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Proceedings of the International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference 2017 INTERNATIONAL AIRCRAFT 2017 CABIN AIR CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Sessions presented at the 2017 International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference 19-20 September 2017 Imperial College London JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND POLLUTION Index Overview S03 ‘Fragmentation of Information’ in International Data Gathering from Aircraft Fume Events S04 Arie Adriaensen Aerotoxic Syndrome: A New Occupational Disease? S12 Jonathan Burdon, Susan Michaelis, C. Vyvyan Howard Aircraft Cabin Air Supply and the Internal Air System S17 Peter RN Childs Aircraft Operator Safety Case for Managing Fume Risk S22 Cliff Edwards Have You Been Exposed to Aircraft Engine Oil? Candidate Biomarkers of Exposure S26 Clement E. Furlong, Judit Marsillach, Michael J. MacCoss, Rebecca J. Richter, Thomas R. Bukowski, Andrew N. Hoofnagle, Matthew G. McDonald, Allan E. Rettie Association and Causation: Bradford Hill Approach to Aerotoxic Syndrome S32 David Gee Progress Report: Diagnostics of Health Disorders and Bio Monitoring in Aircraft Crew Members after “Fume Events”— Preliminary Results After Analyzing Patient Files S38 Astrid Rita Regina Heutelbeck Pathogenesis of Non-Specific Neurological Signs and Symptoms in Aircrew on Civil Aircraft S43 C. Vyvyan Howard Lubricant and Lubricant Additive Degradation: Implications for Cabin Air Quality S45 David W. Johnson Airline Captain’s Case Study of Jet-Engine Oil Based Contaminated Cabin Air S52 Michael Kramer Origins of Contaminated Air S55 Tristan Loraine Air Accident Investigation Findings and Recommendations: Aircraft Contaminated Air Events S59 Tristan Loraine Case study: BA 286 & BA 12 S64 Susan Michaelis EASA and FAA Research Findings and Actions—Cabin Air Quality S69 Susan Michaelis Mechanisms and Regulatory Implications of Oil Leakage into the Cabin Air Supply S75 Susan Michaelis, John Morton GCAQE Meeting Introduction S83 Margaret of Mar Hair Analysis: An Innovative Biomonitoring Tool to Assess Human Exposure to Tri-Cresyl-Phosphate (TCP) S86 Vincent Peynet Moving Towards Total Cabin Filtration: Realtime Monitoring S89 Chris Savage, Stephen Simpson, Paul Roux Aircraft Cabin Air and Engine Oil— An Engineering View S93 Dieter Scholz Installation and Data Acquisition from a Real Time Air Quality Sensor (RTAQS) Monitoring Pilot Breathing Air S99 Grant M. Slusher, Jennifer A. Martin, Brian A. Geier, Kathy L. Fullerton, Claude C. Grigsby, Darrin K. Ott A Win-Win-Win Path for Flight Safety, Health, and Corporate Profits S104 Colin L. Soskolne Moving Towards Total Cabin Filtration: Filtering the Fresh Air Supply S109 David Stein, Stephen Simpson, Paul Roux GCAQE Closing Speech S115 Keith Taylor Organophosphate-Based Chemicals, Axonal Transport, and Cognitive Dysfunction S118 Alvin V. Terry Jr. ICAO Circular 344 Guidelines on Education, Training and Reporting of Fume Events S121 Antti Tuori REACH Substance Evaluation of TCP S122 Petra van Kesteren,W.P. Jongeneel, N.G.M. Palmen, M. Beekman Tricresyl Phosphate Measurement Methods Used to Identify Flight Crew and Passenger Exposure S124 Chris van Netten Use of Exposure Standards in Aviation S132 Andrew Watterson, Susan Michaelis Mind the Gap? Identifying, Managing and Preventing Some Aircraft Crew Occupational Health and Safety/Flight Safety Problems S138 Andrew Watterson, Susan Michaelis Copyright of proceedings is with GCAQE. Copyright of papers is with individual author(s). Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 Persistent identifier (resolved): https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191201 Short link: http://bit.ly/AircraftCabinAir 2017 Editors: Dieter Scholz (archiving), Susan Michaelis, Tristan Loraine (conference director) JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND POLLUTION CONFERENCE SUPPORTERS CONFERENCE ENDORSED BY journalhealthpollution.org J Health Pollution 24: (191201) 2019 S2 JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND POLLUTION THEME organizations: the British pilot union (PPU), Unite the Union (Britain’s largest trade union), Air Canada Pilot Aircraft contaminated air supply: Association (ACPA), Australian Federation of Air Pilots The way forward (AFAP), Australian International Pilots Association (AIPA), Association of Professional Flight Attendants (APFA), the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) and the OVERVIEW University of Stirling. The conference was endorsed by the European Sealing Association, Collegium Ramazzini Aircraft air supplies in all current large passenger and the International Joint Policy Committee of the transport aircraft (apart from the Boeing 787), utilize non- Societies of Epidemiology. fltered air (bleed air) drawn from the compressor stage of turbine engines to provide pressurization and breathing air. This design has been utilized since the 1950s and THE CONFERENCE PROGRAM 60s. Synthetic jet engine oils and other fuids in aircraft systems are recognized and known to contaminate the The conference program of the 2017 International bleed air supply, impacting fight safety, occupational and Aircraft Cabin Air Conference included more than 30 public health. oral and video presentations presented by scientists, doctors, pilots, cabin crew, engineers and experts from This conference followed on from the successful 2005 Air 11 countries covering a broad spectrum of topics. Safety and Cabin Air Quality International Aero Industry Most of these presentations are presented in this issue Conference held in London in 2005, which concluded of the journal. The topics include engine design and that there was a workplace problem resulting in chronic mechanisms of oil leakage, fight safety, occupational and acute illness amongst fight crew (pilots and cabin health and safety, regulatory issues, risk management, crew) and expressed concerns that passengers may also international actions, reporting, medical and scientifc be sufering from similar symptoms to those exhibited by evidence, jet oils, fltration, air quality sensors, legal the fight crew. implications and causation. In the years after the 2005 conference, one cargo airline introduced a cockpit flter unit to flter the air supply The following are a list of the papers presented at the to the cockpit. By 2016, with the same company now 2017 International Aircraft Cabin Air Conference held at developing a potential new solution to flter all the air Imperial College London on September 19-20, 2017 in to the passenger cabin and cockpit, a new conference London in the United Kingdom. was organized to look at the current understanding of the issue and potential solutions for operators and Papers were formatted by Dr. Emma King (University regulators. of Stirling) and are presented in alphabetical order by corresponding author last name. ORGANIZATIONS Neither the conference organizers or the Journal of Health and Pollution can be held responsible for The conference principal organizer was the Global Cabin inaccuracies or errors in any included papers. Air Quality Executive (GCAQE), which was established in 2006 as a global coalition of health and safety advocates committed to raising awareness and fnding solutions to poor air quality in aircraft. The conference was supported by Pall Aerospace and the following international worker journalhealthpollution.org J Health Pollution 24: (191201) 2019 S3 JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND POLLUTION ‘Fragmentation of Information’ in the compressor section, prior to the burning chamber of the engines and the auxiliary power unit (APU). International Data Gathering from One of the main purposes of bleed air is to provide Aircraft Fume Events pressurization and air conditioning to the cockpit and cabin air. There are three ways that jet engine oil can Arie Adriaensen contaminate the bleed air, being the air that is bled from the engine compressor stages to the cabin air that Vereinigung Cockpit, Frankfurt, Germany is delivered to passengers and crew: (i) by design: jet engines need minimal seal clearance to operate and Corresponding author: Arie Adriaensen thereby permit low level oil leakage into the aircraft [email protected] cabin during normal fight operations; (ii) by seal bearing failure or minor systems failures, including worn seals; 1 KEYWORDS and (iii) maintenance irregularities or design defciency. cabin air contamination, fume events, uncertainty, structural secrecy, This paper deals with the efects of the latter two fragmentation of information categories, when noticeable amounts of jet engine oil or even externally ingested hydraulic fuid contaminate ABBREVIATIONS the aircraft occupants’ breathing air. In recent years, APU Auxiliary power unit there has been growing concern about the health and BAe British Aerospace fight safety implications from such contaminations, BFU German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation which are commonly called fume events, or alternatively EASA European Union Aviation Safety Authority FAA Federal Aviation Administration named cabin air contamination events. Fume events are ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization hard to objectify in the absence of sensors and in the MOR Mandatory occurrence reporting absence of safe limits for the specifc chemical mixture PF Pilot fying from aircraft engine oil. Yet, many aircraft accident safety investigations identifed oil leaks after crews reported ABSTRACT health efects ranging from minor health efects, from This paper describes fragmentation of information problems in impairments up to full pilot incapacitation. In several relation to information dissemination from bleed air contamination cases, health efects on
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