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201 Tropical Bryology 2: 201-222, 1990

Tropical component of the Flora of China

Paul L. Redfearn, Jr. Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri 65804-009

In many ways, it is presumptuous for me Forsstroemia (Stark 1987), Gollania to speak on the of the tropical (Higuchi 1985) or Fissidens (Li 1985) regions of China. Many consider the appear to have had only those collections knowledge about the , ecology, from China for study that were available and geography of tropical bryophytes in herbaria outside of China. The cause for inadequate (Pócs 1982; Schuster 1983; this probably rests with the difficulty of Richards 1984), and this is certainly the borrowing material from Chinese herbaria. case for the bryophytes of the tropical Even when specimens are loaned by regions of China. The taxonomy of Chinese herbaria the borrower gets only a Chinese taxa is generally in a state of small sample of what may be present. disarray. Early workers, both Chinese and Herbaria I have visited in China have others, have tended to describe new huge backlogs of unprocessed or species based upon minor or inconse- unidentified collections. In many cases quential morphological characters and wi- these collections come from significant thout apparent reference to related taxa regions such as western Sichuan, Yunnan found outside of China. This is clear from and the tropical regions of Xizang (Tibet). recent monographic studies that compared Chinese taxa with taxa throughout the It is only fair to point out that our Chinese world. For example, Su (1988) in his colleagues have worked under conditions studies of Homaliodendron reduced the that most of us would not tolerate. First, taxa of this genus for southeast Asia from they have had to endure the problems of over eighteen to four. Similar synonymi- isolation from the West during the cultural zing has occurred in Forsstroemia (Stark revolution when most, if not all scholars, 1987), Mniaceae (Koponen 1981), were assigned tasks completely unrelated Grimmia and Schistidum (Cao & Vitt to their interests or training such a working 1986) and the Calymperaceae (Lin & in the rice fields, building dams, mining Reese 1989). Furthermore, monographers coal, or being 'barefoot' doctors. During of groups have not always been able to this period the survival of libraries and study adequate collections from China as collections was accomplished only by the for example, Noguchi’s (1976) revision heroic action of teachers and students. of the Meteoriaceae or Nyholm’s (1971) And, collecting in China is not always studies on the genus Atrichum. Even recent easy. Travel is difficult to arrange, monographic or revisionary studies such provisions for drying and preservation of as those on Leucodon (Akiyama 1988), collections are inadequate, and Trachyloma (Miller & Manuel 1982), transportation of collections from the point Glossadelphus (Tixier 1988), Entodon (Hu of collection to the place of study is often 1983), Ctenidium (Nishimura 1985), delayed. Transit periods of from six to

203 twelve months are not uncommon. evergreen forests of subtropical and tropical zones. This community is Finally, China is a large and diverse extensively developed in Sichuan and country and the number of bryology southern China. Little is known about the students are few by European and North bryophytes of these bamboo forests and I American standards. There are many areas will not attempt to discuss this type of that need intensive study and this most community. certainly includes the tropical region of China. Those of us from the West that A second type of tropical plant community have been able to collect in limited areas in is the Tropical broad- leaved semi- China are finding new species (Reese & evergreen forests. This community is Lin 1989) or taxa new to China (Redfearn extensively developed in southwestern et al 1989; Vitt personal communication). Guangxi, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan and Although Chinese bryologists are busy Guangdong. These forests have a dry today working on the bryophyte flora of season and as the dry season becomes less China, such studies are not high on the list distinct they become more and more similar of government priorities. Even so, floras to the Tropical Rain Forests discussed for specific provinces or regions have below. These semi-evergreen seasonal been prepared, such as the Flora of Xizang, forests differ from tropical rain forests in and the floras of Yunnan, Hainan, and several characteristics (Hou 1983). Trees Sichuan provinces are currently in of the upper layers are lower and very few preparation. Unfortunately, these floras of the larger trees are buttressed. Lianas have been or are being prepared without a and epiphytes are less abundant. In solid base of taxonomic studies of the Xishuangbanna and Guangxi these forests Chinese taxa. are found on calcareous soils. However, on western Hainan Island, this type of Ecological studies of tropical bryophytes forest occurs on acid soils. in China are essentially lacking. This is due, in part, to a lack of training, equipment, The third type of tropical vegetation is the and time. Many of the present bryologists Tropical broad- leaved evergreen rain in China received their education during forest. Located on the eastern sides of the cultural revolution when the study of Hainan and Tawain islands, in mathematics was considered unnecessary southeastern Yunnan Province, and in the and when they were isolated from the extreme part of southwestern Tibet, these exciting developments occurring in forests are characterized by a climate that ecology elsewhere. is moisture saturated throughout the year. Evergreen trees in the families Moraceae, With these problems in mind, I will review Myrtaceae, Annonaceae, Apocyanaceae, for you what is known, and which is Sterculiaceae, Sapotaceae, surely only a fraction of what is to be Dipterocarpaceae, Meliaceae, learned, about the mosses of tropical China Sapindaceae, Proteaceae, and Fagaceae and to suggest how our knowledge might are present. Many reach giant size, exhibit be significantly increased in the next plank- buttresses and cauliflory, and are decade. usually clothed with ferns, mosses and liverworts, and epiphytes belonging to the Tropical plant communties in China Araceae and the Orchidaceae.

There are three types tropical plant com- All of these forests, except those in Taiwan, munities in China (Hou 1983) found in lie within the Indochinese Region China (Fig. 1). One type is the Bamboo (Takhtajan 1986). Hainan Island, southern

210 Yunnan and Guangxi, and the coastal recorded for Yunnan Province. One regions of Guangdong are included in his hundred and sixty-six (12.5%) taxa are South Chinese Province. The tropical recorded for Guangdong Province. One region of Taiwan occurs on the southern hundred and nineteen (9.1%) are recorded peninsula of Hengchun and is included in from Hainan Province. Only 54 (4.1%) the Philippinean Province of the Malesian taxa are recorded from Guangxi Province. Region. The largest number of taxa , 831 (66.1%), are recorded from Taiwan. A comparison Mosses of the tropical regions of China of these figures with the number of taxa specifically recorded from tropical regions Except for a preliminary list of the mosses indicates how little is known. Only 189 of Hainan Island by Tan, Li & Lin (1987), taxa are known specifically from there are no published studies that list the Xishuangbanna, 119 taxa from Hainan mosses found specifically in the tropical Island and 55 taxa (mostly acrocarpous) regions of China . There is a recent index are known from Hengchun in Taiwan. to the mosses of Taiwan (Kuo & Chiang For the Medog area of Xizang, 421 taxa 1987), but this index understandably does are reported Wu & Lou (1981). A list of not delineate taxa found in the tropical rain these taxa has not been published. The forests. However, Chuang (1973) in his number of taxa for the Medog area may be Moss flora of Taiwan exclusive essentially low since at least one large collection of of pleurocarpous families, does cite 55 mosses from this area by Y.-G. Su has yet taxa from the Hengchun area where to be cataloged and identified. tropical rain forests occur. Consequently, the lists compiled for each of these regions Geographical Analysis of the mosses of is tentative and based upon collections tropical regions of China made by my colleagues and I in Xishuangbanna, from a few collections For the purpose of this analysis I have made by others, and the few published included only those taxa that have been records that specifically list localities in specifically cited in the literature as tropical regions. Moreover, it should be occurring in regions where tropical kept in mind that the identification of vegetation occurs [Hainan (Tan & Li, & collections made in Xishuangbanna by Lin 1987), Hengchun in Taiwan (Chuang Crosby, Magill, Wu, Lou, Wang and (1973), Xishuangbanna (Redfearn et al myself is far from complete. Koponen has 1989), and Medog in Xizang (Wu & Lou, also collected in Xishuangbanna but, as 1981] or have been found in recent field far as I know, a list of his collections has studies by myself and others in not been published. Xishuangbanna. This provides a total of 329 taxa (Table 1) upon which to base an Six provinces in China contain tropical analysis. In actual number this may be vegetation. These are Hainan, adequate but its sources, except for Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Tawain, Yunnan, come from a highly skewed taxonomic and Xizang. Excluding Xizang, which sample. The Taiwan sample is limited contains mostly high plateau and primarily to acrocarpous mosses and the mountainous regions, there are Xishuangbanna sample is based upon approximately 1352 taxa of mosses identifications in genera or families for recorded for these provinces. Many of which some reasonably good literature for these taxa occur in the extensive subtropical the region is available such as the forests common in Yunnan, Guangxi, Meteoriaceae, Pottiaceae, Calymperaceae, Guangdong and Taiwan. Seven hundred Mniaceae, Neckeraceae, Leskeaceae, Atri- and thirty-three (55.3%) of these taxa area chum, Fissidens, Grimmia, Forsstroemia,

212 Ctenidium, and Brachymenium. Many and foremost, one must consider the difficult groups including the consequence of the Indian plate as it drifted Amblystegiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, northward and collided with the Laurasian , Sematophyllaceae (except plate forcing the uplift of the Himalayan Glossadelphus), Sphagnum, Bryum, Po- mountains. Not only did this tectonic event gonatum, and Plagiothecium, are yet to result in the possible rafting of Gonwanna be studied. In many cases we simply have taxa into southern Laurasia (Schuster not had the time to study collections that 1983), but the tremendous elevation might otherwise be readily identified. changes that developed in the southern part of Laurasia also influenced major I would now like to examine the weather patterns in Southeast Asia. Strong distribution pattern of the taxa of mosses easterly air flow created the monsoon con- found in the tropical vegetational regions ditions necessary for the development of of China. For this purpose I have included the tropical rainforests (Chang 1983). Fur- As 2 in As 1, combined Am 2 & 3, thermore, such a strong easterly air flow combined Am 4, 5, & 6, combined Afr 1, was probably the vector for long range 2, 3, & 4, and combined Austr 1 & 2. The dispersal of bryophytes to Southeast Asia floristic affinities for the combined tropical and to the oceanic islands in the Pacific. taxa and for the taxa of each, Add to all this the influence of the Arcto- Xishuangbanna (Xb), Hainan (Ha), Tertiary events that established remarkable Medog (Me), and Hengchun (He), are relationships between eastern North shown in Table 2 and Figure 2. The America and eastern Asia, and the affinities shown by Table 2 & Figure 2 migration patterns stimulated by the clearly indicate that there is, as one might Pleistocene and it is understandable why expect, a strong representation of Eastern the mosses of the Chinese tropics have Asian, India-Himalayan, and Indo- such diverse geographic affinities. Malayan taxa. The moss flora for each of the areas with tropical vegetation, i.e. The large number of endemic species Xishuangbanna, Hainan, Medog in reported from the Medog region of Xizang Xizhang, and Hengchun in Taiwan, with is noteworthy. This may be the result of the exception of the Medog area, have the topographic diversity and isolation of similar floristic affinities. That the Medog the region that have combined to produce area appears different is, I suspect, due to both 'biotic islands' and 'stress', conditions the fact that I have not been able to get a list that promote rapid speciation (Schuster of taxa for this area. Nevertheless, it may 1983). still be different because of its location on the Tibetan Plateau where extreme The islands of Hainan and Taiwan are elevation differences provide both considered continental. In the case of montane and lowland habitats. Hainan, the floristic affinities seems to be equally divided between eastern Asiatic, A tentative list of the taxa assigned to each India-Himalayan, and Indomalayan of the floristic regions is included in (Figure 2). Wu & Lou (1978) noted that Appendix I. Many taxa occur in several the same floristic elements exist for the floristic regions. This should be expected Hepaticae. On the otherhand, the floristic since the tropical regions of China are affinities of Hengchun on Taiwan, based areas that lie along the boundary between on acrocarpous mosses, has a weaker re- eastern Asia, Indian-Himalayan and Indo- presentation of India-Himalayan and Malayan regions. And, these areas have Indomalayan taxa than Hainan. Similar been subject to many interesting dispersal conclusions were reached by Wang (1970) patterns and environmental changes. First in his monumental study of the

218 Phytogeography of the Mosses of in the Chinese tropics Formosa. He noted that 'The flora is largely a combination of eastern Asiatic, Establishing a research programs in China Himalayan and Indomalaysian types...' is never easy. Many negotiations need to He further pointed out that the flora “...is be made with the specific persons you much more strongly Sino- Japanese than want to work with in China, and they in Himalayan or Indomalayan in affinity.” turn have to negotiate with Provincial and County officials for permission to collect. Many of the mosses of the tropics of China Many areas are still not open to foreigners. have ranges extending to subtropical Once one has gained permission to collect vegetation of northern Yunnan, Guizhow, in an area travel is not particularly difficult. Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Four-wheel vehicles are available through Taiwan, Xizhang, and Sichuan. most of China. However, you will Representative of such taxa are Garkea sometimes wonder if they do not have flexuosa (Figure 3), Octoblepharum albi- their frames welded to the axils. Lodging dum (Figure 4), Calymperes erosum and food is no problem if you like or at (Figure 5), Aerobryidium filamentosum least can tolerate Chinese food and hard (Figure 6), Barbella cubensis (Figure 7), beds. As in other tropical areas it is wise to Acroporium oxysporum (Figure 8), take anti-malarial medication before Meteoriopsis reclinata (Figure 9), entering China. In southern China Zygodon obtusifolius (Figure 10) and schistosomiasis in present and the vectors Pseudoleskeopsis zippelii (Figure 11). are found in the rice paddies. Leeches are Likewise, many species, such as Brothera a constant problem in the tropical and leana (Figure 12), with an Asian and subtropical regions so one must wear North American distribution, extend into appropriate clothing. I find that they are the Chinese tropics. more a nuisance than a real danger.

There is no region in China that does not In summary, in spite of the incompleteness need more field studies. Certainly the of our knowledge of the tropical moss tropical and subtropical regions of the flora of China, I strongly expect that as this southern provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, flora becomes better known, the Guizhow, Guangdong, Hainan, and geographical affinities indicated by this southern Xizang need much more careful analysis will be strengthened. That is, the investigation. In order to efficiently arrange affinities of the moss flora of tropical for field work one must have a contact or regions in China are largely associated contacts within the established research with Eastern Asia, India-Himalayan, and institutes in China such as the South China Indomalayan. Species found in the Institute of Botany in Guangzhou Australian area may be the result of long (Canton), the Institute of Botany in Beijing, range dispersal or, in some cases, be due to or the Institute of Botany in Kunming. All rafting of taxa on the Indian plate from these Institutes are part of the Chinese Gonwanna to Laurasia. Certainly long- Academy of Sciences (Academia Sinica). range dispersal is responsible for affinities with Pacific Oceanic islands. Arcto-tertia- One of the most promising ways to gain a ry elements in the tropical moss flora are better understanding of the bryoflora of probably related to migration patterns China is through extended visits of Chinese established during the Pleistocene bryologists and their students to western (Schuster 1983). Universities and research institutions. When they return, to China they not only Prospects for future bryological work provide us with established contacts in 219

China, but they take back many new ideas Kuo, C.-M. & T.-Y. Chiang. 1987. Index of Taiwan and methods for their bryological studies mosses. Taiwania 32: 119-207. in China. Li, Z.-H. 1985. A revision of the Chinese species of Fissidens Recently there has been established under (Musci, Fissidentaceae). Acta Bot. Fennica 129: 1-65. Academia Sinica the concept of the Open Lin, P.-J. & W. D. Reese. 1898. A further study on Chinese Laboratory. Though this Open Laboratory Calymperaceae. Bryologist 92: 170-173. was established to promote the study of Miller, N. G. & M. G. Manuel. 1982. Trachyloma vascular , bryophytes may also be (Bryophytina, Pterobryaceae): A taxonomic monograph. J. included. Dr. Raven of the Missouri Hattori Bot. Lab. 51: 273-321. Botanical Garden is the best person to Nishimura, N. 1985. A revision of the genus Ctenidium contact about how this Open Laboratory (Musci). J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 58: 1-82. functions. Noguchi, A. 1976. A taxonomic revision of the Family Meteoriaceae of Asia. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 41: 231-357. Finally, I must remind you of the vastness Nyholm, E. 1971. Studies in the genus Atrichum P. Beauv. A of China, its tremendous ecological short survey of the genus and the species. Lindbergia 1: 1-33. diversity and topography, its juxtaposition Pócs, T. 1982. Tropical forest bryophytes. In, Bryophyte to the tropical regions of southeast Asia, Ecology, A. J. E. Smith, Editor. Chapman & Hall, New York. pp Indochina, and Malaysia and the fact that 59-104. there are relatively few Chinese who Redfearn, P. L. Jr., P.-C. Wu, S. He & Y.-G. Su. 1989. devote their time to the study of bryophytes. Mosses new to mainland China. Bryologist 92: 183-185. Cooperation between European, Reese, W. D. & P.-J. Lin. 1989. Two new species of American, and Asian bryologists with each Syrrhopodon from southeast Asia. Bryologist 92: 186-189. other and with our Chinese colleagues is Richards, P. W. 1984. The ecology of tropical forest necessary. We must be patient with the bryophytes. In:, New Manual of Bryology, Vol. 2. R. M. Schuster, problems they face and remember that the Editor. Hattori Botanical Laboratory., Nichinan, Japan. pp purpose of cooperation is to further the 1233-1270. knowledge of tropical bryology. Schuster, R. M. 1983. Phytogeography of the bryophyta. In:, New Manual of Bryology, Vol. 1, R. M. Schuster, Editor. Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan. pp 463-626. LITERATURE CITED . Stark, L. R. 1987. A taxonomic monograph of Forsstroemia Lindb. (: Leptodontaceae). J. Hattori. Bot. Lab. 63: Akiyama, H. 1988. Studies on Leucodon (Leucodontaceae, 133- 218. Musci) and related genera in east Asia. IV. Taxonomic revision Su, Y.-G. 1988. Revision of the genus Homaliodendron of Leucodon in east Asia. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 65: 1-80. (Neckeraceae) of south-east Asia. Master’s Thesis, Southwest Cao, T. & D. H. Vitt. 1986. A taxonomic revision and Missouri State University, Springfield, MO. phylogenetic analysis of Grimmia and Schistidium (Bryopsida; Takhtajan. A. 1986. Floristic Regions of the World. Univ. of Grimmiaceae) in China. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 61: 123-247. California Press. Los Angeles. 522 p. + i-xxii. Chang, D. H. S. 1983. The Tibetan Plateau in relation to the Tan, B. C., Z.-H Li, & P.-C Lin. 1987. Preliminary list of vegetation of China. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 564-570. mosses reported from Hainan Island, China. Yushania 4: 5-5. Chuang, C. C. 1973. A moss flora of Taiwan exclusive of Tixier, P. 1988. Le genre Glossadelphus Fleisch. (Semato- essentially pleurocarpous families. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 37: 419- phyllaceae, Musci) et sa valeur. Nova Hedwigia 46: 319- 356. 509. Wang, C. K. 1970. Phytogeography of the Mosses of Formo- Higuchi, M. 1985. A taxonomic revision of the genus Gollania sa. Tunghai University. Taichung, Taiwan. 576 p. + i-xvi. Broth., (Musci). J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 59: 1-77. Wu, P.-C. & P.-J. Lin. 1978. A preliminary observation on Hou, H.-Y. 1983. Vegetation of China with reference to its the hepaticae of the island Hainan, China and their geographical distribution. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 70: 509- 548. phytogeographical relationships. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica Hu, R. 1983. A revision of the Chinese species of Entodon 16: 56-71. (In Chinese with English abstract) (Musci, Entodontaceae). Bryologist 86: 193-233. Wu, P.-C. & J.-L. Lou. 1981. The characteristic and possible Koponen, T. 1981. A synopsis of Mniaceae (Bryopsida). VI. origin of the bryoflora of the southern flank of the east Himalayas. Southeast Asian taxa. Acta Bot. Fennica 117: 1-34. In, Geological and Ecological Studies of Qinghai-Xizhang Plateau. Vol. II. pp. 1179-1188. Science Press, Beijing and Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers, Inc. New York. 220 APPENDIX I Rhaphidostichum macro- Distichophyllum tortile stictum Ectropothecium Splachnobryum dealbatum Taxa with predominantly giganteum Exostratum blumei East Asian distribution Regmatodon orthostegius Garovaglia plicata Thamnobryum Glossadelphus bilobatus plicatulum Glossadelphus glossoides Andreaea rupestris var. Thamnobryum sandei Hookeriopsis geminidens fauriei Thuidium kanedae Lopidium trichocladon Anomodon minor var. Thuidium talongense Pinnatella microptera integerrimus Trichostomum Pseudoleskeopsis zippelii Atrichum yakushimense platyphyllum Pterobryopsis Barbula indica Weissia longidens crassicaulis Barbula subcomosa Trichosteleum pseudo- Brachythecium wichurae Taxa that occur primarily mammosum Campylopus japonicus in the India-Himalayan Wilsoniella decipiens var. Claopodium aciculum and are not found in the acutifolia Dicranum hamulosum Indo-Malayan region Dicranum japonicum Fissidens aldephinus Brotherella nictans Taxa that are occur in Fissidens gymnogynus Bryum recurvulum both Indian-Himalayan Fissidens tosaensis Calyptothecium wrightii and Indo-Malayan Giraldiella levier1 Cyathophorella regions. Many of these Gollania ruginosa tonkinensis taxa also may range into Grimmia delcavata Entodontopsis pygmea Eastern Asia, Australian Handeliobryum Floribundaria sparsa and the Pacific Islands sikkimense Garkea flexuosa regions Horikawaea nitida Macromitrium Hydrogonium goniostomum dixonianum Mitthyridium Acanthorrhynchium Hyophila propagulifera fasciculatum papillatum Lopidium nazeense Racopilum orthocarpum Acroporium oxyporum Neacroporium Acroporium secundum flagelliferum Taxa that occur Acroporium turgidum Neckeropsis calcicola primarily in the Indo- Aerobryidium Oedicladium fragile Malayan region and are filamentosum Orthotrichum not found in the India- Barbella cubensis consobrinum Himalayan region Bartramidula Physcomitrium bartramioides coorgense Acroporium alto-pungens Bartramidula roylei Pinnatella makinoi Acroporium hamulatum Callicostella papillata Pogonatum takao- Calymperes serratum Chaetomitriopsis glau- montanum Calyptothecium ramosii cocarpa Ptychomitrium Calyptothecium Claopodium formosicum urvilleanum prionophyllum Racomitrium fasciculare Campylopus caudatus Dicranoloma blumei var. atroviridie Cyathophorella Duthiella flaccida Racomitrium fasciculare hookeriana Duthiella wallichii var. orientale Dicranodontium fleische- Entodontopsis anceps Racopilum aristatum rianum Fissidens areolatus 221 Fissidens crenulatus Pseudospirodentopsis Taxa that occur in the Fissidens hollianus horrida Pacific Islands of Oceana Fissidens javanicus Reimersia inconspicua Fissidens laxus Schoenobryum concavi- Fissidens nobilis folium Bryum giganteum Fissidens plagiochiloides Sematophyllum Calymperes serratum Fissidens robinsonii tristiculum Calymperes tahitense Floribundaria walkeri Sphagnum Calyptothecium Foreauella orthothecia junghuhnianum urvilleanum Homaliodendron Syrrhopodon Campylopus caudatus flabellatum flameonervis Dicranoloma blumii Homaliodendron micro- Syrrhopodon spiculosus Distichophyllum mittenii dendron Syrrhopodon Ectropothecium Homaliodendron scalpel- trachyphyllus dealbatum lifolium Taxithelium nepalense Ectropothecium Hydrogonium javanicum Tayloria indica zollingeri Hymenostomum Thuidium plumulosum Exostratum blumei edentulum Trichosteleum Fissidens ceylonensis Hyophila javanica mammosum Fissidens obscurirete Hypopterygium tenellum Foreauella orthothecia Leucobryum aduncum Glossadelphus laevifolius Leucobryum bowringii Taxa whose range Homaliodendron Leucobryum javense extends into the exiguum Leucobryum Australian area Homaliodendron neilgherrense flabellatum Leucobryum scalare Barbula cubensis Homaliodendron scalpel- Leucoloma molle Callicostella papillata lifolium Leucoloma walkeri Claopodium assurgens Isopterygium albescens Leucophanes albescens Ditrichum difficile Leucobryum aduncum Leucophanes candidum Fissidens ceylonensis Leucobryum bowringii Leucophanes octoblepha- Homaliodendron Leucobryum candidum rioides exiguum Leucobryum Macromitrium Homaliodendron teysmannianum fasciculare flabellatum Leucophanes candidum Macromitrium nepalense Isopterygium albescens Leucophanes octoble- Macrothamnium macro- Leucobryum pharioides carpum teysmannianum Lopidium struthiopteris Meteoriopsis reclinata Leucophanes candidum Mitthyridium Microdus brasiliensis Leucophanes octoblepha- fasciculatum Mitthyridium flavum rioides Mitthyridium flavum Neckeropsis crinita Lopidium struthiopteris Plagiomnium rhyncho- Neckeropsis gracilenta Mitthyridium phorum Pelekium bifarium fasciculatum Plagiomnium rostratum Philonotis mollis Mitthyridium flavum Powellia involutifolia Philonotis thwaitesii Powellia involutifolia Trichosteleum hamatum Pinnatella alopecuroides Trichosteleum hamatum montagnei Pinnatella ambigua Vesicularia montagnei Vesicularia reticulata Pinnatella intralimbata Vesicularia reticulata Pseudobarbella ancistrodes Taxa that occur in the 222 Australian region

Barbella cubensis Callicostella papillata Calymperes graeffanum Calymperes tahitense Claopodium assurgens Fissidens ceylonensis Homaliodendron exiguum Homaliodendron flabellatum Isopterygium albescens Leucobryum cabdidum Leucobryum teysmannianum Leucophanes candidum Leucophanes octoblepha- rioides Lopidium struthiopteris Mitthyridium fasciculatum Mitthyridium flavum Pinnatella intralimbata Plagiomnium rhyncho- sporum Plagiomnium rostratum Powellia involutifolia Syrrhopodon trachyphyllus Trichosteleum hamatum Vesicularia montagnei Vesicularia reticulata

Taxa with an Eastern Asia - Eastern North American distribution

Barbella pendula Brothera leana Dicranodontium asperulum Entodon macropodus Erpodium biseriatum Hyophila involuta Fissidens microcladus Fissidens zollingeri Leucobryum glaucum Molendoa sendteriana Myurella sibirica Paraleucobryum enerve Pohlia proligera Schwetschkeopsis fabronia Syrrhopodon parasiticus Thuidium minutulum

Pantropical taxa Bryum billarderi