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Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion Series Editors Carole M. Cusack, University of Sydney James R. Lewis, University of Tromsø Editorial Board Olav Hammer, University of Southern Denmark Charlotte Hardman, University of Durham Titus Hjelm, University College London Adam Possamai, University of Western Sydney Inken Prohl, University of Heidelberg VOLUME 4 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/bhcr Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production Edited by Carole M. Cusack and Alex Norman LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of new religions and cultural production / edited by Carole M. Cusack and Alex Norman. p. cm. — (Brill handbooks on contemporary religion, ISSN 1874–6691 ; v. 4) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-22187-1 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Religion and culture. I. Cusack, Carole M., 1962– II. Norman, Alex. BL65.C8H365 2012 200.9’04—dc23 2011052361 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1874-6691 ISBN 978 90 04 22187 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 90 04 22648 7 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xi Contributors ..................................................................................................... xiii List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... xxvii Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Carole M. Cusack and Alex Norman PART ONE THE CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS “Build a House to My Name”: The Idea of the Temple in Mormon History ......................................................................................... 19 Stephen D. Ricks Mormon Science Fiction: Tales of Interstellar Exodus and Perfection ..................................................................................................... 39 Eric Repphun Knock Knocking on Heaven’s Door: Humour and Religion in Mormon Comedy ....................................................................................... 71 Elisha McIntyre PART TWO THE THEOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Producing Lost Civilisations: Theosophical Concepts in Literature, Visual Media and Popular Culture ....................................................... 101 Garry W. Trompf and Lauren Bernauer The Agency of the Object: Leadbeater and the Pectoral Cross ........ 133 Jenny McFarlane vi contents Theosophical Bodies: Colour, Shape and Emotion from Modern Aesthetics to Healing Therapies ............................................................ 153 Jay Johnston PART THREE ANTHROPOSOPHY “And the Building Becomes Man”: Meaning and Aesthetics in Rudolf Steiner’s Goetheanum ................................................................ 173 Carole M. Cusack The Anthroposophical Movement and the Waldorf Educational System ........................................................................................................... 193 Liselotte Frisk Cosmic Flavour, Spiritual Nutrition?: The Biodynamic Agricultural Method and the Legacy of Rudolf Steiner’s Anthroposophy in Viticulture ................................................................ 213 Alex Norman PART FOUR THE GURDJIEFF WORK Gurdjieff and the Legomonism of ‘Objective Reason’ ......................... 237 Anthony Blake G. I. Gurdjieff’s Piano Music and its Application In and Outside ‘the Work’ ..................................................................................................... 271 Johanna Petsche Gurdjieff’s Sacred Dances and Movements ............................................ 297 Joseph Azize From Ouspensky’s ‘Hobby’ to Groundhog Day: The Production and Adaptation of Strange Life of Ivan Osokin .................................. 331 David Pecotic contents vii PART FIVE MODERN PAGANISM Paganism-Inspired Folk Music, Folk Music-Inspired Paganism and New Cultural Fusions in Lithuania and Latvia ................................. 351 Michael F. Strmiska Bardic Chairs and the Emergent Performance Practices of Paganism ...................................................................................................... 399 Graham Harvey Making the Donkey Visible: Discordianism in the Works of Robert Anton Wilson ................................................................................ 421 David G. Robertson PART SIX AFRO-CARIBBEAN NEW RELIGIONS ‘When the Gods give us the Power of Ashe’: Caribbean Religions as the Source for Creative Energy ......................................................... 445 Bettina E. Schmidt Candomblé and the Brazilians: The Impact of Art on a Religion’s Success Story ............................................................................................... 463 Mona Suhrbier Identity, Subversion, and Reconstruction ‘Riddims’: Reggae as Cultural Expressions of Rastafarian Theology .................................. 495 Nathaniel Samuel Murrell and Justin Snider PART SEVEN NEW RELIGIOUS TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES Dancing at the Crossroads of Consciousness: Techno-Mysticism, Visionary Arts and Portugal’s Boom Festival .................................... 521 Graham St John and Chiara Baldini viii contents Metal and Magic: The Intricate Relation Between the Metal Band Therion and the Magic Order Dragon Rouge .................................... 553 Kennet Granholm Battlefield Earth and Scientology: A Cultural/Religious Industry à la Frankfurt School? .............................................................................. 583 Adam Possamai and Alphia Possamai-Inesedy PART EIGHT NEW UNIVERSAL RELIGIONS The Bahá’í House of Worship: Localisation and Universal Form .... 601 Graham Hassall Constructing the Cornucopia That Is Caodaism: Themes of Cultural Production in an Increasingly Acephalous Milieu ......... 633 Christopher Hartney The Cultural Products of Global Sufism .................................................. 659 Milad Milani Food Practices, Culture, and Social Dynamics in the Hare Krishna Movement ......................................................................... 681 Benjamin E. Zeller PART NINE MODERN CHRISTIAN OFFSHOOTS The Manifestation of Queer Theology: The Act of “Promulgating Universal Joy and Expiating Stigmatic Guilt” Through the (Re)Inscription of Rituals, Artefacts, Devotional Practices and Place .................................................................................... 705 Jason Prior Visualizing the Lost Temple and Mapping a Straightening World in Solomon Islands: Two Cultural Products of the Deep Sea Canoe Movement ....................................................................................... 737 Jaap Timmer contents ix Visible Religion, Visible Spirituality: Boundary Management and the Life of Images ...................................................................................... 753 Rod Pattenden Index ................................................................................................................... 775 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of a volume the size of The Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production is a Herculean task, a veritable heroes’ journey, in which many obstacles are negotiated and many debts incurred. Work on this project formally commenced in May 2010, though as is the way with all such endeavours its genesis lies in the distant past, in one of the many seemingly idle conversations that so often occur in our shared office in the Woolley Building at the University of Sydney. Our thanks are due to all those people who collectively made the volume a reality. First, we acknowledge the crucial support of the Handbook Series Editor, James R. Lewis, who understood that a study of the cultural products of new religions was both an academic desideratum and an exciting new initiative in the rapidly evolving field of scholarship on new religions. Second, we extend heartfelt thanks to the staff in Religion Studies at Brill; Wendy Shamier, Maarten Frieswijk, Els Meijer, Peter Buschman, and Gera van Bedaf. Their prompt and courteous attention to every problem we encountered made completion of the volume possible within eighteen months, to our great joy (and, we suspect, to the general happiness of all the contributors). We are also immensely grateful to Steven J. Sutcliffe, who deserves thanks for offering perceptive suggestions and constructive criticism in his role as referee. The contributing authors worked tirelessly to produce