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Reproductive Biology of Poecilia Sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico

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Reproductive Biology of Poecilia Sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico Neotropical Ichthyology, 14(2): e140127, 2016 Journal homepage: www.scielo.br/ni DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140127 Published online: 20 June 2016 (ISSN 1982-0224) Reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 (Cyprinidontiformes: Poeciliidae) at the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Morelos, Mexico José L. Gómez-Márquez, Bertha Peña-Mendoza and José L. Guzmán-Santiago1 Poecilia sphenops is a native species recently recorded in the Balsas basin and the Amacuzac River in Morelos (Mexico), in which it is abundant and widely distributed. This study analyzed some aspects of the reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops from the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir, in Central Mexico. Specimens were collected using a 20 m-long seine with a 5 mm mesh size, from January to December 2006. A total of 581 specimens were collected: 407 females (70.0%), 83 males (14.3%) and 91 individuals with no differentiated sex (15.7%). Fish ranged from 20 to 96 mm in total length and 0.01 to 13.07 g in body weight. The female to male sex ratio (4.9:1) deviated significantly from the unity (χ²= 214.2, p<0.05). Monthly variations in gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes and ovarian development stages showed that P. sphenops spawning season occurred between July and October, concurring with the rainy season. Another reproduction peak was registered in February. The largest length registered for males and females was 96 mm and 83 mm, respectively. Poecilia sphenops es una especie nativa registrada recientemente en la cuenca del Balsas y el río Amacuzac en Morelos (México), en el cual es abundante y ampliamente distribuida. En este estudio se analizaron algunos aspectos de la biología reproductiva de Poecilia sphenops de la presa Emiliano Zapata, ubicada en el centro de México. Los especímenes fueron recolectados de Enero a diciembre de 2006, utilizando una red de 20 m de largo con una luz de malla de 5 mm. Se recolectaron un total de 581 especímenes: 407 hembras (70.0%), 83 machos (14.3%) y 91 individuos indiferenciados (15.7%). El tamaño de los peces osciló de 2 a 96 mm de longitud total y de 0.01 a 13.07 g de peso corporal. La proporción sexual de las hembras con respecto a los machos (4.9:1) se desvió significativamente de la unidad (χ²= 214.2, p<0.05). La variación mensual de los índices gonadosomático, hepatosomático y del desarrollo de los estadios de los ovarios, mostraron que la época de desove de P. sphenops se llevó a cabo entre julio y octubre, durante la época de lluvias. Otro pico de reproducción fue registrado en Febrero. La talla más grande registrada para los machos y para las hembras fue de 96 mm y 83 mm, respectivamente. Keywords: Fecundity, Poeciliids, Sex ratio, Sexual maturity, Spawning. Introduction regions), limited by Río de la Plata in northern Argentina (Rosen & Bailey, 1963; Parenti & Rauchenberger, Members of the Cyprinodontiformes order are 1989; Miller et al., 2005; Nelson, 2006). The porthole cosmopolitan in tropical and temperate latitudes. viviparous Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, 1846 in Poeciliids encompass nearly 200 species of small fishes, Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1846 (Rauchenberger, 1989) most of them measuring less than 50 mm long and is distributed throughout Central America, Mexico distributed in tropical and subtropical latitudes of the and Colombia (Welcomme, 1988). This species is a New World (Rosen & Bailey, 1963; Meffe & Snelson, Jr., member of the viviparous teleost poeciliids, and can be 1989; Huidobro Campos, 2000). found in the Pacific slope from the middle Río Verde Poecilia, belonging to Poeciliini, compriseds 43 basin (Juchatengo, Oaxaca) in Mexico, and further east species widely distributed throughout the southeastern and south into Guatemala (at least reaching Escuintla), United States, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, but this species is not observed in El Salvador. On and South America (north, north-central and south the Atlantic slope it has been observed in the region Laboratorio de Limnología, F.E.S. Zaragoza, U.N.A.M. Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente, C.P. 09230 Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México. (JLG-M) [email protected] (corresponding author), (BP-M) [email protected], (JLG-S) [email protected] 1 Neotropical Ichthyology, 14(2): e140127, 2016 2 Reproductive biology of Poecilia sphenops between the Río de la Palma Sola, 67 Km south- and maximum depths of 3.83 m and 17 m, respectively. southeast of Nautla (Veracruz), and the south of the Río Fish samples were collected approximately in monthly Coatzacoalcos basin. This is also the case in the upper periods from January to December 2006. They were Río Grijalva basin in Mexico (Miller, 1966; Miller et al., caught using a 20m-long seine with 5 mm mesh size, and 2005). Carrillo Wilson (1996), Contreras-MacBeath et they were subsequently fixed with 10% formaldehyde. al. (2006) and Contreras-MacBeath et al. (2014), referred For the weight-length relationship, sex ratio and to P. sphenops as a native species recently recorded in condition factor analyses, the allowed maximum number the Balsas basin and the River Amacuzac in Morelos of specimens captured in one month was used. They (Mexico), in which it is abundant and widely distributed. were then transported to the laboratory where they One of the most colorful and popular specimens were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and weighed to in aquariums, the molly has been marketed in many the nearest 0.01 g. Maturation stages in females were countries around the world through the aquarium fish identified through gonadal inspection using the same trade. It is surprising that this species has not been technique mentioned by Mendoza (1962) and based on recorded in several other countries. Considering the the Contreras-MacBeath & Ramírez Espinoza (1996) identity confusion between this species and P. mexicana, description. The ovaries of each female caught for the it is possible that many of the introductions attributed to study were removed and weighed. Eggs and embryos the latter were actually P. sphenops. were counted and measured. Ecologically, Poecilia sphenops is a very tolerant species as it inhabits slight or moderate water streams, flood water ponds, lagoons, micro-reservoirs, lakes and reservoirs, and water ranging from clear to turbid, or even muddy (Meffe & Snelson, Jr. 1989; Miller et al., 2005). In Mexico, its commercial value is very low and there are few investigations from the ecological point of view of the impact that non-native freshwater fish have on fauna and habitats in different reservoirs. Little data is available regarding their ecology or general biology. In spite of this, Martínez Trujilo (1983) and Trujillo-Jiménez & Toledo Beto (2007) have conducted feeding ecology studies in Mexico. Studies on malformations in Poecilia sphenops embryos have been carried out as well (Paredes & Mejía, 2005). However, there are unpublished accounts of the biology of these species from the Emiliano Zapata Reservoir in Mexico. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the P. sphenops reproductive cycle (fecundity-length, mean length at sexual maturation, sex ratio, maturity development stages, and reproductive season) and the environmental Fig. 1. Map showing location of the study area in Mexico conditions at Emiliano Zapata Reservoir, a Mexican where Poecilia sphenops samples were collected. ecosystem with eutrophic conditions. The gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes (GSI Material and Methods and HSI respectively) were calculated using the following equations: Emiliano Zapata (18°30’ N; 99°16’34” W) is a W W tropical man-made reservoir. It is located at an altitude GSI = ___g 100 HSI = ___h 100 of 899 m and belongs to the Puente de Ixtla Municipality, We We in the state of Morelos in Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática, 1998). The Wg is gonad wet weight (g), Wh is liver wet weight and We reservoir was primarily constructed to supply domestic is eviscerated wet weight (g). Monthly frequency of gonad water to Tilzapotla residents (Morelos). It also supplies stages and average monthly GSI and HSI were plotted in order water for agricultural activities within the area and for to assess the fish’s reproductive cycle and breeding season. general municipal uses. Subsistence fishing activities To determine whether GSI values differed significantly are carried out in the reservoir. The main physical between sexes at a p<0.05 level, a Mann-Whitney U-test features of the reservoir are (Fig. 1): a surface area of was performed. This can be considered a measurement of 13.23 ha, a total capacity of ca. 1.56 million m3, average the reproductive cost. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14(2): e140127, 2016 J. Gómes-Márquéz, B. Peña-Mendonza & J. Guzmán-Santiago 3 To establish size during first maturation in females, the into account brood size and total length, using logarithms ovaries were examined considering the criteria employed for every month of the reproductive period (Bagenal, by Reznick & Miles (1989). Size at first maturity was 1978). Egg and embryo sizes were measured using a considered as the attained length when 50% of Stage Vernier caliper and the average was calculated for each IV and V females, from the cumulative relative female specimen. Eggs and embryos from every female caught frequency at these stages, were fitted to the logistic model were counted. Fertility variation was estimated using proposed by Sparre & Venema (1997), according to the linear regression, taking into account total length of both following equation: eggs and embryos (Cabrera Peña & Solano López, 1995). Sex ratio was analyzed for the whole population ________ 1 monthly. The statistical significance of the monthly ratio P = (a-bSL) 1 +e results was established by a fit to the Chi-squared test (χ²), using a p<0.05 value.
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