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PARTE II - Analisi Simbolo-Spaziale E Schemi Per La Progettazione PARTE II - Analisi simbolo-spaziale e schemi per la progettazione 133 134 - ELENCO DEI PARCHI DEL DIVERTIMENTO EUROPEI Ad introduzione della presente ricerca si è motivato l’interesse per i parchi del divertimento tematici: la provocazione di Isabelle Auricoste - “parchi o utopie noiose?” – in riferimento ai parchi ricreativi contemporanei, chiede oltre che una risposta una soluzione in termini di individuazione di criteri progettuali. Il binomio divertimento-tema amplifica la complessità della risposta, in quanto esistono modi di attribuzione del tema che catalizzano il divertimento e altri che lo ostacolano: ad inibirlo sono soprattutto quei modi per cui il tema diventa sinonimo di pianificazione e controllo totali dell’esperienza consentita al visitatore del parco, per cui il tema è un’immagine assoluta, immodificabile e non reinterpretabile. I parchi ricreativi sono un insieme ampio, all’interno del quale è possibile individuare più categorie. Le classificazioni riscontrabili in letteratura e le classificazioni ufficiose ricavabili dai discorsi comuni e dalle pubblicità inerenti l’argomento sono diverse. Per fare solo alcuni esempi: il sito italiano www.parksmania.it, che censisce e descrive i parchi ricreativi sul territorio internazionale individua le tipologie parco meccanico (prevalentemente costituito di rides e attrazioni high-tech di velocità e brivido), acquatico, vita marina, tematico, didattico, indoor (si tratta di strutture al chiuso, architetture del divertimento, non propriamente di parchi), children playground (derivazioni dei comuni parchi giochi per bambini), family park (parchi con attrazioni per tutta la famiglia), faunistico, miniature; Marialuisa Lusetti1 distingue in parchi di vita marina, parchi faunistici e zoosafari, parchi d’attrazione (sono quelli che si associano comunemente all’espressione parco dei divertimenti, “appartengono alla tradizione dei luna-park itineranti di importazione americana”2), parchi in miniatura, parchi acquatici, parchi a tema. Mariano Sartore propone un’articolazione che distingue due famiglie principali parchi naturalistico-faunistici e parchi ricreativi “in senso stretto”3 e all’interno di questi ultimi individua tre tipologie: parchi d’attrazione, parchi tematici, parchi acquatici. Comunque si intenda fare distinzioni tassonomiche, è chiaro che vengono compresi con il termine ricreativi parchi del divertimento non tematici e parchi tematici che non intendono essere per il divertimento. Nell’analisi e nel censimento seguenti questi ultimi vengono tralasciati, proprio perché al loro riguardo non si pone il problema –o non si pone in termini sostanziali- del rapporto fra parco-divertimento-tema, che è l’oggetto perno della ricerca. Il comune denominatore dei parchi censiti è il loisir, il divertimento. Si operano quindi delle scelte: i parchi faunistici e i parchi didattico-scientifici, i parchi archeologici e i parchi d’arte – che possono considerarsi tematici - vengono compresi solo se costituiscono una parte specializzata all’interno di complessi per il divertimento, o se sono strutturati essi stessi in maniera esplicita come parchi del divertimento. Sono esclusi inoltre i parchi acquatici, in quanto ritenuti un caso troppo particolare: essi generalmente non presentano quella complessità di contenuti, di programmi e di composizione spaziale, rilevata come caratteristica dei parchi del divertimento lungo il percorso di individuazione delle matrici della Parte I della ricerca, possono essere considerati “evoluzioni tecnologiche della piscina più che del parco vero e proprio”4. Sono 1 MARIALUISA LUSETTI, Verso la città del quaternario: i parchi ricreativi-tematici come metafora di una società leisure oriented, in EVERARDO MINARDI, MARIALUISA LUSETTI (a cura di), I parchi del divertimento nella società del Loisir, Franco Angeli, Milano 1998, pagg. 27-55. 2 MARIALUISA LUSETTI, Op. cit., in EVERARDO MINARDI, MARIALUISA LUSETTI (a cura di), I parchi del divertimento nella società del Loisir, Franco Angeli, Milano 1998, pag. 35. 3 MARIANO SARTORE, Tipologie, geografia e problematiche dei parchi ricreativi in Italia, in “Paesaggio Urbano”, n. 5, Parchi di divertimento, Maggioli Editore, Rimini 1993, pag. 25. 4 MARIALUISA LUSETTI, Op. cit., in EVERARDO MINARDI, MARIALUISA LUSETTI (a cura di), I parchi del divertimento nella società del Loisir, Franco Angeli, Milano 1998, pag. 33. 135 stati inclusi solo i parchi acquatici che realizzano ambientazioni tematiche forti o che sono parte di parchi che offrono anche attrazioni di altro genere. L’elenco comprende quindi i parchi del divertimento -tematici e non tematici- rilevati in Europa, intercettati sia tramite ricerca bibliografica, sia consultando siti web specifici sui parchi del divertimento (esistono degli elenchi di parchi dei divertimenti pubblicati su internet da organizzazioni del settore, da appassionati in materia, da aziende per il turismo di livello nazionale e internazionale). Non tutte le nazioni considerate per la stesura dell’elenco fanno parte della Comunità Europea: si sono considerate europee in senso lato tutte le nazioni menzionate all’interno degli elenchi di “Parchi Europei” incontrati nel corso del censimento. [Ad ogni parco dell’elenco è affiancato il sito web ufficiale e fanno seguito gli specifici riferimenti bibliografici e i siti web consultati]. Austria Familienland Erlebnispark – Mühlau (www.wiener-prater.at/) Minimundus – Klagenfurt TOSETTO DANILO, Parchi Ricreativi nel Mondo, Vol. 2 , Facto, Padova 1987, pagg. 196- 203. Prater Park – Vienna (www.wiener-prater.at/ ) Styrassic - Bad Gleichenberg (www.styrassicpark.at/index4_5.htm) Tirol fun – Leutasch (www.tirolfun.com/) Belgium Bellewaerde – Westoek (www.sixflagseurope.com/e/bwp/index.html) Bobbejaanland – Lichtaart (www.bobbejaanland.be/) TOSETTO DANILO, Parchi Ricreativi nel Mondo, Vol. 5 , Facto, Padova 1990, pagg. 210- 221. Boudewijnpark - Brugges (www.boudewijnpark.be/) Brupark - Brusselles (www.bruparck.com/) www.minieurope.com/index.htm www.atomium.be/ - Monde Sauvage Safari Deignè - Aywaille (http://www.mondesauvage.be/) http://www.aywaille.be/fr/tourisme/sitetouriste/safari.htm 136 Plopsaland - Adinkerke-De Panne (www.plopsaland.be/) Six Flags Belgium (ex- Walibi) - Wavre TOSETTO DANILO, Parchi Ricreativi nel Mondo, Vol. 2 , Facto, Padova 1987, pagg 64- 75. Telecoo - Stavelot (www.telecoo.be/html/acc_telecoo.html) www.telecoo.be/html/acc_telecoo.html Cyprum Lucky Star Park (www.luckystarpark.com.cy/) Waterworld - (www.waterworldwaterpark.com/ Agia Napa) Denmark http://www.tuttinsieme.it/tutti/tut/eur/denmark/placestosee.htm http://w1.1585.telia.com/~u197401534/Links.htm http://themeparkcity.com/EURO_dane.htm Bakken - Klampenborg (www.bakken.dk/) BonBon-Land - Holme-Olstrup (www.bonbonland.dk/) Djurs Sommerland – Nimtofte (www.djurssommerland.dk/) Ebeltoft – Ebeltoft (www.ebeltoft-familiepark.dk/) www.familieparken.dk www.archipelago.nu/SKARGARD/ENGELSKA/DENMARK/Ebeltoft. Fantasy world – Ringsted (www.fantasy-world.dk/) www.danimarca.dt.dk/barn.html Fårup Sommerland – Saltum (www.faarupsommerland.dk/) Kattegatcentret - Greena Knuthenborg - Greena Legoland – Billund (www.lego.com/legoland/billund/defaultus.asp) TOSETTO DANILO, Parchi Ricreativi nel Mondo, Vol. 2 , Facto, Padova 1987, pagg. 204- 215. Nordsjaellands Sommerpark – Graested Sommerland Sjælland – Nykøbing (www.sommerlandsj.dk/index_03_2.php) 137 Sommerland Syd – Tinglev (www.sommerland-syd.dk) Tivoli - Copenhagen (www.tivoli.dk/composite-351.htm) WYLSON ANTHONY & PATRICIA, Theme Parks, Leisure Centres, Zoos and Aquaria, Longman, 1994, pagg. 5-9. www.tivoligardens.com/ Tivoli Friheden – Aarhus (www.friheden.dk/) Tivoliland - Aalborg (www.tivoliland.dk) Varde Sommerland - Varde Finland www.themeparkcity.com/EURO_finn.htm www.germancoaster.de/parks-europa-finnland.html Alandsparken - Mariehamn www.bellingham.fi/huvipuis/ukaland.htm Jukujukumaa hiekkasarkat www.bellingham.fi/huvipuis/jukujuku.htm www.hiekkasarkat.fi/hinnsani.htm - www.hiekkasarkat.fi/hiekka/eng/index.htm www.topcamping.net/eng/kalajoki.html Kesamaa - Punkaharju (www.lomaliitto.fi/kohteet/muut/kesamaa_valokuvia.htm) Linnanmaki - Helsinki (www.linnanmaki.fi/) Moominworld - Naantali (www.muumimaailma.fi/index.html) www.publiscan.fi/bl04e-1.htm • Santapark - Rovaniemi (www.santapark.com) www.bellingham.fi/huvipuis/uksanta.htm www.freizeitpark.de/(gal=gal_23&psid=ab7e1a8b7f884edb52f97628b69f7edc)/mod/gal erie/detail.php www.virtualtourist.com/m/tp/4d6c9/ Sarkanniemi - Tampere (www.sarkanniemi.fi/) TOSETTO DANILO, Parchi Ricreativi nel Mondo, Vol. 5 , Facto, Padova 1990, pagg. 198- 209. 138 Suomen Tivoli - (www.suomentivoli.fi/english/english_messages.html) Tykkimäen - Kouvola (www.tykkimaki.fi) Visualhti - Mikkeli Wasalandia (www.wasalandia.fi) www.bellingham.fi/huvipuis/ukwasa.htm - www.uwasa.fi/comm/cmc/multima/multima96/vaasa/vaasa/happy.htmlhttp://ql4pt.conte nt.parkscout.de/(p=349&l=20&psid=c501058a6bb9e8fa7ca917c49a738b24)/show_park. php France http://perso.wanadoo.fr/loisirs60/idxparcs.html www.cci-oise.fr/polatouche/parc.html www.nomade.tiscali.fr/cat/sorties_spectacles/par_genre/loisirs_jeux/parcs_attractions/france/ nord_pas_calais/ www.oise60.com/jours/jdo112/parcs_jdo112.html www.themeparkcity.com/EURO_france.htm Base de Loisirs – Primpez Bagatelle - France (www.bagatelle.fr/) Disneyland Paris – Paris (www.disneylandparis.com/) CERVER FRANCISCO ASENSIO, Landscape of recreation II: amusement parks, Watson- Guptill Pubns, Slipcase edition 1998, pagg. 52-57. 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