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Nototrichium Humile

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Nototrichium Humile 16-122 2 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 4 Photographer: Hawaii Natural Heritage Program 6 Scientific name: Nototrichium humile Hillebr. Hawaiian name: Kului 8 Family: Amaranthaceae (Amaranth family) Federal status: Listed endangered 10 Description and biology: Nototrichium humile is a perennial basal-branching shrub with 12 upright or arching branches. The plant is typically 1-2 m (3.3-6.6 ft) tall. Its leaves are ovate to oblong, measure 3-9 cm (1.2-3.5 in) long, and are green (unlike the other two species of 14 Nototrichium, whose leaves are covered with silvery hairs). The spikes are slender, measure 3- 14 cm (1.2-5.5 in) long, and hang down as they lengthen. The flowers are small and 16 inconspicuous, and perfect (possessing both male and female reproductive parts). The fruits are not much larger than the flowers. 18 Flowering is generally heaviest in the spring and summer. It is not known if the plants are self- 20 compatible. Pollination vectors for the species are unknown. The fruits mature a few weeks after flowering. The seeds have no obvious dispersal mechanisms. Based on observations of 22 particular individuals of this species, the plants live for at least one or two decades (Lau pers. comm. 2000). 24 Known distribution: Nototrichium humile occurs in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, where it 26 found throughout the mountain range, on both the windward and leeward sides. The only record of the species beyond the Waianae Mountains is a specimen collected in the 1970s on the south 28 slope of Haleakala, Maui. Recorded elevations for this species range from 60-700 m (200-2,300 ft). 30 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 16-123 Population trends: The population units of N. humile have not been well monitored. However, 32 there have been no reports of obvious declines in numbers. The species often occurs on cliffs, and the individuals growing on the cliffs are protected to various degrees from cattle, feral 34 ungulates, invasive alien weeds, and fire. 36 Current status: The status of N. humile on Maui is uncertain. There have been no reports of it on the island since it was first collected there. In the Waianae Mountains, the species is 38 estimated to number 1,200-1,400 individuals, about 700-900 of which are in the Makua action area. The current population units of the species are listed in Table 16.58 and their sites are 40 plotted on Maps 16.30 and 16.31. The sites of the population units proposed for management for stability are characterized in Table 16.59 and threats to the plants at these sites are identified in 42 Table 16.60. 44 Habitat: Nototrichium humile can be found growing on gulch slopes or in gulch bottoms in the understory of dry forests dominated by trees such as lama (Diospyros sandwicensis) and/or 46 lonomea (Sapindus oahuensis), or in dry shrublands closer to the ridge tops. The species can also be found on open dry cliffs and cliff ledges sparsely vegetated with shrubs and grasses. 48 Small groups of plants or isolated plants can sometimes be found as outliers in mesic habitats. In all situations, the species is usually found on more or less north facing slopes. 50 Taxonomic background: There are three species in the endemic Hawaiian genus Nototrichium. 52 The two besides N. humile are N. sandwicensis, which occurs on all of the main Hawaiian Islands, and the newly described N. divaricatum of northwestern Kauai. 54 Outplanting considerations: Nototrichium sandwicensis is fairly common in parts of Kauai 56 and Hawaii, but elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands it is either rare or completely absent. It is extremely rare on Oahu, having been found only in a small area between the Dillingham Airfield 58 and Kaena Point. The Oahu population may number under 100 individuals (Lau pers. comm. 2000), and is therefore of conservation concern. Moreover, although not currently considered a 60 separate taxon, the Oahu population is morphologically distinctive among the populations of N. sandwicensis in Hawaii. As the Oahu plants are more ornamental than other forms, they 62 constitute the bulk of the plants of the species grown in gardens, and utilized in landscaping (Lau pers. comm. 2000). It is unknown whether hybridization between N. humile and N. sandwicensis 64 is possible. No N. humile outplantings are proposed. However, any future outplanting efforts of N. humile in the Waianae Mountains would best be conducted outside the range of N. 66 sandwicensis, at least until the potential for hybridization between the two species in the wild is better studied. An outplanting line has been drawn through the northern part of the Waianae 68 Range limiting potential reintroductions to areas south of the line. 70 Threats: Nototrichium humile is one of the more fire-endangered Makua target taxa because of its occurrence in the lower, drier reaches of the Waianae Mountains. Other major threats to N. 72 humile include feral goats and pigs, cattle grazing, and alien plants. If the Maui plants still persist, a burgeoning axis deer population on the island represents an additional threat. Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 16-124 74 Table 16.58 Current Population Units of Nototrichium humile. The numbers of individuals include mature and immature plants, and do not include seedlings. Population units 76 proposed for management are shaded. Island Population Unit Name Total No Management78 Number of Management Proposed Individuals Proposed Oahu: Kahanahaiki 140 0 140 Kaimuhole and Palikea Gulch 54 0 54 Kaluakauila 200-400 0 200-400 Keaau 21-31 0 21-31 Kealia 3 0 3 Keawapilau 10 0 10 Keawaula 230 0 230 Kolekole (East Side) 13 0 13 Makaha 159 0 159 Makua (East Rim) 1 0 1 Makua (South Side) 120-140 0 120-140 Nanakuli 5 0 5 Puu Kaua (Leeward Side) 12 0 12 Waianae Kai 200-320+ 28 200-320+ Maui: Lualailua No data 0 No data Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 16-125 Table 16.59 Site Characteristics for Population Units of Nototrichium humile 80 Proposed for Management for Stability. Population Unit: Site Characteristics: Habitat Quality Terrain Accessibility Existing Fence Kaimuhole and Palikea Medium – Low Moderate to Steep High None Gulch Kaluakauila High – Medium Moderate to Vertical Low to High None Makua (south side) Medium – Low to Moderate to Vertical Low to High Large High Waianae Kai Medium – Low to Moderate to Vertical Low to High None High 82 Table 16.60 Threats to Population Units of Nototrichium humile Proposed for 84 Management for Stability. Population Threats: Unit: Pigs Goats Weeds Rats Black Slugs Other Fire Fire Erosion Human Twig and Arthro- Ignition Fuels Distur- Borer Snails pods bance Kaimuhole and High High High Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Very High Medium Medium Palikea Gulch A A A A high to High Kaluakauila Low to N/A High Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Very High Low Low to High A A A A high Medium Makua (south Low to Low Medium Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Very Medium Low Low to side) Medium A A A A high Medium Waianae Kai Low to Low to Medium Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Very Medium Low Low to High High A A A A high Medium 86 88 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 16-126 90 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu Chapter 16.20 Taxon Summary: Nototrichium humile 16-127 Final DACA83-96-D-0007/0055 Implementation Plan for Makua Military Reservation, Island of Oahu .
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