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Proceedings of the BALPA Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Conference

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Proceedings of the BALPA Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Conference Chris Winder, editor Air Safet y and Cabin Air BALPA Contaminated Air Protection: Q ualit y International Aero Industr Proceedings of the BALPA Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Conference. Held at Imperial College, London, 20-21 April 2005 y Conference Sponsored by: Reports in Safety and Environmental Science School of Safety Science, The University of New South Wales August 2005 www.AOPIS.ORG Chris Winder, editor. Contaminated Air Protection: Proceedings of the Air Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Conference, held at Imperial College, London, 20-21 April 2005. Published by the British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA) and the School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, August 2005. Cost: £25-00 or Aus$55-00 including tax. Copyright © the British Airline Pilots Association (BALPA) and the School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052. All rights reserved. This work is published subject to the conditions that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the prior written consent of the authors. ISBN 0-7334-2282-9 Proceedings of the Contaminated Air Protection Conference Preamble TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents _______________________________________________________ ii Foreword ______________________________________________________________ xi Conference Program___________________________________________________ xvii Introduction to the Conference ___________________________________________ 1 Jim McAuslan Opening Speech ________________________________________________________ 3 Paul Tyler, CBE MP Biographical Sketch _________________________________________________ 3 Conference Introduction _____________________________________________ 3 References_________________________________________________________ 7 Hazardous Chemicals on Jet Aircraft: Case Study – Jet Engine Oils _____________ 8 Chris Winder Biographical Sketch _________________________________________________ 8 Abstract ___________________________________________________________ 8 Introduction _______________________________________________________ 9 The Chemical Products used in Aviation ______________________________ 10 Case Study: The Toxic Ingredients of Jet Oils __________________________ 14 The Substituted Diphenylamine _________________________________ 15 N-Phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine _________________________________ 16 Tricresyl phosphate ___________________________________________ 17 Monitoring Studies_________________________________________________ 20 Numbers of Leaks _________________________________________________ 21 Effects of Hazardous Chemicals Leaks on Crew_________________________ 23 The Cockpit/Cabin Environment _____________________________________ 25 Combustion and Pyrolysis Processes __________________________________ 26 Aerotoxic Syndrome _______________________________________________ 27 Conclusions ______________________________________________________ 28 Acknowledgements ________________________________________________ 31 References________________________________________________________ 31 The Current State of Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Compounds in Jet Lubrication Oils for the Unborn Child_____________________________________ 37 C Vyvyan Howard Biographical Sketch ________________________________________________ 37 Introduction ______________________________________________________ 37 Risk assessment ___________________________________________________ 37 Where in the Risk Assessment Paradigm does Jet Oil II Fit? _______________ 39 Hazard Identification __________________________________________ 39 Hazard Characterisation _______________________________________ 39 Exposure Assessment __________________________________________ 39 Risk Assessment ______________________________________________ 41 -ii- Proceedings of the Contaminated Air Protection Conference Preamble References ________________________________________________________42 Illness Related to Cabin Air: A Survey of Symptoms and Treatment Among Commercial Pilots and Cabin Crew________________________________________43 Andrew Harper Biographical Sketch ________________________________________________43 Introduction _______________________________________________________43 Methods __________________________________________________________43 Results____________________________________________________________44 Respondent Details ____________________________________________44 Aircraft Type__________________________________________________44 Exposure Events _______________________________________________44 Symptoms – Range, Onset, Diagnosis and Treatment________________46 Discussion ________________________________________________________48 References ________________________________________________________50 Lung Injury Following Hydrocarbon Inhalation in BAe 146 Aircrew____________53 Jonathan Burdon and Allan R Glanville Biographical Sketch ________________________________________________53 Introduction _______________________________________________________53 Clinical Study______________________________________________________55 Discussion ________________________________________________________57 Organophosphate Ester Induced Chronic Neurotoxicity (OPICN)______________59 Mohamed B Abou-Donia Biographical Sketch ________________________________________________59 Abstract___________________________________________________________59 Introduction _______________________________________________________59 Cholinergic Neurotoxicity ___________________________________________60 Symptoms of Cholinergic Toxicity Resulting from Organophosphate Poisoning ____________________________________________________61 Severity of Symptoms __________________________________________62 Effect of Route of Exposure ______________________________________63 Human Exposure ______________________________________________63 Organophosphorus Pesticide-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (OPIDN) _____64 Characteristics of OPIDN _______________________________________64 Factors Involved in the Development of OPIDN ____________________65 Neurological Dysfunction of OPIDN in Humans ___________________70 Mechanisms of OPIDN _________________________________________71 Organophosphate-Induced Chronic Neurotoxicity (OPICN)_______________72 Characteristics of OPICN _______________________________________72 Neurological and neurobehavioral alterations______________________72 OPICN following large toxic exposures to organophosphorus compounds ___________________________________________________73 OPICN following Sub-clinical Exposures to Organophosphorus Compounds __________________________________________________76 -iii- Proceedings of the Contaminated Air Protection Conference Preamble Conclusions ______________________________________________________ 83 References________________________________________________________ 83 In Flight Smoke and Fumes ______________________________________________ 92 Bhupinder Singh Biographical Sketch ________________________________________________ 92 Introduction ______________________________________________________ 92 The Extent of the Problem___________________________________________ 92 Source of Smoke and Fumes_________________________________________ 93 Effects of Toxic Substances __________________________________________ 94 Aircrew Protective Systems__________________________________________ 95 Management of Smoke/Fumes Incident in the Air _______________________ 97 Guidelines for the Medical Management of Aircrew Exposed to Smoke and Fumes________________________________________________________ 98 Engine Bleed Air Contamination in Military Aircraft________________________ 101 Jeffery Kibby, George Denola, PeterJ Hanhela, Wally Mazurek Biographical Sketch _______________________________________________ 101 Abstract _________________________________________________________ 101 Introduction _____________________________________________________ 101 Methods_________________________________________________________ 102 Cockpit Air Sampling _________________________________________ 102 Extraction of TCP and Amines from Sorbents and Filters____________ 103 Analyses of TCP Sorbent/Filter Extracts __________________________ 103 Analysis of amines ___________________________________________ 103 Chemical Reference Standards _________________________________ 104 Results and Discussion ____________________________________________ 104 TCP________________________________________________________ 104 PAN and DODPA____________________________________________ 105 conclusions______________________________________________________ 105 References_______________________________________________________ 106 Clinical Evaluation of Flight Attendants After Exposure to Fumes in Cabin Air__ 107 G Heuser, MD, O Aguilera, MD, S Heuser, MA, R Gordon, JD.
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