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Centro De Investigación Científica De Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado En POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS CICY S( BIOLÓG ICAS Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas EVALUACIÓN DE EXTRACTOS FÚNGICOS EN MODELOS INSECTICIDAS Y ANTIFÚNGICOS Tesis que presenta ANA LILIA RUIZ JIMÉNEZ En opción al título de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Opción Biotecnología Mérida, Yucatán. Marzo 2011 • Carta de reconocimiento Por medio de la presente, hago constar que el trabajo de tesis titulado "Evaluación de extractos fúngicos en modelos insecticidas y antifúngicos", fue realizado en los laboratorios de la Unidad de Biotecnología del Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. bajo la dirección de la Dra. María Marcela Gamboa Ang ~ lo y al Dr. Sergio R. Peraza Sánchez, dentro de la Opción Biotecnología perteneciente al Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de este Centro. Director Académico Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, AC. • --- DECLARACIÓN DE PROPIEDAD Declaro que la información contenida en la sección de materiales y métodos experimentales, los resultados y discusión de este documento proviene de las actividades de experimentación realizadas durante el período que se me asignó, para desarrollar mi trabajo de tesis, en las Unidades y Laboratorios del Centro de Investigación. Científica de Yucatán, A. C., y que dicha información le pertenece en términos de la Ley de la Propiedad Industrial, por lo que no me reservo ningún derecho sobre ello. Mérida, Yucatán. Marzo de 2011 Ana Lilia Ruiz Jiménez • RECONOCIMIENTOS A la Dra. María Marcela Gamboa Angula y al Dr. Sergio R. Peraza Sánchez, por compartir sus conocimientos, por su paciencia y apoyo durante el desarrollo de la tesis. Al H. Comité revisor de tesis, integrado por Dr. Osear Moreno Valenzuela, Dr. Jairo Cristóbal Alejo y Dr. Esau Ruiz Sánchez, por sus observaciones y sugerencias en la redacción del documento. A la Dra. Azucena González Coloma, por su apoyo para la realización del bioensayo insecticida y por las instalaciones prestadas. A la Lic. Gilma Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), por la beca otorgada con el número 228272 El trabajo fue financiado por el proyecto Microorganismos Asociados a la Producción de Metabolitos Secundarios Bioactivos. A la Unidad de Biotecnología del Centro de Investigación Cientifica de Yucatán, A.C., por prestar las instalaciones. A la Dra. María Manuela de Jesús Reyes Estebanez, por su apoyo técnico en el manejo de técnicas microbianas y por su amistad. A la I.Q. lrma Leticia Medina Baizabal , por su apoyo en el laboratorio, Sergio Pérez y Narcedalia Gamboa por el apoyo bibliotecario. Al QFB. Edgar Caamal Fuentes, por su ayuda y su amistad. A mis amigos y compañeros de laboratorio, Abril, Andrés, Angel, Arely, Carlos e Ignacio, por compartir conmigo estos últimos años. · A mis amigos y compañeros de posgrado. • DEDICATORIAS t .Jl mí yaáre Lorenzo 'Ruíz Sáncliez, yor liaherme áaáo {a oyortuníáaááe estar en este munáo y yor creer en mí. .Jl mí maáre :Jvtanue{a Jíménez Santíz y a su esyoso .Jl{herto lleras yor su ayoyo íncondicíona{ y yor su gran amor. .Jl mís hermanos 'ReynaCáo, Crístóha{ y :JvtanueCa yor toáos {os momentos que liem os vívíáo juntos y yor su caríño. .Jl mís sohrínos Luís, .Jlna .Jlíme y Jímena yor ser mí motívacíón caáa á-ía. Índice Contenido Contenido ....... ........ ... ..... ... .. ............. ... .... .... ... ........ .... ....... .... .... ..... ... .. ....... .. ... .............. ...... i Índice de cuadros .... ... .. ....... ..... .... ... .. ......... .. ....... .... ..... .... .. ....... ...... ...... ..... .. .. .................... v Índice de fi guras .... ..... ... ........ .. .. .... ...... .......... .... ... .... .. .... .. ...................... .... ........ .. .. .. ......... vi RESUMEN .. ..... ..... ... .. ... ......... .. ...... ... .. .. ....... ............. ......................................... ... ... ..... ..... 1 ABSTRACT ... ... .. ... ................. ... .. ... ..... ... .. .... ...... .. ... .... ... .. ... ... ....... ...... .. ~ .... .. ...... ..... ......... .. 3 INTRODUCCIÓN ...... .... ... .. ... .. .. ....... .... ........ ..... ... .... .... ...... .. , .. ... ..... ....... ... ................. ......... 5 Capítulo 1 ANTECEDENTES, OBJETIVOS Y ESTRATEGIA EXPERIMENTAL ... ..................... ..........? 1.1 ANTECEDENTES .. ...... .. .... ...... ... .. ... .... .... ... ... .. ... ..... ........ ..... .. ............... ....... ........... .... 7 1 .1 .1 Daños causados por plagas ... .. ... .... ... .. ... .... .. .... .. .... .. ...... .... ... .... ... .. .. ... ................. 7 1.1.2 Insectos plaga de importancia agrícola en estudio ... ..... ... ....... ........... ........... ....... 7 1.1 .2.1 Características del género Myzus .... .. ... ........ .. ...... ..... ... ...................... ....... ... .. 9 1.1.2.1. 1 Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) .... ...... ... ... ... ......... .... ..... ... 9 1.1.2.2 Características del género Rhopalosiphum .. .... .... ... ..... ... ..... ...... .... .... ............. 9 1.1.2.2.1 Rhopalosiphum padi L ...... .... .... ..... ..... ........ .... ... ... ... ...... .. ...... ... .... .... ....... 10 1.1.2.3 Características del género Spodoptera ... .... ........... ....... ...... ... .. ..... .. ... ... ... .. .... 1O 1.1.2.3.1 Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval ... .... ... .. ...... .. .. ...... .. .. .... ...... ...... .. .............. 11 1.1.2.4 Estrategias de control de insectos plaga ....... .. .... ....... ... ... .... .. ...... .... .... .. ..... ... 11 1.1.3 Enfermedades causadas por los hongos fitopatógenos .... ..... ... ... ... ...... ........ .. ..... 13 1.1.3.1 Características del género Colletotrichum ..... .. .. .... ............. .. ................... .... .. 13 1.1.3 .1 .1 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc ... .......................... 14 1.1.3.2 Corysnespora sp .. .. ........... .... .. ... .... .. ... .... .... ... ...... .... .... .... .. .. ........................ .. 14 1.1.3.2.1 Corynespora cassiicola .... ........ ... ... .... ....... .... .... ............. .... .. ...... ...... .. .... 15 1.1.3.3 Curvularia sp ... ......... ...... ... ... .... .... .. ...... ... ........ .... ............. .... .... ..... ...... ..... ...... 15 1.1.3.4 Helminthosporium sp . ..... .. ... ............. ........ ...... ......... ................................ .. .... 16 1.1.3.5 Estrategias de control para hongos fitopatógenos .. .... ...... .... .. ... .. ......... ..... .... 17 1.1.4 Aislamientos fúngicos seleccionados .. ............................ ... .. ...... ... .. ... .. ................ 18 1.1.4.1 Descripción del género o especie .... ... ... .... .. ... .... ... ... ....................... .. ....... ... .. 19 1.1.4.1. 1 Acremonium .... .... ... ..... ... .... ........ ...... .... ...... ... ...... ...... .............. ....... .. ...... 19 1.1.4.1.2 C/adosporium c/adosporioides ................ ........ ..... .... .......... ........ .............. 20 1. 1.4.1.3 Corynespora cassiicola ............. ...... ..... ... .. ... ... .................... ......... .. ......... 21 • Índice 1.1.4.1.4 Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium. roseum) ... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .... .. .... .. .. 22 1.1.4.1.5 Cylindrium sp . ........................ .. .. .. ................ .... ....................................... 23 1.1.4.1 .6 Cylindrocarpon sp ................. .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ............................................ 23 1.1.4.1 . 7 Fusarium sp . .. .......................... ...... .. ............ .............................. .. .. ......... 24 1.1.4.1.8 Pere/egamyces parviechinnulatus .. .. .... ...... ...... ....................................... 26 1.1.4.1 .1 O Vertici/lium sp ............................................. .. .... ..................................... 27 1.2 OBJETIVOS ..... ... ...... .... .. ............... ...... ... .... ..... ... .. ..... ... .........................~ .... .... ..... ...... 31 1.2.1 Objetivo general. ... ............................ .. ... .... ... .... .... .... ..' ......... ................... ....... ... 31 1.2.2 Objetivos particulares .................................... .. ..... ... ... ...................................... 31 1.3 ESTRATEGIA EXPERIMENTAL ............................... ... .. .... ... ... .... ... ..... .... ................. .. 32 1.4 REFERENCIAS ... ... ................................... ..... .. ............. .. .... .......... .. .. ..... ... .......... ....... 33 Capítulo 11 CONSERVACIÓN, CULTIVO DE CEPAS FÚNGICAS Y OBTENCIÓN DE EXTRACTOS ORGANICOS .. ...................... ..... ....... ... ... .. ... ....... .. ...... ...... .. .... ......................... ................ 41 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN ........ ................................................. ... .... ............................ .... ...... .. 41 2.2 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ...... .. .... ... ... ... ......... .. ........................................... ....... .. ... 43 2.2.1 Medios de cultivo ................................................................................................ .43 2.2 .2 Reactivación y conservación de cepas .................................................................44 2.2.3 Microcultivos ..... .............................. ... .... .............. ............. .. ................................. 45 2.2.4 Cultivo de las cepas fúngicas en medio sólido (AF) ..................................... ......... 45 2.2.4.1 Suspensión de esporas y/o micelio .. .............. .. .... .... ...... ...............................
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