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Description of the Second Rectrix of Adult-Plumaged Male Rufous and Allen's Hummingbirds and Its Usefulness in Identification

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Description of the Second Rectrix of Adult-Plumaged Male Rufous and Allen's Hummingbirds and Its Usefulness in Identification Description of the Second Rectrix of Adult-plumaged Male Rufous and Allen's Hummingbirds and Its Usefulness in Identification Rita R. Colwell 281 Margarita Court Los Altos, CA 94022 [email protected] ABSTRACT Differencesin the shape of the second rectrix in adult males' R2 is "distinctlynotched." But his Rufous Hummingbirds(Selasphorus rufus) and illustration shows the variation in notching for Allen's Hummingbirds(S. sasin) are significant females and juvenile males. An added note to the distinguishingcharacters. Although many ref- illustrationstates that "adult males have a greater erences describe the feather as "notched" in notchthan is shown." Johnsgard(1997) describes RufousHummingbird, a detaileddescription of this the featheronly as "stronglynotched in males." In feather'sappearance in the adult male is lacking. Williamson's(2001) species account,she states My studydescribes the typicalnotching of the inner that adult male Rufous Hummingbirdshave "R2 web and emarginationof the outer web of the distinctly notched on inner web near tip" and providesa photographshowing a strongnotch on secondrectrix of the adult-plumagedmale Rufous the inner web and an additional emarginationon Hummingbirdthat is lackingin the adultmaleAllen's the outer web. Howell (2002) writes that in the Hum-mingbird.I examined135 birds,of which62 adult males "a stronglyemarginated notch on the had characteristicstypical of RufousHummingbird, outerweb of R2 is diagnostic."However, the plate and 70 which showed characteristics of Allen's referenceshows an adult male RufousHumming- Hummingbird. This rectrix in three birds had bird with a strong notch on the oppositeweb than abnormal features and the individuals had stated. •nconsistent measurements that may indicate hybridization. Thesedisparate descriptions create confusion over what is normal and what is abnormal in the feather's INTRODUCTION structure.The purposesof this paperare to clarify the typical R2 appearance in adult male Rufous In-hand separation of adult male Rufous Hum- and Allen'shummingbirds, describe three abnormal mingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) from Allen's individuals,and presentthe hypothesisthat these Hummingbirds(S. sasin)is accom-plishedby using birdswere interspecifichybrids. a combinationof plumageappearance and rectrix measurements (Pyle 1997, Mitchell 2000, Stiles METHODS 1972). Notchingof the second rectrix(R2) has been stated as an important identification I examined mist-netted adult-plumaged male characteristicof Rufous Hum-mingbirds,and the Rufousand Allen'shummingbirds at a site 10 miles lack of notching on R2 indicates an Allen's northeast of San Jose, California, and at the Hummingbird(Stiles 1972, Pyle 1997, Mitchell Arboretumof the Universityof CalifornialSanta 2000, Williamson 2001, Howell 2002). These Cruz, California. Museum specimens were accounts,however, vary greatly and most do not examined at the CaliforniaAcademy of Science describeadequately the appearanceof the feather. (CAS), San Francisco, California;at the Museum of VertebrateZoology (MVZ), Berkeley,California; Stiles(1972) statesthat the "tipof secondrectrix and at the Universityof Alaska, Fairbanks,Alaska [is] deeplyemarginated." Pyle (1997) maintains (UAF). Livebirds were examined during February, Jan - Mar 2005 NorthAmencan Bird Bander Page21 March,and April and all of the museumspecimens RESULTS examinedwere collectedduring February through July. Becauseof the area where mist-netting The samplesize of adult-plumagedmales was 135. occurredand the collectingsites for specimens, Sixty-two birds were classified as Rufous Hum- all Allen's Hummingbirds encountered were mingbirdon the basis of wing chordrange given assumed to be the nominate race S.s. sasin. by Stiles (1972) and R5 width measurementsin Measurementstaken were wing chord and width range given by Pyle (1997)for adult males (Table of rectrix5 (R5). Thesefeatures were measured 1). R2 patternsof these birds showed a strong accordingto Baltosser(1987). R2 notchand notchon the innerweb and a distinctemargination emarginationwere taken on individualswith onthe outer web (Figure 2A). The m•asurements measurabledimensions. The wingchord measure- of the notch and emarginationfor these 62 birds mentwas takenusing a thinplastic rule. R5 width are shown in Table 2. and R2 notch dimensions were measured to the nearest 0.1 mm usinga digitalcaliper. Seventy birds identifiedas Allen's Hummingbirds showedno notchingor emarginationon eitherweb Notchingon the innerweb of R2 was measuredby of R2 (Figure 2B). These birds had wing chord quantifyingthe distance of the notch from the range given by Stiles (1972) and R5 width feathertip andthe depthof notchfrom the margin. measurementsin range given by Pyle (1997) for The emarginationon the outerweb was measured adult males (Table 1). in a similarmanner (Figure 1). Forall birds,feather tip wear was negligible. Table 3 shows measurements and characteristics of three birdsdemonstrating inconsistencies which I included an estimate of the amount of green preventedtheir identificationas to species. One presentdorsally on all individualsof both species was a mist-netted bird and the other two were that I examined. The area used for the estimate is specimensat CAS. The live bird, band number describedin AIddch(1956) as the "dorsalregion" 3000-07475 (Figure3A), and specimenCAS 46047 and extendsfrom the posteriormargin of the nape (Figure3B) had notchingon R2, but in bothcases to the uppertail coverts, shoulder to shoulder(wing the innerweb notchand the outerweb emargination bases) on the upper back, and laterally on the were not so strongand distinctas those foundon lower back sides down to the abdominal tract typicalRufous Hummingbirds and the R5 widthwas region. in range of Allen's Hummingbirds. c a Figure 1. Dimensionsof notchand emarginationon secondrectrix of an adult male Rufous Hummingbird.The innerweb of the feather is on the right.The distanceof the notchfrom the tipon the innerweb is (ab); the distanceof emarginationon the outerweb is (cd). The depth of the notchon the innerweb is (e) and the depthof emarginationon the outerweb is (f). Page 22 North American Bird Bander Vol 30 No 1 Table '1. Measurementsof adult male Rufousand Allen'shummingbirds with typical R2. This study Reference Mean SD Mean SD Wing (mm) Rufous 40.88 0.88 40.32 (Stiles) 0.87 Allen's 38.33 0.99 38.08 (Stiles) 0.84 1:{5width (mm) Rufous 2.39 0.18 Range 2.0 - 2.7 (62) 1.8 - 2.6 (Pyle) Allen's 1.44 0.22 Range 0.9 - 1.9 (70) 1.2- 1.9 (Pyle) Table 2. Adult male Rufous HummingbirdR2 notch and emarginationmeasurements (mm) for 62 individualsdesignated as typical. Inner web Outer web Down from tip In from margin Down from tip In from margin (depth) (depth) Range 4.0 - 6.0 0.6 - 2.0 3.0 - 4.7 0.2 - 0.9 Mean 4.98 1.27 3.75 0.57 SD 0.46 0.32 0.39 0.16 Table 3. Three hummingbirdswith inconsistentmeasurements and atypicalappearing R2. 3000-07475 CAS 46047 CAS 75817 Wing chord (mm) 38 40 40 possiblespecies Allen's or Rufous Rufous Rufous Width 1:{5(mm) 1.6 1.6 2.1 possiblespecies Allen's Allen's Rufous 1:{2appearance atypicalnotching atypicalnotching sl. concavemargins % Green back 100 80 95 Jan. - Mar. 2005 NorthAmerican Bird Bander Page 23 SpecimenCAS 46047 had been identified originally study,this measurement showed no overlapeither, as RufousHummingbird, but later L.C. Baptista whichsupports this feature as a reliablecharacter added the commentthat it was possiblya S. rufus for separatingthe species. x S. sasinhybrid. The thirdbird, specimen CAS 75817 (Figure30), labeledS. sasin, had wider The 62 Rufous Hummingbirds determined as appearingrectrices than other Allen's Hum- typicalshowed a wide range of green on the back. mingbird.Rectrix 2 appearedblunt-tipped rather Seventeen birds had totally rufousbacks; 40 had than slimmingto a sharp point as is typicalfor 1-50% green; four had 51-75% green; none had Allen'sHummingbird and was not notched. Both 76-94% green and one had 95-100% green. webs of the feather had a slightatypical concavity McKenzieand Robbins(1999), in a sampleof 125 to the marginsclose to the tip. Significantly,the birds,had resultsshowing six birdswith backs50- measured R5 width was within range of Rufous 74% green; five with backs of 75-94% green; and Hummingbird. five with backs95-100% green, three of these birds in this range were consideredpossible hybrid S. Measurementsof the R2 notch and emargination rufus x S. sasin. of the 62 typicalRufous Hummingbirds (Table 2) show that the inner web notch is strong and deep, My sampleof 70 Allen's Hummingbirdshad backs and itsdistance from the tip of the featheris usually rangingfrom 80 to 100%, a percent lower than greater than the emarginationon the outer web. McKenzie and Robbins (1999). The difference The less distinctemargination on the outerweb of between my findingsand theirs may be due to the birds classified as Rufous Hummingbird was particular area of the back I used to estimate slighter,placed closer to the tip, and not as deep coloration.My estimatearea includedthe sidesof as the strong notch on the inner web. The the lower back which is the area where the rufous emarginationon the outerweb was presenton all feathering,if present,was consistentlyfound. In birds classifiedas typical Rufous Hummingbirds. the Rufous HummingbirdsI examined, if the bird All typical Allen's Hummingbirds showed no or specimen had significant amount of green notching or emargination on either web of the feathering (>50%), it was concentratedon the second rectrix. upperand mid-backarea with the
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