nonproliferation.eu October / November 2013, Issue No. 12

Editorial The EU Non-Proliferation Consortium held its second The adoption of the ATT international conference in Brus- sels on 30 September and 1st ‘‘ October 2013. This event closed marked a historic step the Consortium’s first triennial programme of work. This News- letter edition covers the event in detail and provides links to all the Given the significant increase in Luc Mampaey, Phd in Economics, joined relevant documents pertaining to the volume of the global arms the GRIP in 1993. He successively served the conference (see page 3). as a researcher, project manager, and deputy trade in recent years, it is essen- director before being appointed’’ director of the GRIP in May 2012. His research interests The two days of debate, which tial to develop regulation and and publications focus on the development were placed under the auspices of the defence industry in the of “constructive pessimism”, a control instruments to prevent and the European Union and, more generally, term that was frequently cited by these arms from falling into the on issues related to defence and peace economics. Throughout both speakers and participants, his professional career he was a technical NCO in the Belgian were marked by a desire to wrong hands. armed forces (1975-1983) and a production engineer in a private favour positive approaches in a company in the aviation sector (1983-1993). recent international context that is complex to say the least. Events What characterizes the GRIP in weaknesses of such a Treaty? In 2009 was launched the direc- in the Middle East in recent the European landscape of stra- What possible impact could it tive 2009/43/EC simplifying months in particular, namely tegic research? have on its exports of weapons? terms and conditions of transfers forced Syrian disarmament and the changing of the guard in of defence-related products wit- Teheran, were commented upon The GRIP was founded in 1979, The adoption of the ATT marked a hin the European Community. with a mixture of satisfaction and at the heart of the Cold War, in the historic step in global arms control What have been the results of prudence. particular context of great civilian policies since it is the first multi- this evolution? mobilizations opposed to the arms lateral instrument regulating the The broad range of the subjects race and, more precisely, the instal- international trade in conventional The transposition of the Directive addressed bore witness to the lation of US Cruise and Pershing arms including small arms and 2009/43/EC into national law has ambitiousness of the meeting, missiles on the soil of several Euro- light weapons and their ammuni- been a difficult process for some which was a success in terms of pean countries. Stuck between pa- tion. One of its strongest elements member states, which have not both participation and the quality cifist movements’ radical positions is the requirement for states to been able to respect the deadlines of the discussion. Next Decem- and rather rigid stances among refuse a transfer in certain circums- laid down in the Directive. It is too ber the EU will mark the tenth anniversary of the adoption of its chancelleries, this “Euromissiles tances. It also creates binding obli- early to analyse the implementa- Strategy against the Proliferation crisis” revealed the limitations of gations for governments to assess tion of the Directive and the effi- of WMD. In this perspective, the reflexion on strategic issues an export in light of certain criteria, ciency of the new transfer licensing the ongoing constitution of a in Europe. Acting as the missing notably, risks that the weapons will system. It is also too early to eva- European identity in the fields link between those two separa- be used to violate rules of inter- luate whether it has eased the admi- of security and non-proliferation ted spheres, the GRIP was at that national human rights and huma- nistrative burden on the European is worthy of note. This process time one of the first independent nitarian law, or to commit acts of defence industries and national au- involves the majority of European francophone research centre trea- terrorism or to fuel transnational thorities, and whether it improved member States, institutions, and ting questions of disarmament and organized crime. Since the treaty’s the security of the supply chain. civil society, and the network of conflicts prevention. Within its 35 text is a compromise between 193 For instance, the certification pro- think tanks established by the years of existence, the GRIP has states, it contains some important cess, which is a central guarantee EU Non-Proliferation Consortium known important transformations weaknesses notably in the list and on the reliability of the recipient three years ago is now a perma- nent fixture in this landscape. but preserves its hybrid profile. the definitions of arms covered and Interviewin the frame conducted of general by licences, The GRIP have strived to conci- the absence of a specific provision Nameseems to be underused. Only 20 liate on the one hand, a permanent for public reporting on arms trans- Functionenterprises from 8 member states Benjamin Hautecouverture educational vocation aiming to fers. Those elements could limit Thinkhave beentank (ACRO.), certified City according to EU Non-Proliferation Consortium enhance understanding on complex the effectiveness of the instrument. CERTIDER – the European Com- / Fondation pour la Recherche issues for an The ATT will probably not require mission’s website listing the cer- Stratégique (FRS) audience as wide as possible, and EU member states to introduce ma- tified defence-related enterprises. on the other hand, to develop the jor changes in their export control Moreover, experts are wondering expertise of an independent and regimes as similar standards are whether the margin left to member objective research institute capable already included in the EU Law. It states in determining the content of of producing high level analyses is therefore important for the EU to the licenses may constitute an obs- destined to policy makers. focus on outreach and promotion tacle in achieving the objectives of activities in order to guarantee a the Directive. signed the Arms Trade quick entry into force and the im- Treaty (ATT) adopted the 2 April plementation of the ATT. Interview conducted by 2013. What are the strengths and Boris le Polain Research Assistant, FRS, Paris EU Non-Proliferation Consortium the european network of independent non-proliferation think tanks

EU Institutional news

7th68th BTWCSession of Review the UN ConfeGeneral- UNSC Resolution on Syrian Chemical Weapons Assembly First Committee rence: the EU position The 15 members of the UN Security Council ness to support actions foreseen under the The 68th Session of the UN Gene- unanimously voted a resolution on Syrian che- resolution as well as under the decision of the ralOn Assembly 18th July First 2011, Committee the mical weapons the 27 September 2013. This OPCW Executive Council”. According to her, openedCouncil October, of the 7European in New-York. resolution establishes a framework for over- the international answer to the chemical crisis UnionOn the openingadopted day a decisionof the general on coming the ongoing crisis in . It requires in Syria must be seen as part of a comprehen- thedebate, objectives the EU Special and positions Envoy for the verification and destruction of Syria’s che- sive approach. In her words, the international Non-Proliferation and Disarma- of the Union at the Seventh mical weapons stockpiles, calls for a construc- community “must not lose sight of the most Reviewment, Conference Jacek of Bylica the therein reiterated the views and tive engagement from Syria to the Geneva II important goal: ending the violence and hea- ambitionsStates Parties of the toEU. the BTWC, conference and endorses the establishment of ding towards a peaceful and democratic tran- due to take place from 5th a transitional governing body in Syria, with sition in Syria”. In the meantime, Catherine –Ambassador 22nd December Bylica first 2011. In full executive powers. Ashton reiterated the importance of providing highlighted the positive develop- particular, the Union will access to humanitarian aid in the country. supportments witnessed the intersessional these last months, and underlined the importance EU High Representative Catherine Ashton, ofprocess the UN and as a willfundamental make propo - speaking on behalf of the EU on September, UN Security Council Resolution, S/RES/2118, frameworksitions aimed for effective at strengthening multila- 28 2013 in Brussels, hailed this resolution as a 27 September 2013 teralismcompliance and cooperation. with the Conven In this - “major step towards a sustainable and unified tioncontext, and he the warmly role welcomedof the ISU the international response to the crisis in Syria”. Catherine Ashton’s Statement on UNSCR adoption of the landmark Arms (prolongation of mandate, She added that “the EU reiterates its readi- 2118 expansionTrade Treaty of (ATT) the currentand the posi staff,- tive outcomes of the Third Review Conferenceetc.) of the Chemical Wea- pons Convention (CWC), noting Eighth Article XIV Conference in Support of the Councilthat the EU Decision has already 2011/429/ allocated CFSP,12 million relating euros toto support the position the Entry-into-Force of the CTBT ofactivities the European of the OPCW. Union With for theregard Seventh to the investigation Review Confe into the- The Article XIV Conference is a biennial event the universalization of the CTBT and urges use of chemical weapons in Syria, rence of the States Parties to the purpose of which is to accelerate the Com- all the countries to promote and ratify it. Mr. the EU notes the Secretary Gene- prehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’s (CTBT) Linkevičius stressed also the importance of a ral’sthe Conventionmechanism as on “an the important pro- ratification and to promote its entry-into-force. strong and comprehensive International Moni- hibitioninstrument”. of the development, In the Final Declaration of September, 27 2013, toring System that provides assurance of com- production and stockpiling of the participating states “affirm the importance pliance with the Treaty. Finally, the EU “calls bacteriologicalNevertheless, Ambassador (biological) Bylica recalled that the international com- and urgency of achieving early entry into force upon all States to respect [the voluntary mora- and toxin weapons and on munity continues to be faced with of the Treaty as a crucial practical step for sys- toria on nuclear weapon test explosions] and to their destruction (BTWC) major proliferation challenges, tematic and progressive efforts towards nuclear refrain from any action that would undermine mainlyJuly 18, in 2011Syria, DPRK and Iran. disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation”. the objectives and purposes of the Comprehen- Therefore, he insisted on the primary responsibility of the UN Up to date, the CTBT has not yet entered into sive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty”. Security Council to maintain inter- force due to the non-ratification of eight States national peace and security, “inclu- listed in its “Annex 2”. Mr. Linas Linkevičius’ statement ding in cases of non-compliance”. In particular, Ambassador Bylica The EU, represented at the Conference by Final Declaration of the Conference stressed that the UNSC Resolu- H.E. Mr. Linas Linkevičius, of tion 2118 envisages a forceful international reaction in the event Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, fully supports Government Statements of Syrian non-compliance.

Furthermore, Ambassador Bylica Upcoming events recalled that Syria has yet to provide the necessary cooperation Novembre 07 – 08, 2013: Regional Workshop on Facilitating Adherence to and Implementation of the 2005 with the IAEA concerning its Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) for French-spea- king States in Africa, Brussels, Belgium. nuclear programme, as asked by the resolution approved in June November 11 – 15, 2013: 25th meeting of the Advisory group on Nuclear Security (AdSec), , . 2011 by the Board of Governors of the Agency. November 28, 2013: 25th meeting of the Advisory group on Nuclear Security (AdSec), Vienna, Austria.

EU Statement by Mr. Jacek Bylica December 02 – 06, 2013: 18th Session of the Conference of States Parties of the Chemical Weapons Convention, OPCW, The Hague, Netherlands First Committee December 19 - 20, 2013: European Council, Brussels, Belgium. nonproliferation.eu October / November 2013, Issue No. 12 2 EU Non-Proliferation Consortium the european network of independent non-proliferation think tanks

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2nd EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament International Conference Publications and The Second EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference was held in Brus- web resources Keynote Speeches sels from the 30th September to the 1st October 2013. The event brought together more than 300 experts from both EU member States and countries further afield Zone exempte d’armes de des- to discuss the major issues in the disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control First Plenary Session: Strengthening truction massive au Moyen-Orient landscape. The two-day conference, organized by the IISS provided a platform for the Non-Proliferation and Disarma- : sortir de l’enceinte du TNP, discussion within the expert community. In order to broach the widest possible range ment Regime Benjamin Hautecouverture, note of topics the same organizational principle as the first conference of this kind was n°25/13, FRS, October 2013 (in maintained, namely an alternation between plenary sessions and concurrent thema- French). tic sessions. Second Plenary Session: Addressing Non-Proliferation and Disarmament in Syria CW destruction – who wins, As the Deputy Secretary General of the European External Action Service (EEAS) the Middle East who loses?, Mark Fitzpatrick, Maciej Popowski underlined in his welcoming speech, the overall aim that guides IISS, 15 October 2013. the EU regarding its non-proliferation policy and that thus underpinned the confe- rence is the universality of treaties, conventions and international instruments, in Third Plenary Session: EU Non-Proli- feration Policy and Implementation ’s exports of small arms accordance with the stance defined in the EU strategy against WMD proliferation. and light weapons, Mark Bromley, The multiple presentations and debates during the conference were characterized by Mathieu Duchâtel, Paul Holtom, Evening Speech a rather optimistic and constructive approach to proliferation-related issues. Indeed, SIPRI Policy Paper n°38, October many panelists underlined the role of the EU as a major actor in the longstanding 2013. construction of the current global non-proliferation regime, as well as the oppor- Conference Photo Gallery tunities and prospects for strengthening and universalizing this framework. In this Disarming Syria, Jean Pascal regard, the Executive Secretary of the CTBTO Preparatory Commission, Lassina Conference Tweets Zanders, Briefs n°33, EUISS, 24 Zerbo, reaffirmed that the CTBT “is [now] functioning as a fully-fledged organi- September 2013. zation”, even if not yet into force, and showed the assembly the progresses it has made recently. Andrew Cottey (University College, Cork) highlighted the enormous Rethinking conventional arms progress that has been made by the EU since the 1990s and the role it has played control in Europe: A transpa- in the promotion of non-proliferation objectives. In a similar frame of reference, rency-centred approach, Jacek EEAS Principal Adviser and Special Envoy for Non-Proliferation and Disarma- Durkalec, PISM Strategic File no. ment, Jacek Bylica, differentiated between the fragilities of the existing framework 7 (34), 17 September 2013. and its weaknesses, gaps or flaws, further highlighting the event’s positive dynamic.

‘Defending the Future’, a rational The plenary sessions were devoted to the three main topics of the conference: the strengthening of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime, non-proliferation approach to Britain’s future and disarmament in the Middle-East, and EU non-proliferation policies. In this ove- nuclear arsenal, Toby Fenwick, rarching framework, heated discussions took place during the sessions in relation BASIC, September 2013. to the latest events in Syria and the stance that both EU and the international com- munity more generally should adopt. The majority of participants welcomed the To eliminate WMD we need diplomatic breakthrough and the reduction of US- tensions with regard to to disarm patriarchy, Rebecca Syria, and viewed the 2118 UNSC resolution as a sign of positive momentum that Johnson, Acronym Institute for the EU should seek to build on. However, this kind of temporary progress should Disarmament Diplomacy, 30 not be feted too soon, and Jacek Bylica nicely encapsulated the caution shared by August 2013. many of the experts present: “I would actually suggest keeping the bigger bottles of champagne in the fridge for the time being and opening them once everything The Arms Trade Treaty: Half full or has been implemented”. Other topics that were the subject of particular attention half empty?, Marc Finaud, GCSP during the two-day event included non-proliferation issues in Iran and North , Policy Paper 2013/6, 13 August the objective of a WMD-Free Zone in the Middle-East, the need for dialogue and 2013. cooperation between parties, and the universalization of the NPT. The principal objective stated throughout the conference that should serve as a las- New START: A net assessment, ting conclusion is the need for the EU to develop a “comprehensive approach” to Stela Petrova, Policy Brief n°3, address non-proliferation related issues. Many experts agreed that, as the EEAS European Leadership Network, Director, Security Policy and Conflict Prevention Joëlle Jenny put it during her pre- August 2013. sentation, EU action should concentrate on and seek to improve its comparative advantage, attract and make sufficient use of the different resources at its disposal, The right to dual-use technolo- facilitate synergies between bilateral sub-regional European and multilateral initia- gies and the case of Iran, Mark tives, and support a renewed impetus for a strategically coherent and effective use of Fitzpatrick, The Non-Prolifera- EU instruments in line with the comprehensive approach. tion Monthly’s Editorial, CESIM, August 2013. Upcoming events November 05 – 06, 2013: 16th International CBRN Symposium, Shrivenham, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, UK December 09- 13, 2013: Weapons Law and the Conduct of the Legal Review of Weapons Course, Geneva, . December 13 – 15, 2013: World Policy Conference (IFRI) – Sixth edition, . December 16 – 20, 2013: Towards the 2015 NPT Review Conference, Wilton Park conference (WP1265), Wiston House, UK. January 13 - 15, 2014: The future of power: implications for global actors by 2040, Wilton Park conference WP1294, Wiston House, UK nonproliferation.eu October / November 2013, Issue No. 12 3 EU Non-Proliferation Consortium the european network of independent non-proliferation think tanks

Spotlight on...

Latest publications Group for Research Virginie Moreau, Traité sur le commerce des armes : de nouvelles signatures dont les États-Unis, 26 Septembre 2013 (in and Information on French).

Yannick Quéau, L’appétit mesuré d’Em- Peace and Security braer pour la défense, Note d’analyse du GRIP, 20 septembre 2013 (in French).

Kloé Tricot O’Farrell, Arms Brokering Controls: How Are They Implemented in Founded in 1979, GRIP is a Belgian independent research center dedicated to the study and the EU?, Les rapports du GRIP, 2013/2, critical analysis of contemporary peace and security issues. GRIP research focuses on: non-pro- 29 August 2013, 34 p. liferation, disarmament and arms control; , peace and security in Africa; defense and Sylvain Fanielle, Le Sommet sur la sécu- rité nucléaire à la croisée des chemins security in Asia-Pacific; as well as European integration and security policies. Its “Non-prolife- : entre doutes et ambition, Les rapports ration, disarmament and arms control” Programme has developed an extensive expertise and has du GRIP, 2013/7, 12 août 2013, 36 p. (in French). been very active on issues such as small arms and light weapons (SALW); regulation of global arms trade; military spending; doctrinal and industrial developments in the defence sector; and Khristopher Carlson, Efficacy of Small Arms Control Measures and National nuclear and chemical weapons proliferation. GRIP regularly works with intergovernmental or- Reporting: Learning from Africa, Small ganizations, national and foreign governments, policy-makers, NGOs and international media. Arms Survey Research Notes, N°23, August 2013, 4 p. The dissemination of information to the wider public, through activities such as publications, public discussions, international conferences and seminars, is also a key/major goal for GRIP. Virginie Moreau, Détournements et trafics d’armes en Amérique latine, Note d’analyse, 27 June 2013, 18 p. (in French). The team Fanny Lutz, Sur les traces des armes dans le dédale proche-oriental, Les Mélanie De Groof is a Researcher with the Cédric Poitevin is Head of the GRIP “Arms Rapports du GRIP, 2013/5, 26 June 2013, 40 p. (in French). GRIP “Arms Transfers and Small Arms” Pro- Transfers and Small Arms” Project. He is in ject. As a lawyer, her field of research focusses charge of research activities on arms transfers Jihan Seniora, Les transferts intra-com- munautaires des produits liés à la défense on legal questions that arise in view of arms (transfer control, control of end-use and post- : un an de mise en œuvre de la Directive, transfers, in particular to states which are in- export control) and small arms and light wea- Note d’analyse du GRIP, 25 juin 2013 (in French). volved in armed conflicts or crisis situations. pons and their ammunition (transfer control, She also analyses the practical and legal impli- marking and tracing, civilian detention, legal Sabrina Lesparre, Luc Mampaey, Dépenses militaires, production et trans- cations of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and institutional aspects in the EU and Sub- ferts d’armes - Compendium 2013, Les (UAVs). She is also a PhD student at Maas- Saharan Africa). rapports du GRIP, 2013/5, 19 June 2013, 52 p. (in French). tricht University (The Netherlands). Bérangère Rouppert is a Researcher with the Bérangère Rouppert, Deux ans avant la Conférence de révision du TNP 2015 : Bruno Hellendorff joined GRIP in 2011 and “Europe, security strategy, defence economics Quelles avancées ?, Note d’analyse, 23 mai 2013, 8 p. (in French). is currently a Researcher with the GRIP “Eu- and globalisation” Project. Her research acti- rope, security strategy, defence economics and vities focus on nuclear and chemical weapons Bérangère Rouppert, Quel avenir pour la Convention d’interdiction des armes globalisation” Project. His main research acti- issues, global disarmament process and mis- chimiques ?, Notes d’analyse, 21 mai vities deal with the various issues of defence sile defense evolution. 2013, 4 p. (in French). and security in Asia-Pacific. He is also a PhD student at the UCL (Belgium). Jihan Seniora is a Researcher with the GRIP nonproliferation.eu is the bimonthly “Arms Transfers and Small Arms” Project. e-newsletter of the EU Non-prolifera- tion Consortium. It is available free of Virginie Moreau is a Researcher with the Her fields of research focus on arms transfers charge on the Consortium’s website: GRIP “Arms Transfers and Small Arms” (transfer control, border controls, EU regula- www.nonproliferation.eu Project. Her research has a specific focus on tion), and transparency in the field of arma- conventional arms transfer controls including ment (international and regional transparency Editor: EU Non-proliferation Consor- tium small arms and light weapons, and in particu- instruments, reports, information exchange). Publication director: lar on the Arms Trade Treaty, EU regulations, Camille Grand arms brokering, end-use controls and arms Editor in chief: embargoes. Benjamin Hautecouverture Headquarters: 4 bis, rue des Pâtures, 75016 Paris, Tel: 00 33 1 43 13 77 61 Fax: 00 33 1 43 13 77 78 nonproliferation.eu October / November 2013, Issue No. 12 4