7 -3.0 0.3 Wood volume mm3/m2 1.6 0.0 10.5 3.2 0.0 14.3 m) Coarse litter cover % 23.3 0.0 95.2 16.7 0.0 64.8 Standing cover % 38.0 1.8 98.0 39.3 5.9 117.0 Channel shading % 80.3 8.2 99.3 65.7 2.7 99.5 Water temperature °C 25.1 23.5 27.7 25.6 23.7 29.2 Aquatic vegetation cover % 5.0 0.0 52.3 13.5 0.0 76.4 9 Table A2. Total and indirect effects (i.e., mediated by instream conditions) of land use on the structure of stream fish assemblages in Santarém (n=40), Amazon.
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