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Technical Report Number 74, Prepared by Impact Assessment Inc -5 E”/4A FL OCS Study MMS 86-0035 U.S. Department of the Interior Technical Report Number 121 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::,:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:+:.:.: :.:. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Social and Economic . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Studies Program . .. .. .. .. .. .. %..%. ....%... .. .. .. .. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.. .. .. .. .. ..%...... :.:.:.:.:.:... .. .. .. .. .. :.:.:.>~.:.. .. .. .. .. .:.:.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..%....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Sponsor: +.:.:.:++:.*.:.. .:.:.:.:. Minerals Management :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:,:.:.:.:.:. .. .. .. ....%%%.... .. .. .. .. .. Service . .../ . %........%%. .. .. .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:...~.:.:.~.:.:.:.:.: :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .::jj:. .: Alaska Outer A@%%$ Continental . ...? --4:.:.:.:.:.: . Shelf Region TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 121 CONTWCT NUMBER 14-12-0001-30186 A SOCIOCULTURAL DESCRIPTION OF SMALL COMJNITIES IN THE KCHIIAK-SHU?IAGIN REGION Prepared for MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE ALASKA OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF REGION LEASING AND ENVIRONMENT OFFICE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STUDIES PROGRAM by CULTURAL DYNAMICS, LTD. August 15, 1986 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its content or use thereof. A Sociocultural Description of Small Communities in the Kodiak-Shumagin Region. Social and Economic Studies Program, Minerals Management Service $ Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region~ U.S. De- partment of the Interior, Anchorage Alaska. Technical Report No. 121. OCS Study MMS 86-0035. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Servicer 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield Virginia 22161. Prepared by Nancy Yaw Davis, Ph.D. Cultiural Dynamics, Ltd. 719 N Street, Suite 3 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 (907) 258-6680 This report was prepared under the helpful guidance of Karen Gibsonr Contracting Officer’s Representative, Minerals Management Service. Principal contributors to this report include Nancy Yaw Davis, Ph.D. and William E. Davis, Ph.D. (Editor) . OF Abstract . , . ● . ● . ● ● ● o ● . * . v ● Acknowledgements . .0 . ● ✎ . e . ✎ ✎ ● ● ● . vii I. Introduction . .0 ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● . ☛ . 1 Major Findings . ✎ ● ✎ . ● . ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ● . e 1 Methods of Analysis 0 ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● ✎ ✎ ☛ * . 3 II. The Shumagin/Chignik Villages ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ● ● ✎ ● * ● 7 Ivanof Bay Introduction . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ 9 . * 8 Social Organization . ✎ ● . ● e ✎ ● ✎ ☛ e . s 12 Political Organization ● ✎ . ● ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ● . ● 14 Economic Organization ✎ ● . ✎ ● . ✎ . ● ✎ . ● . ● 17 Summary. ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ s e . 21 Perryville Introduction . ✎ 0 ● ✎ ● . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● . 22 History . ✎ . ● ✎ ● . ● . ✎ ✎ ● . ● . 23 Social Organization . ● ● . ● ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● * ✎ . 25 Political Organization ✎ . ● ✎ ● ● ✎ ● ✎ ☛ . ✎ . 31 Economic Organization ● . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 34 Summary: The future . ● ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● . 40 Chignik Lake Introduction . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ . 43 History . ● . ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● ● * 44 Social Organization . ✎ . ● ✎ ✎ . ● * ✎ ✎ . ✎ e 46 Political Organization ✎ . ✎ ● . ✎ . ✎ ☛ ● . ✎ . 53 Economic Organization ✎ ● . ● ● . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ e 56 Summary. ● ● . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ✎ . e ✎ ● 64 Chignik Lagoon Introduction . ● . ✎ ✎ . ● ● ✎ ✎ e . ✎ ● 68 Social Organization . ● . ● ✎ ● , ● . ● ✎ o e e o 73 Political Organization ● . ☛ ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ● . o . 77 Economic Organization ✎ . ✎ ● . ● . ● ● . ● . 81 Summary. ● ✎ ● . ✎ ● ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● . ● . 86 Chignik Bay Introduction . ✎ ✎ . ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ ● . e ● 89 History . ● ● ● . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ● . ● 91 Social Organization ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ● . @ . 95 Political Organization ✎ . ● ✎ * ✎ . ✎ ✎ . * 102 Economic Organization ✎ . ✎ ● . ● . ✎ ✎ . ● ● 106 Summary. ✎ . ✎ ✎ . ✎ . ✎ ● . e . 112 The Shumagin/Chignik Villages: Summary . ✎ ✎ . 116 -i- IV. The Kodiak Island Villages . e e . 117 Karluk Introduction . e o . ● . 118 History . o . ✎ . 0 e 119 Social Organization . e . e 0 . 120 Political Organization . 0 . e 123 Economic Organization 0 . 0 . * 0 e 128 OCS and Village Values . * . e s . 135 Larsen Bay Introduction . ● . 137 History . ● ● . ● . 138 . Social Organization . * ● . a e . 139 Political Organization * . 0 o . 0 144 Economic Organization e e . , e * . 149 OCS and The Future . e 0 e . 157 Akhiok Introduction . 0 . e . 0 0 159 Social Organization . 0 . * 161 e Political Organization 0 0 . 0 0 0 166 e Economic Organization . e . 167 ● o Summary. ● . ● e 174 Old Harbor Introduction . e . o o . 177 History . ● . ● 178 Social Organization . 0 . e e e 180 Political Organization e . * * . 190 Economic Organization . d 195 Summary. e 202 Ouzinkie Introduction . , 0 ● 205 Social Organization . 207 Political Organization . * . * 211 Economic Organization e . 0 . 213 Summary: Viilage Values . e 0 . * 220 Port Lions Introduction . ● . o 223 Social Organization . ● . 0 a * 227 Political Organization . e . e e o 232 Economic Organization . o e . * 236 Summary . 0 0 . 247 The Kodiak Villazes: Summarv. * @ . 250 -ii- . IV. General Comparisons References. 253 History . 253 Social Organization . - 254 Political Organization . 257 Economic Organization. o . 260 Summary . 266 References. 267 Appendix A. Village population figures . 271 Appendix B. Field visit schedule . 283 Appendix C. Demographic details by village . 289 TABLES l. FieldResearchTime . .4 2. Focused Discussions . 6 3. Locations of ANCSA Shareholders . 259 4. Fuel Costs . 262 5. Limited Entry Permit Holders . 263 FIGURES 1. MapoftheStudyArea . ..viii 2. Distribution of Ivanof Bay houses . 11 -iii- . -tv- ABSTRACT This report presents baseline descriptive information on eleven villages located in the Kodiak-Shumagin region of the North Pacific. In 1985 ap- proximately 1700 people lived in these coastal communities--5OO on the Pacific Ocean (southeastern) side of the upper Alaska Peninsula in Ivanof Bay, Perryville, Chignik Lake, Chignik Lagoon, and Chignik Bay; and 1200 on or near Kodiak Island in Karluk, Larsen Bay, Akhiok, Old Harbor, Ouzinkie, and Port Lions. The villages ranged in size from 51 residents at Ivanof Bay to 337 at Old Harbor. All the villages are physically isolated, although linked by year- round air transportation to other Alaskan communities and regional centers. They share a common ethnic and linguistic boundary, a similar sequence of historical influences, and a tradition of commercial fishing. Field research was conducted in all of the villages between November 1984 and March 1985, with four visited a second time in May 1985. The lengt,h of the field visits ranged from two days at Ivanof Bay to six at Old Harbor. The research was conducted by one field worker, Nancy Yaw Davis, with additional data being gathered by local research assistants. In all, 97 focused discus- sions were held with 146 participants. Eleven topics were used as a frame- work, and additional information was gained beyond the chosen topics through informal discussion. The research assistants provided census counts, kin- ship, and other demographic data for 450 households. The information was an- alyzed to gain an understanding of contemporary conditions, variations, and directions of change in the eleven villages. The social and economic organi- zation of each community was emphasized, with additional analysis of linkages between the villages undertaken when possible. Dual residency is a marked pattern among the five Alaska Peninsula villages, but is less present in the Kodiak villages. A separate community forms each summer at Chignik Lagoon on the side where the Columbia Wards Fisheries pro- cessing plant is located. Social and kinship links are greater between the southern Kodiak Island villages and the Alaska Peninsula than between the southern and northern Kodiak villages. Major concerns at the local level in- clude the cost of living, job availability, and social health. Several traditional Koniag family patterns continue. They are reflected in examples of three generation households and the role of the mother’s brother in the raising of his sisterfs sons. In four villages, over 50% of the adult males are single. Local political organization ranges from inactive village councils to vigor- ous city government. At the time of the field research, villages were not very involved in regional Native corporation affairs. A number of leaders who played key roles in the 1970s dropped out of active political partici- pation in the early 1980s. Increasing tension was developing over property rights, newcomers, trespassing, and the sale of land. -v- Villagers’ involvement in jobs and the use of cash is well established, and increasing. Commitment to commercial fishing varies greatly. The number of winter residents holding purse seine limited entry fishing permits ranged from one in Karluk to 29 in Old Harbor. A total of 107 permit holders were resident in the winter of 1984-85. Canneries are located at or near 4 of the 11 ,villages: Chignik Bay, Chignik Lagoon, Larsen Bay, and Akhiok (Alitak). In the 1970s some concern about OCS activities was evident in the Kodiak Island area; in the 1980s this has been replaced by concern about outdoor sportsmen and tourism. With a few exceptions, general support for and interest in oil and gas development was found throughout the study area. e -vi- ACKNOWLEDGEMBNTS Several hundred village residents contributed to this research in different
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