Maintenance Management, Traffic Safety, and Roadsides
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD No. 1409 Materials, Construction, and Maintenance Maintenance Manageinent, Traffic Safety, and Roadsides A peer-reviewed publication of the Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. 1993 Transportation Research Record 1409 Sponsorship of Transportation Research Record 1409 ISSN 0361-1981 ISBN 0-309-05556-3 GROUP 3-0PERATION, SAFETY, AND MAINTENANCE OF Price: $25.00 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES Chairman: Jerome W. Hall, University of New Mexico Subscriber Category Maintenance Section III materials, construction, and maintenance Chairman: Kenneth A. Brewer, Iowa State University TRB Publications Staff Committee on Maintenance and Operations Management Director of Reports and Editorial Services: Nancy A. Ackerman Chairman: Leland D. Smithson, Iowa Department of Associate Editor/Supervisor: Luanne Crayton Transportation Associate Editors: Naomi Kassabian, Alison G. Tobias Secretary: Dorothy L. Andres, Consultant Assistant Editors: Susan E. G. Brown, Norman Solomon Kenneth A. Brewer, John P. Burkhardt, Bertel/ C. Butler, Jr., Production Coordinator: Sharada Gilkey Thomas L. Cain, R. Franklin Carmichael III, John Conrad, Brian Graphics Coordinator: Terri Wayne E. Cox, Edward H. ·crowe, Asif Faiz, Michael Harper, Ernest N. Office Manager: Phyllis D. Barber Herrick, William A. Hyman, W. Michael Lackey, Kjell Levik, Senior Production Assistant: Betty L. Hawkins Michael J. Markow, Joseph A. Mickes, James S. Moulthrop, John D. O'Doherty, Kenneth W. Shiatte, Marshall L. Stivers, Jesse A. Story, David C. Wyant Printed in the United States of America Committee on Traffic Safety in Maintenance and Construction Operations Chairman: Nicholas. J. Garber, University of Virginia Secretary: William J. Bug/ass, Barrientos & Associates, Inc. R. F. Benekohal, James E. Bryden, Gerald A. Donaldson, J. Robert Doughty, Conrad L. Dudek, Michael N. Gostovich, Ernest D. L. Huckaby, Mohammad M. Khan, Russell M. Lewis, Virginia M. Lorenz, James Migletz, Craig Miller, Stephen H. Richards, Robert K. Seyfried, S. C. Shah, Robert L. Shea, Frank D. Shepard, T. Darcy Sullivan Committee on Roadside Maintenance Chairman: Wayne G. McCully, Texas A&M University Dorothy L. Andres, Robert L. Berger, Lonnie M. Cargill, James F. Condron, Joseph M. Di Paola, Ray Dickens, Edward C. Dixon, Dan Flowers, Kurt D. Getsinger, Roy R. Johnson, William D. Johnson, S. Joseph Lesley, Richard C. Moffett, D. James Morre, John E. Rinard, Roy L. Smith, Ronald G. Stahl, Robert E. Tatman, Clifton R. Taylor, Carl B. Wells, Bernard G. Williams, William E. Zitterich Committee on Winter Maintenance Chairman: Donald M. Walker, University of Wisconsin Edward E. Adams, James D. Arnoult, Robert R. Blackburn, Robert L. Brown, Larry W. Frevert, James A. Gall, Darryl L. Hearn, Ernest N. Herrick, David G. Ibbott, Byron Nelson Lord, L. David Minsk, Robert J. Nowak, Kynric M. Pell, Max S. Perchanok, Rodney A. Pletan, Michael M. Ryan, Stephen F. Shober, Ronald D. Tabler, Jan Verseef Committee on Coatings, Signing and Marking Materials Chairman: Justin J. Rennilson, Advanced Retro Technology, Inc. Secretary: James S. Kalchbrenner, Potters Industries, Inc. Robert W. Attaway, Johan J. Berne/en, Kent L. Black, Robert D. Finer, Johnny R. Graham, Donald C. Harris, John Jewett Henry, Richard L. Hickman, Patrick I. Hironaga, Don H. Kobi, Stella L. Marusin, Charles G. Neill, Jr:, Thomas J. Nettleton, Philip 0. Russell, J. R. (Bob) Ryan, Anne-Marie Serres, Lawrence Q. Smith, Leo C. Stevens, Jr., Samuel C. Tignor Frank N. Lisle, Transportation Research Board staff Sponsorship is indicated by a footnote at the end of each paper. The organizational units, officers, and members are as of December 31, 1992. Transportation Research Record 1409 Contents Foreword v Part 1-Maintenance Management Framework for Systematic Decision Making in Highway 3 Maintenance Management Kumares C. Sinha and Tien F. Fwa Project Cost Evaluation Methodology Approach to Privatization in 12 the Washington State Department of Transportation John F. Conrad, Paul Nelson, and Kelly Jones Part 2-Traffic Safety in Work Zones Traffic Control Guidelines for Urban Arterial Work Zones 23 H. Gene Hawkins, Jr., and Kent C. Kacir Temporal Speed Reduction Effects of Drone Radar in Work Zones 32 Rahim F. Benekohal, Paulo T. V. Resende, and Weixiong Zhao Speed Change Distribution of Vehicles in a Highway Work Zone 42 Rahim F. Benekohal and Li Wang Effect of Nonpermanent Pavement Markings on Driver Performance 52 David L. Harkey, Reuben Mera, and Stanley R. Byington Durable Fluorescent Materials for the Work Zone 62 David M. Burns, Lee A. Pavelka, and Robert L. Austin Correlation of the Nighttime Visibility of Pavement Marking Tapes 69 with Photometric Measurement Thomas P. Hedblom, T. I. Bradshaw, David C. May, Gregory F. Jacobs, Theodore J. Szczech, Neil A. Hodson, and Robert L. Austin Physical Testing of Traffic Stripe Paint Durability 76 Frazier Parker, Jr., and W. Lee Shoemaker Evaluating the Potential of Remote Sensing Rural Road and Travel 82 Conditions Kevin A. French and Eugene M. Wilson Part 3-Roadside Maintenance Applicator Training Materials on Use of Chemicals for Vegetation 89 Managemement Harvey A. Holt Postemergence Control of Johnsongrass, Dallis Grass, and Purpletop 92 in Tall Fescue S. W. Bingham, W. ]. Chism, and P. L. Hipkins Ohio Native Wildflower Seed Nursery 95 Robert E. Tatman Correction and Repair of Road Edge Scour for Grassed Shoulders on 99 Parkways Ramey 0. Rogness and Jon B. Burley Foreword This Record contains papers on maintenance management, traffic safety in work zones, and roadside maintenance. The papers should be of interest to maintenance, traffic safety, and roadside vegetation professionals. · The maintenance management section contains two papers. The first describes a decision making framework to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of management practices in Indiana, and the second presents the results of a study to identify differences between ac complishing construction projects and maintenance activities by public and private means. The work zone safety section contains eight papers that describe traffic control guidelines, use of drone radar, speed change distribution, nonpermanent pavement markings, durable fluorescent materials, nighttime visibility of pavement marking tapes, paint durability tests, and the use of remote weather information systems in winter operations. The roadside veg etatiop section contains four papers that present information on training material on the application of herbicides and plant growth regulators, the selective control of Johnsongrass in tall fescue, the development of native wildflowers, and the repair of road edge scour on grassed shoulders. v PARTl . Maintenance Management TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1409 3 Framework for Systematic Decision Making in Highway Maintenance Management KuMARES C. SINHA AND TIEN F. FwA The results of a 4-year research study that was undertaken in the relative importance of these needs ranked according to Indiana are presented. The objective of the study was to develop their priority ratings. Also required is a routine maintenance a systematic decision-making framework to enhance the efficiency data base that contains relevant budget, cost, and perfor and effectiveness of the existing maintenance management prac mance information. Figure 1 indicates that the data base needs tice at the subdistrict highway agency level, where detailed main tenance programs are planned and implemented. The forms of to be constantly updated to provide the most up-to-date in data required and the recommended basis and procedures of formation for planning purposes. decision making are discussed for the following areas: (a) as The present study identified the following six areas crucial sessment of maintenance needs, (b) establishment of performance to achieving the ultimate objective of maintaining and pre standards, (c) determination of the costs of maintenance treat serving the entire road network effectively: ments, (d) setting up of an integrated data base, (e) priority rating of maintenance activities, and (J) optimal programming and scheduling of maintenance activities. Examples of planning data • Development of a procedure to assess routine mainte and information obtained from the research study are presented. nance needs to minimize inconsistencies in the needs assess The proposed decision-making framework is intended to be useful ments made by different foremen; as an aid to management in the planning and monitoring of high • Establishment of maintenance performance standards to way maintenance programs to obtain improved results from better enable better estimates of manpower, materials, and equip use of available resources. ment requirements to be made; • Determination of cost functions for individual routine The weaknesses of the ex1stmg maintenance management maintenance activities for reliable cost assessments; practice in most state highway agencies may be summarized • Setting up of an integrated routine maintenance data base as follows: (a) maintenance needs assessments are made based system to ensure timely availability of planning information; on subjective judgment and experience of individual unit fore • Priority setting of various maintenance activities to pro men, ( b) maintenance work load estimates are established mote adherence of accepted maintenance strategies; and primarily by individual foremen on the basis