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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 LE ROMAN DE JAUFRE: A JUNGIAN ANALYSIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nikki Kaltenbach Markey * * * * * The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Robert Cottrell Hans-Erich Keller ________________a x /( j l $ Adviser Lisa Kiser Department of French and Italian Copyright by Nikki Kaltenbach Markey 1994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Hans-Erich Keller for his guidance and moral support throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. I also thank the other members of my reading committee, Drs. Robert Cottrell and Lisa Kiser, for their comments and suggestions. My deepest gratitude goes to my husband, John, for his support in so many forms during this project, including the proofreading. Special thanks to my daughter, Kirsten, whose birth inspired me to continue and to finish this work in a timely manner. ii VITA January 23, 1965 ........... Born - Chillicothe, Ohio 1986 ......................... B.A., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1988 ........................ M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988-89 ..................... Graduate-level study, Universite de Poitiers - Centre d'Etudes Sup6rieures de Civilisation Mfedifevale, Poitiers, France 1986-1988; 1989-1991 ....... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University Department of French & Italian, Columbus, Ohio 1990, 1991 .................. Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies 1991-1992 ............ *..... Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University Department of French and Italian, Columbus, Ohio 1992-1993 ................... Adjunct Faculty, Greenville Technical College, Greenville, South Carolina FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: French Studies in Medieval French and Occitan Literature Hans-Erich Keller, adviser iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................... ii VITA ....................................................... iii INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 CHAPTER PAGE I. THE KNIGHT JAUFRE: BEGINNING OF THE JOURNEY .......... 14 II. ESTOUT DE VERTFUEIL: FACING THE SHADOW OF COMPLETE IDENTIFICATION WITH THE MASCULINE PRINCIPLE ......... 39 III. MONBRUN PART 1: FIRST MEETING WITH THE ANIMA ....... 59 IV. MONBRUN PART 2: ESCAPING FROM THE TERRIBLE MOTHER TO CONTINUE ON THE PATH OF GROWTH......................... 82 V. TAULAT DE ROGIMON: CONFRONTING THE SHADOW OF UNTHINKING OFFENSE AGAINST THE FEMININE PRINCIPLE ............... 92 VI. BRUNISSEN; EMBRACING AND SUBMITTING TO THE ANIMA .. 121 VII. FELLON D'ALBARUA: FACING THE DARKEST SHADOW; ESCAPING THE ANIMA'S DOMINATION ............................... 140 VIII. WEDDING AT CARDUEIL: BRINGING THE LESSONS BACK TO CONSCIOUSNESS AND TO SOCIETY ...................... 170 CONCLUSION ................................................ 189 APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR LE ROMAN DE JAUFRE ............... 197 LIST OF WORKS CITED ...................................... 205 iv INTRODUCTION The purpose of the present study is to analyze the principal episodes of Jaufre and to Identify the symbolic schemas underlying the text. Since the narrative may be read on several different levels, any reading of the text as a whole must account for these different layers. For this reason, the present study will develop three different levels (in order of their relative Importance in this study): (1) the personal growth of the hero in psychological terms, analyzed in light of Jungian theory; (2) the journey of the hero, which describes the archetypal theme of rebirth and regeneration of society; and (3) the historical context, with reference to King James the Conqueror of Aragon and the post- Albigensian-Crusade Occitania. The historical perspective allows insight into underlying themes, establishing the importance of the text as an archetypal myth with particular meaning for the society in which it was written. The principal episodes will be identified according to structuralist framework set forth in Eugene Dorfman's The Narreme in the Medieval Romance Epic (1969). While there are many interesting marginal incidents in the roman, including them in the present study would only multiply examples and 1 2 distract the reader from the primary thrust of the text. The structure suggested by Dorfman provides a framework for the ordering of the analysis, with each narreme analyzed according to its own symbolism and then placed in relation to the whole. Once the episodes are interpreted individually, a pattern of symbols emerges. A more profound understanding of the symbolism of the text will be achieved through the use of the works of Carl G. Jung, Emma Jung and Marie-Louise von Franz, Joseph Campbell and others, pointing to the psychological and archetypal meanings inherent in Jaufre. Also taken into consideration is the relation of the historical context to the archetypal meaning of the text. Jaufre has often been accused by critics of having a loose structure, with no real progression from one incident to the next. The episodes are said to be interchangeable, and it has even been suggested that certain episodes could be dropped completely with no discernable effect on the narrative as a whole. When Dorfman's schema is applied to the text, however, its structure is seen to be like that of other Arthurian romances, consisting of a main plot with a prologue and an epilogue, plus a few other incidents, which are termed "marginal" by Dorfman. As with the Arthurian romances of Chretien de Troyes, which are analyzed by Dorfman, the Occitan romance can be divided into three linked structural units which are semi-independent but self-contained: 3 1- Prologue--brings the lovers together 2. Main Flot--contains the conflict of the lovers, includes the narremes dividing the lovers and their reconciliation 3. Epilogue--separates the lovers briefly, then brings them together again on a more permanent basis1 There are four major narremes which form various combinations to make up each structural unit, serving as the building blocks of the narrative. The four narremes identified are: 1. Conflict of the lovers 2. Insult 3. Acts of Prowess 4. Reward2 Although these narremes combine to form a Prologue, a Main Plot and an Epilogue, not all are necessarily present in each group. For instance, the Prologue of Jaufre contains only an Insult and Acts of Prowess. To determine which episodes would be included for analysis in the present study, the above system was applied to Jaufre. There is a principal plot (episodes numbered 1- 4), which is the same as the Main Plot, and a subordinate plot (episodes lettered a-d), which is found in the Prologue and the Epilogue. The substructure of the romance is as follows: 1 Eugene Dorfman, The Narreme in the Medieval Romance Epic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969) 49. zibid 69. 4 I . Prologue a. The Insult--"The Knight Jaufre" [11. 486-713]: Jaufre arrives at Cardueil; Taulat insults the royal couple; Qecs insults Jaufre, who takes up the pursuit of the villain. b. Acts of Prowess--"Estout de Vertfueil" [11. 714- 836] : Jaufre, pursuing Taulat, encounters and defeats a knight who has slain three knights on the road and taken forty knights prisoner. II. Main Plot 1. Lovers' quarrel--"Monbrun Part 1" [11. 3017-3815]: Jaufre arrives at Monbrun, where he meets and falls in love with Brunissen after trying to sleep in her garden; irritated at his intrusion, she condemns him to death despite falling in love with him. 2. Insult--"Monbrun Part 2" [11. 3816-4167]: lamentations and subsequent beating of Jaufre by Brunissen's people when he asks why they lament; saved from death by his armor and blankets,