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The New Zealand public’s readiness for connected- and autonomous-vehicles (including driverless), car and ridesharing schemes and the social impacts of these May 2020 NJ Starkey and SG Charlton ISBN 978-1-98-856162-2 (electronic) ISSN 1173-3764 (electronic) NZ Transport Agency Private Bag 6995, Wellington 6141, New Zealand Telephone 64 4 894 5400; facsimile 64 4 894 6100 [email protected] www.nzta.govt.nz Starkey, NJ and SG Charlton (2020) The New Zealand public’s readiness for connected- and autonomous-vehicles (including driverless), car and ridesharing schemes and the social impacts of these. NZ Transport Agency research report 663. 159pp. The School of Psychology, University of Waikato, was contracted by the NZ Transport Agency in 2017 to carry out this research. This publication is copyright © NZ Transport Agency. This copyright work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to copy, distribute and adapt this work, as long as you attribute the work to the NZ Transport Agency and abide by the other licence terms. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. While you are free to copy, distribute and adapt this work, we would appreciate you notifying us that you have done so. Notifications and enquiries about this work should be made to the Manager Research and Evaluation Programme Team, Research and Analytics Unit, NZ Transport Agency, at [email protected]. Keywords: attitudes, autonomous vehicles, carsharing, connected vehicles, mobility as a service, ridesharing An important note for the reader The NZ Transport Agency is a Crown entity established under the Land Transport Management Act 2003. The objective of the Agency is to undertake its functions in a way that contributes to an efficient, effective and safe land transport system in the public interest. Each year, the NZ Transport Agency funds innovative and relevant research that contributes to this objective. The views expressed in research reports are the outcomes of the independent research, and should not be regarded as being the opinion or responsibility of the NZ Transport Agency. The material contained in the reports should not be construed in any way as policy adopted by the NZ Transport Agency or indeed any agency of the NZ Government. The reports may, however, be used by NZ Government agencies as a reference in the development of policy. While research reports are believed to be correct at the time of their preparation, the NZ Transport Agency and agents involved in their preparation and publication do not accept any liability for use of the research. People using the research, whether directly or indirectly, should apply and rely on their own skill and judgement. They should not rely on the contents of the research reports in isolation from other sources of advice and information. If necessary, they should seek appropriate legal or other expert advice. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank all those who took part in this study, our research assistants who provided invaluable help with data collection, data entry and analyses, and members of the steering group (Barney Irvine, Automobile Association; Andrew Jackson, NZ Transport Agency, Peter Filbey, Auckland Transport; Jennifer McSaveney, Richard Cross, Lucia Sobiecki, Simon Kingham, Lee McKenzie, Ministry of Transport; Ryan Cooney, Christchurch City Council; Erik Zydervelt, Mevo). We would also like to express our thanks to the peer reviewers of this report Dr Jared Thomas, Opus International Consultants and Professor Kirsten Pammer, Australian National University. Abbreviations and acronyms ADAS advanced driver assistance systems AV autonomous vehicle CAV connected autonomous vehicle CV connected vehicle HTS Household Travel Survey (Ministry of Transport) MaaS mobility as a service SAV shared autonomous vehicle TNC transport network companies VMT vehicle miles travelled Contents Executive summary ..................................................................................................................... 6 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 9 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVS) ....................................................... 10 1.2 Carsharing/ridesharing ............................................................................................ 17 1.3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 22 2 Attitudes and public readiness for automated vehicles in New Zealand .................. 24 2.1 Transport futures: connected and autonomous vehicles questionnaire: Method ... 24 2.2 Results .................................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Transport technologies and you survey (Ministry of Transport 2016; 2017): Method .................................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Results .................................................................................................................... 36 2.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 42 3 Attitudes to carsharing and ridesharing ....................................................................... 44 3.1 Readiness for shared mobility survey: Method ....................................................... 44 3.2 Results .................................................................................................................... 48 3.3 Transport sharing and you (Ministry of Transport 2017/ 2018): Method ................ 79 3.4 Results .................................................................................................................... 81 3.5 Summary ................................................................................................................. 88 4 Shared mobility group interviews ................................................................................. 91 4.1 Method .................................................................................................................... 91 4.2 Results .................................................................................................................... 92 4.3 Summary ............................................................................................................... 101 5 Adoption timeline for automated vehicles and MaaS ................................................ 102 5.1 Existing adoption and technology diffusion models .............................................. 102 5.2 Adoption of vehicle technologies .......................................................................... 104 5.3 Factors affecting adoption of transport technologies in New Zealand .................. 106 5.4 Summary ............................................................................................................... 107 6 Conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................... 108 7 References ..................................................................................................................... 113 Appendix A: Transport futures: public perceptions of connected and autonomous vehicles – questionnaire ......................................................................................................... 120 Appendix B: Transport technologies and you (Ministry of Transport 2016; 2017) .......... 132 Appendix C: Readiness for shared mobility ......................................................................... 137 Appendix D: Transport sharing and you ............................................................................... 155 5 The New Zealand public’s readiness for connected- and autonomous-vehicles (including driverless), and car and ridesharing schemes and the social impacts of these Executive summary The overall purpose of the research described in this report was to explore the New Zealand public’s readiness to adopt four key mobility changes: autonomous vehicles, connected vehicle technology, carsharing and ridesharing schemes. The research had five main objectives, as explained below: 1 Identify the main attitudinal and social impact issues recognised in overseas studies. We conducted a review of academic literature, government reports and internet posts/articles to address the first objective. Findings revealed that people had generally heard about autonomous vehicles but were less familiar with connected vehicle technology. Concerns about autonomous vehicles focused on safety and equipment failure, particularly in a car with no controls. The literature on carsharing and ridesharing is limited and focuses mainly on ride hailing service (such as UberX). Ride-hailing and ride share services were most commonly used in urban areas by young adults aged between 18 and 34 years, but few people had used carsharing services. The primary factor limiting use of these services was car ownership. The studies identified in the literature review were used to develop the survey and focus group discussion questions to allow a direct comparison between New Zealand and overseas data. 2 Combine results from
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