⥲ົ┬ Tourism Administration by Japanese Local Governments May 2015 Kazuo Miwa President, Local Autonomy College Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan 0 Page 1 of 30 Contents 1 Outline of local autonomy systems in Japan 2 Outline of tourism policy in Japan Page 2 of 30 1 1 Outline of local autonomy systems in Japan 1-(1) Characteristics of local autonomy systems in Japan Fundamentals of Japanese local autonomy systems Composition of local governments Local government institutions Relationships between leaders and assemblies Page 3 of 30 2 Fundamentals of Japanese local autonomy systems In Japan, local autonomy is guaranteed by the constitution. The national government and local regions have different legal personalities, and the Local Autonomy Act prescribes local autonomy structures and the relationships between the national government and local regions. Local governments have assemblies composed of members chosen via public elections (direct elections by the citizens).These assemblies possess rights of legislate regulation —within the range of law—including budget decisions. Administration is performed by publicly elected leaders (prefectural governors and heads of municipalities). * National government administration is performed by the Cabinet. The national government has a parliamentary system. The Japanese local government system has two levels: prefectures and municipalities. * Japan is a unitary state; it does not have a federal system. * There are 47 prefectures and 1,718 municipalities (as of April 1, 2015). Page 4 of 30 3 Composition of local governments䐟 Hokkaido Aomori Akita Iwate Yamagata Miyagi Ishikawa Niigata Shimane Tottori Toyama Fukushima Fukui Yamaguchi Kyoto Hiroshima Okayama Gunma Fukuoka Nagano Tochigi Saga Hyogo Gifu Shiga Saitama Nagasaki Ehime Kagawa Ibaraki Oita Osaka Yamanashi Aichi Tokyo Kumamoto Tokushima Nara Shizuoka Kochi Mie Kanagawa Chiba Miyazaki Kagoshima Wakayama Total area: 377,972.28 km2 Largest: Hokkaido 83,424.22 km2 Smallest: Kagawa Prefecture 1,876.73 km2 Okinawa (October 1, 2014) Page 5 of 30 4 Composition of local governments (2) Population (largest – smallest) (Unit: Type Number person) Prefecture (to, do, 47 To 13,159,388 (Tokyo) fu, ken) (1) Do, fu, ken 9,048,331 (Kanagawa Prefecture) – 588,667 (Tottori (46) Prefecture) Municipality (city, 1,718 City 3,688,773 (Yokohama City) – 4,387 (Utashinai City) town, village) (790) (Hokkaido) *Among which are designated cities (20) Town 50,442 (Fuchu Town) – 1,246 (Hayakawa Town) (745) (Hiroshima Prefecture) (Yamanashi Prefecture) Village 38,200 (Yomitan Village) – 201 (Aogashima Village) (183) (Okinawa Prefecture) (Tokyo) Special wards 23 877,138 (Setagaya City) – 47,115 (Chiyoda City) (in Tokyo) (Note) Local government numbers and itemizations are current as of April 1, 2015 PopulationsPage 6 of 30are from the 2010 Population Census (definite values) 5 Local government institutions Assembly: decision-making body 9 Number of assembly members Determined by regulations (When the Local Autonomy Act was revised in 2011, the upper limits by population scale were abolished) 9 Assembly member term of office Four years 9 Assembly member eligibility for election Residents age 25 and older 9 Right to vote for assembly members Residents age 20 and older 9 Jurisdiction Establishing, revising, and abolishing regulations; determining budgets; authorizing account settlement; votes of censure against leaders; etc. 9 Holding assemblies Regular meetings (many local governments hold four per year) and special meetings Leader: executive body 9 Term of office Four years 9 Eligibility for election Age 30 and older for prefectural governors, age 25 and older for heads of municipalities 9 Right to vote Residents age 20 and older 9 Jurisdiction Establishing regulations, submitting legislative bills, enacting budgets, etc. Page 7 of 30 6 Relationships between leaders and assemblies (dual representative system) (Executive body) (Decision-making body) Right to submit legislative bills Assembly Resolutions Leader Right of inspection [Directly elected by citizens] [Directly elected by citizens] If the views of the leader and assembly are in conflict Coordination methods •The head making a decision on his/her own • Reconsideration •LackPa gofe 8 of confidence/dissolution 30 7 1-(2) Outline of administrative execution by local governments Division of work between the national government and local regions Annual expenditures by division for the national government and local regions Local government organizations Number of local government employees Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures Page 9 of 30 8 Division of work between the national government and local regions (illustrated by example) Public Education Welfare Other Industry and investment economy 䕿Expressways 䕿Universities 䕿Pensions 䕿Defense 䕿Currency National 䕿National highways (national university 䕿Diplomacy 䕿Trade government corporations) (designated sections) 䕿Energy 䕿National highways 䕿High schools 䕿Health care 䕿Policing 䕿Urban planning, etc. Prefectures (other) 䕿Managing elementary centers (zone designation) Local regions 䕿Prefectural roads and junior high school staff members Municipalities 䕿Municipal roads 䕿Elementary and junior 䕿Garbage 䕿Firefighting 䕿Urban planning, etc. high schools processing 䕿Resident (determining plans) 䕿Kindergartens and 䕿Care and registration preschools welfare Page 10 of 30 9 Annual expenditures by division for the national government and local regions (FY2012 final amount) Ratio of major annual expenditures by purpose for the national government and local regions (final expenditure basis) Local region ratio National government ratio Health centers, garbage processing, etc. Hygiene expenses School education expenses Elementary school, junior high school, kindergarten, etc. Judicial police and firefighting expenses Community centers, libraries, museums, etc. Social education expenses, etc. Livelihood expenses (excluding pension-related expenses) Welfare (including child welfare and caregiving), public assistance, etc. Urban planning, roads, Land development expenses bridges, public housing, etc. Land conservation expenses Rivers and coasts Commerce and industry expenses Disaster relief expenses, etc. Public bond expenses Farming, forestry, and fishing expenses Housing expenses, etc. Pension expenses Livelihood expenses related to pensions Defense expenses General administration Family registers, basic expenses, etc. resident registers, etc. Other Page 11 of 30 10 Local government organizations Regarding executive bodies, administrative committee systems—which are separate from prefectural governors or heads of municipalities—are adopted in fields such as those that particularly require political neutrality. Examples: Education (Board of Education), policing (Public Safety Committee) Prefectural administrative Municipal administrative bodies (example) bodies (example) General Affairs General Affairs Deputy Department Division Governor governor Mayor Deputy mayor Taxation Planning Department Division Board of Education Board of Education Resident Living Environment Division Department Election Commerce and Public Safety Administration Committee Tourism Division Health and Welfare Committee Department Agricultural Personnel Administration Election Administration Commerce, Industry, Division Committee and Labor Committee Department (Equity Committee) Health and Welfare Division Agriculture, Forestry, Personnel and Fishery Agriculture Committee Department Construction Committee Division Civil Engineering Firefighting Local Labor Department Fixed Asset Evaluation Committee Review Committee Headquarters Treasury Bureau Accounting Division Inspection Inspection Committee members Public enterprise Committee members Corporate Bureau Public enterprise Corporate managers managers Bureau 11 Page 12 of 30 11 Number of local government employees Number of personnel by division in all local governments Changing number of local government employees (current as of April 1, 2014) (1996 – 2014) General administration 908,570 people Firefighting division 159,171 people Public enterprise, General etc. accounting administration division (excluding welfare) 359,282 people 543,623 people General administration Welfare- Policing division All local 284,443 people related governments 364,947 2,743,654 people people 540,000 people Education division 1,032,178 people Page 13 of 30 12 Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures (1) G Prefecture 䞉 Population: Approximately 2.03 million people (estimated February 1, 2015) 䞉 Number of prefectural staff members: 24,217 (general administration: 4,060, education: 16,170, policing, etc.: 3,987) (April 1, 2014) 䞉 Fixed number of prefectural assembly members: 46 people 䞉 General accounting: Annual revenue 796.6 billion yen, annual expenditures 783.1 billion yen (FY2013) Annual revenue Annual expenditure itemization itemization General Other affairs expenses Other Hygiene Local tax Public Livelihood expenses bond expenses expenses Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Local tax Education expenses 6.1 allocation expenses Civil 䠂 National 21.4䠂 engineering treasury expenses Local disbursement bonds Commerce 15.1䠂 and industry expenses Policing expenses Page 14 of 30 13 Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures (2) S City 䞉 Population: Approximately 90,000 people (March 1, 2015) 䞉 Number of municipal staff members: 724 people (April 1, 2014) 䞉 Fixed number of municipal assembly members: 25