Reinterpretation of the Spanish Late Jurassic “Hispaniachelys Prebetica” As an Indeterminate Plesiochelyid Turtle

Reinterpretation of the Spanish Late Jurassic “Hispaniachelys prebetica” as an indeterminate plesiochelyid turtle ADÁN PÉREZ-GARCÍA Pérez-García, A. 2014. Reinterpretation of the Spanish Late Jurassic “Hispaniachelys prebetica” as an indeterminate plesiochelyid turtle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (4): 879–885. A partial postcranial skeleton (carapace, plastron, and other poorly preserved elements) of a turtle, from the late Ox- fordian of the Betic Range of Spain, has recently been assigned to a new taxon, Hispaniachelys prebetica. This is one of the few European turtle taxa reported from pre-Kimmeridgian levels, and the oldest turtle so far known from southern Europe. The character combination identified in that taxon (including the presence of cleithra, and single cervical scale) did not allow its assignment to Plesiochelyidae, a group of turtles very abundant and diverse in the Late Jurassic of Eu- rope. The revision of the single specimen assigned to this taxon led to the reinterpretation of some of its elements, being reassigned to Plesiochelyidae. This study confirms the presence of Plesiochelyidae in the Oxfordian. However, because the Spanish taxon does not present a unique combination of characters, it is proposed as a nomen dubium. Key words: Testudines, Plesiochelyidae, Hispaniachelys prebetica, Oxfordian, Jurassic, Spain. Adán Pérez-García [[email protected]], Centro de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL), Edificio C6, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal; Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, C/ Senda del Rey, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Received 9 October 2012, accepted 29 May 2013, available online 5 June 2013. Copyright © 2014 A. Pérez-García. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. lows to reconsider the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of Introduction “Hispaniachelys prebetica”. It is proposed that it is a nomen dubium, the holotype being reassigned to Plesiochelyidae. The discovery of postcranial elements of a turtle from the Upper Oxfordian of the Prebetic area of the Betic Range (Southern Spain) has been recently reported (Slater et al. 2009, 2011). This finding is of particular interest since the Eu- Review of the anatomy and ropean pre-Kimmeridgian material of turtles is scarce (Lap- parent de Broin 2001; Anquetin and Claude 2008; Anquetin diagnosis of “Hispaniachelys et al. 2008). In addition, that specimen (RGCHSP-62-52) is prebetica” the oldest turtle so far known from southern Europe (Slater et al. 2011). A new genus and species, Hispaniachelys prebetica The new study of RGCHSP-62-52 (Fig. 1), holotype and Slater, Reolid, Schouten, and Benton, 2011 was erected on the only specimen assigned to “Hispaniachelys prebetica”, al- basis of this material, diagnosed by a unique combination of lows reinterpretation of some of the characters used to di- characters. Its phylogenetic position was considered hard to agnose this taxon. This specimen preserves an epiplastron, resolve, being interpreted as either a paracryptodire or a basal on the right (Fig. 1C–E). This plate has not been described testudine, a priori excluding its assignment to Plesiochely- so far. The rear edge of this plate is subperpendicular to the idae, a family very abundant in the Late Jurassic of Europe. axial plane. This morphology contrasts with the interpreta- The study of some elements that had not been previously tion proposed by Slater et al. (2011: fig. 3B), corresponding analysed (e.g., the right epiplastron); the reinterpretation of to the reconstruction of the ventral view of the plastron. The some characters, and new insights into the morphology of visceral view of this element (Fig. 1D, E) shows that, con- some elements hitherto poorly described in the traditional trary to the previous interpretation, this taxon lacked dorsal basal members of Eucryptodira from the European record al- epiplastral processes (cleithra) and instead the structure in Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 59 (4): 879–885, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2012.0115 880 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA 59 (4), 2014 question is probably a result of the aberrant morphology of Phylogenetic position of the lateral margin of the right hyoplastron. The presence of this element motivated Slater et al. (2011) to exclude assign- “Hispaniachelys prebetica” ment of RGCHSP-62-52 to Plesiochelyidae, a family that traditionally includes several genera from the Late Jurassic Slater et al. (2011) explored the systematic position of RGC- of Europe: Craspedochelys Rütimeyer, 1873, Plesiochelys HSP-62-52 using a modified version of the data matrix of Rütimeyer, 1873, Portlandemys Gaffney, 1975a, Tholemys Joyce (2007) as proposed by Anquetin et al. (2008). The Andrews, 1921, and Tropidemys Rütimeyer, 1873 (Lappar- revision of the specimen RGCHSP-62-52 performed here ent de Broin 2001; Lapparent de Broin et al. 1996). allows emendation of some of the character coding (see Ap- As indicated by Slater et al. (2011), the nuchal plate is pendix 1). Because RGCHSP-62-52 corresponds to a partial almost complete but poorly preserved as its dorsal surface is postcranial skeleton, it is coded for only 43 of the 139 charac- heavily weathered and obscured by erosional pits, especially ters of this matrix. This new phylogenetic analysis has been in its anterior half (Fig. 1B). Therefore, the hypothesis pro- conducted using TNT v. 1.0 (Goloboff et al. 2008), the hy- posed by Slater et al. (2011) about the presence of a single pothetical ancestor being the outgroup, and the three “rogue” cervical scale cannot be confirmed. It cannot be excluded taxa indicated by Joyce (2007) being excluded: Portlande- that this specimen shares with the members of Plesiochely- mys mcdowelli Gaffney, 1975a, Sandownia harrisi Meylan, idae the presence of three cervicals. Moody, Walther, and Chapman, 2000, and Mongolemys ele- The review of the plastral elements of RGCHSP-62-52 gans Khozatsky and Młynarski, 1971. This analysis has been reveals new information regarding the morphology of sever- performed using a traditional search, in which, as Slater et al. (2011) did, a tree-bisection algorithm, with 5000 replicates, al scales (Fig. 1C2). Although the presence of short pectoral scales was considered in the diagnosis of “Hispaniachelys was applied. All characters were considered unordered. prebetica”, the preserved elements of the plastron show that The phylogenetic analysis resulted in 37,501 most parsi- medially, this pair of scales was probably longer than the pair monious trees of 370 steps (consistency index = 0.466; reten- of abdominals (Fig. 1C). The presence of a partially sinusoi- tion index = 0.811; rescaled consistency index = 0.378) (Fig. dal humero-pectoral sulcus is refuted; it is subperpendicular 2). The resulting strict consensus topology basically coincides to the axial plane, slightly convex medially. with that proposed by Slater et al. (2011), RGCHSP-62-52 be- Other characters present in RGCHSP-62-52, which were ing obtained in a polytomy composed of 30 branches, corre- not part of the diagnosis of “Hispaniachelys prebetica”, but sponding to some taxa identified in other papers as members which had been described and incorporated in the reconstruc- of the stem group of Testudines and the representatives of the tion of that taxon (Slater et al. 2011: fig. 3), are also reinterpret- crown group (see Joyce 2007; Anquetin 2008, 2012; Sterli ed here. As indicated by Slater et al. (2011), the internal mor- and de la Fuente 2011; Pérez-García et al. 2014). However, phology of the bridge peripherals is often not described and although the majority-rule tree obtained by Slater et al. (2011) figured in extinct turtles. This lack of information generated an placed RGCHSP-62-52 as a member of Paracryptodira, asso- erroneous interpretation of the arrangement of the disarticulat- ciated with the baenid clade, the majority-rule tree obtained ed bridge peripherals of RGCHSP-62-52. Thus, the groove on here does not include RGCHSP-62-52 between the repre- the contact of the peripherals and the distal region of the dorsal sentatives of Paracryptodira, from which it differs, among ribs was provisionally interpreted as the sutural surface of the other characters, by the absence of mesoplastra (this character carapace and plastron. Therefore the dorsal region of these being one of the characters that diagnosed the node Paracryp- peripheral plates was interpreted as the ventral region (Slater todira in the majority-rule tree, and also the nodes Baenidae et al. 2011: fig. 4). This also led to an erroneous interpretation and Pleurosternidae in the strict consensus tree). In this tree, of the position of these elements in the peripheral ring: the RGCHSP-62-52 is located in a basal polytomy of Testudines, plate identified as the sixth right peripheral (Slater et al. 2011: where the other members of Plesiochelyidae included in this fig. 4F, H, L) is interpreted here as the seventh right peripheral analysis are also situated (“Thalassemys” moseri Bräm, 1965 (Fig. 1I–M) and has a fully consistent morphology with the and Plesiochelys solodurensis Rütimeyer, 1873). corresponding element on the left side (Fig. 1F–H). Similarly, RGCHSP-62-52 does not have autapomorphies in this the fifth or sixth right peripheral (Fig. 1N–P) was identified as analysis. In fact, the 43 characters coded

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