Tourism Administration by Japanese Local Governments

⥲ົ┬

May 2015

Kazuo Miwa President, Local Autonomy College Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Japan 0 Page 1 of 30 Contents

1 Outline of local autonomy systems in Japan 2 Outline of tourism policy in Japan

Page 2 of 30 1 1 Outline of local autonomy systems in Japan

1-(1) Characteristics of local autonomy systems in Japan Fundamentals of Japanese local autonomy systems Composition of local governments Local government institutions Relationships between leaders and assemblies

Page 3 of 30 2 Fundamentals of Japanese local autonomy systems

In Japan, local autonomy is guaranteed by the constitution. The national government and local regions have different legal personalities, and the Local Autonomy Act prescribes local autonomy structures and the relationships between the national government and local regions.

Local governments have assemblies composed of members chosen via public elections (direct elections by the citizens).These assemblies possess rights of legislate regulation —within the range of law—including budget decisions.

Administration is performed by publicly elected leaders (prefectural governors and heads of municipalities). * National government administration is performed by the Cabinet. The national government has a parliamentary system.

The Japanese local government system has two levels: prefectures and municipalities. * Japan is a unitary state; it does not have a federal system. * There are 47 prefectures and 1,718 municipalities (as of April 1, 2015).

Page 4 of 30 3 Composition of local governments䐟

Hokkaido

Aomori

Akita

Iwate

Yamagata Miyagi Ishikawa Niigata Shimane Tottori Toyama Fukushima Fukui Yamaguchi Kyoto Hiroshima Okayama Gunma Fukuoka Nagano Tochigi Saga Hyogo Gifu Shiga Saitama Nagasaki Ehime Kagawa Ibaraki Oita Osaka Yamanashi Aichi Tokyo Kumamoto Tokushima Nara Shizuoka Kochi Mie Kanagawa Chiba Miyazaki Kagoshima Wakayama Total area: 377,972.28 km2 Largest: Hokkaido 83,424.22 km2 Smallest: Kagawa Prefecture 1,876.73 km2

Okinawa (October 1, 2014) Page 5 of 30 4 Composition of local governments (2)

Population (largest – smallest) (Unit: Type Number person)

Prefecture (to, do, 47 To 13,159,388 (Tokyo) fu, ken) (1)

Do, fu, ken 9,048,331 (Kanagawa Prefecture) – 588,667 (Tottori (46) Prefecture)

Municipality (city, 1,718 City 3,688,773 (Yokohama City) – 4,387 (Utashinai City) town, village) (790) (Hokkaido) *Among which are designated cities (20)

Town 50,442 (Fuchu Town) – 1,246 (Hayakawa Town) (745) (Hiroshima Prefecture) (Yamanashi Prefecture)

Village 38,200 (Yomitan Village) – 201 (Aogashima Village) (183) (Okinawa Prefecture) (Tokyo)

Special wards 23 877,138 (Setagaya City) – 47,115 (Chiyoda City) (in Tokyo)

(Note) Local government numbers and itemizations are current as of April 1, 2015 PopulationsPage 6 of 30are from the 2010 Population Census (definite values) 5 Local government institutions

Assembly: decision-making body

9 Number of assembly members Determined by regulations (When the Local Autonomy Act was revised in 2011, the upper limits by population scale were abolished) 9 Assembly member term of office Four years 9 Assembly member eligibility for election Residents age 25 and older 9 Right to vote for assembly members Residents age 20 and older 9 Jurisdiction Establishing, revising, and abolishing regulations; determining budgets; authorizing account settlement; votes of censure against leaders; etc. 9 Holding assemblies Regular meetings (many local governments hold four per year) and special meetings

Leader: executive body

9 Term of office Four years 9 Eligibility for election Age 30 and older for prefectural governors, age 25 and older for heads of municipalities 9 Right to vote Residents age 20 and older 9 Jurisdiction Establishing regulations, submitting legislative bills, enacting budgets, etc.

Page 7 of 30 6 Relationships between leaders and assemblies (dual representative system) (Executive body) (Decision-making body)

Right to submit legislative bills

Assembly Resolutions Leader

Right of inspection

[Directly elected by citizens] [Directly elected by citizens] If the views of the leader and assembly are in conflict Coordination methods •The head making a decision on his/her own • Reconsideration

•LackPa gofe 8 of confidence/dissolution 30 7 1-(2) Outline of administrative execution by local governments Division of work between the national government and local regions Annual expenditures by division for the national government and local regions Local government organizations Number of local government employees Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures

Page 9 of 30 8 Division of work between the national government and local regions (illustrated by example)

Public Education Welfare Other Industry and investment economy

䕿Expressways 䕿Universities 䕿Pensions 䕿Defense 䕿Currency National 䕿National highways (national university 䕿Diplomacy 䕿Trade government corporations) (designated sections) 䕿Energy

䕿National highways 䕿High schools 䕿Health care 䕿Policing 䕿Urban planning, etc. Prefectures (other) 䕿Managing elementary centers (zone designation) Local regions 䕿Prefectural roads and junior high school staff members Municipalities 䕿Municipal roads 䕿Elementary and junior 䕿Garbage 䕿Firefighting 䕿Urban planning, etc.

high schools processing 䕿Resident (determining plans) 䕿Kindergartens and 䕿Care and registration preschools welfare

Page 10 of 30 9 Annual expenditures by division for the national government and local regions (FY2012 final amount)

Ratio of major annual expenditures by purpose for the national government and local regions (final expenditure basis)

Local region ratio National government ratio

Health centers, garbage processing, etc. Hygiene expenses

School education expenses Elementary school, junior high school, kindergarten, etc.

Judicial police and firefighting expenses Community centers, libraries, museums, etc. Social education expenses, etc.

Livelihood expenses (excluding pension-related expenses) Welfare (including child welfare and caregiving), public assistance, etc.

Urban planning, roads, Land development expenses bridges, public housing, etc.

Land conservation expenses Rivers and coasts

Commerce and industry expenses

Disaster relief expenses, etc.

Public bond expenses

Farming, forestry, and fishing expenses Housing expenses, etc. Pension expenses

Livelihood expenses related to pensions

Defense expenses

General administration Family registers, basic expenses, etc. resident registers, etc. Other Page 11 of 30 10 Local government organizations

Regarding executive bodies, administrative committee systems—which are separate from prefectural governors or heads of municipalities—are adopted in fields such as those that particularly require political neutrality. Examples: Education (Board of Education), policing (Public Safety Committee)

Prefectural administrative Municipal administrative bodies (example) bodies (example) General Affairs General Affairs Deputy Department Division Governor governor Mayor Deputy mayor Taxation Planning Department Division Board of Education Board of Education Resident Living Environment Division Department Election Commerce and Public Safety Administration Committee Tourism Division Health and Welfare Committee Department Agricultural Personnel Administration Election Administration Commerce, Industry, Division Committee and Labor Committee Department (Equity Committee) Health and Welfare Division Agriculture, Forestry, Personnel and Fishery Agriculture Committee Department Construction Committee Division Civil Engineering Firefighting Local Labor Department Fixed Asset Evaluation Committee Review Committee Headquarters Treasury Bureau Accounting Division Inspection Inspection Committee members Public enterprise Committee members Corporate Bureau Public enterprise Corporate managers managers Bureau 11 Page 12 of 30 11 Number of local government employees

Number of personnel by division in all local governments Changing number of local government employees (current as of April 1, 2014) (1996 – 2014)

General administration 908,570 people Firefighting division 159,171 people Public enterprise, General etc. accounting administration division (excluding welfare) 359,282 people 543,623 people

General administration Welfare- Policing division All local 284,443 people related governments 364,947 2,743,654 people people 540,000 people

Education division 1,032,178 people

Page 13 of 30 12 Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures (1) G Prefecture 䞉 Population: Approximately 2.03 million people (estimated February 1, 2015) 䞉 Number of prefectural staff members: 24,217 (general administration: 4,060, education: 16,170, policing, etc.: 3,987) (April 1, 2014) 䞉 Fixed number of prefectural assembly members: 46 people 䞉 General accounting: Annual revenue 796.6 billion yen, annual expenditures 783.1 billion yen (FY2013)

Annual revenue Annual expenditure itemization itemization General Other affairs expenses

Other Hygiene Local tax Public Livelihood expenses bond expenses expenses

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Local tax Education expenses 6.1 allocation expenses Civil 䠂 National 21.4䠂 engineering treasury expenses Local disbursement bonds Commerce 15.1䠂 and industry expenses Policing expenses

Page 14 of 30 13 Examples of local government annual revenue and expenditures (2) S City 䞉 Population: Approximately 90,000 people (March 1, 2015) 䞉 Number of municipal staff members: 724 people (April 1, 2014) 䞉 Fixed number of municipal assembly members: 25 people 䞉 General accounting: Annual revenue 40.7 billion yen, annual expenditures 38.7 billion yen (FY2013)

* Cultural heritage conservation Annual revenue * Cultural facility maintenance Annual expenditure itemization General itemization Other affairs 1.1% expenses 15.6% Education expenses Public bond Other 16.2% expenses Local tax 10.9%

Firefighting expenses Livelihood 4.7% expenses 27.1% Local tax Local Civil engineering allocation expenses 11.7% bonds 23.7䠂 Agriculture, Commerce forestry, Hygiene National and industry and fishing expenses treasury expenses expenses 7.3% disbursement * Tourism information signs 1.6% 3.8% 12.0䠂 * Roads э Infrastructure to support tourism transportation * Tourism facility management * Market development Page 15 of* Tourism30 event subsidiary aid and publicity expenses * Agricultural festivals 14 2 Outline of tourism policy in Japan

2-(1) Tourism circumstances in Japan Japan’s main tourism resources Tourist trends

Page 16 of 30 15 Japan’s main tourism resources (1) Nature Mountains, valleys, lakes, marshes, waterfalls, coasts, cherry blossoms, autumn foliage, hot springs, etc. (Example) Mt. Fuji, Hokkaido, Okinawa

(Photograph provided by the Yamanashi Tourism Organization)

(Provided by the Town of Biei Tourism Association) (© Okinawa Convention & Visitors Bureau) Page 17 of 30 16 Japan’s main tourism resources (2)

History and Culture Shrines, temples, castles, gardens, traditional buildings, festivals, etc. (Examples) Kyoto, Himeji Castle, Shirakawa-go

(Kyo-o-gokoku-ji Temple [To-ji Temple]) (From the Himeji Photo Bank, Himeji City, Hyogo Prefecture)

(Provided by the Shirakawa Village Office, Gifu Prefecture) Page 18 of 30 17 Japan’s main tourism resources (3) Cities Business bases, convention facilities, urban scenery, shopping (Examples) Tokyo, Osaka

(©TCVB) (© Osaka Government Tourism Bureau)

Page 19 of 30 18 Japan’s main tourism resources (4) Theme parks (Examples) Tokyo Disneyland, Universal Studios Japan, Huis Ten Bosch, Toei Kyoto Studio Park

Page 20 of 30 19 Tourist trends (1) 䕺Number of overnight visitors per year (2013) 460 million overnight visitors Of which Foreign nationals ĺ 33 million overnight visitors Of which Mainly for leisure purposes ĺ 229 million overnight visitors Mainly for business purposes etc. ĺ 236 million overnight visitors

Page 21 of 30 20 Tourist trends (2) 䕺 Top regions (overnight visitors) [Purpose] 1 Tokyo (Business, etc. > Tourism) 2 Hokkaido (Tourism > Business, etc.)

䡡 3 Osaka (Business, etc. > Tourism) 䡡䡡 5 Okinawa (Tourism > Business, etc.) 䡡䡡䡡 7 Kyoto (Tourism > Business, etc.)

Page 22 of 30 21 Tourist trends (3) 䕺 Overnight visitors who are foreign nationals by prefecture (2013)

Taiwan, South Tokyo China, 13 Europe, 8 Other, 44 U.S., 13 13 Korea, 9

Thail Taiwan, Hokkaido Hong Kong, 15 China, 12 South and, Other, 20 36 Korea, 10 7

Hong Taiwan, South Osaka China, 17 Kong, 19 Korea, 18 Other, 30 11 U.S., 5

South Taiwan, China, Okinawa Hong Kong, 22 Korea, Other, 8 34 11 16 U.S., 10

Taiwan, China, Kyoto U.S., 14 Europe, 11 Other, 40 19 9 Australia, 7

(Note 1) Source: Statistical Survey on Lodging and Travel by the Japan Tourism Agency (NotePa 2g) e“Europe” 23 of 30 refers to three countries: Germany, England, and France (Note 3) Numerical values are provisional figures 22 Tourist trends (4) 䕺Number of foreign tourists visiting Japan

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Japan Tourism Number of foreign tourists visiting Japan Agency

2014 13.41 million people Reached 10 million people for the first 10,000 people time in history

2013 10.36 million people Highest annual number so far 2012 8.36 million people 䡡䡡

Beginning of the Visit Japan campaign 䡡

2004 6.14 million people

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Note) Numbers from 2012 and earlier are definite values; the number for 2013 is a provisional figure Source: Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO)

Lehman Brothers Great East Japan bankruptcy Earthquake Page 24 of 30 23 2-(2) Developments in Japanese tourism policy Major drivers in Japanese tourism policy Tourism administration by local governments

Page 25 of 30 24 Major drivers in Japanese tourism policy

1 Private business operators э Central players 䡡䡡䡡 Sightseeing and product facilities, convention facilities, theme parks, transit operators, lodging operators, travel operators, food service operators, manufacturers of local specialty products, etc.

2 Administration ээээ Support for private business operators/environmental maintenance 䡡䡡䡡 National government, local governments

3 The third sector

4 Residents, volunteers, etc. (Provided by Kushiro City, Hokkaido) Page 26 of 30 㻞㻡 Tourism administration by local governments (1)

䕺 Tourism administration is comprehensive administration 䕿 Tourism division: Supporting the tourism industry, tourism promotion 䕿 Infrastructure division: Maintaining airports, ports, roads, etc.; attracting airlines and high-speed railways 䕿 Construction division: Conserving streetscapes, construction regulations 䕿 Agriculture division: Rural landscapes, local specialty products, green tourism 䕿 Medical division: Medical tourism 䕿 Environmental division: Nature conservation 䕿 Culture division: Conservation of cultural heritage

Page 27 of 30 㻞㻢 Tourism administration by local governments (2)

䕺 Image of policy by local government tourism divisions 䕿 Project implementation or support

[Transmitting images in major urban areas, overseas, etc.] Product exhibitions “Antenna shops” (Provided by Fukui Minami Fair booths Aoyama 291)

[Promotion via effective advertising mediums] (Electronic mediums) Websites, television programs, commercials, electronic signs in trains (Paper mediums) Posters, guidebooks, industry magazines, magazines on public transportation, flyer advertisements Page 28 of 30 27 (Provided by East Japan Marketing & Communications, Inc.) Tourism administration by local governments (3)

[Holding local events] Fairs, festivals, concerts, light-up events, projection mapping, contests

(From the Kanazawa City, Ishikawa Prefecture website) [Activities to attract visitors] Conventions, school trips, university training camps, attracting travel agencies

[Civilian support] Lodging expense assistance, travel expense assistance

(Provided by Seki City, Gifu Prefecture) Page 29 of 30 28 Tourism administration by local governments (4) 䕿 Public-Private cooperation in regional tourism policy

э Local governments and private business operators jointly establish organizations and implement tourism-related policy in a flexible manner Examples) Tourism alliances and associations э Investment by local governments to support specific businesses (©Huis Ten Bosch/J -16366) Example) Huis Ten Bosch Co., Ltd. э Participation by residents Example) Local guiding by volunteers, NPOs, etc.

Page 30 of 30 (Provided by the Japan Travel and Tourism Association) 29